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Chapter
Torsion
CONTENTS
Rotation (pg. 138)
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
DEFORMATIONS
SYSTEM
4.1
Rotation
Twistrotation
Relation
SEGMENT
Twist
ELEMENT
Twiststrain
Relation
Shear strain
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Body Composed
of Elements
Chapter 2.
Force and
Deformation in
an Element
Common
Deformation
Modes
Chapter 3. Axial
Chapter 4.
Torsion
Chapter 5.
Bending
Unit 1
FORCES
Unit 2
Design Against
Chapter 6.
Excessive
Deformations
Chapter 7.
Material Failure
Chapter 8.
Buckling
Unit 3
Chapter Outline
SYSTEM
External
torque
Torquetwist
Relation
SEGMENT
Externalinternal
torque Relation
Internal torque
Torquestress
Relation
ELEMENT
Stressstrain
Relation
Shear stress
137
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M04_STEI3340_01_SE_C04.QXD
4.1
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Page 138
Rotation
1. Each cross-section of a
shaft in torsion rotates about
the shaft axis.
F
F
w
T Fw
T Fw
L
138
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Page 139
3. Successive cross-sections
A twisted shaft not only rotates at its ends. Every cross-section rotates, usually through a different angle.
The pegs on this shaft were initially aligned. The shaft is then twisted by rotating the right end
through some angle.
From the new orientations of the pegs on the shaft, you can see that each cross-section rotates
through a different angle.
As viewed from the side, the line stays approximately straight. The vertical displacement of the line
varies linearly along its length. So the rotations of cross-sections vary linearly.
We express the linear variation of rotation f from f1 at x = 0 to f2 at x = L as follows:
x
f = f1 + (f2 - f1)
L
1
2
x
T
L
x positive
Every 1 mm of the shaft feels the same twisting torque. So the additional rotation that accumulates
over every 1 mm segment is the same. Every segment of this shaft has the same twist per length
(e.g., the same degrees of rotation per millimeter length).
Twist per length = f>L = (f2 - f1)>L
The twist per length captures the intensity of the twist.
>>End 4.1
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4.1
Rotation
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4.2
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1. Rotations of successive
cross-sections through
different angles cause shear
strain.
(x1)
(x2)
x2
R(x1)
R(x2)
To see only the change in shape (strain), move the deformed element up by Rf(x1).
R[(x2) (x1)]
x2 x1
R3f(x2) - f(x1)4
x2 - x1
140
CHAPTER 4
g =
Rf
L
Torsion
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R[(x2) (x1)]
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f
, which is the twist per length. This is the intensity of twisting, or how
L
rapidly the rotation changes over the length L of the shaft.
Shear strain depends on
f
deg
3 - 1
rad
=
= 4
= 6.98 * 10 - 2
L
0.5
m
m
0.5 m
So far, we have considered strain on the outside surface of the shaft. What is the strain of an element
inside the shaft, located at a distance r from the center? Use the same reasoning as above, except
now all displacements are equal to rf, instead of Rf.
(x)
g =
(x)
rf
L
We just considered how the strain magnitude varies with radial position r in the shaft. The direction
of the strain varies at different points around the shaft circumference.
Because the shear strain depends on the relative displacements of neighboring cross-sections,
the direction and magnitude of the strain do not vary along the length of the shaft.
>>End 4.2
4.2
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15 in.
B
C
x
(a) The shaft BC twists and arm AB pivots rigidly about B. As a result, end
A of the arm displaces by 0.1 in. perpendicularly to AB in the y-direction.
Determine the axis about which the rotation occurs and the rotation
in degrees.
(b) The arm CD is initially oriented at 35 relative to the y-axis. BC twists,
causing CD to rotate by 0.1 about the positive x-axis. Determine
the displacement of the point D along each of the coordinate axes.
Solution
35
(a) Here are 3-D and 2-D views of AB pivoting rigidly about B.
20 in.
B stays in position, and A displaces by 0.1 in. Pivoting rigidly means that AB
does not deform, but keeps its original shape. With the right hand rule,
the rotation is about the negative x-axis.
0.1 in.
0.1 in.
0.1 in.
15 in.
15 in.
Displacement 0.1 in. = 15 in. tan(f). Displacement 0.1 in. is small compared
to 15 in. Q 0.1 in. = (15 in.) f, (angle f in radians).
Therefore, f = 0.667 * 10 - 2 rad = 0.382.
(b) Here are 3-D and 2-D views of CD pivoting rigidly about C. The rotation is 0.1
about the positive x-axis. So as rotated, BC is 35.1 from the y-axis.
20 in.
0.1
0.1
y
0.1
20 in.
35
C
z
y
90 35 55
CHAPTER 4
Torsion
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z
A
400 mm
x
C
300 mm
B
15 mm
Solution
Since equal and opposite torques act at its ends, the shaft twists uniformly. The strain is
uniform along the length and varies in the radial direction (from the shaft centerline).
Here are the rotation directions. The relative rotation is f = 1.5 + 2 = 3.5.
If the rotations were in the same direction, instead we would have
f = 2 - 1.5 = 0.5.
2.0
Strained
element
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PROBLEMS
Additional data on material properties needed to solve problems can be found in Appendix D or inside back cover.
4.1 The shaft AB twists, and BC moves rigidly. At B the shaft rotates
by 1.5 about the + x-axis. How much does the end C displace
and in what direction?
A
y
C
15 in.
Prob. 4.1
z
200 mm
25
A
C
Prob. 4.2
4.3 The shaft at B and the attached disk rotate by 2
about the -y-axis. By how much does the point C
displace? (Indicate direction and magnitude along
the x- and y-axes.)
A
z
C
80 mm
x
30
B
y
Prob. 4.3
4.4 The shaft twists due to two equal and opposite torques applied to
its ends. The rotations are 0.7 about the -z-axis at B, and 0.1
about the -z-axis at D. What is the direction and magnitude
of the rotation (a) at C and (b) at E?
E
30 in.
D
40 in.
C
20 in.
20 in.
Prob. 4.4
4.5 The shaft twists due to two equal and opposite torques applied
to its ends. Point C displaces 0.2 mm in the -x-direction. Point B
displaces 0.1 mm in the y-direction. Determine the direction
and magnitude of the displacement of point A.
150 mm
100 mm
B
60 mm
C
200 mm
300 mm
Prob. 4.5
144
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4.6 The shaft twists due to equal and opposite torques applied to its
ends. The cross-section A rotates by 0.3 about the -z-axis, and
B rotates by 0.1 about the z-axis. What is the magnitude of
the shear strain at point C? Also, draw the deformed shape of an
elemental cube at C.
0.75 in.
B
C
z
20 in.
C
x
Prob. 4.6
z
A
C
300 mm
300 mm
12 mm
B
C
Prob. 4.7
y
4.8 A thin disk is bonded to each end of a shaft, which
has outer and inner diameters of 1 in. and 0.75 in.
Twisting is due to equal and opposite torques
applied to the ends. Point A, located along the z-axis,
displaces by 4 * 10 - 2 in. in the - y-direction, and
C, located along the y-axis, displaces by 6 * 10 - 2
in. in the + z-direction. Determine the magnitude
of the shear strain at point B, which is located
at the shaft inner diameter. Also, draw the deformed
shape of an elemental cube at B.
z
3 in.
z
C
15 in.
Prob. 4.8
4.9 The 16 mm diameter shaft twists due to two equal
and opposite torques applied to its ends. Points A, B,
and D are 40 mm, 30 mm, and 50 mm from the center
of the shaft. The displacement at B is 0.3 mm
in the x-direction. The shear strain at C is 3 * 10 - 4
(deformed element is shown in the diagram). Determine
the displacement of points D and A.
200 mm B
x
z
C
400 mm
250 mm
Prob. 4.9
4.10 The shaft ABC, 40 mm in diameter, twists under equal
and opposite torques applied to its ends. Rotation at A
is 1 about the -y-axis. Due to the rotation at C, point D
of the rigid disk moves 0.2 mm in the -z-direction
(D also displaces in the x-direction). Determine
the magnitude of the shear strain at point B. Also, draw
the deformed shape of an elemental cube at B.
A
B
z
D
C
D
100 mm
160 mm
x
300 mm
60
Prob. 4.10
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Problems
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Pedal
Crank
L
b
Spindle
Chain ring
Top
tube
Seat tube
Head
tube
Down
tube
Di
Do
Cord disk
R
q
s
Pivot
beam
D2
Shaft
146
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4.15 Say that the pivot-beam is initially horizontal and that the legs lift the padded
beam by 1.5 in. If the maximum shear strain in the shaft to the cord disk is
0.001, by how much has the plate stack been lifted by the cord? Neglect any
elongation in the cord. Take the dimensions to be D2 1 in., q 6 in.,
R 9 in., s 3 in., and w 17 in.
Cord disk
R
q
s
Pivot
beam
D2
Shaft
Lp
Pin
Rod
Fracture
plane
Lr
Bone
Ls
F0
Bone
Screw
L
Intramedullary
nail
Bone
Screw
L
Intramedullary
nail
>>End Problems
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Problems
147