Ottoman architecture

Ottoman architecture
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Ottoman architecture or Turkish architecture is the architecture of the Ottoman Empire which emerged in Bursa
and Edirne in 14th and 15th centuries. The architecture of the empire developed from the earlier Seljuk architecture
and was influenced by the Byzantine architecture, Iranian[1][2] as well as Islamic Mamluk traditions after the
conquest of Constantinople by the Ottomans. For almost 400 years Byzantine architectural artifacts such as the
church of Hagia Sophia served as models for many of the Ottoman mosques. Overall, Ottoman architecture has been
described as Ottoman architecture synthesized with architectural traditions of the Mediterranean and the Middle
East.[citation needed]
The Ottomans achieved the highest level architecture in their lands hence or since. They mastered the technique of
building vast inner spaces confined by seemingly weightless yet massive domes, and achieving perfect harmony
between inner and outer spaces, as well as articulated light and shadow. Islamic religious architecture which until
then consisted of simple buildings with extensive decorations, was transformed by the Ottomans through a dynamic
architectural vocabulary of vaults, domes, semi domes and columns. The mosque was transformed from being a
cramped and dark chamber with arabesque-covered walls into a sanctuary of aesthetic and technical balance, refined
elegance and a hint of heavenly transcendence.
Today, one finds remnants of Ottoman architecture in certain parts of its former territories under decay.

Ottoman architecture

Early Ottoman period

With the establishment of the Ottoman empire, the years
13001453 constitute the early or first Ottoman period, when
Ottoman art was in search of new ideas. This period witnessed
three types of mosques: tiered, single-domed and subline-angled
mosques. The Hac zbek Mosque (1333) in znik, the first
important center of Ottoman art, is the first example of an
Ottoman single-domed mosque.[citation needed]
Traditional Ottoman house in Safranbolu

Traditional Ottoman-Turkish house in Ohrid,

Macedonia

Bursa Period (12991437)

The domed architectural style evolved from Bursa and Edirne. The Holy
Mosque in Bursa was the first Seljuk mosque to be converted into a domed
one. Edirne was the last Ottoman capital before Istanbul, and it is here that we
witness the final stages in the architectural development that culminated in
the construction of the great mosques of Istanbul. The buildings constructed
in Istanbul during the period between the capture of the city and the
construction of the Istanbul Bayezid II Mosque are also considered works of
the early period. Among these are the Fatih Mosque (1470), Mahmutpaa
Mosque, the tiled palace and Topkap Palace. The Ottomans integrated
mosques into the community and added soup kitchens, theological schools,
hospitals, Turkish baths and tombs.

Bursa Grand Mosque

Ottoman architecture

The Yeil Mosque of Iznik, built in 1392,

is an example of an early Ottoman
mosque

Classical period (14371703)

The Classical period of Ottoman architecture is to a large degree a
development of the prior approaches as they evolved over the 15th
and early 16th centuries and the start of the Classical period is
strongly associated with the works of Mimar Sinan. In this period,
Ottoman architecture, especially with the works, and under the
influence, of Sinan, saw a new unification and harmonization of
the various architectural parts, elements and influences that
Ottoman architecture had previously absorbed but which had not
yet been harmonized into a collective whole. Taking heavily from
Sultanahmet Mosque
the Byzantine tradition, and in particular the influence of the Hagia
Sophia, Classical Ottoman architecture was, as before, ultimately a
syncretic blend of numerous influences and adaptations for Ottoman needs. In what may be the most emblematic of
the structures of this period, the classical mosques designed by Sinan and those after him used a dome-based
structure, similar to that of Hagia Sophia, but among other things changed the proportions, opened the interior of the
structure
and
freed

Ottoman architecture

it from the colonnades and other structural

elements that broke up the inside of Hagia
Sophia and other Byzantine churches, and
added more light, with greater emphasis on
the use of lighting and shadow with a huge
volume of windows. These developments
were themselves both a mixture of influence
from Hagia Sophia and similar Byzantine
structures, as well as the result of the
developments of Ottoman architecture from
1400 on, which, in the words of Godfrey
Goodwin, had already "achieved that poetic
interplay of shaded and sunlit interiors
which pleased Le Corbusier."
During the classical period mosque plans
changed to include inner and outer
courtyards. The inner courtyard and the
mosque were inseparable. The master
architect of the classical period, Mimar
Sinan, was born in 1492 in Kayseri and died
in Istanbul in the year 1588. Sinan started a
new era in world architecture, creating 334
buildings in various cities. Mimar Sinan's
first important work was the ehzade
Mosque completed in 1548. His second
significant work was the Sleymaniye
Mosque and the surrounding complex, built
for Suleiman the Magnificent. The Selimiye
Mosque in Edirne was built during the years
156874, when Sinan was in his prime as an
architect. The Rstempaa, Mihriman
Sultan, Ibrahimpasa Mosques and the
ehzade,
Kanuni
Sultan
Sleyman,
Roxelana and Selim II mausoleums are
among Sinan's most renowned works. Most
classical period design used the Byzantine
architecture of the neighboring Balkans as
its base, and from there, ethnic elements
were added creating a different architectural
style. [citation needed]

Interior of Sultanahmet Mosque, Istanbul.

Dome of Selimiye Mosque

Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, aside from Turkey, can also be seen in the Balkans,
Hungary, Egypt, Tunisia and Algiers, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built.

Ottoman architecture

Modernization period
During the reign of Ahmed III (17031730) and under
the impetus of his grand vizier brahim Paa, a period
of peace ensued. Due to its relations with France,
Ottoman architecture began to be influenced by the
Baroque and Rococo styles that were popular in
Europe. The Baroque style is noted as first being
developed by Seljuk Turks, according to a number of
academics. Examples of the creation of this art form
can be witnessed in Divrii hospital and mosque a
UNESCO world heritage site, Sivas ifteminare,
Konya nce Minare museum and many more. It is often
A view from in of traditional Turkish houses-Lewis, John Frederick,
called the Seljuk Baroque portal. From here it emerged
18051875, British painter
again in Italy, and later grew in popularity among the
Turks during the Ottoman era. Various visitors and envoys were sent to European cities, especially to Paris, to
experience the contemporary European customs and life. The decorative elements of the European Baroque and
Rococo influenced even the religious Ottoman architecture. On the other hand, Mellin, a French architect, was
invited by a sister of Sultan Selim III to Istanbul and depicted the Bosphorus shores and the pleasure mansions
(yals) placed next to the sea. During a thirty-year period known as the Tulip Period, all eyes were turned to the
West, and instead of monumental and classical works, villas and pavilions were built around Istanbul. However, it
was about this time when the construction on the Ishak Pasha Palace in Eastern Anatolia was going on, (16851784).

Tulip Period (17031757)

Beginning with this period, the upper class and the elites in the
Ottoman empire started to use the open and public areas
frequently. The traditional, introverted manner of the society
began to change. Fountains and waterside residences such as
Aynalkavak Kasr became popular. A water canal (other name is
Cetvel-i Sim), a picnic area (Kathane) were established as
recreational area. Although the tulip age ended with the Patrona
Halil uprising, it became a model for attitudes of westernization.
During the years 17201890, Ottoman architecture deviated from
the principals of classical times. With Ahmed IIIs death, Mahmud
I took the throne (17301754). It was during this period that
Baroque-style mosques were starting to be constructed.

Fountain of Ahmed III

Ottoman architecture

Endern Library

Ortaky Mosque, Istanbul

Ottoman architecture

Dolmabahe Palace

Baroque Period (17571808)

Circular, wavy and curved lines are predominant in the structures
of this period. Major examples are Nur-u Osmaniye Mosque,
Zeynep Sultan Mosque, Laleli Mosque, Fatih Tomb, Laleli
ukureme Inn, Birgi akraa Mansion, Aynali Kavak
Summerplace, Taksim Military Barracks and Selimiye Barracks.
Mimar Tahir is the important architect of the time.

Empire Period (18081876)

Nusretiye Mosque, Ortaky Mosque, Sultan Mahmut Tomb,
Galata Lodge of Mevlevi Derviches, Dolmabahe Palace, raan
Palace, Beylerbeyi Palace, Sadullah Pasha Yal, Kuleli Barracks
are the important examples of this style developed parallel with the westernization process. Architects from the
Balyan family and the Fossati brothers were the leading ones of the time.
Nuruosmaniye Mosque

Ottoman architecture

Dolmabahce Palace, one of the main palace gates

Nusretiye Mosque

Late period (18761922): The "National Architectural Renaissance"

The final period of architecture in the Ottoman Empire, developed after 1900 and in particular put into effect after
the Young Turks took power in 19081909, is what was then called the "National Architectural Renaissance" and
which gave rise to the style since referred to as the First National Style of Turkish architecture. The approach in this
period was an Ottoman revival style, a reaction to influences in the previous 200 years that had come to be
considered "foreign," such as Baroque and Neoclassical architecture, and was intended to promote Ottoman
patriotism and self-identity. This was actually an entirely new style of architecture, related to earlier Ottoman
architecture in rather the same manner was other roughly contemporaneous "revival" architectures, such as Gothic
Revival Architecture, related to their stylistic inspirations. Like other "revival" architectures, "Ottoman Revival"
architecture of this period was based on modern construction techniques and materials such as reinforced concrete,
iron, steel, and often glass roofs, and in many cases used what was essentially a Beaux-Arts structure with outward
stylistic motifs associated with the original architecture from which it was inspired. It focused outwardly on forms
and motifs seen to be traditionally "Ottoman," such as pointed arches, ornate tile decoration, wide roof overhangs
with supporting brackets, domes over towers or corners, etc.
Originally, this style was meant to promote the patriotism and identity of the historically multi-ethnic Ottoman
Empire, but by the end of WWI and the creation of the Turkish Republic, it was adopted by the republican Turkish
nationalists to promote a new Turkish sense of patriotism. In this role, it continued into, and influenced the later
architecture of, the Republic of Turkey.
One of the earliest and most important examples of this style is the Istanbul Central Post Office in Sirkeci, completed
in 1909 and designed by Vedat Tek (also known as Vedat Bey).
Other important extant examples include the Istanbul ferryboat terminals built between 1913 and 1917, such as the
Besiktas terminal by Ali Talat Bey (1913), the Haydarpasa terminal by Vedat Tek (1913), and the Buyukada
terminal by Mihran Azaryan (1915). Another important extant example is the Sultanahmet Jail, now the Four
Seasons Hotel Sultanahmet.
In Ankara, the earliest building in the style is the building that now houses the War of Independence Museum and
served as the first house of the Turkish Republic's National Assembly in 1920. It was built in 1917 by Ismail Hasif
Bey as the local headquarters for the Young Turks' Committee of Union and Progress.
Pertevniyal Valide Sultan Mosque, Sheikh Zafir Group of Buildings, Haydarpasha School of Medicine, Duyun-u
Umumiye Building, Istanbul Title Deed Office, Large Postoffice Buildings, Laleli Harikzedegan Apartments are the
important structures of this period when an eclectic style was dominant. Raimondo D'Aronco and Alexander

Ottoman architecture
Vallaury were the leading architects of this period in Istanbul. Apart from Vallaury and D'Aronco, the other leading
architects who made important contributions to the late Ottoman architecture in Istanbul included the architects of
the Balyan family, William James Smith, August Jachmund, Mimar Kemaleddin Bey, Vedat Tek and Giulio
Mongeri.
Serkiz Lle Gizo contributed some important architecture in Mardin. Cercis Murat Kona, ehidiye minaret, and
P.T.T. building are some of his work.

Paradise Gardens
The semblance of Paradise [janna] promised the pious and devout [is that of a garden] with streams of water that
will not go rank, and rivers of milk whose taste will not undergo a change, and rivers of wine delectable to drinkers,
and streams of purified honey, and fruits of every kind in them, and forgiveness from their lord (47:15)
According to the Qur'an, paradise is described as a place, a final destination. Basically the eternal life, that is filled
with spiritual and physical happiness. Earth gardens in the Ottoman period were highly impacted by paradise,
therefore connected with the arts and spaces of the everyday life, having many descriptions relating to the Qur'an.[3]
Hence, gardens, or Earthly Paradise, are abstract perceptions of heaven, as a result must symbolize a serene place
that shows eternity and peace.
Nature became a method for decorative patterns in architectural details and urban structure. Everything was inspired
by nature and became included with nature. From the ceilings of the mosques and the walls of the palaces, kiosks
and summer palaces (pavilions), which were all embellished with tiles, frescos and hand-carved ornaments, to the
kaftans, the yashmaks and so much more. Clearly paradises nature was everywhere; in many spaces of the daily life.
Without a doubt the general layout of the gardens did reflect many descriptions in the Qur'an, yet one of the great
strengths of early Islam, was that Muslims looked at different sources and used useful ideas and techniques from
diverse sources, particularly Byzantium. Garden pavilions often took the form of square or centrally planned
free-standing structures open on all sides, designed specifically to enjoy the sight, scent and music of the
environment. Some of the forms of the gardens were based for instance on the Hagia Sophias atrium, which has
cypresses around a central fountain, and the plantings in the mosques were given a specifically Muslim theological
interpretation. The mosques expanded its functions and services, by adding hospitals, madars, libraries, etc., and
therefore gardens helped organize the elements for all the various buildings.
In Islamic cities, such as the Ottoman cities, where the mosques were considered as the focal point, it was common
for mosques to have adjacent gardens. Therefore, mosque structures were based somewhat to relate to the gardens.
For example, the Sulemaniye mosque, had windows in the qibla wall to create continuity with the garden outside.
The mihrab had stained glass windows and iznik tiles that suggest a gate into paradise. The windows looking
outwards to the garden to create the effect in which flowers from the garden act as if it would perfume the minds of
the congregation as if they have entered heaven. Also, Rstem Pasha mosque was known for its usage of izink tiles,
where the decoration design provides a showcase for the iznik tile industry. The inscriptions on pendentives suggest
that the soul of the devout is certain to reside in paradise. The main inscriptions in these mosques were of water and
ponds, kiosks, fruits such as pomegranates, apples, pears, grapes, etc. Also wine, dance, music, serving women and
boys, all which turn the entertainment vision into a paradise on earth.
Apart from the mosques, cities were also developed into extremely friendly cities. They had grape arbors in shaded
narrow streets, corners with trees and gardens. Trees were thought to be the balancing element of architecture that
provided harmony between nature and buildings. For that reason, Ottoman cities look as though they are extensions
of the piece of land where they were built. Also the usage of timber in the buildings add to the connection with
nature. A Turkish architect and city planner, Turgut Cansever, described the Ottoman cities as the Ottoman
paradises and said that the Islamic characteristics are best represented by the Ottoman cities. The ones who build
the paradise where there exist no conflicts but all the beauties, tried to rise and open the Gates of paradise by
accomplishing the task of beautifying the world. The intimate relationship of architecture with nature attracted the

Ottoman architecture

10

element of trees and water. With its exclusively natural synthesis structure, the Ottoman city was green, as many
travelers have described it. Also, water was a fundamental element, as was the cypress tree. Antoine Galland wrote,
Turkish gardens were conduits and little channels which took water everywhere and from which water was
extracted under pressure. However, there is no evidence in the first four centuries of Islam that gardens were
consciously designed with four quadrants and four water channels in order to represent paradise as the Qur'an
described it.

Examples of Ottoman architecture

Examples of Ottoman architecture
Style

Modern Turkish nomenclature

Example

Mosque

Cami

Selimiye Mosque

Madrasa

Medrese

Caferaa Medresseh

Trbe

Trbe

Yeil Trbe

Caravanserai

Kervansaray

Byk Han

Hospital

Darifa

Bayezid II Klliye Health Museum

Bridge

Kpr

Mostar bridge

Palace

Saray

Topkap Palace

Castle

Kale

Rumelihisar

Gallery

Tekkiye
Mosque,
built on the
orders of
Suleiman
the
Magnificent
in Syria

Khalid ibn al-Walid

Mosque in Syria

Interior view of
Khan As'ad
Pasha in Syria

The Jaffa
Clock Tower
was built to
commemorate
the silver
jubilee of the
reign of
Sultan Abd
al-Hamid II in
Israel.

The Khan
al-Umdan is
the largest and
best preserved
Ottoman inn in
Israel.

Mehmed Paa
Sokolovi
Bridge in
Bosnia and
Herzegovina

Stari Most in
Bosnia and
Herzegovina

Svrzo's
House in
Bosnia and
Herzegovina

Rcz Thermal Bath

in Hungary

Tomb of
Gl Baba
in
Hungary

Yenikale in Ukraine

Tsisdarakis
Mosque in
Athens

Ottoman architecture

11

Osman Shah's
mosque at Trikala

Sabil-Kuttab
of Katkhuda
in Cairo

Mosque of
Muhammad Ali in
Cairo

raan
Palace in
Istanbul

Sultanahmet
Jail in
Istanbul, in
the First
National
Style

Pertevniyal Valide
Sultan Mosque in
Istanbul

Kl Ali Pasha
Complex in Istanbul

Karaaa
Railway Station
in Edirne

Banya Bashi
Mosque in
Sofia

Townhouse
in Nicosia,
Cyprus

Ottoman
architecture in
Novi Pazar

Sjenica Mosque
in Novi Pazar

Et'hem Bey
Mosque and Clock
Tower in Tirana

Mangalia
Mosque in
Romania

Turbe Mosque in
Belgrade (no
longer in
existence).

Batal Mosque
in Belgrade
(no longer in
existence).

Isa Bey
Mosque
in
Skopje's
Old
Bazaar

Aziziye mosque in
Batumi, Georgia (no
longer in existence).

Mustafa
Paa
Mosque in
Skopje.

Sultan
Murad
Mosque
in
Skopje

Kapan Han in
Skopje

Suli An in Skopje

Daut Pasha
Hammam in
Skopje

ifte Hammam in
Skopje

Ottoman architecture

References
[1] Seljuk architecture, Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture, ed. Cyril M. Harris, (Dover Publications, 1977), 485.
[2] Architecture(Muhammadan), H. Saladin, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol.1, Ed. James Hastings and John Alexander, (Charles
Scribner's son, 1908), 753.
[3] |pages=45}

Further reading
Goodwin G., "A History of Ottoman Architecture"; Thames & Hudson Ltd., London, reprinted 2003; ISBN
0-500-27429-0
Dgan K., "Ottoman Architecture"; Antique Collectors' Club. ISBN 978-1-85149-604-4

External links
Turkish Architecture (http://www.turkishculture.org/pages.php?ParentID=6)
Similarities between Ottoman,Local and Byzantine architecture (http://www.unesco.org/archi2000/pdf/
alioglu1.pdf) (PDF)
A varied photo collection of different Ottoman styles and buildings (http://www.quovadimus.org/turkey99/
ottoarch/index.html)
Extensive information on Architect Sinan's works in Istanbul (http://www.sinanasaygi.com/en/)

12

Article Sources and Contributors

Article Sources and Contributors

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AndrejSpSk, AndyMcKandless, Anglepush, AnnaFrance, Artaxiad, AtilimGunesBaydin, Aymatth2, BD2412, Baristarim, Ben Ben, Benne, Berthold Werner, Bjankuloski06en, Bless sins,
BlueEyedCat, Cavann, CeeGee, Cercersan, Chris the speller, ChrisGualtieri, CommonsDelinker, Crystallina, David Kernow, Denizz, Dialectric, Donald Albury, Downwards, DragonTiger23,
E104421, Eggman64, Elekhh, Emyr93, Entry2007, Ev, Filibeli, Grk1011, Hajji Piruz, Hasanbay, Ian Pitchford, Igiffin, Ispy1981, Jarvis76, Jeff3000, JoJan, John of Reading, Jreferee, Kansas
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Raulsebrook, Rich Farmbrough, Sardanaphalus, Sevilledade, Shiham K, Stegop, Supergeo, Tajik, Takabeg, Tantal-ja, Thatcher, The Phoenix, Thiseye, Tim Ivorson, TimBentley, Tommiks,
Triquetra, Turkish Cultural Foundation, Ugur Basak, Ultimate Destiny, Underlying lk, Vagabondino, Werieth, Widr, William Avery, Wulfnoth, YellowMonkey, Yozer1, Zaparojdik, Zello, DA
- DP, 112 anonymous edits

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File:Eni Kale.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Eni_Kale.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Qypchak
File:Attica 06-13 Athens 33 Monastiraki.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Attica_06-13_Athens_33_Monastiraki.jpg License: unknown Contributors: A.Savin
File:Koursoum Mosque, Trikala.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Koursoum_Mosque,_Trikala.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5
Contributors: Original uploader was at el.wikipedia
File:Kairo Sabil Kuttab of Katkhuda BW 1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kairo_Sabil_Kuttab_of_Katkhuda_BW_1.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution
3.0 Contributors: Berthold Werner
File:Muhammad Ali Mosque 1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Muhammad_Ali_Mosque_1.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
Contributors: kallerna
File:Ciragan interior March 2008 pano.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ciragan_interior_March_2008_pano.jpg License: GNU Free Documentation License
Contributors: Gryffindor
File:Four Seasons Sultanahmet March 2008.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Four_Seasons_Sultanahmet_March_2008.JPG License: GNU Free Documentation
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File:012 PertevniyalCami.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:012_PertevniyalCami.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
Contributors: Alexandre Vallaury, Avniyazici, Gothika, Mach, Nosferat
File:Kilic Ali Pasha Mosque and Tophane Fountain.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kilic_Ali_Pasha_Mosque_and_Tophane_Fountain.jpg License: Creative
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Edirne Karaaa Tren stasyonu.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Edirne_Karaaa_Tren_stasyonu.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0
Contributors: http://www.flickr.com/photos/mihalorel/
File:Banya Bashi Mosque Sofia.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Banya_Bashi_Mosque_Sofia.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
Contributors: User:MrPanyGoff
File:Picturised old traditional houses in Nicosia Republic of Cyprus during summer .jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Picturised_old_traditional_houses_in_Nicosia_Republic_of_Cyprus_during_summer_.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
Contributors: User:AncientNicosia
File:NoviPazarCenter.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:NoviPazarCenter.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Lumen roma
File:Sjenica Mosque.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sjenica_Mosque.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors:
j.budissin (Julian Nitzsche)
File:Et'hem Bey Mosque & Clock tower.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Et'hem_Bey_Mosque_&_Clock_tower.jpg License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Predrag Bubalo
File:Mangalia Mosque1020578.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mangalia_Mosque1020578.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
Contributors: Boyofdracula
File:Turbe dzamija.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Turbe_dzamija.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alexandre Vallaury, Mladifilozof
File:Batal-dzamija.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Batal-dzamija.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alexandre Vallaury, BokicaK, Mladifilozof,
WhiteWriter
File:Aladja Moschee01.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Aladja_Moschee01.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Banatski, Local hero, Mazbln, Nrostrateur,
Raso mk,
File:Batumi Aziziye Mosque.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Batumi_Aziziye_Mosque.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: unknown
File:- 2.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:-____2.jpg License: Creative Commons
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File:Sultan-Murad-mosque.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sultan-Murad-mosque.JPG License: anonymous-EU Contributors: Original uploader was at
bg.wikipedia
File:Kapan an.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kapan_an.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Nikolovskii
File:Suli han.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Suli_han.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Antidiskriminator
File:Daut Pasha Hamam.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Daut_Pasha_Hamam.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: David
Bailey
File:National Artgallery of Republic of Macedonia (Skopje).JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:National_Artgallery_of_Republic_of_Macedonia_(Skopje).JPG
License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Original uploader was Svik at bg.wikipedia

License
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