Presentation CTs & VTs

Current Transformers
Sreenatha Rao R.S.N.V

Manager Training
Current Transformer Function
X Reduce power system current to lower value for

measurement.
X Insulate secondary circuits from the primary.
X Permit the use of standard current ratings for secondary
equipment.
REMEMBER :
The relay performance DEPENDS on the C.T which
drives it !
> Current Transformers January 2004
Instrument Transformer Standards

IEC
IEC 185:1987
CTs
IEC 44-6:1992
CTs
IEC 186:1987
VTs
BS 7625
VTs
BS 7626
CTs
BS 7628
CT+VT
BS 3938:1973
CTs
BS 3941:1975
VTs
AMERICAN
ANSI C51.13.1978
CTs and VTs
CANADIAN
CSA CAN3-C13-M83
CTs and VTs
AUSTRALIAN
AS 1675-1986
CTs
EUROPEAN
BRITISH
Polarity
Is
P2
P1
Ip
S1
S2
Inst. Current directions :P1 P2

S1 S2 Externally
5
Flick Test
P1
Is
Ip
FWD kick on application,
S1
+
REV kick on removal of

test lead.
Battery (6V) + to P1
AVO +ve lead to S1
S2
P2
Basic Theory
Basic Theory (1)

IS
IP
1 Primary Turn
N Secondary Turns
For an ideal transformer :PRIMARY AMPERE TURNS = SECONDARY AMPERE TURNS

IP = N x IS
Basic Theory (2)

IS
IP
ES
For IS to flow through R there must be some potential ES = the E.M.F.

ES = IS x R
ES is produced by an alternating flux in the core.
ES d
dt
9
Basic Theory (3)

NP
IP
NS
IS
EK
ZCT
ZB
VO/P
10
ISZB = EK - ISZCT
10
Basic Formulae
Circuit Voltage Required :

ES = IS (ZB + ZCT + ZL) Volts
where :IS
Secondary Current of C.T. (Amperes)
ZB
Connected External Burden (Ohms)
ZCT
C.T Winding Impedance (Ohms)
ZL
Lead Loop Resistance (Ohms)
Require EK > ES
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11
Low Reactance Design
With evenly distributed winding the leakage

reactance is very low and usually ignored.
Thus ZCT ~ RCT
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12
Exciting Voltage (VS)
Knee-Point Voltage Definition
+10% Vk
Vk
+50% Iek
Iek
Exciting Current (Ie)
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13
C.T. Equivalent Circuit

Ip
ZCT
Is
P1
Ip/N
Ie
S1
N
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Ze
Vt
Es
Ip = Primary rating of C.T.
Ie
= Secondary excitation current
Is
= Secondary current
= C.T. ratio
Zb = Burden of relays in ohms
Es = Secondary excitation voltage
(r+jx)
ZCT = C.T. secondary winding
impedance in ohms (r+jx)
Ze = Secondary excitation
impedance in ohms (r+jx)
Vt = Secondary terminal voltage

across the C.T. terminals
Zb
14
Phasor Diagram
Ip/N
Ie
Ie
Is
Es
15
Ep
Im
Ic
Ep =
Es =
Primary voltage
Secondary voltage
Im =
Ie =
Magnetising current
Excitation current
=
Ic =
Flux
Iron losses (hysteresis &
eddy currents)
Ip =
Is =
Primary current
Secondary current
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Saturation
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Steady State Saturation (1)
E=
100V
100A
100A
1A
1A
100/1
100/1
1 ohm
100
ohm
E=
1V
100A
1A
1A
100/1
17
E=?
100A
E
10
ohm
E=
10V
100/1
1000
ohm
17
+V
0V
-V
Time
Assume :- Zero residual flux

Switch on at point A
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18

+V
0V
-V
Time

Switch on at point C
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19

+V
0V
-V
Time

Switch on at point B
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20
+V
Mag Core
Saturation
0V
Mag Core
Saturation
-V
Time
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21

+V
Prospective
Output Voltage
Mag Core
Saturation
0V
Mag Core
Saturation
-V
+V
Output lost due to
steady state
saturation
0V
Actual Output
Voltage
-V
Time
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22
Transient Saturation
v = VM sin (wt + )
L1
R1
Z1
i1
v = VM sin (wt + )
i1 = +
VM
V
sin (wt + - ) = M sin ( - ) . e
Z1
Z1
= + 1 sin (wt + - ) - 1 sin ( - ) . e

=
23
STEADY STATE
-R1t / L1
-R1t / L1
TRANSIENT
where : -
Z1 =
R12 + w 2L12
= tan-1
wL1
R1
V
1 = M
Z1
23
Transient Saturation : Resistive Burden
Required Flux
SAT
FLUX
Actual Flux
Mag Current
Primary Current
Secondary Current
CURRENT
0
24
10
20 30
40 50
60 70
80
24
CT Types
25
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Current Transformer Function
Two basic groups of C.T.

X
Measurement C.T.s
Limits well defined

X
Protection C.T.s
Operation over wide range of currents

Note : They have DIFFERENT characteristics
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26
Measuring C.T.s
Measuring C.T.s
X Require good accuracy up to
approx 120% rated current.
X Require low saturation level to
protect instruments, thus use
nickel iron alloy core with low
exciting current and knee
point at low flux density.
B
Protection C.T.
Protection C.T.s
X Accuracy not as important as
above.
X Require accuracy up to many
times rated current, thus use
grain orientated silicon steel
with high saturation flux
density.
27
Measuring C.T.
H
27
Current Transformer Ratings
28
28
Current Transformer Ratings (1)

Rated Burden
X Value of burden upon which accuracy claims are based
X Usually expressed in VA
X Preferred values :2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 30 VA
Continuous Rated Current

X Usually rated primary current
Short Time Rated Current

X Usually specified for 0.5, 1, 2 or 3 secs
X No harmful effects
X Usually specified with the secondary shorted
Rated Secondary Current

X Commonly 1, 2 or 5 Amps
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29
Current Transformer Ratings (2)

Rated Dynamic Current
Ratio of :IPEAK : IRATED
(IPEAK = Maximum current C.T. can withstand without
suffering any damage).
Accuracy Limit Factor - A.L.F.
(or Saturation Factor)
Ratio of :IPRIMARY : IRATED
up to which the C.T. rated accuracy is maintained.
e.g. 200 / 1A C.T. with an A.L.F. = 5 will maintain its
accuracy for IPRIMARY < 5 x 200 = 1000 Amps
30
30
Choice of Ratio
Clearly, the primary rating
IP normal current in the circuit
if thermal (continuous) rating is not to be exceeded.
Secondary rating is usually 1 or 5 Amps (0.5 and 2 Amp are
also used).
If secondary wiring route length is greater than 30 metres 1 Amp secondaries are preferable.
A practical maximum ratio is 3000 / 1.
If larger primary ratings are required (e.g. for large
generators), can use 20 Amp secondary together with
interposing C.T.
e.g. 5000 / 20 - 20 / 1
31
31
Current Transformer Designation
Class P
Specified in terms of :i) Rated burden
ii) Class (5P or 10P)
iii) Accuracy limit factor (A.L.F.)
Example :15 VA 10P 20
To convert VA and A.L.F. into useful volts
Vuseful VA x ALF
IN
32
32
BS 3938
Classes :-
5P, 10P. X
Designation (Classes 5P, 10P)

(Rated VA)
(Class)
(ALF)
Multiple of rated current (IN) up to which declared

accuracy will be maintained with rated burden
connected.
5P or 10P.
Value of burden in VA on which accuracy claims
are based.
(Preferred values :- 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 30 VA)
ZB = rated burden in ohms
= Rated VA
IN2
33
33
Interposing CT
34
34
Interposing CT
LINE
CT
NP
NS
ZB
ZCT
Burden presented to line CT

= ZCT + ZB x NP2
NS2
35
35
NEG.
5A
1A
0.5
R
500/5
0.1
1VA @ 1A
1.0
0.4
Seen by main ct :- 0.1 + (1)2 (2 x 0.5 + 0.4 + 1) = 0.196

(5)
Burden on main ct :- I2R = 25 x 0.196 = 4.9VA
Burden on a main ct of required ratio :0.5
R
500/1
1.0
Total connected burden = 2 x 0.5 + 1 = 2

Connected VA = I2R = 2
The I/P ct consumption was about 3VA.
36
36
37
37

Class X
Specified in terms of :-
38
i)
Rated Primary Current
ii)
Turns Ratio (max. error = 0.25%)
iii)
Knee Point Voltage
iv)
Mag Current (at specified voltage)
v)
Secondary Resistance (at 75C)
38
Choice of Current Transformer

X Instantaneous Overcurrent Relays
Class P Specification
A.L.F. = 5 usually sufficient
For high settings (5 - 15 times C.T rating)
A.L.F. = relay setting
X IDMT Overcurrent Relays
Generally Class 10P

Class 5P where grading is critical
Note : A.L.F. X V.A < 150
X Differential Protection
Class X Specification
Protection relies on balanced C.T output
39
39
Selection Example
40
40
Burden on Current Transformers
1. Overcurrent : RCT + RL + Rr
2. Earth : RCT + 2RL + 2Rr
RCT
RCT
RCT
RCT
RL
Rr
41
RCT
IF
RCT
IF
RL
RL
Rr
Rr
RL
Rr
RL
Rr
IF
IF
RL
Rr
RL
Rr
RL
Rr
41
Overcurrent Relay VK Check

Assume values :
If max
C.T
=
=
7226 A
1000 / 5 A
7.5 VA 10P 20
RCT =
Rr
=
RL =
0.26
0.02
0.15
Check to see if VK is large enough :

Required voltage = VS = IF (RCT + Rr + RL)
= 7226 x 5 (0.26 + 0.02 + 0.15) = 36.13 x 0.43 = 15.54 Volts
1000
Current transformer VK approximates to :VK VA x ALF + RCT x IN x ALF
In
= 7.5 x 20 + 0.26 x 5 x 20 = 56 Volts
5
VK > VS therefore C.T VK is adequate
42
42
Earth Fault Relay VK Check

Assume values : As per overcurrent.
Note
For earth fault applications require to be able to pass

10 x relay setting.
Check to see if VK is large enough :
VK = 56 Volts
Total load connected = 2RL + RCT + 2Rr

= 2 x 0.15 + 0.26 + 2 x 0.02
Maximum secondary current

= 56 = 93.33A
0.6
Typical earth fault setting
=
=
30% IN
1.5A
Therefore C.T can provide > 60 x setting

C.T VK is adequate
43
43
Voltage Transformers
44
44
Voltage Transformers
45
Provides isolation from high voltages
Must operate in the linear region to prevent

accuracy problems - Do not over specify VT
Must be capable of driving the burden, specified by

relay manufacturer
Protection class VT will suffice
45
Typical Working Points on a B-H Curve

Flux Density
B
Saturation
1.6
Tesla 1.0
0.5
Power Transformers
V.T.s
Protection C.T. (at full load)

H
1000
2000
3000
Magnetising Force
AT/m
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46
Types of Voltage Transformers
Two main basic types are available:

X Electromechanical VT`s
Similar to a power transformer

May not be economical above 132kV
X Capacitor VT`s (CVT)
Used at high voltages

Main difference is that CVT has a
capacitor divider on the front end.
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47
Electromagnetic Voltage Transformer
NP / NS
= Kn
LP
RP
IP
EP = ES
48
IS
Ie
LM
VP
LS
RS
IM
Re
VS
ZB
(burden)
IC
48
Basic Circuit of a Capacitor V.T.
C1
L
T
VP
C2
49
ZB
VC2
Vi
VS
49
Ferro-resonance
X The exciting impedance of auxiliary transformer T and the

capacitance of the potential divider form a resonant circuit.
X May oscillate at a sub normal frequency
X Resonant frequency close to one-third value of system
frequency
X Manifests itself as a rise in output voltage, r.m.s. value
being 25 to 50 per cent above normal value
X Use resistive burden to dampen the effect
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50
VT Earthing
X Primary Earthing
Earth at neutral point

Required for phase-ground measurement at relay
X Secondary Earthing
Required for safety

Earth at neutral point
No relevance for protection operation
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51
VT Construction
5 Limb
Used when zero sequence measurement is

required (primary must also be earthed)
Three Single Phase
Used when zero sequence measurement is

required (primary must also be earthed)
3 Limb
Used where no zero sequence measurement is

required
V Connected (Open Delta)
52
No yellow phase
Cost effective
Two phase-phase voltages
No ground fault measurement
52
VT Connections
Broken Delta
A
da
53
V Connected
a
dn
c n
53
VT Construction - Residual
X Used to detect earthfault

X Useful where current operated protection cannot be
used
X Connect all secondary windings in series
X Sometimes referred to as `Broken Delta`
X Residual Voltage is 3 times zero sequence voltage
X VT must be 5 Limb or 3 single phase units
X Primary winding must be earthed
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Voltage Factors Vf
X Vf is the upper limit of operating voltage.
55
Important for correct relay operation.
Earthfaults cause displacement of system neutral,

particularly in the case of unearthed or impedance
earthed systems.
55
Protection of VTs
56
H.R.C. Fuses on primary side
Fuses may not have sufficient interrupting capability
Use MCB
56

Presentation CTs &amp; VTs

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Presentation CTs &amp; VTs

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Current Transformers

Sreenatha Rao R.S.N.V

Current Transformer Function

X Reduce power system current to lower value for

> Current Transformers January 2004

Instrument Transformer Standards

CTs and VTs

CTs and VTs

> Current Transformers January 2004

Inst. Current directions :P1 P2

> Current Transformers January 2004

FWD kick on application,

REV kick on removal of

> Current Transformers January 2004

> Current Transformers January 2004

Basic Theory (1)

For an ideal transformer :PRIMARY AMPERE TURNS = SECONDARY AMPERE TURNS

> Current Transformers January 2004

Basic Theory (2)

For IS to flow through R there must be some potential ES = the E.M.F.

> Current Transformers January 2004

Basic Theory (3)

> Current Transformers January 2004

Circuit Voltage Required :

Secondary Current of C.T. (Amperes)

Connected External Burden (Ohms)

C.T Winding Impedance (Ohms)

Lead Loop Resistance (Ohms)

> Current Transformers January 2004

Low Reactance Design

With evenly distributed winding the leakage

> Current Transformers January 2004

Exciting Voltage (VS)

Knee-Point Voltage Definition

> Current Transformers January 2004

C.T. Equivalent Circuit

Ip = Primary rating of C.T.

= Secondary excitation current

Zb = Burden of relays in ohms

Es = Secondary excitation voltage

Vt = Secondary terminal voltage

> Current Transformers January 2004

> Current Transformers January 2004

> Current Transformers January 2004

Steady State Saturation (1)

> Current Transformers January 2004

Steady State Saturation (2)

Assume :- Zero residual flux

> Current Transformers January 2004

Steady State Saturation (3)

Assume :- Zero residual flux

> Current Transformers January 2004

Steady State Saturation (4)

Assume :- Zero residual flux

> Current Transformers January 2004

Steady State Saturation (5)

> Current Transformers January 2004

Steady State Saturation (6)

> Current Transformers January 2004

= + 1 sin (wt + - ) - 1 sin ( - ) . e

> Current Transformers January 2004

Transient Saturation : Resistive Burden

> Current Transformers January 2004

> Current Transformers January 2004

Presentation CTs & VTs

Presentation CTs & VTs