OEA000041 LTE SAE System Overview ISSUE 1 PDF

LTE/SAE System Overview
Training Manual
Contents
Contents
1 Network Architecture ........................................................................................................... 1-2
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks .................................................................................................................... 1-3
1.1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks ........................................................................................................... 1-3
1.1.2 3GPP Releases ..................................................................................................................................... 1-7
1.2 EPS Architecture ......................................................................................................................................... 1-13
1.2.1 User Equipment ................................................................................................................................. 1-14
1.2.2 Evolved Node B ................................................................................................................................. 1-16
1.2.3 Mobility Management Entity ............................................................................................................. 1-17
1.2.4 The Serving Gateway (S-GW) ........................................................................................................... 1-18
1.2.5 The PDN Gateway ............................................................................................................................. 1-18
1.3 E-UTRAN Protocol Stack Structure ........................................................................................................... 1-18
1.3.1 Uu Interface ....................................................................................................................................... 1-19
1.3.2 S1 Interface ........................................................................................................................................ 1-21
1.3.3 X2 Interface ....................................................................................................................................... 1-22
2 LTE Air Interface Principles ................................................................................................ 2-1

2.1 Principle of OFDM ....................................................................................................................................... 2-2
2.1.2 OFDM Symbol Mapping ..................................................................................................................... 2-6
2.1.3 Advantage 1 of OFDM: High Spectral Efficiency ............................................................................... 2-7
2.1.4 Advantage 2 of OFDM: Effectively Withstand Multi-Path .................................................................. 2-8
2.1.5 Advantage 3 of OFDM: Resistant to Frequency Selection Fading ...................................................... 2-9
2.1.6 Disadvantage 1 of OFDM: Vulnerable to Frequency Offset .............................................................. 2-10
2.1.7 Disadvantage 2 of OFDM: High PAPR ............................................................................................. 2-11
2.1.8 OFDM Advantages and Disadvantages.............................................................................................. 2-11
2.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies ................................................................................................. 2-12
2.3 Carrier Frequency and EARFCN ................................................................................................................ 2-22
2.3.1 LTE Release 8 Bands ......................................................................................................................... 2-22
2.4 LTE Frame Structures ................................................................................................................................. 2-24
2.4.1 LTE Frame Structure Type1-FDD ...................................................................................................... 2-25
2.4.2 LTE Frame Structure Type2-TDD...................................................................................................... 2-25
2.4.3 Cyclic Prefix ...................................................................................................................................... 2-27
2.4.4 LTE Resource Block Conception ....................................................................................................... 2-28
2.5 LTE Channel Structures .............................................................................................................................. 2-31
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd

Training Manual
Contents
2.5.1 Logical Channels ............................................................................................................................... 2-31

2.5.2 Transport Channels ............................................................................................................................ 2-33
2.5.3 Physical Channels .............................................................................................................................. 2-34
2.5.4 Radio Channels .................................................................................................................................. 2-34
2.5.5 Mapping Relationship between Physical Channels and Other Channels ........................................... 2-35
2.5.6 Application of LTE Physical Channels .............................................................................................. 2-36
2.5.7 Cell Specific Reference Signals ......................................................................................................... 2-37
2.5.8 LTE Physical Signals ......................................................................................................................... 2-39
2.5.9 Downlink Reference Signals .............................................................................................................. 2-39
2.6 Physical Procedures .................................................................................................................................... 2-40
2.6.1 LTE Cell Search Procedure ................................................................................................................ 2-40
2.6.2 Cell Search ......................................................................................................................................... 2-41
2.6.3 PLMN Selection................................................................................................................................. 2-45
2.6.4 Random Access Procedure Overview ................................................................................................ 2-47
2.7 Multiple Input Multiple Output ................................................................................................................... 2-49
2.7.1 Background of Multi-antenna Technology......................................................................................... 2-49
2.7.2 The Classification of Multi-antenna Technology ............................................................................... 2-50
2.7.3 MIMO Overview ............................................................................................................................... 2-51
2.7.4 The Advantage of MIMO ................................................................................................................... 2-55
3 eNB Product Overview ......................................................................................................... 3-1

3.1 The Huawei eNB Family............................................................................................................................... 3-2
3.1.1 BTS3900(A) LTE ................................................................................................................................. 3-2
3.1.2 DBS3900 LTE ...................................................................................................................................... 3-4
3.2 Products and Application Scenarios .............................................................................................................. 3-5
3.2.1 BTS3900(A) LTE ................................................................................................................................. 3-5
3.2.2 DBS3900 LTE ...................................................................................................................................... 3-6
3.3 Operation and Maintenance .......................................................................................................................... 3-6
3.3.1 The Operations and Maintenance System ............................................................................................ 3-6
3.3.2 Benefits ................................................................................................................................................ 3-7
4 Glossary .................................................................................................................................. 4-9
ii

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Figures
Figures
Figure 1-1 Evolution of Cellular Networks ........................................................................................................ 1-3
Figure 1-2 Second Generation Mobile Systems ................................................................................................. 1-4
Figure 1-3 Third Generation Mobile Systems .................................................................................................... 1-6
Figure 1-4 Fourth Generation Mobile Systems .................................................................................................. 1-7
Figure 1-5 3GPP Releases .................................................................................................................................. 1-7
Figure 1-6 HSDPA (Release 5) ........................................................................................................................... 1-9
Figure 1-7 HSUPA (Release 6) ........................................................................................................................... 1-9
Figure 1-8 HSPA+ (Release 7) ......................................................................................................................... 1-10
Figure 1-9 Release 8 HSPA+ and LTE ............................................................................................................. 1-11
Figure 1-10 Release 9 and Beyond ................................................................................................................... 1-11
Figure 1-11 LTE Reference Architecture .......................................................................................................... 1-13
Figure 1-12 EPS Network Architecture-2G/3G Co-existence .......................................................................... 1-14
Figure 1-13 User Equipment Functional Elements .......................................................................................... 1-15
Figure 1-14 Evolved Node B Functional Elements .......................................................................................... 1-17
Figure 1-15 E-UTRAN Interfaces .................................................................................................................... 1-19
Figure 1-16 Uu Interface Protocols .................................................................................................................. 1-19
Figure 1-17 S1 Interface Protocols ................................................................................................................... 1-21
Figure 1-18 X2 Interface Protocols .................................................................................................................. 1-23
Figure 2-1 Use of OFDM in LTE ....................................................................................................................... 2-2
Figure 2-2 Frequency Division Multiple ............................................................................................................ 2-3
Figure 2-3 Time Division Multiple ..................................................................................................................... 2-3
Figure 2-4 Code Division Multiple .................................................................................................................... 2-3
Figure 2-5 FDM Carriers .................................................................................................................................... 2-4
Figure 2-6 OFDM Subcarriers............................................................................................................................ 2-4
Figure 2-7 Inverse Fast Fourier Transform......................................................................................................... 2-5
Figure 2-8 Fast Fourier Transform ..................................................................................................................... 2-5
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

iii

Training Manual
Figures
Figure 2-9 OFDM Symbol Mapping .................................................................................................................. 2-6

Figure 2-10 OFDM PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) ................................................................................ 2-7
Figure 2-11 Multicarrier modulation technology ............................................................................................... 2-7
Figure 2-12 Delay Spread................................................................................................................................... 2-8
Figure 2-13 Cyclic Prefix ................................................................................................................................... 2-9
Figure 2-14 Resistant to Frequency Selection Fading ........................................................................................ 2-9
Figure 2-15 Vulnerable to Frequency Offset .................................................................................................... 2-10
Figure 2-16 Multi-carrier system signal process procedure ............................................................................. 2-11
Figure 2-17 Radio Interface Techniques ........................................................................................................... 2-12
Figure 2-18 Frequency Division Multiple Access ............................................................................................ 2-12
Figure 2-19 Time Division Multiple Access ..................................................................................................... 2-13
Figure 2-20 Code Division Multiple Access .................................................................................................... 2-13
Figure 2-21 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access ......................................................................... 2-14
Figure 2-22 The comparison between DM and DMA ...................................................................................... 2-15
Figure 2-23 From FDM/FDMA to OFDM/OFDMA........................................................................................ 2-16
Figure 2-24 SC-FDMA Subcarrier Mapping Concept ...................................................................................... 2-18
Figure 2-25 SC-FDMA Signal Generation ....................................................................................................... 2-19
Figure 2-26 SC-FDMA and the eNB ................................................................................................................ 2-19
Figure 2-27 Frequency Division Duplex .......................................................................................................... 2-20
Figure 2-28 Time Division Duplex................................................................................................................... 2-21
Figure 2-29 TDD: The uplink and downlink use different slots. ...................................................................... 2-21
Figure 2-30 FDD: The uplink and downlink use different frequencies. ........................................................... 2-22
Figure 2-31 EARFCN Calculation ................................................................................................................... 2-24
Figure 2-32 Example Downlink EARFCN Calculation ................................................................................... 2-24
Figure 2-33 FDD Radio Frame......................................................................................................................... 2-25
Figure 2-34 TDD Radio Frame ........................................................................................................................ 2-26
Figure 2-35 Special Subframe .......................................................................................................................... 2-27
Figure 2-36 Normal and Extended Cyclic Prefix ............................................................................................. 2-27
Figure 2-37 CP classification ........................................................................................................................... 2-28
Figure 2-38 LTE resource block ....................................................................................................................... 2-28
Figure 2-39 Resource Block and Resource Element ........................................................................................ 2-30
Figure 2-40 Relationship between Channel BW and RB ................................................................................. 2-31
Figure 2-41 LTE Channels ............................................................................................................................... 2-31
iv

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Figures
Figure 2-42 Location of Channels .................................................................................................................... 2-31

Figure 2-43 BCCH and PCH Logical Channels ............................................................................................... 2-32
Figure 2-44 CCCH and DCCH Signaling ........................................................................................................ 2-32
Figure 2-45 Dedicated Traffic Channel ............................................................................................................ 2-33
Figure 2-46 LTE Release 8 Transport Channels ............................................................................................... 2-34
Figure 2-47 Radio Channel .............................................................................................................................. 2-35
Figure 2-48 Mapping Relationship between Physical Channels and Other Channels ...................................... 2-35
Figure 2-49 Application of LTE Physical Channels ......................................................................................... 2-36
Figure 2-50 Reference Signals - One Antenna Port .......................................................................................... 2-37
Figure 2-51 Reference Signal Physical Cell ID Offset ..................................................................................... 2-38
Figure 2-52 Reference Signals - Two Antenna Ports (Normal CP) .................................................................. 2-38
Figure 2-53 Reference Signals - Four Antenna Ports (Normal CP).................................................................. 2-38
Figure 2-54 Downlink Cell ID ......................................................................................................................... 2-39
Figure 2-55 Initial Procedures .......................................................................................................................... 2-40
Figure 2-56 PSS and SSS for Cell Search (FDD Mode) .................................................................................. 2-41
Figure 2-57 PSS and SSS Location for FDD.................................................................................................... 2-42
Figure 2-58 PSS and SSS Location for TDD ................................................................................................... 2-42
Figure 2-59 Downlink Cell ID ......................................................................................................................... 2-43
Figure 2-60 Physical Cell Identities ................................................................................................................. 2-43
Figure 2-61 System information scheduling..................................................................................................... 2-44
Figure 2-62 Contents of System Information ................................................................................................... 2-44
Figure 2-63 PLMN Selection ........................................................................................................................... 2-45
Figure 2-64 LTE Cell Selection ........................................................................................................................ 2-47
Figure 2-65 Overall Random Access Procedure ............................................................................................... 2-48
Figure 2-66 Random Access RRC Signaling Procedure .................................................................................. 2-48
Figure 2-67 Uplink synchronization ................................................................................................................. 2-49
Figure 2-68 The relationship between spectrum efficiency of channel and signal power & signal bandwidth 2-50
Figure 2-69 Tx diversity mode ......................................................................................................................... 2-50
Figure 2-70 Spatial multiplexing mode ............................................................................................................ 2-51
Figure 2-71 Beamforming mode ...................................................................................................................... 2-51
Figure 2-72 MIMO ........................................................................................................................................... 2-52
Figure 2-73 SISO ............................................................................................................................................. 2-52
Figure 2-74 MISO ............................................................................................................................................ 2-52
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)


Training Manual
Figures
Figure 2-75 SIMO ............................................................................................................................................ 2-53

Figure 2-76 MIMO ........................................................................................................................................... 2-53
Figure 2-77 SU-MIMO, MU-MIMO and Co-MIMO ....................................................................................... 2-54
Figure 2-78 The advantage of MIMO .............................................................................................................. 2-55
Figure 3-1 BTS3900(A) LTE Architecture ......................................................................................................... 3-3
Figure 3-2 BBU3900 .......................................................................................................................................... 3-3
Figure 3-3 LRFU ................................................................................................................................................ 3-4
Figure 3-4 DBS3900 LTE Architecture .............................................................................................................. 3-4
Figure 3-5 RRU .................................................................................................................................................. 3-5
Figure 3-6 O&M System .................................................................................................................................... 3-7
vi

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
1 Network Architecture
Tables
Table 1-1 2G, 2.5G and 2.75G GSM/GPRS Systems ......................................................................................... 1-5
Table 1-2 IMT Advanced Features ..................................................................................................................... 1-6
Table 1-3 UE Categories ................................................................................................................................... 1-15
Table 2-1 LTE Channel and FFT Sizes ............................................................................................................... 2-6
Table 2-2 SC-FDMA verses OFDMA .............................................................................................................. 2-20
Table 2-3 LTE Release 8 Frequency Bands ...................................................................................................... 2-22
Table 2-4 DL/UL Subframe Allocation Item .................................................................................................... 2-26
Table 2-5 Special Subframe Allocation Item .................................................................................................... 2-27
Table 2-6 Channel bandwidth and RB .............................................................................................................. 2-30
Table 2-7 LTE DL/UL MIMO mode ................................................................................................................ 2-54
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

1-1

Training Manual
Network Architecture
Objectives
On completion of this section the participants will be able to:
1.1 Describe the evolution of cellular networks.
1.1.2 Summarize the evolution of 3GPP releases, from Release 99 to Release 9 and beyond.
Error! No se encuentra el origen de la referencia.Explain the logical architecture of the
E-UTRAN.
1.3 Describe the interfaces and associated protocols within the E-UTRAN.
Error! No se encuentra el origen de la referencia.Explain the logical architecture of the
EPS.
1-2

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks

1.1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks
Cellular mobile networks have been evolving for many years. The initial systems, which are
referred to as First Generation, now had been replaced with Second Generation and
Third Generation solutions. However today, 4G or Fourth Generation systems are now
being deployed.
Figure 1-1 Evolution of Cellular Networks
First Generation Mobile Systems

The 1G (First Generation) mobile systems were not digital, i.e. they utilized analogue
modulation techniques. The main systems included:
AMPS (Advanced Mobile Telephone System) - This first appeared in 1976 in the United
States and was mainly implemented in the Americas, Russia and Asia. Various issues
including weak security features made the system prone to hacking and handset cloning.
TACS (Total Access Communications System) - This was the European version of
AMPS but with slight modifications including the operation on different frequency
bands. It was mainly used in the United Kingdom, as well as parts of Asia.
ETACS ((Extended Total Access Communication System) - This provided an improved

version of TACS. It enabled a greater number of channels and therefore facilitated more
users.
These analogue systems were all proprietary based FM (Frequency Modulation) systems and
therefore they all lacked security, any meaningful data service and international roaming
capability.
Second Generation Mobile Systems

2G (Second Generation) systems utilize digital multiple access technology, such as TDMA
(Time Division Multiple Access) and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access). Figure 1-2
illustrates some of the different 2G mobile systems including:
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) - this is the most successful of all 2G
technologies. It was initially developed by ETSI (European Telecommunications

1-3

Training Manual
Standards Institute) for Europe and designed to operate on the 900MHz and 1800MHz
frequency bands. It now has world-wide support and is available for deployment on
many other frequency bands, such as 850MHz and 1900MHz. A mobile described as tri
band or quad band indicates support for multiple frequency bands on the same device.
GSM utilizes TDMA and as such, it employs 8 timeslots on a 200kHz radio carrier.
cdmaOne - this is a CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) system based on the IS-95
(Interim Standard 95). It uses a spread spectrum technique which incorporates a mixture
of codes and timing to identify cells and channels. The system bandwidth is 1.25MHz.
D-AMPS (Digital - Advanced Mobile Phone System) - this is based on the IS-136
(Interim Standard 136) and is effectively an enhancement to AMPS. Supporting a TDMA
access technique, D-AMPS is primarily used on the North American continent, as well as
in New Zealand and parts of the Asia-Pacific region.
Figure 1-2 Second Generation Mobile Systems
In addition to being digital, with the associated improvements in capacity and security, these
2G digital systems also offer enhanced services such as SMS (Short Message Service) and
circuit switched data.
2.5G Systems
Most 2G systems have now been evolved. For example, GSM was extended with GPRS
(General Packet Radio System) to support efficient packet data services, as well as increasing
the data rates.
As this feature does not meet 3G requirements, GPRS is therefore often referred to as 2.5G. A
comparison been 2G and 2.5G systems is illustrated in Table 1-1.
2.75G Systems
GSM/GPRS systems also added EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution). This
nearly quadruples the throughput of GPRS. The theoretical data rate of 473.6kbit/s enables
service providers to efficiently offer multimedia services. Like that of GPRS, EDGE is
usually categorized as 2.75G as it does not fulfill all the requirements of a 3G system.
1-4

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Table 1-1 2G, 2.5G and 2.75G GSM/GPRS Systems
System
Service
Theoretical Data Rate
Typical Data Rate
2G GSM
Circuit Switched
9.6kbit/s or 14.4kbit/s
9.6kbit/s or 14.4kbit/s
2.5G GPRS
Packet Switched
171.2kbit/s
4kbit/s to 50kbit/s
2.75G EDGE
Packet Switched
473.6kbit/s
120kbit/s
Third Generation Mobile Systems

3G (Third Generation) systems, which are defined by IMT2000 (International Mobile
Telecommunications - 2000), state that they should be capable of providing higher
transmission rates, for example: 2Mbit/s for stationary or nomadic use and 348kbit/s in a
moving vehicle.
The main 3G technologies are illustrated in Figure 1-3.These include:
W-CDMA (Wideband CDMA) - This was developed by the 3GPP (Third Generation
Partnership Project). There are numerous variations on this standard, including
TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA. W-CDMA is the main evolutionary path from GSM/GPRS
networks. It is a FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) based system and occupies a 5MHz
carrier. Current deployments are mainly at 2.1GHz, however deployments at lower
frequencies are also being seen, e.g. UMTS1900, UMTS900, UMTS850 etc. W-CDMA
supports voice and multimedia services with an initial theoretical rate of 2Mbit/s
however, most service providers were initially offering 384kbit/s per user. This
technology is continuing to evolve and later 3GPP releases have increased the rates to in
excess of 40Mbit/s.
TD-CDMA (Time Division CDMA) - This is typically referred to as UMTS TDD (Time
Division Duplex) and is part of the UMTS specifications, however it has only limited
support. The system utilizes a combination of CDMA and TDMA to enable efficient
allocation of resources.
TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous CDMA) - This was jointly developed by

Siemens and the CATT (China Academy of Telecommunications Technology).
TD-SCDMA has links to the UMTS specifications and is often identified as UMTS-TDD
LCR (Low Chip Rate). Like TD-CDMA, it is also best suited to low mobility scenarios
in micro or pico cells.
CDMA2000 - This is a multi-carrier technology standard which uses CDMA.

CDMA2000 is actually a set of standards including CDMA2000 EV-DO
(Evolution-Data Optimized) which has various revisions. It is worth noting that
CDMA2000 is backward compatible with cdmaOne.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

1-5

Training Manual
Figure 1-3 Third Generation Mobile Systems
WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) - This is another wireless

technology which satisfies IMT2000 3G requirements. The air interface is part of the
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.16 standard which originally
defined PTP (Point-To-Point) and PTM (Point-To-Multipoint) systems. This was later
enhanced to provide mobility and greater flexibility. The success of WiMAX is mainly
down to the WiMAX Forum, an organization formed to promote conformity and
interoperability between vendors.
Fourth Generation Mobile Systems

4G (Fourth Generation) cellular wireless systems need to meet the requirements set out by the
ITU (International Telecommunication Union) as part of IMT Advanced (International Mobile
Telecommunications Advanced). Illustrated in Table 1-2, these features enable IMT Advanced
to address evolving user needs.
Table 1-2 IMT Advanced Features
Key IMT Advanced Features

A high degree of common functionality worldwide while retaining the flexibility to support
a wide range of services and applications in a cost efficient manner.
Compatibility of services within IMT and with fixed networks.
Capability of interworking with other radio access systems.
High quality mobile services.
User equipment suitable for worldwide use.
User-friendly applications, services and equipment.
Worldwide roaming capability.
Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100Mbit/s for high
and 1Gbit/s for low mobility were identified as targets).
The three main 4G systems include:
1-6

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
LTE Advanced - LTE (Long Term Evolution) is part of 3GPP family of specifications,
however it does not meet all IMT Advanced features, as such it is sometimes referred to
as 3.99G. In contrast, LTE Advanced is part of a later 3GPP Release and this has been
designed specifically to meet 4G requirements.
WiMAX 802.16m - The IEEE and the WiMAX Forum have identified 802.16m as their
offering for a 4G system.
UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) - This is identified as EV-DO Rev C. It is part of 3GPP2
however most vendors and service providers have decided to promote LTE instead.
Figure 1-4 Fourth Generation Mobile Systems
1.1.2 3GPP Releases

The development of GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSPA and LTE is in stages known as 3GPP
Releases. Hardware vendors and software developers use these releases as part of their
development roadmap. Figure 1-5 illustrates the main 3GPP Releases that included key
enhancements of the radio interface.
Figure 1-5 3GPP Releases
GPRS
171.2kbit/s
UMTS
2Mbit/s
HSUPA
5.76Mbit/s
LTE
+300Mbit/s
LTE Advanced
GSM
9.6kbit/s
EDGE
473.6kbit/s
HSDPA
14.4Mbit/s
HSPA+
28.8Mbit/s
42Mbit/s
3GPP Releases enhance various aspects of the network and not just the radio interface. For
example, Release 5 started the introduction of the IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) in the core
network.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

1-7

Training Manual
Pre-Release 99
Pre-Release 99 saw the introduction of GSM, as well as the addition of GPRS. The main
GSM Phases and 3GPP Releases include:
GSM Phase 1.
GSM Phase 2.
GSM Phase 2+ (Release 96).
Release 99
3GPP Release 99 saw the introduction of UMTS, as well as the EDGE enhancement to GPRS.
UMTS contains all the features needed to meet the IMT-2000 requirements as those defined
by the ITU. It is able to support CS (Circuit Switched) voice and video services, as well as PS
(Packet Switched) data services over common and dedicated bearers. Initial data rates for
UMTS were 64kbit/s, 128kbit/s and 384kbit/s. Note that the theoretical maximum was
2Mbit/s.
Release 4
Release 4 included enhancements to the core network and in particular the notion of it being
bearer independent. Thus the concept of All IP Networks was included and service
providers were able to deploy Soft Switch based networks, i.e. the MSC (Mobile Switching
Centre) was replaced by the MSC Server and MGW (Media Gateways). This improved
network utilization in addition to consolidating engineering knowledge and increasing vendor
competition.
Release 5
Release 5 introduces the first major addition to the UMTS air interface by specifying HSDPA
(High Speed Downlink Packet Access) in order to improve both capacity and spectral
efficiency. Figure 1-6 illustrates some of the main features associated with Release 5 and
these include:
1-8
Adaptive Modulation - In addition to the original UMTS modulation scheme of QPSK

(Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), HSDPA also includes support for 16 QAM
(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation).
Flexible Coding - Based on fast feedback from the mobile in the form of a CQI (Channel
Quality Indicator), the UMTS base station, i.e. the Node B, is able to modify the
effective coding rate and thus increase system efficiency.
Fast Scheduling - HSDPA includes a 2ms TTI (Time Transmission Interval) which
enables the Node B scheduler to quickly and efficiently allocate resources to mobiles.
HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) - In the event a packet does not get through
to the UE (User Equipment) successfully, the system employs HARQ. This improves the
retransmission timing, thus requiring less reliance on the RNC (Radio Network
Controller).

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Figure 1-6 HSDPA (Release 5)
Release 6
Release 6 adds various features, with HSUPA (High Speed Uplink Packet Data) being of most
interest to RAN development. Even though the term HSUPA is widespread, this 3GPP
enhancement also goes under the term Enhanced Uplink. It is also worth noting that
HSDPA and HSUPA work in tandem and thus the term HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) is
now in common use.
HSUPA, like HSDPA adds functionality to improve packet data. Figure 1-7 illustrates the
three main enhancements which include:
Flexible Coding - HSUPA has the ability to dynamically change the coding and therefore
improve the efficiency of the system.
Fast Power Scheduling - A key fact of HSUPA is that it provides a method to schedule
the power from different mobiles. This scheduling can use either a 2ms or 10ms TTI.
HARQ - Like HSDPA, HSUPA also utilizes HARQ. The main difference is the timing
relationship for retransmissions.
Figure 1-7 HSUPA (Release 6)
Enhancements introduced in Release 6 are not limited to HSUPA. For example, GAN
(Generic Access Network) technologies are also included which enables alternative radio
access technologies such as Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) to be used yet still support true
interworking.
Although no longer the correct terminology, UMA (Unlicensed Mobile Access) is still in common use to
describe the 3GPPs GAN technology.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

1-9

Training Manual
Release 7
The main RAN based feature of Release 7 is HSPA+. This, like HSDPA and HSUPA,
provides various enhancements to improve packet switched data delivery. Figure 1-8
illustrates the main features which include:
64 QAM - This is available in the DL (Downlink) and enables HSPA+ to operate at a

theoretical rate of 21.6Mbit/s.
16 QAM - This is available in the UL (Uplink) and enables the uplink to theoretically
achieve 11.76Mbit/s.
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) Operation - this is added to HSPA+ Release 7
and offers various benefits including the ability to offer a theoretical 28.8Mbits/s in the
downlink.
Figure 1-8 HSPA+ (Release 7)
Power Enhancements -Various enhancements such as CPC (Continuous Packet

Connectivity) have been included. This includes DTX (Discontinuous Transmission),
DRX (Discontinuous Reception) and HS-SCCH (High Speed - Shared Control Channel)
Less Operation etc. Collectively these improve the mobiles battery consumption.
Less Overhead - The downlink includes an enhancement to the MAC (Medium Access
Control) layer which effectively means that fewer headers are required. This in turn
reduces overhead and thus improves the system efficiency.
Release 8
There are many additions to the RAN functionality in Release 8, such as an enhancement to
HSPA+. However the main aspect is the inclusion of LTE (Long Term Evolution). Figure 1-9
illustrates some of the main features for Release 8 HSPA+ and LTE.
Release 8 HSPA+ enables various key enhancements, these include:
1-10
64 QAM and MIMO - Release 8 enables the combination of 64 QAM and MIMO, thus
quoting a theoretical rate of 42Mbit/s, i.e. 2 x 21.6Mbit/s.
Dual Cell Operation - DC-HSDPA (Dual Cell - HSDPA) is a Release 8 feature which is
further enhanced in Release 9 and Release 10. It enables a mobile to effectively utilize
two 5MHz UMTS carriers. Assuming both are using 64 QAM (21.6Mbit/s), the
theoretical maximum is 42Mbps. Note that in Release 8, a mobile is not able to combine
MIMO and DC-HSDPA.
Less Uplink Overhead - In a similar way to Release 7 in the downlink, the Release 8
uplink has also been enhanced to reduce overhead.

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Figure 1-9 Release 8 HSPA+ and LTE
LTE provides a new radio access technique, as well as enhancements in the E-UTRAN
(Evolved - Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network). These enhancements are further
discussed as part of this course.
Release 9 and Beyond

Even though LTE is a Release 8 system, it is yet further enhanced in Release 9. There are a
huge number of features in Release 9. One of the most important is the support of additional
frequency bands.
Figure 1-10 Release 9 and Beyond
Release 10 includes the standardization of LTE Advanced, i.e. the 3GPPs 4G offering. As
such, it includes the modification of the LTE system to facilitate 4G services.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

1-11

Training Manual
3GPP Evolution: From LTE to LTE-A/B/C
Heterogeneous or HetNet for short stands for the different types of base stations (macro,
micro, pico, relay) that are operating on different technologies (GSM, WCDMA and LTE)that
are used together in the same network to build the good coverage and high capacity that
end-users demand from their operator (contrary to homogeneous networks that are mainly
built with one type of base station, often macro).
FusionNet
1-12
Huawei in Barcelona at the Mobile World Congress (MWC 2013) demonstrated the next
generation LTE-B (R12/R13) network architecture FusionNet. It combines multi-system,
multi-band, multi-layer heterogeneous networks, improved 500% cell edge user
throughput, which really create borderless networks.
The core of FusionNet is bases on LTE-B techniques (such as multi-flow aggregation,

interference coordination, service adaptation, spectrum efficiency optimization, etc.), and
with the existing LTE, LTE-A (such as multi-point coordinate, carrier aggregation),
which realizes multi-system, multi-band, multi-layer network of deep integration, help
operators significantly reduce CAPEX and OPEX, allowing users to enjoy
ultra-broadband, zero-waiting and ubiquitous connectivity.

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
LTE Technical Obiectives
1.2 EPS Architecture

In contrast to the 2G and 3G networks defined by the 3GPP, LTE can be simply divided into a
flat IP based bearer network and a service enabling network. The former can be further
subdivided into the E-UTRAN (Evolved - Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network) and
the EPC (Evolved Packet Core) where as support for service delivery lies in the IMS (IP
Multimedia Subsystem). This reference architecture can be seen in Figure 1-11.
Figure 1-11 LTE Reference Architecture
Whilst UMTS is based upon W-CDMA technology, the 3GPP developed new specifications
for the LTE air interface based upon OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access) in the downlink and SC-FDMA (Single Carrier - Frequency Division Multiple
Access) in the uplink. This new air interface is termed the E-UTRA (Evolved - Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access).
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

1-13

Training Manual
Figure 1-12 EPS Network Architecture-2G/3G Co-existence
In the evolution of core network, packet domain of core network also evolves forward to
SAE(System Architecture Evolution, also usually called EPC(Evolved Packet Core). SAE is
based on packet domain, and does not support circuit domain any longer.
1.2.1 User Equipment

Like that of UMTS, the mobile device in LTE is termed the UE (User Equipment) and is
comprised of two distinct elements; the USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity Module) and the
ME (Mobile Equipment).
The ME supports a number of functional entities including:
1-14
RR (Radio Resource) - this supports both the Control Plane and User Plane and in so
doing, is responsible for all low level protocols including RRC (Radio Resource
Control), PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol), RLC (Radio Link Control), MAC
(Medium Access Control) and the Phy (Physical) Layer.
EMM (EPS Mobility Management) - is a Control Plane entity which manages the
mobility management states the UE can exist in; LTE Idle, LTE Active and LTE
Detached. Transactions within these states include procedures such as TAU (Tracking
Area Update) and handovers.
ESM (EPS Session Management) - is a Control Plane activity which manages the
activation, modification and deactivation of EPS bearer contexts. These can either be
default EPS bearer contexts or dedicated EPS bearer contexts.

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Figure 1-13 User Equipment Functional Elements
In terms of the Phy layer, the capabilities of the UE may be defined in terms of the
frequencies and data rates supported. Devices may also be capable of supporting adaptive
modulation including QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), 16QAM (16 Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation) and 64QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation).
In terms of the radio spectrum, the UE is able to support several scalable channels including;
1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz, 10MHz, 15MHz and 20MHz whilst operating in FDD (Frequency
Division Duplex) and/or TDD (Time Division Duplex). Furthermore, the UE may also
support advanced antenna features such as MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) which is
discussed in at 2.6 .
Table 1-3 UE Categories
UE Identities
An LTE capable UE will be allocated / utilize a number of identities during operation within
the network. These include:
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

1-15

Training Manual
IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) - this complies with the standard 3GPP
format and is comprised of the MCC (Mobile Country Code), MNC (Mobile Network
Code) and the MSIN (Mobile Subscriber Identity Number). This uniquely identifies a
subscriber from within the family of 3GPP technologies - GSM, GPRS, UMTS etc.
IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) - is used to uniquely identify the ME. It
can be further subdivided into a TAC (Type Approval Code), FAC (Final Assembly Code)
and SNR (Serial Number).
GUTI (Globally Unique Temporary Identity) - is allocated to the UE by the MME

(Mobility Management Entity) and identifies a device to a specific MME. The identity is
comprised of a GUMMEI (Globally Unique MME Identity) and an M-TMSI (MME Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity).
S-TMSI (Serving - Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) - is used to protect a

subscribers IMSI during NAS (Non Access Stratum) signaling between the UE and
MME as well as identifying the MME from within a MME pool. The S-TMSI is
comprised of the MMEC (MME Code) and the M-TMSI.
IP Address - the UE requires a routable IP address from the PDN (Packet Data Network)
from which it is receiving higher layer services. This may either be an IPv4 or IPv6
address.
1.2.2 Evolved Node B

In addition to the new air interface, a new base station has also be specified by the 3GPP and
is referred to as an eNB (Evolved Node B). These, along with their associated interfaces form
the E-UTRAN and in so doing, are responsible for:
1-16
Functions for Radio Resource Management: Radio Bearer Control, Radio Admission
Control, Connection Mobility Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both
uplink and downlink (scheduling);
IP header compression and encryption of user data stream;
Selection of an MME at UE attachment when no routing to an MME can be determined

from the information provided by the UE;
Routing of User Plane data towards Serving Gateway;
Scheduling and transmission of paging messages (originated from the MME);
Scheduling and transmission of broadcast information (originated from the MME or

O&M);
Measurement and measurement reporting configuration for mobility and scheduling;
Scheduling and transmission of PWS (which includes ETWS and CMAS) messages
(originated from the MME);
CSG handling

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Figure 1-14 Evolved Node B Functional Elements
Security in LTE is not solely limited to encryption and integrity protection of information passing across
the air interface but instead, NAS encryption and integrity protection between the UE and MME also takes
place. In addition, IPSec may also be used to protect user data within both the E-UTRAN and EPC.
eNB Identities
In addition to the UE identities already discussed, there are a number of specific identities
associated with the eNB. These include:
TAI (Tracking Area Identity) - is a logical group of neighboring cells defined by the
service provider in which an LTE idle UE is able to move within without needing to
update the network. As such, it is similar to a RAI (Routing Area Identity) used in 2G
and 3G packet switched networks.
ECGI (Evolved Cell Global Identity) - is comprised of the MCC, MNC and ECI
(Evolved Cell Identity), the later being coded by each service provider.
1.2.3 Mobility Management Entity

The MME hosts the following functions (see 3GPP TS 23.401 [17]):
NAS signalling;
NAS signalling security;
AS Security control;
Inter CN node signalling for mobility between 3GPP access networks;
Idle mode UE Reachability (including control and execution of paging retransmission);
Tracking Area list management (for UE in idle and active mode);
PDN GW and Serving GW selection;
MME selection for handovers with MME change;
SGSN selection for handovers to 2G or 3G 3GPP access networks;
Roaming;
Authentication;
Bearer management functions including dedicated bearer establishment;
Support for PWS (which includes ETWS and CMAS) message transmission;
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

1-17

Training Manual
Optionally performing paging optimisation.
NOTE 1: For macro eNBs, the MME should not filter the PAGING message based on the
CSG IDs.
1.2.4 The Serving Gateway (S-GW)

The Serving Gateway (S-GW) hosts the following functions (see 3GPP TS 23.401 [17]):
The local Mobility Anchor point for inter-eNB handover;
Mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP mobility;
E-UTRAN idle mode downlink packet buffering and initiation of network triggered
service request procedure;
Lawful Interception;
Packet routeing and forwarding;
Transport level packet marking in the uplink and the downlink;
Accounting on user and QCI granularity for inter-operator charging;
UL and DL charging per UE, PDN, and QCI.
1.2.5 The PDN Gateway

The PDN Gateway (P-GW) hosts the following functions (see 3GPP TS 23.401 [17]):
Per-user based packet filtering (by e.g. deep packet inspection);
Lawful Interception;
UE IP address allocation;
Transport level packet marking in the downlink;
UL and DL service level charging, gating and rate enforcement;
DL rate enforcement based on APN-AMBR;
NOTE 2: it is assumed that no other logical E-UTRAN node than the eNB is needed for RRM
purposes. Moreover, due to the different usage of inter-cell RRM functionalities, each
inter-cell RRM functionality should be considered separately in order to assess whether it
should be handled in a centralised manner or in a distributed manner.
1.3 E-UTRAN Protocol Stack Structure

As with all 3GPP technologies, it is the actual interfaces which are defined in terms of the
protocols they support and the associated signaling messages and user traffic that traverse
them.
1-18

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Figure 1-15 E-UTRAN Interfaces
1.3.1 Uu Interface
The Uu Interface supports both a Control Plane and a User plane and spans the link between
the UE and the eNB / HeNB. The principle Control Plane protocol is RRC while the User
Plane is designed to carry IP datagrams. However, both Control and User Planes utilize the
services of PDCP, RLC and MAC.
Figure 1-16 Uu Interface Protocols
Radio Resource Control

RRC deals with all the signaling between the UE and the E-UTRAN in addition to
transporting NAS signaling between the UE and the MME. It also provides the main
configuration and parameters to the lower layer protocols. For example, the Phy Layer will
receive information from RRC on how to configure certain of its aspects.
A UE A UE has 2 RRC states. There are RRC_IDLE and RRC_CONNECTED.
RRC_IDLE: A UE is in RRC_IDLE state when the UE does not have an RRC connection.
DRX can be used for the UE to save the UE power.
The UE monitors the paging channel.
The UE measures the neighboring cell and reselects a cell.
The UE gets system information.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

1-19

Training Manual
The UE updates TAU periodically.
RRC_CONNECTED: A UE is in RRC_CONNECTED state when at least one RRC

connection is established for the UE.
The UE transmits downlink and uplink data.
The UE manages the mobility.
The UE provides channel quality and feedback information.
The UE supports DRX configuration to save the UE power.
Packet Data Convergence Protocol

PDCP operates on both the Control Plane and User Plane. In addition to IP header
compression and sequencing / duplicate packet detection, PDCP is also responsible for
security on the air interface. As such, its key responsibilities include:
Encryption - Control Plane and User Plane.
Integrity Checking - Control Plane.
IP Header Compression - User Plane.
Sequencing and Duplicate Detection - User Plane.
Radio Link Control

As the name would suggest, RLC provides radio link control in the UE and eNB and in so
doing, it provides three delivery services to the higher layers. These are:
TM (Transparent Mode) - this provides a connectionless service and is utilized for some
of the air interface channels e.g. broadcast and paging.
UM (Unacknowledged Mode) - like that of TM, this also provides a connectionless

service but with additional functionality incorporating sequencing, segmentation and
concatenation.
AM (Acknowledged Mode) - this supports ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) thereby

operating in a connection orientated mode.
Medium Access Control

MAC provides the interface between the E-UTRA protocols and the Phy Layer and supports
the following services:
Mapping - this is the mapping of information between the logical and transport
channels.
Multiplexing - in order to increase system efficiency, information from different Radio

Bearers is multiplexed into the same TB (Transport Block).
HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) - provides error correction services over the
air interface. This requires close interworking with the Physical Layer.
Radio Resource Allocation - this is the scheduling of traffic and signaling to users based
upon QoS.
Physical
The Physical Layer incorporates a number of functions. These include:
1-20

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Error Detection.
FEC (Forward Error Correction) Encoding / Decoding.
Rate Matching.
Physical Channel Mapping.
Power Weighting.
RF (Radio Frequency) Modulation and Demodulation.
Frequency and Time Synchronization.
Radio Measurements.
MIMO Processing.
Transmit Diversity.
Beamforming.
RF Processing.
1.3.2 S1 Interface
The S1 Interface can be subdivided into the S1-MME interface supporting Control Plane
signaling between the eNB and the MME and the S1-U Interface supporting User Plane traffic
between the eNB and the S-GW.
Figure 1-17 S1 Interface Protocols
S1AP: The S1 Application Protocol is the application layer protocol between eNodeB
and MME.
SCTP: The Stream Control Transmission Protocol ensures the delivery of signaling
messages on the S1 interface between the MME and the eNodeB. For details about SCTP,
see RFC2960.
GTP-U: The GPRS Tunneling ProtocolUser plane is used for user data transmission
between the eNdoeB and S-GW.
UDP: User Datagram Protocol is used for the user data transmission. For details about
UDP, see RFC 768.
The data link layer can use layer 2 technologies, such as PPP and Ethernet.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

1-21

Training Manual
S1 Application Protocol
The S1AP spans the S1-MME interface and in so doing, supports the following functions:
E-RAB (Evolved - Radio Access Bearer) Management - this incorporates the setting up,
modifying and releasing of the E-RABs by the MME.
Initial Context Transfer - is used to establish an S1UE context in the eNB, setup the
default IP connectivity and transfer NAS related signaling.
UE Capability Information Indication - is used to inform the MME of the UE Capability

Information.
Mobility - this incorporates mobility features to support a change in eNB or change in

RAT.
Paging.
S1 Interface Management - this incorporates a number of sub functions dealing with

resets, load balancing and system setup etc.
NAS Signaling Transport - the transport of NAS related signaling over the S1-MME
Interface.
UE Context Modification and Release - this allows for the modification and release of
the established UE Context in the eNB and MME respectively.
Location Reporting - this enables the MME to be made aware of the UEs current
location within the network.
1.3.3 X2 Interface
The X2 Interface interconnects two eNBs and in so doing supports both a Control Plane and
User Plane. It also extends the S1 Interface when two or more eNBs lie between the UE and
the EPC. The X2AP (X2 Application Protocol) Control Plane protocol resides on SCTP
(Stream Control Transmission Protocol) where as the IP is transferred over the User Plane
using the services of GTP-U (GPRS Tunneling Protocol - User) and UDP (User Datagram
Protocol).
The X2 interface is divided into the user plane (X2-U) and control plane (X2-C). The X2-U
interface is required to be the same as the S1-U, and the X2-C is required to be the same as
S1-C.
The X2 interface data link layer can use layer 2 technologies, such as PPP and Ethernet.
X2 Application Protocol
The X2AP is responsible for the following functions:
1-22
Mobility Management - this enables the serving eNB to move the responsibility of a
specified UE to a target eNB. This includes Forwarding the User Plane, Status Transfer
and UE Context Release functions.
Load Management - this function enables eNBs to communicate with each other in order
to report resource status, overload indications and current traffic loading.
Error Reporting - this allows for the reporting of general error situations for which
specific error reporting mechanism have not been defined.
Setting / Resetting X2 - this provides a means by which the X2 interface can be setup /
reset by exchanging the necessary information between the eNBs.

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Configuration Update - this allows the updating of application level data which is needed
for two eNBs to interoperate over the X2 interface.
Figure 1-18 X2 Interface Protocols
Stream Control Transmission Protocol

Defined by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) rather than the 3GPP, SCTP was
developed to overcome the shortfalls in TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and UDP when
transferring signaling information over an IP bearer. Functions provided by SCTP include:
Reliable Delivery of Higher Layer Payloads.
Sequential Delivery of Higher Layer Payloads.
Improved resilience through Multihoming.
Flow Control.
Improved Security.
SCTP is also found on the S1-MME Interface which links the eNB to the MME.
GPRS Tunneling Protocol - User

GTP-U tunnels are used to carry encapsulated PDU (Protocol Data Unit) and signaling
messages between endpoints or in the case of the X2 interface. Numerous GTP-U tunnels may
exist in order to differentiate between EPS bearer contexts and these are identified through a
TEID (Tunnel Endpoint Identifier).
GTP-U is also found on the S1-U Interface which links the eNB to the S-GW and may also be
used on the S5 Interface linking the S-GW to the PDN-GW.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

1-23

Training Manual
1-24

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
2 LTE Air Interface Principles
LTE Air Interface Principles
Objectives
2.1 Describe the principles of OFDM.
0.0.0 Describe the multiple access and duplex technology.
2.4 Describe the carrier frequency and EARFCN
Error! No se encuentra el origen de la referencia.Describe the LTE frame structure
Error! No se encuentra el origen de la referencia.Describe the LTE channel structure
Error! No se encuentra el origen de la referencia.Have a good understanding of the
OFDMA and SC-FDMA.
2.6 Describe cell selection procedure and random access procedure.
Error! No se encuentra el origen de la referencia.Describe MIMO.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-1

Training Manual
2.1 Principle of OFDM

Principles of OFDM
The LTE air interface utilizes two different multiple access techniques, both of which are
based on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). These are:
OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) - used on the downlink.
SC-FDMA (Single Carrier - Frequency Division Multiple Access) - used on the uplink.
Figure 2-1 Use of OFDM in LTE
OFDM
(OFDMA)
OFDM
(SC-FDMA)
The concept of OFDM is not new and is currently being used on various systems such as
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access).
Furthermore, it was even considered for UMTS back in 1998. One of the main reasons why it
was not chosen at the time however was the handsets limited processer power and the poor
battery capabilities.
LTE was able to choose an OFDM based access due to the fact mobile handset processing
capabilities and battery performance have both significantly improved over the intervening
years. In addition, there is continual pressure to produce ever more spectrally efficient
systems.
Division Multiplexing Overview

Multiplexed data streams can be used for one or multiple UEs.
FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing): Available spectrum divides into multi-sub-bands or
channels. Each sub-bands or channel transmits one signal (data streams).
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing): The entire transmission channel time is divided into
several time slots, and these time slots are assigned to each signal source, each of the signal
sources in their own exclusive channel time slot for data transmission.
CDM (Code Division Multiplexing): All sub-channels can use the entire channel for data
transmission at the same time, different codes are used to distinguish various original signals.
2-2

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Figure 2-2 Frequency Division Multiple
Time
Data stream 1
Data stream 2
Data stream 3
Data stream 4
Power
Frequency
Figure 2-3 Time Division Multiple
Time
Power
Data stream 4
Data stream 3
Data stream 2
Data stream 1
Frequency
Figure 2-4 Code Division Multiple
Time
Power
Data stream 4
Data stream 3
Data stream 2
Data stream 1
Frequency
OFDM Overview
OFDM is based on FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) and is a method whereby
multiple frequencies are used to simultaneously transmit information. Figure 2-5 illustrates an
example of FDM with four subcarriers. These can be used to carry different information and
to ensure that each subcarrier does not interfere with the adjacent subcarrier, a guard band is
utilized. In addition, each subcarrier has slightly different radio characteristics and this may be
used to provide diversity.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-3

Training Manual
Figure 2-5 FDM Carriers
FDM systems are not that spectrally efficiency (when compared to other systems) since
multiple guard bands are required.
OFDM follows the same concept as FDM but it drastically increases spectral efficiency by
reducing the spacing between the subcarriers. Figure 2-6 illustrates how the subcarriers can
overlap due to their orthogonally with the other subcarriers, i.e. the subcarriers are
mathematically perpendicular to each other. As such, when a subcarrier is at its maximum, the
two adjacent subcarriers are passing through zero. Furthermore, OFDM systems still employ
guard bands. These are however located at the upper and lower parts of the channel in order to
reduce adjacent channel interference.
Figure 2-6 OFDM Subcarriers
The centre subcarrier, known as the DC (Direct Current) subcarrier, is not typically used in OFDM
systems due to its lack of orthogonality.
Fast Fourier Transforms

OFDM subcarriers are generated and decoded using mathematical functions called FFT (Fast
Fourier Transform) and IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform). The IFFT is used in the
transmitter to generate the waveform. Figure 2-7 illustrates how the coded data is first mapped
to parallel streams before being modulated and processed by the IFFT.
2-4

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Figure 2-7 Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
Modulation procedure of OFDM is realized by IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform), N is

the sampling period of symbol.
For example: Sampling rate fs =1/Ts =N*f
For bandwidth 20MHz, N=2048, f 15kHz sampling rate 30.72MHz

At the receiver side, this signal is passed to the FFT which analyses the complex/combined
waveform to generate the original streams. Figure 2-8 illustrates the FFT process.
Figure 2-8 Fast Fourier Transform
Similar to modulation procedure of OFDM

procedure of OFDM.
FFT process is used in the demodulation
LTE FFT Sizes

Fast Fourier Transforms and Inverse Fast Fourier Transforms both have a defining size. For
example, an FFT size of 512 indicates that there are 512 subcarriers. In reality, not all 512
subcarriers can be utilized for data transfer due to the channel guard bands and the fact that a
DC (Direct Current) subcarrier is also required.
Table 2-1 illustrates the channel bandwidth options available to LTE, as well as the FFT size
and associated sampling rate. Using the sampling rate and the FFT size, the subcarrier spacing
can be calculated, e.g. 7.68MHz/512 = 15kHz.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-5

Training Manual
Table 2-1 LTE Channel and FFT Sizes
Channel
Bandwidth
FFT Size
Subcarrier
Bandwidth
1.4MHz
128
1.92MHz
3MHz
256
3.84MHz
5MHz
512
Sampling Rate
7.68MHz
15kHz
10MHz
1024
15.36MHz
15MHz
1536
23.04MHz
20MHz
2048
30.72MHz
The subcarrier spacing of 15kHz is also used to identify the OFDM symbol duration.
2.1.2 OFDM Symbol Mapping

The mapping of OFDM symbols to subcarriers is dependent on the system design. The first
12 modulated OFDM symbols are mapped to 12 subcarriers, i.e. they are transmitted at the
same time but using different subcarriers. The next 12 subcarriers are then mapped to the next
OFDM symbol period. In addition, a CP (Cyclic Prefix) is added between the symbols.
Figure 2-9 OFDM Symbol Mapping
LTE allocates resources in groups of 12 subcarriers. This is referred to as a PRB (Physical Resource
Block).
In the previous example, 12 different modulated OFDM symbols were transmitted

simultaneously. Figure 2-10 illustrates how the combined energy from this will result in either
constructive peak (when the symbols are the same) or destructive nulls (when the symbols are
different).
2-6

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Figure 2-10 OFDM PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio)
2.1.3 Advantage 1 of OFDM: High Spectral Efficiency

Subcarriers in the OFDM system are overlapping and orthogonal, which greatly improves the
spectral efficiency.
How does OFDM work?
IFFT on the OFDM transmitter side and FFT on the OFDM receiver side reduce
system complexity, enabling OFDM to be widely used.
Why does OFDM not become a practical reality until the latest two decades?
The development of DSP chips turns OFDM to a practical reality.
Figure 2-11 illustrate the traditional FDM multicarrier modulation technology and OFDM
multicarrier modulation technology.
Figure 2-11 Multicarrier modulation technology
In traditional FDMA transmission, a channel is divided into multiple independent

sub-channels to transmit data streams in parallel, and the sub-channels are separated by a
group of filters on the receiver. This method is simple and direct while the spectral efficiency
is low because guard-bands are required between sub-channels, which are difficult to achieve
by filters. However, subcarriers in the OFDM system are overlapping and orthogonal, which
greatly improves the spectral efficiency compared with common FDA systems, as shown in
the preceding figure.
The orthogonal modulation and demodulation in each sub-channel can be performed using
IDFT and DFT. For systems with large N value, FFT can be used. IFFT and FFT are easy to
perform with the development of large-scale integrated circuit and DSP technologies, as
shown in the preceding figure.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-7

Training Manual
2.1.4 Advantage 2 of OFDM: Effectively Withstand Multi-Path

The OFDM signal provides some protection in the frequency domain due to the orthogonality
of the subcarriers. The main issue to overcome however is delay spread, i.e. multipath
interference.
Figure 2-12 illustrates two of the main multipath effects, namely delay and attenuation.
Without the protection interval between symbols, multi path will produce ISI and ICI.
ISI: Inter-symbol Interference, time domain
ICI: Inter-Carrier Interference, frequency domain
Figure 2-12 Delay Spread

Altitude
Receiver, which synchronously
receives the multi-delaysignaling of previous symbol
(dash line) and the normal
signaling of the next symbol (real
line), which affect the normal
receiving, is affected by ISI in time
domain and ICI in frequency
One OFDM symbol
Time
ISI is typically combated with equalizers. However for the equalizer to be effective, a
known bit pattern or training sequence is required. This reduces the system capacity, as well
as impacting on the processing required within the device. Instead, OFDM systems employ a
CP (Cyclic Prefix).
In OFDM system, the loss of orthogonality among subcarriers causes ICI. ICI is often
modeled as Gaussian noise and affects both channel estimation and detection of the OFDM
symbols.
Cyclic Prefix
A Cyclic Prefix is utilized in most OFDM systems to combat multipath delays. It effectively
provides a guard period for each OFDM symbol. Figure 2-13 illustrates the Cyclic Prefix and
identifies its location in the OFDM Symbol. Notice that the Cyclic Prefix is effectively a copy
from the back of the original symbol which is then placed in front to make the OFDM symbol
(Ts).
2-8

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Figure 2-13 Cyclic Prefix
LTE has two defined Cyclic Prefix sizes, normal and extended. The extended Cyclic Prefix is designed
for larger cells.
The size of the Cyclic Prefix relates to the maximum delay spread the system can tolerate. As
such, systems designed for macro coverage, i.e. large cell radius, should have a large CP. This
does however impact on system capacity as the number of symbols per second is will be
reduced.
2.1.5 Advantage 3 of OFDM: Resistant to Frequency Selection

Fading
If deep fading occurs in a frequency, modulate the UE to another subcarrier.
Deep fading does not occur simultaneously in all subcarriers due to the frequency selectivity.
Therefore, dynamic bit or subcarrier allocation technology can be used to utilize the
sub-channels with high SNR and improve the system performance.
In a multi-user system, a subcarrier that is in poor performance for a user probably is in good
performance for another user. Therefore, a sub-channel is not disabled unless it is in poor
performance for all users, which occurs at a low probability. The single-carrier system
performs adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) based on the average SINR in the entire
system, while the multi-carrier system performs AMC based on the average SINR in different
frequency bands.
Figure 2-14 Resistant to Frequency Selection Fading
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-9

Training Manual
2.1.6 Disadvantage 1 of OFDM: Vulnerable to Frequency Offset

Orthogonality is required because spectrums of sub-channels overlap each other. Frequency
offset of radio signals, such as Doppler Shift, can be caused by radio channel change with
time. In addition, the difference between transmitter carrier frequency and receiver oscillator
frequency can also cause frequency offset, destroying the orthogonality of subcarriers in the
OFDM system. As a result, inter-carrier interference (ICI) among sub-channels is generated,
deteriorating the BER of the system. The vulnerability to the frequency offset is the primary
disadvantage of the OFDM system.
Figure 2-15 Vulnerable to Frequency Offset
We can use frequency synchronization to solve the frequency offset.
2-10

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
2.1.7 Disadvantage 2 of OFDM: High PAPR

OFDM systems can suffer from high PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio), resulting from the
great number of subcarriers in the same phase overlapping in time domain, thus increasing the
requirement to power amplifier.
Figure 2-16 Multi-carrier system signal process procedure
Different from single-carrier systems, multi-carrier system outputs combined signals of

multiple sub-channels. If these signals are in the same phase, the power of combined signals
must be higher than the average power of signals, resulting in a high PAR. To reduce the high
PAR, high linearity of the PA in the transmitter is required. If the dynamic range of the PA
cannot adjust to the signal change, signals are deformed, changing the spectrum of the
combined signals. As a result, the orthogonality of signals in multiple sub-channels is
destroyed, leading to interference and deteriorated system performance.
We can use high-performance PA in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink to solve these
problems.
2.1.8 OFDM Advantages and Disadvantages

OFDM Advantages
OFDM systems typically have a number of advantages:
OFDM is almost completely resistant to multi-path interference due to its very long
symbol duration.
Higher spectral efficiency for wideband channels - 5MHz and above.
Flexible spectrum utilization.
Relatively simple implementation using FFT and IFFT.
OFDM Disadvantages
OFDM also has some disadvantages:
Frequency errors and phase noise can cause issues.
Doppler shift impacts subcarrier orthogonality.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-11

Training Manual

Some OFDM systems can suffer from high PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio).
Accurate frequency and time synchronization.
2.2 Multiple Access and Duplex Technologies

In wireless cellular systems, mobiles have to share a common medium for transmission. There
are several categories of assignment but the main four are: FDMA (Frequency Division
Multiple Access), TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), CDMA (Code Division Multiple
Access) and OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access).
Figure 2-17 Radio Interface Techniques
Frequency Division Multiple Access

In order to accommodate various devices on the same wireless network, FDMA divides the
available spectrum into subbands or channels. The concept of FDMA is illustrated in Figure
2-18. Using this technique a dedicated channel can be allocated to a user, whilst other users
occupy other channels, i.e. frequencies.
In a cellular system, mobiles typically occupy two channels, one for the downlink and one for
the uplink. This does however make FDMA less efficient since most data applications are
downlink biased.
Figure 2-18 Frequency Division Multiple Access
2-12

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
FDMA channels also suffer since they cannot be too close together as the energy from one
channel affects the adjacent/neighboring channels. To combat this, additional guard bands
between channels are required which reduces the systems spectral efficiency.
Time Division Multiple Access

In TDMA systems, the channel bandwidth is shared in the time domain. Figure 2-19
illustrates the concept of TDMA. This illustrates how each device is allocated a time on the
channel, referred to as a timeslot. These are then grouped into a TDMA frame. The number
of timeslots in a TDMA frame is dependent on the system; for example GSM utilizes eight
timeslots.
Figure 2-19 Time Division Multiple Access
Devices must be allocated a timeslot; therefore it is usual to have one or more timeslots
reserved for common control and system access.
TDMA systems are typically digital and therefore offer additional features such a ciphering
and integrity protection. In addition, they can employ enhanced error detection and correction
schemes such as FEC (Forward Error Correction). This enables the system to be more
resilient to noise and interference and therefore, they tend to offer greater spectral efficiency
when compared to FDMA systems.
Code Division Multiple Access

The concept of CDMA is slightly different to that of FDMA and TDMA. Instead of sharing
resources in the time or frequency domain, CDMA devices operate on the same frequency
band at the same time. This is possible due to the fact that each transmission is separated
using a unique code.
Figure 2-20 Code Division Multiple Access
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-13

Training Manual
There are two main types of CDMA, FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) and DSSS
(Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) however all the current major cellular systems utilize
DSSS.
In DSSS, the narrowband signal is spread with a wideband code prior to transmission. The
receivers are designed to extract the encoded signal (with the correct code) and reject
everything else as noise.
UMTS, cdmaOne and CDMA2000 all use CDMA. However the implementation of the codes
and the bandwidths used is different. For example UMTS utilizes a 5MHz channel bandwidth,
whereas cdmaOne uses only 1.25MHz.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) is the latest addition to cellular
systems. It provides a multiple access technique based on OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing). Figure 2-21 illustrates the basic view of OFDMA. Here it can be seen
that the bandwidth is broken down to smaller units known as subcarriers. These are grouped
together and allocated as a resource to a device. It can also be seen that a device can be
allocated different resources in both the time and frequency domain.
Figure 2-21 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
Comparison Between DM and DMA

DM: Emphasize how to reuse multiple data, but no matter whether these data are used by one
or several users.
DMA: Emphasize how to reuse data from multiple users.
2-14

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Figure 2-22 The comparison between DM and DMA
From FDM/FDMA to OFDM/OFDMA

Traditional FDM divides the system frequency band into multi-carriers with bandwidth
isolation from each other, and the receiver need to use a filter and receive the data from
subcarrier. To avoid mutual interference of different carriers through isolate different
subcarriers by protection bandwidth, but at the expense of the frequency utilization efficient.
In addition, the filter is very difficult to achieve when there are hundreds of subcarriers.
OFDM is essentially a FDM, the maximal characteristic of OFDM is overcome the low
frequency efficient compare with traditional FDM. The receiver doesnt need to use a filter to
distinguish between subcarriers.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-15

Training Manual
Figure 2-23 From FDM/FDMA to OFDM/OFDMA
LTE DL Multiple Access Technology OFDMA

OFDMA defines the technology of orthogonal frequency division multiple access. OFDMA is
essentially the combination of TDMA and FDMA.
Compared with CDMA, OFDMA has the following advantages:
2-16
Effectively eliminating multipath interference in radio communications by using

cyclic prefixes
Achieving orthogonal frequency multiplexing between users with an ensured

spectral efficiency
Combining OFDM and MIMO Technology
Supporting frequency link adaptation and multi-user scheduling

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
OFDMA is a multiple-access modulation scheme based on resources in the time and

frequency domains. The scheduling resource in the frequency domain is subcarriers and the
smallest unit in the time domain is slot.
LTE UL Multiple Access Technology SC-FDMA

To reduce the limitation of the high PAPR on the PA, LTE uses single carrier frequency
division multiple access (SC-FDMA) in the uplink.
Compared with OFDMA, SC_FDMA has the following advantages:
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Lower PAPR, facilitating the design of UE PAs
Achieving orthogonal frequency multiplexing between users with an ensured spectral

efficiency
Achieving multiplexing by using DFT and orthogonal subcarrier mapping
Supporting frequency link adaptation and multi-user scheduling

2-17

Training Manual
SC-FDMA Subcarrier Mapping Concept

Figure 2-24 SC-FDMA Subcarrier Mapping Concept
The basic transmitter and receiver architecture is very similar (nearly identical) to OFDM, and
it offers the same degree of multipath protection. Importantly, because the underlying
waveform is essentially a single carrier, the PAPR is lower. It is quite difficult to visually
represent SC-FDMA in the time and frequency domain however this section aims to illustrate
the concept.
In Figure 2-24, the SC-FDMA signal generation process starts by creating a time domain
waveform of the data symbols to be transmitted. This is then converted into the frequency
domain, using a DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform). DFT length and sampling rate are chosen
so that the signal is fully represented, as well as being spaced 15kHz apart. Each subcarrier
will have its own fixed amplitude and phase for the duration of the SC-FDMA symbol. Next
the signal is shifted to the desired place in the channel bandwidth using the zero insertion
concept, i.e. subcarrier mapping. The signal is then converted to a single carrier waveform
using an IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform) in addition to other functions. Finally a
cyclic prefix can be added. Note that additional functions such as S-P (Serial to Parallel) and
P-S (Parallel to Serial) converters are also required as part of a detailed functional description.
Error! No se encuentra el origen de la referencia. illustrates the concept of the DFT, such
that a group of N symbols map to N subcarriers. However depending on the combination of
the N symbols into the DFT, the output will vary. As such, the actual amplitude and phase of
the N subcarriers is more like a code word.
2-18

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Figure 2-25 SC-FDMA Signal Generation
At the eNB, the receiver takes the N subcarriers and reverses the process. This is achieved
using an IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform) which effectively reproduces the original
N symbols. Error! No se encuentra el origen de la referencia. illustrates the basic view of
how the subcarriers received at the eNB are converted back into the original signals.
Note that the SC-FDMA symbols have a constant amplitude and phase and like ODFMA, a
CP (Cyclic Prefix) is still required.
Figure 2-26 SC-FDMA and the eNB
OFDMA Verses SC-FDMA

The main reason SC-FDMA was specified for the uplink was because of its PA (Power
Amplifier) characteristics. Typically, the SC-FDMA signal will operate with a 2-3 dB lower
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-19

Training Manual
PAPR. This makes the system more efficient, thus increasing the UEs battery life. SC-FDMA
also performs better when in larger cells.
It must be noted that OFDMA is better in a number of areas, such as Inter-symbol
orthogonality and the ability to provide a more flexible frequency domain scheduling
mechanism. This increases the system performance. In addition, OFDMA is more suitable for
uplink MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) operation and its associated high date rate
services.
Table 2-2 highlights three main features and indicates which technology is best suited.
Table 2-2 SC-FDMA verses OFDMA
Feature
SC-FDMA
OFDMA
Low PAPR
Performance
Uplink MIMO
Duplex Technologies
Cellular systems can be designed to operate in two main transmission modes, namely FDD
(Frequency Division Duplex) and TDD (Time Division Duplex).
Frequency Division Duplex

The concept of FDD is illustrated in Figure 2-27. A separate uplink and downlink channel are
utilized enabling a device to transmit and receive data at the same time (assuming the device
incorporates a duplexer). The spacing between the uplink and downlink channel is referred to
as the duplex spacing.
Figure 2-27 Frequency Division Duplex
Normally the uplink channel (mobile transmit) operates on the lower frequency. This is done
because higher frequencies suffer greater attenuation than lower frequencies and therefore it
enables the mobile to utilize lower transmit power levels.
Some systems also offer half-duplex FDD mode, where two frequencies are utilized, however
the mobile can only transmit or receive, i.e. not transmit and receive at the same time. This
allows for reduced mobile complexity since no duplex filter is required.
2-20

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Time Division Duplex

TDD mode enables full duplex operation using a single frequency band with time division
multiplexing for the uplink and downlink signals. One advantage of TDD is its ability to
provide asymmetric uplink and downlink allocations. Depending on the system, other
advantages include dynamic allocation, increased spectral efficiency, and improved use of
beamforming techniques. The later being due to the carrier has the same uplink and downlink
frequency characteristics.
Figure 2-28 Time Division Duplex
Duplex Technologies: Distinguishing UL/DL Signals

Figure 2-29 TDD: The uplink and downlink use different slots.
The characteristics of TDD are as follow:

Advantages: TDD is used for scenarios where traffic is unbalanced. It allocates different
amount of time slots to the uplink and downlink, improving the flexibility and spectral
efficiency.
Disadvantages: TDD is complicated and requires GPS synchronization and phase

synchronization. The interference between the DL and UL is difficult to control.
Applications: LTE TDD, TD-SCDMA, and WiMAX.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-21

Training Manual
Figure 2-30 FDD: The uplink and downlink use different frequencies.
The characteristics of FDD are as follow:

Advantages: FDD is easy to accomplish.
Disadvantages: Spectral efficiency is low.
When the uplink and downlink traffic (primarily data services) is unbalanced.
Applications: LTE FDD, WCDMA, CDMA2000.
2.3 Carrier Frequency and EARFCN

2.3.1 LTE Release 8 Bands
The LTE Radio interface, namely the E-UTRA (Evolved - Universal Terrestrial Radio Access),
is able to operate in many different radio bands. Table 2-3 illustrates the Release 8 frequency
bands as well as other parameters which are used to identify centre frequencies. FDD requires
two centre frequencies, one for the downlink and one for the uplink. These carrier frequencies
are each given an EARFCN (E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number) which
ranges from 0 to 65535. In contrast, TDD only has one EARFCN. The parameters required to
calculate the EARFCN(s) include:
FDL_low - This is the lower frequency of the downlink band.
FDL_high - This is the higher frequency of the downlink band.
NOffs-DL - This is a parameter used as part of the downlink EARFCN calculation.
NDL - This is the actual downlink EARFCN number.
FUL_low - This is the lower frequency of the uplink band.
FUL_high - This is the higher frequency of the uplink band.
NOffs-UL - This is a parameter used as part of the uplink EARFCN calculation.
NUL - This is the actual uplink EARFCN number.
Table 2-3 LTE Release 8 Frequency Bands
Band
Duplex
FDL_low
FDL_high
(MHz)
(MHz)
NOffs-DL
NDL
FUL_low
FUL_high
(MHz)
(MHz)
NOffs-UL
NUL
FDD
2110
2170
0-599
1920
1980
18000
18000-18599
FDD
1930
1990
600
600-1199
1850
1910
18600
18600-19199
FDD
1805
1880
1200
1200-1949
1710
1785
19200
19200-19949
FDD
2110
2155
1950
1950-2399
1710
1755
19950
19950-20399
2-22

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
FDD
869
894
2400
2400-2649
824
849
20400
20400-20649
FDD
875
885
2650
2650-2749
830
840
20650
20650-20749
FDD
2620
2690
2750
2750-3449
2500
2570
20750
20750-21449
FDD
925
960
3450
3450-3799
880
915
21450
21450-21799
FDD
1844.9
1879.9
3800
3800-4149
1749.9
1784.9
21800
21800-22149
10
FDD
2110
2170
4150
4150-4749
1710
1770
22150
22150-22749
11
FDD
1475.9
1500.9
4750
4750-4999
1427.9
1452.9
22750
22750-22999
12
FDD
728
746
5000
5000-5179
698
716
23000
23000-23179
13
FDD
746
756
5180
5180-5279
777
787
23180
23180-23279
14
FDD
758
768
5280
5280-5379
788
798
23280
23280-23379
17
FDD
734
746
5730
5730-5849
704
716
23730
23730-23849
33
TDD
1900
1920
36000
36000-36199
1900
1920
36000
36000-36199
34
TDD
2010
2025
36200
36200-36349
2010
2025
36200
36200-36349
35
TDD
1850
1910
36350
36350-36949
1850
1910
36350
36350-36949
36
TDD
1930
1990
36950
36950-37549
1930
1990
36950
36950-37549
37
TDD
1910
1930
37550
37550-37749
1910
1930
37550
37550-37749
38
TDD
2570
2620
37750
37750-38249
2570
2620
37750
37750-38249
39
TDD
1880
1920
38250
38250-38649
1880
1920
38250
38250-38649
40
TDD
2300
2400
38650
38650-39649
2300
2400
38650
38650-39649
Carrier Frequency EARFCN Calculation

The EARFCN is calculated using a combination of the equations in Figure 2-31 and the
values in Table 2-3.
The channel raster for LTE is 100kHz for all bands, i.e. the carrier centre frequency must be
an integer multiple of 100kHz. This is represented in the equation by the 0.1 value.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-23

Training Manual
Figure 2-31 EARFCN Calculation
The channel numbers that designate carrier frequencies close to the edges of the operating band are not
used. This implies that the first 7, 15, 25, 50, 75 and 100 channel numbers at the lower operating band
edge and the last 6, 14, 24, 49, 74 and 99 channel numbers at the upper operating band edge are not used
for channel bandwidths of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz respectively.
Example
It is possible to utilize the previous equations to calculate the frequency for a given EARFCN.
In addition, it is possible to calculate the EARFCN for a given frequency. Figure 2-32
illustrates an example with a defined uplink and downlink frequency. The calculation shown
in the figure translates a downlink frequency of 2127.4MHz to an EARFCN equal to 174.
Figure 2-32 Example Downlink EARFCN Calculation
2.4 LTE Frame Structures

In LTE, devices are allocated blocks of subcarriers for a period of time. These are referred to
as a PRB (Physical Resource Block). The resource blocks are contained within the LTE
generic frame structure. Two types are defined, namely type 1 and type 2 radio frames.
2-24

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
2.4.1 LTE Frame Structure Type1-FDD

The type 1 radio frame structure is used for FDD and is 10ms in duration. It consists of 20
slots, each lasting 0.5ms. Two adjacent slots form one subframe of length 1ms. For FDD
operation 10 subframes are available for downlink transmission and 10 subframes are
available for uplink transmission, with each transmission separated in the frequency domain.
Figure 2-33 illustrates the FDD frame structure, as well as highlighting the slots and subframe
concept. In addition, it illustrates how the slots are numbered 0 to 19.
Figure 2-33 FDD Radio Frame
LTE Time Unit

The LTE time unit is identified as Ts and is calculated as 1/(15000x2048), which equates to
approximately 32.552083ns. Various aspects of LTE utilize this parameter, or multiple of it, to
identify timing and configuration.
2.4.2 LTE Frame Structure Type2-TDD

The type 2 radio frame structure is used for TDD. One key addition to the TDD frame
structure is the concept of special subframes. This includes a DwPTS (Downlink Pilot Time
Slot), GP (Guard Period) and UpPTS (Uplink Pilot Time Slot). These have configurable
individual lengths and a combined total length of 1ms.
For TDD operation the 10 subframes are shared between the uplink and the downlink. A 5ms
and 10ms switch-point periodicity is supported however subframes 0 and 5 must be allocated
to the downlink as these contain the PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal) and SSS
(Secondary Synchronization Signal), as well as the broadcast information in subframe 0. The
PSS and SSS are discussed in Section 2.5.8
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-25

Training Manual
Figure 2-34 TDD Radio Frame

Type 2 Radio Frame T f = 307200 x Ts = 10ms
One half-frame, 153600Ts=5ms
Special Subframe
Special Subframe
One subframe, 30720Ts=1ms
DwPTS
(Downlink Pilot
Time Slot)
UpPTS (Uplink
Pilot Time Slot)
GP (Guard
Period)
There are various frame configuration options supported for TDD. Error! No se encuentra
el origen de la referencia.4 illustrates the different options. Configuration options 0, 1, 2 and
6 have a 5ms switching point and therefore require 2 special subframes, whereas the rest are
based on a 10ms switching point. In the table, the letter D is reserved for downlink
transmissions, U denotes subframes reserved for uplink transmissions and S denotes a
special subframe with the three fields DwPTS, GP and UpPTS.
Type 2 Radio Frame Switching Points & Special Subframe

Table 2-4 DL/UL Subframe Allocation Item
Subframe 1 in all configurations and subframe 6 in configuration with 5ms switch-point

periodicity consist of DwPTS, GP and UpPTS. Subframe 6 in configuration with 10ms
switch-point periodicity consists of DwPTS only. All other subframes consist of two equally
sized slots.
Subframes 0 and 5 and DwPTS are always reserved for DL transmission.
2-26

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Table 2-5 Special Subframe Allocation Item
Figure 2-35 Special Subframe
2.4.3 Cyclic Prefix

The concept of a CP (Cyclic Prefix) within OFDM systems has already been discussed. In
LTE, two different cyclic prefix sizes, namely Normal and Extended were selected. In
order to facilitate these, two different slot formats are required. Figure 2-36 illustrates the
seven and six ODFM symbol options. Obviously, to facilitate a larger cyclic prefix, one of the
symbols is sacrificed, thus the symbol rate is reduced.
Figure 2-36 Normal and Extended Cyclic Prefix
Radio Frame = 10ms
0
7 OFDM
Symbols (Normal
Cyclic Prefix)
6 OFDM Symbols
(Extended Cyclic
Prefix)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ts
0
Ts
0
CP (Cyclic
Prefix)
The use of the extended cyclic prefix is intended for scenarios where the range of the cell
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-27

Training Manual
needs to be extended, e.g. for coverage planning purposes or when multicast services are
being employed in the cell.
CP Classification and Scenario

The following table shows the number of symbols in 1 slot. It is related to the CP (Cyclic
Prefix) length and is configured by the cell.
Figure 2-37 CP classification
f=7.5kHz is available for MBSFN MBMS over Single Frequency Network

which defined in
3GPP Protocol 8 but applied until 3GPP Protocol9. Attention: 7.5kHz is only adapted for
downlink.
2.4.4 LTE Resource Block Conception

The E-UTRA downlink is based on OFDMA. As such, it enables multiple devices to receive
information at the same time but on different parts of the radio channel. In most OFDMA
systems this is referred to as a Subchannel, i.e. a collection of subcarriers. However, in
E-UTRA, the term subchannel is replaced with the term PRB (Physical Resource Block).
Figure 2-38 illustrates the concept of OFDMA, whereby different users are allocated one or
more resource blocks in the time and frequency domain, thus enabling efficient scheduling of
the available resources.
Figure 2-38 LTE resource block
2-28

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
RE (Resource Element)
Minimum unit in physical resource
Time domain: 1 OFDM Symbol, frequency domain: 1 Subcarrier
Resource Block
RB
Minimum unit for resource allocation used for data transmission in physical layer
Time domain: 1 Slot, frequency domain: 12 continuous subcarriers
CCE(Control Channel Element)

Resource unit for control channel
1 CCE = 36 REs
1 CCE = 9 REGs (1 REG = 4 REs)
TTI (Transmission Time Interval)

Basic unit in time domain when scheduling data in physical layer
1 TTI = 1 subframe = 2 slots
1 TTI = 14 OFDM symbols(Normal CP)
1 TTI = 12 OFDM symbols (Extended CP)
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-29

Training Manual
Resource Grid Structure

A PRB (Physical Resource Block) consists of 12 consecutive subcarriers and lasts for one
slot, i.e. 0.5ms.
Error! No se encuentra el origen de la referencia.Figure 2-39 illustrates the size of a PRB.
The NRBDL parameter is used to define the number of RB (Resource Block) used in the DL
(Downlink). This is dependent on the channel bandwidth. In contrast, NRBUL is used to
identify the number of resource blocks in the UL (Uplink). Each Resource Block consists of
NSCRB subcarriers, which for standard operation is set to 12. In addition, another configuration
is available when using MBSFN (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service Single Frequency
Network) and a 7.5kHz subcarrier spacing.
The term RE (Resource Element) is used to describe one subcarrier lasting one symbol. This
can then be assigned to carry modulated information, reference information or nothing.
Figure 2-39 Resource Block and Resource Element
Relationship between Channel BW and RB

For details, please refer to protocol 36.101.
Table 2-6 Channel bandwidth and RB
2-30

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Figure 2-40 Relationship between Channel BW and RB

Channel Bandwidth [MHz]
Transmission Bandwidth Configuration [RB]
Channel edge
Resource block
Channel edge
Transmission
Bandwidth [RB]
Active Resource Blocks
DC carrier (downlink only)
2.5 LTE Channel Structures

The concept of channels is not new. Both GSM and UMTS defined various channel
categories, however LTE terminology is closer to UMTS. Broadly there are four categories of
channel.
Figure 2-41 LTE Channels
2.5.1 Logical Channels

In order to describe Logical Channels it is best to first identify where logical channels are
located in relationship to the LTE protocols and the other channel types. Figure 2-42
illustrates the Logical Channels located between the RLC (Radio Link Control) and the MAC
(Medium Access Control) layers.
Figure 2-42 Location of Channels
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-31

Training Manual
Logical Channels are classified as either Control Logical Channels, which carry control data
such as RRC (Radio Resource Control) signaling, or Traffic Logical Channels which carry
User Plane data.
Control Logical Channels

The various forms of these Control Logical Channels include the:
BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel) - this is a downlink channel used to send of SI

(System Information) messages from the eNB (Evolved Node B). These are defined by
RRC.
PCCH (Paging Control Channel) - this is a downlink channel used by the eNB to
broadcast paging information.
Figure 2-43 BCCH and PCH Logical Channels
CCCH (Common Control Channel) - this is used to establish an RRC Connection or

specifically a SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer). It is also used for re-establishment
procedures. Note, SRB 0 maps to the CCCH.
DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel) - this provides a bi-directional channel for signaling.
Logically there are two DCCH activated:
SRB 1 - is used for RRC messages, as well as RRC messages which carry high
priority NAS signaling.
SRB 2 - is used for RRC carrying low priority NAS signaling. Prior to its
establishment, low priority signaling is sent on SRB1.
Figure 2-44 CCCH and DCCH Signaling
2-32

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Traffic Logical Channels

3GPP Release 8 LTE has one type of Logical Channel carrying traffic, namely the DTCH
(Dedicated Traffic Channel). This is used to carry DRB (Dedicated Radio Bearer) information,
i.e. IP datagram.
Figure 2-45 Dedicated Traffic Channel
The DTCH is a bi-directional channel that can operate in either RLC AM (Acknowledged
Mode) or UM (Unacknowledged Mode). This is configured by RRC and is based on the QoS
(Quality of Service) applied to the E-RAB (EPS Radio Access Bearer).
2.5.2 Transport Channels

Historically, transport channels were split between common and dedicated channels. However,
LTE has moved away from dedicated channels in favor of the common/shared channels
approach due to the associated efficiencies this provides. The main 3GPP Release 8 Transport
Channels include the:
BCH (Broadcast Channel) - this is a fixed format channel which occurs once per frame
and it is used to carry the MIB (Master Information Block). Note that the majority of
system information messages are carried on the DL-SCH (Downlink - Shared Channel).
PCH (Paging Channel) - which is used to carry the PCCH, i.e. paging messages. It also
utilizes DRX (Discontinuous Reception) to improve UE battery life.
DL-SCH (Downlink - Shared Channel) - is the main downlink channel for data and
signaling. It supports dynamic scheduling, as well as dynamic link adaptation. In
addition, it utilizes HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) operation to improve
performance. As previously indicated, it also facilitates the sending of system
information messages.
RACH (Random Access Channel) - carries limited information and is used in

conjunction with Physical Channels and preambles to provide contention resolution
procedures.
UL-SCH (Uplink Shared Channel) - similar to the DL-SCH, this channel supports
dynamic scheduling (eNB controlled) and dynamic link adaptation by varying the
modulation and coding. In addition, it too supports HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat
Request) operation to improve system performance.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-33

Training Manual
Figure 2-46 LTE Release 8 Transport Channels
2.5.3 Physical Channels

The Phy (Physical) Layer facilitates transportation of MAC Transport Channels, as well as
providing scheduling, formatting and control indicators.
Downlink Physical Channels

Physical Channels on the downlink include the:
PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel) - used to carry the BCH.
PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel) - is used to indicate the number of
OFDM symbols used for the PDCCH.
PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) - used for resource allocation.
PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel) - used as part of the HARQ process.
PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) - used to carry the DL-SCH.
Uplink Physical Channels

There are a number of Uplink Physical Channels in LTE. These include the:
PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) - this channel carries the Random Access
Preamble. The location of the PRACH is defined by higher layer signaling, i.e. RRC.
PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) - this carries uplink control and feedback. It
can also carry scheduling requests to the eNB.
PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) - which is the main uplink channel and is
used to carry the UL-SCH. It carries both signaling and user data, in addition to uplink
control. It is worth noting that the UE is not allowed to transmit the PUCCH and PUSCH
at the same time.
2.5.4 Radio Channels

The term Radio Channel is typically used to describe the overall channel, i.e. the downlink
and uplink carriers for FDD operation and the carrier for TDD operation.
2-34

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Figure 2-47 Radio Channel
2.5.5 Mapping Relationship between Physical Channels and

Other Channels
There are various options for multiplexing multiple bearers together such that Logical
Channels may be mapped to one or more Transport Channels. These in turn are mapped into
Physical Channels.
Figure 2-48 Mapping Relationship between Physical Channels and Other Channels
In order to facilitate the multiplexing of Logical Channels to Transport Channels, the MAC
Layer typically adds a LCID (Logical Channel Identifier).
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-35

Training Manual
2.5.6 Application of LTE Physical Channels

Figure 2-49 Application of LTE Physical Channels
As an example, the applications of the channels in a complete network access procedure are
as follows:
The UE obtains the PCI and gets synchronized with the eNodeB in the downlink on the
P-SCH and S-SCH. The downlink synchronization includes frame synchronization and
symbol synchronization.
The UE gets system information (SIB1) on the PDSCH. MIB and SIB1 are always
scheduled on the PBCH and other SIBs are dynamically scheduled on PDSCHs.
Periods and listening windows of other SIBs are broadcast in SIB1. After the UE
receives SIB1, it knows the other SIBs to be received later.
The UE initiates the random access on the PRACH and gets synchronized with the
eNodeB in the uplink.
After random access, the UE requests uplink scheduling on the PUCCH.
If there is uplink or downlink data to be transmitted, the UE needs to listen to the

PDCCH to get information about the PUSCH and PDSCH. Then, the UE sends data on
the PUSCH and receives data on the PDSCH.
Reference signal
Reference signal is a special data sequence which is located at specific location (resource
elements) in DL/UL frame which is supposed to be decoded by UE/eNodeB and taken as a
signal for RSRP, RSRQ.
2-36

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
2.5.7 Cell Specific Reference Signals

In LTE, the cell specific reference signals are arranged in a two dimensional lattice of time
and frequency. This has been done so that they are equidistant and therefore provides a
minimum mean squared error estimate for the channel. In addition, the spacing in time
between the Reference Symbols is an important factor for channel estimation and relates to
the maximum Doppler spread supported, i.e. speed. In LTE, this works out at 2 Reference
symbols per slot.
The spacing in the frequency domain is also an important factor, as this relates to the expected
coherent bandwidth and delay spread of the channel. In LTE there is a 6 subcarrier separation
of reference signals, however these are staggered in time such that they appear every 3
subcarriers. The downlink reference signals consist of known reference symbols inserted in
the first and third last OFDM symbol of each slot.
There is one reference signal transmitted per downlink antenna port. The number of downlink
antenna ports equals 1, 2, or 4.
One Antenna Port Configuration

The location of the RSs is dependent on the number of antennas and use of a Normal CP or
Extended CP. Figure 2-50 illustrates the two options.
Figure 2-50 Reference Signals - One Antenna Port
This is used for a single TX (Transmit) antenna. The reference signals are transmitted during
the first and fifth OFDM symbols of each slot when the normal CP is used and during the first
and fourth OFDM symbols when the extended CP is used.
Cell ID Offset
It is worth noting that the position of the reference signals is dependent on the value of the
Physical Cell ID. As such, the system performs a calculation (Physical Cell ID mod 6) to
determine the correct offset. Figure 2-51 illustrates two cells, each producing a different
offset.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-37

Training Manual
Figure 2-51 Reference Signal Physical Cell ID Offset
Two Antenna Port Configuration

LTE is designed to operate with multiple transmit antennas for MIMO, or Transmit Diversity.
The concept of reference signals is used to define different patterns for multiple antenna ports.
Figure 2-52 illustrates the concept for two antennas. The RS pattern corresponding to a given
antenna port enables the device to derive channel estimation.
Figure 2-52 Reference Signals - Two Antenna Ports (Normal CP)
Whilst Reference Symbols are transmitted on one antenna, the other antennas resource element is null.
In addition, like the single antenna port configuration the location of the reference signals is offset based
on the Physical Cell ID.
Four Antenna Port Configuration

LTE supports up to four cell-specific antenna ports (0 to 3). As such, the device is required to
derive up to four separate channel estimates. Figure 2-53 illustrates the configuration for four
antenna ports.
Figure 2-53 Reference Signals - Four Antenna Ports (Normal CP)
RS symbol for antenna port
RS symbol for antenna port
R RS symbol for antenna port
R RS symbol for antenna port
R
R
x x
x x
Rx
Rx
x x
x R
x R
x x
Rx
Rx
x x
x x
x R
x x
x x
x R
x x
x x
Rx
Rx
x x
x R
x R
x x
Rx
Rx
x x
x x
x R
x x
x x
x R
Antenna Port 0
2-38
0
1
2
3
Antenna Port 1
Antenna Port 2

Antenna Port 3
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Antenna port 2 and antenna port 3 both have a reduced number of reference symbols.
This is to reduce the reference signal overhead. It does also have a negative impact on the
system since the lack of reference signals will mean that in high mobility, i.e. fast channel
variations, the channel estimation will not be as accurate. This however can be offset by the
fact that spatial multiplexing MIMO with 4 antennas will mostly be performed in low
mobility scenarios. In addition, like the single antenna port configuration the location of the
reference signals is offset based on the Physical Cell ID.
2.5.8 LTE Physical Signals

In order for the UE to be able to access the network, the eNB must broadcast various
downlink signals. As the downlink is scalable from 1.4MHz to 20MHz and the device may
not be aware of the eNB configuration, the method of finding the system needs to be
consistent. Consequently synchronization and cell identity information must appear on the
downlink in a fixed location irrespective of the radio spectrum configuration. Figure 2-54
illustrates the structure of the NIDcell (Cell Identity).
Figure 2-54 Downlink Cell ID
In LTE, there are two synchronization sequences. These are referred to as the PSS (Primary
Synchronization Signal) and the SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal). The location of
these is dependent on the transmission mode, i.e. FDD or TDD, as well as the use of the
normal or extended cyclic prefix.
Primary Synchronization Signal

The PSS provides downlink synchronization information for the UE. The signal sent is one of
three ZC (Zadoff-Chu) sequences. This provides a pseudo noise pattern which devices can
correlate, whilst at the same time enabling adjacent cells/sectors on the eNB to utilize
different synchronization signals. The NID (0,1 or 2) is mapped to a Zadoff-Chu root index
which is used in the sequence generation process
Secondary Synchronization Signal

The SSS is generated from the interleaved concatenation of two 31 bit binary sequences
which are cyclic shifted based on the value of NID.
2.5.9 Downlink Reference Signals

Unlike other systems, the LTE air interface does not employ a frame preamble. Instead it
utilizes various RS (Reference Signal) to facilitate coherent demodulation, channel
estimation, channel quality measurements and timing synchronization etc. Fundamentally
there are three types of downlink reference signals:
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Cell Specific (non-MBSFN).

2-39

Training Manual

MBSFN (Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service Single Frequency Network).
UE Specific.
Cell Specific Reference Signals

In LTE, the cell-specific reference signals are arranged in a two dimensional lattice of time
and frequency. This has been done so that they are equidistant and therefore provides a
minimum mean squared error estimate for the channel. In addition, the timing between the
reference symbols is an important factor for channel estimation and relates to the maximum
doppler spread supported, i.e. speed. In LTE, this works out at two reference symbols per slot.
The spacing in frequency domain is also an important factor, as this relates to the expected
coherence bandwidth and delay spread of the channel. In LTE there is a six subcarrier
separation of reference signals, however these are staggered in time such that they appear
every three subcarriers.
MBSFN Reference Signals

The LTE system also defines a set of reference signals for MBSFN. These are only present
when the PMCH (Physical Multicast Channel) is present and uses the extended cyclic prefix.
UE Specific Reference Signals

UE Specific Reference Signals are supported for single antenna port transmission on the
PDSCH and are transmitted on antenna port 5. It is typically used for beamforming when
non-codebook based pre-coding is applied.
2.6 Physical Procedures

2.6.1 LTE Cell Search Procedure
The LTE device needs to perform an LTE Attach procedure, i.e. transition from the LTE
Detached to LTE Active State, to connect to the EPC (Evolved Packet Core) and ultimately
services.
Figure 2-55 Initial Procedures
In order to access a cell the device must find and synchronize to the cell. It is then able to
decode the System Information messages and perform PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)
and Cell Selection. Once this has been completed, the device is in a position to access the cell
and establish a RRC connection, i.e. a SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer).
2-40

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
2.6.2 Cell Search

The downlink in LTE is based on scalable OFDMA with channels ranging from 1.4MHz to
20MHz (Note that not all bandwidths are available at the different frequency bands). Initially
the UE is unaware of the downlink configuration of the cell, unless it has stored information
from when it was previously attached. Assuming no information, the synchronization process
must be quick and concise. Figure 2-56 illustrates the location of the PSS and SSS.
Figure 2-56 PSS and SSS for Cell Search (FDD Mode)
Frame - 10ms
0
5MHz (25
Resource
Blocks)
PSS
SSS
PBCH
Synchronization Channel: Cell Search and Downlink Synchronization

In LTE there are two synchronization sequences, known as the PSS (Primary Synchronization
Signal) and the SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal). The location of these is dependent
on the transmission mode, i.e. FDD or TDD, as well as the use of the normal or extended
cyclic prefix.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-41

Training Manual
Figure 2-57 PSS and SSS Location for FDD
Figure 2-58 PSS and SSS Location for TDD
Primary Synchronization Signal

The PSS provides downlink synchronization information for the device. The signal sent is one
of three ZC (Zadoff-Chu) sequences. This provides a pseudo noise pattern which devices can
correlate, whilst at the same time enabling adjacent cells/sectors on the eNB to utilize
different synchronization signals. The NID(2) (0,1 or 2) is mapped to a Zadoff-Chu root index
which is used in the sequence generation process.
2-42

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Secondary Synchronization Signal

The SSS is generated from the interleaved concatenation of two 31 bit binary sequences
which are cyclic shifted based on the value of NID.
Synchronization Channel: Cell Search and Downlink Synchronization

In order to acquire the system, the eNB must broadcast various downlink signals. In addition,
since the downlink is scalable from 1.4MHz to 20MHz and the device may not be aware of
the eNB configuration, the method of finding the system needs to be consistent.
Consequently, synchronization and cell identity information must appear on the downlink in a
fixed place irrespective of the radio spectrum configuration. Figure 2-59 illustrates the
structure of the NIDcell (Physical Cell Identity).
Figure 2-59 Downlink Cell ID
These synchronization signals comprise of the PSS (Primary Synchronization Signal) and
SSS (Secondary Synchronization Signal). Together they enable the UE to become downlink
synchronized and identify the Physical Cell Identity. There are 504 unique physical cell
identities, divided into 168 cell identity groups each containing three cell identities (sectors).
Figure 2-60 Physical Cell Identities
The Physical Cell ID is able to be reused based on the cell and frequency reuse mechanism employed.
Broadcast Channel: PBCH and System Information Acquisition

System information scheduling
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-43

Training Manual

MIB: The scheduling period is 40 ms. The MIB is resent every 10 ms at subframe 0.
SIB1: The scheduling period is 80 ms. The SIB1 is resent every 20 ms at subframe 5.
Other SIBs: The scheduling period depends on SIBx period(x=2,38) and the
scheduling period is broadcast in SIB1.
SIBs with the same scheduling period can be sent in the same SI. Each SI window can
send only one SI. SI can be resent for multiple times in the SI window to improve
reliability.
Figure 2-61 System information scheduling
Contents of System Information

Figure 2-62 Contents of System Information
System
Information
MIB
SIB 1
SI
An MIB contains SFN (8 bits), cell bandwidth, and

PHICH configuration parameters.
PLMN ID, Cell ID, TAC, Cell barred, cell
selection parameters, SI scheduling information.
SI message c arries SIB2~SIB13
Radio parameters shared by all UE in the cell: Access parameters,
SIB 2 UE timer and common channel parameter configuration (RACH,
PRACH, BCCH, PCCH, PDSCH, PUCCH, PUSCH, SRS)
SIB 3
cell reselection information
SIB 4
intra-frequency neighboring cell information
SIB 5
inter-frequency neighboring cell information
SIB 6
UMTS neighboring cell information
SIB 7
GSM neighboring cell information
SIB 8
CDMA neighboring cell information
SIB 9
Name of Home eNodeB
The first three

are key SIBs
SIB 10 primary notific ation of ETWS

SIB 11 sec ondary notific ation of ETWS
SIB 12 CMAS notific ation
Information to request MBSFN c ontrol
SIB 13 information related to one or more region
2-44

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
2.6.3 PLMN Selection

The transition from LTE Detached to LTE Active can be used to describe the processes
through which the UE must progress in order to establish a point of attachment within the
Evolved Packet Core and ultimately connect to services. The initial processes including
scanning for downlink and uplink channels and synchronization are passive in that the
information required to achieve this is broadcast from the eNB within the relevant E-UTRAN.
Before the UE can access the network it must first select a suitable PLMN (Public Land
Mobile Network) and then a suitable cell. Services may be available to the user through a
choice of several serving networks in a given location, possibly using different types of Radio
Access Network.
Figure 2-63 PLMN Selection
E-UTRA PLMN Selection

In the UE, the Access Stratum reports available PLMNs to the NAS on request from the NAS
or autonomously. During PLMN selection, based on the list of PLMN identities in priority
order, the particular PLMN may be selected either automatically or manually. Each PLMN in
the list of PLMN identities is identified by a 'PLMN identity'. In the system information on
the broadcast channel, the UE can receive one or multiple 'PLMN identity' in a given cell.
The UE scans all RF channels in the E-UTRA bands according to its capabilities to find
available PLMNs. On each carrier, the UE searches for the strongest cell and read its system
information, in order to find out which PLMN(s) the cell belongs to. If the UE can read one or
several PLMN identities in the strongest cell, each found PLMN is reported to the NAS as a
high quality PLMN (but without the RSRP value), provided that the following high quality
criterion is fulfilled:
For an E-UTRAN cell, the measured RSRP value is greater than or equal to -110 dBm.
Found PLMNs that do not satisfy the high quality criterion, but for which the UE has been
able to read the PLMN identities are reported to the NAS together with the RSRP value. The
quality measure reported by the UE to NAS is the same for each PLMN found in one cell.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-45

Training Manual
Note that the UE may optimize the PLMN search by using stored information e.g. carrier
frequencies and optionally also information on cell parameters from previously received
measurement control information elements.
NAS PLMN Selection

The UE utilizes all the information stored in the USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity
Module) related to the PLMN selection; e.g. "HPLMN (Home PLMN) Selector with Access
Technology", "Operator controlled PLMN Selector with Access Technology", "User
Controlled PLMN Selector with Access Technology", "Forbidden PLMNs", "Equivalent
HPLMN". Note that these are the same for UMTS PLMN selection.
The PLMN/access technology combinations are listed in priority order. If no particular access
technology is indicated in an entry, the UE assumes that all access technologies supported by
the UE apply. In addition, the UE stores a list of EHPLMN (Equivalent HPLMN). This list is
replaced or deleted as part of various EMM Procedures. The stored list consists of a list of
equivalent PLMNs as downloaded by the network plus the PLMN code of the registered
PLMN that downloaded the list. All PLMNs in the stored list, in all access technologies
supported by the PLMN, are regarded as equivalent to each other for PLMN selection, cell
selection/re-selection and handover.
The UE selects and attempts registration on other PLMN/access technology combinations, if
available and allowable, in the following order:
Either the HPLMN (if the EHPLMN list is not present or is empty) or the highest priority
EHPLMN that is available (if the EHPLMN list is present).
Each PLMN/access technology combination in the "User Controlled PLMN Selector

with Access Technology" data file in the SIM (in priority order).
Each PLMN/access technology combination in the "Operator Controlled PLMN Selector

with Access Technology" data file in the SIM (in priority order).
Other PLMN/access technology combinations with received high quality signal in

random order.
Other PLMN/access technology combinations in order of decreasing signal quality.
Once the UE NAS has selected a PLMN, the cell selection procedure can be performed in
order to select a suitable cell of that PLMN to camp on.
Cell Initial Selection

For LTE there are two cell selection procedures supported:
Initial Cell Selection - This is when the UE has no prior knowledge of the cell.
Stored Information Cell Selection - This is when the UE has stored information which is
used to optimize the selection process, i.e. it stored information before it was switched
off.
Once a UE has synchronized with the cell and decoded the necessary System Information
messages, it must camp on it; or one of the surrounding cells. This is achieved through the cell
selection process. The UE is aiming to find the cell which will provide the best quality radio
link between it and the network. Figure 2-64 illustrates the S (Cell Selection) calculation.
2-46

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Figure 2-64 LTE Cell Selection
2.6.4 Random Access Procedure Overview

Once a UE has selected a cell it performs a random access procedure on the PRACH/RACH.
Random Access Purpose:
A user accesses the network and acquires a UE ID used by the eNodeB to identify the
UE.
The UE is time-synchronized in the uplink.
Random Access Scenarios:

Initial access
Handover between cells
The UE is out of synchronization in the uplink.
An error has occurred in the downlink and the UE re-establishes the link.
LTE Random Access Procedure

Prior to registering on the network the UE must first establish a SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer)
to the eNB that it has camped on during the cell selection process. Figure 2-65 illustrates
the overall processes required, typically termed the RACH (Random Access Channel)
process.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-47

Training Manual
Figure 2-65 Overall Random Access Procedure
Random Access Procedure: RRC Connection

The SRB is also termed the RRC Connection, i.e. the UE has moved into the
RRC-Connected State. In order to achieve this signaling between the eNB and the UE is
required. Figure 2-66 illustrates the main signaling messages to establish a SRB. Note: some
of these are messages or indicators at the PHY or MAC layer.
The sequence starts with the probing of the network on the PRACH. Once the UE has
successfully probed for uplink resources and has been allocated these on the UL-SCH, the
RRC Connection is established through a three way signaling handshake on the UL-SCH and
the DL-SCH respectively.
Figure 2-66 Random Access RRC Signaling Procedure
2-48

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Uplink Syn. in Random Access Procedure

Uplink synchronization means the time when data reaches the eNodeB is the same as that
when the eNodeB receives it.Uplink time deviation exists because of transmission latency.
The distances between the UEs and the eNodeB are different.
Resolutions:
Generally, the eNodeB obtains the timing information by detecting the uplink reference
signal (periodic SRS or DMRS) sent by the UE in the uplink.
The eNodeB transmits the TA (Time Alignment) to the UE on the PDSCH.
In random access, the eNodeB obtains the uplink timing information by measuring
preamble signals.
In random access, the eNodeB sends the uplink timing information to the UE on the
RA channel.
The eNodeB and UE maintain the same timer to update TA to ensure that the UE keeps
uplink synchronized when it is in the connected state.
Figure 2-67 Uplink synchronization
2.7 Multiple Input Multiple Output

2.7.1 Background of Multi-antenna Technology
50 years ago, Shannon formula gives the maximum efficiency of time-frequency
communication system.
C = B log 2 1 + (bit / s )
N
The spectrum efficiency of channel C is proportional to signal power and signal bandwidth.
However, with the increase in signal power and signal bandwidth, the spectrum efficiency
increases more slowly, so new technologies need to be introduced in order to effectively
improve the spectrum efficiency.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-49

Training Manual
Figure 2-68 The relationship between spectrum efficiency of channel and signal power & signal
bandwidth
The effective way to increase capacity is to use multi-antenna technology when the SINR is
high. Multi-antenna technology can make better use of spatial resource, it can double increase
transmission capacity of a wireless communication system under the conditions of without
increasing the transmit power and bandwidth. Therefore, MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple
Output) technology came into being.
2.7.2 The Classification of Multi-antenna Technology

According to achieve different purposes, you can use different multi-antenna techniques.
Diversity mode: Multiple antennas can be used to provide diversity to resist fading of radio
channels. In this case, fading on different antennas should have a low correlation.
Transmitted on different antennas in the same data
Diversity mode can indirectly increase the capacity
Number of receive antennas may be less than the number of transmit antennas
Figure 2-69 Tx diversity mode
2-50

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Spatial multiplexing: Transmitter and receiver using two or more antennas, spatial
multiplexing can be performed. It did not reduce the power efficiency of the premise of
improving bandwidth utilization, or without reducing the premise covered by the limited
bandwidth available in a higher output transmission rate. Sometimes Spatial multiplexing also
call MIMO.
Transmitted on different antennas in the different data
Diversity mode can directly increase the capacity
Number of receive antennas is not less than the number of transmit antennas
Figure 2-70 Spatial multiplexing mode
Beamforming: Multi-antenna can perform beamforming, such as the maximizing objective of

the antenna gain in the specified direction or suppress specific main interference signal.
According to the correlation between different antennas, system can adopt different
beamforming methods.
The data are weighted and sent by transmitter, forming narrow transmit beamforming
energy and aim at the target user, thereby improving demodulation SINR of the target
user and reducing the interference of non-target users.
Figure 2-71 Beamforming mode
2.7.3 MIMO Overview

MIMO is the key technology of LTE system, it relates to the use of multiple antennas at both
the transmitter (Multiple Input) and receiver (Multiple Output). Theoretical show that the
channel capacity increases linearly by the number of transmitter and receiver, so the channel
capacity in MIMO mode is larger than in single antenna mode. MIMO can better use space
resource and improves spectrum efficiency, so the signal obtain array gain, diversity gain,
multiplexing gain and interference cancellation gain, which can improves system capacity,
coverage and user throughput.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-51

Training Manual
Figure 2-72 MIMO
Radio Channel Access Mode
SISO Single input single output

SISO is the basic radio channel access mode, it is the default method in radio
communication system at the beginning.
Figure 2-73 SISO
MISO (Diversity transmitting mode)

MISO, multiple input single output, in other words, it means two or multi-transmitter but
one receiver. Because the same information transmitted by different antenna, which can
enhance the robustness against fading and improve the transmission performance in low
SNR scenarios. It can be used at the same rate with lower transmission power but cannot
improve the transmission rate.
Figure 2-74 MISO
SIMO (Diversity receiving mode)

2-52
SIMO is opposition with MISO. SIMO means single input multiple output, namely two
or more receivers but one transmitters, usually refers to the receive diversity. SIMO is
similar to transmit diversity which is particularly suitable for low SNR scenarios. In this
scenario, if you use dual receiver, in theory, the gain will be 3dB. Compared with
transmit diversity, the cell edge coverage has improved because the SNR has improved
when using receive diversity.

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Figure 2-75 SIMO
MIMO (Multiple input multiple output)

MIMO, two or more receivers and two or more transmitters. These model not only the
simple sum of SIMO and MISO, because multiple data streams are simultaneously
transmitted in frequency domain and time domain to fully utilize the radio channel in
different paths. For MIMO system, it must have at least equal to the number of multiple
receivers transmit data stream. (Notes: Number of transmit data stream is unequal to
number of transmit antenna).
Figure 2-76 MIMO
SU-MIMO/MU-MIMO/Co-MIMO Introduction
The transmitter and receiver do not specify a base station or UE in previous slide, so we have
different scenarios in this page.
The purpose of the pre-coding is based on the optimal transmission characteristics of the
channel, so that when the signal is received, it can more easily be separated and then restored
to the original data stream.
The intention of SU-MIMO is increasing the rate of a single user, which would also enhance
the capacity of the cell. The figure shows that two different data streams are assigned to the
same UE. SU-MIMO can be used for uplink or downlink.
The second scenario is 2*2 multi-user MIMO(MU-MIMO), just use in uplink. MU-MIMO
cant increase the rate of a single user, but can enhance cell capacity gain, it is similar to
SU-MIMO or better. The figure shows that two data streams come from different UEs, the
distance of two transmitters is further than the distance of single user in SU-MIMO. And there
is not physical connection between two transmitters, which means no chance of through
mixing two data flow to optimize channel coding. However, because of the spatial separation
method, improve the opportunity of eNodeB collect irrelevance channel of UE. Thus,
compared to the pre-encoded SU-MIMO, it maximizes the possible capacity gain. The other
advantage of MU-MIMO is the UE doesnt consume the spending and power of the
transmitter, but the cell capacity stills can improve.
The thirdly scenarios is Co-MIMO, the essence is the end point of two transmitters have been
associated. The figure shows that in DL scenario, two eNodeBs through sharing data stream
and pre-coding spatial separate antenna cooperation method to better communication with at
least one UE. This is the best methods in the cell edge, then, the SINR will suffer but the radio
channel is non-related, so it will potential enhance the system performance. Co-MIMO is also
possible to use in the uplink, but it is difficult to be applied because there is no physical
connection between UE. MU-MIMO uplink Co-MIMO pre-coding is not used because there
are not connect UEs. Uplink Co-MIMO also names virtual MIMO. There is not Co-MIMO in
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-53

Training Manual
3GPP R8 protocol, it will be studied and achieve in 3GPP R9/R10, which will satisfies the
requirement of IMT-Advance 4G.
Figure 2-77 SU-MIMO, MU-MIMO and Co-MIMO
LTE Adopt MIMO

Table 2-7 LTE DL/UL MIMO mode
Closed-loop: Need the UE feedback encoder selection information, suitable for low speed
scenarios.
Open-loop: No need UE feedback encoder selection information, determine by eNodeB,
suitable for high speed scenarios.
2-54

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
2.7.4 The Advantage of MIMO

Figure 2-78 The advantage of MIMO
Array gain: MIMO system uses the signal correlation and noise non-correlation on each
antenna, improves the average SINR of the combined signal, and obtains the
performance gain.
Diversity gain: MIMO system against the channel fading of the effect of performance,
reduce the fading range of combined signal and obtain performance gain base on the
signal deep fading non-correlation on each antenna.
Multiplexing gain: On the premise of same bandwidth and same total transmission power,
increase the number of spatial channel(Increase the number of antennas) and obtain
throughput gain.
Interference cancellation gain: Make use of IRC(Interference Rejection Combining) and

the other multiple antenna interference rejection algorithms, obtain the gain on
interference scenarios.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

2-55

Training Manual
3 eNB Product Overview
eNB Product Overview
Objectives
3.1 Describe the Huawei eNB product family.
3.2 Describe the Huawei eNB products and application scenarios.
3.3 Describe the Huawei eNB operation and maintenance system.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

3-1

Training Manual
3.1 The Huawei eNB Family

The Huawei eNB (Evolved Node B) product family consists of two core products; the
BTS3900(A) LTE and the DBS3900 LTE which focus on customer innovations. The former
comes in two versions, the BTS3900 LTE is a compact indoor macro eNB where as the
BTS3900A LTE is an outdoor version. The DBS3900 however has a distributed architecture
enabling the radio unit to be installed at the mast head close to the antennas thereby reducing
feeder loss and improving system coverage.
3.1.1 BTS3900(A) LTE

The BTS3900(A) LTE features a distributed architecture and consists of two basic modules;
the BBU3900 (Baseband Control Unit) and the LRFU (LTE Radio Frequency Unit). These are
3-2

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
interconnected through a CPRI (Common Public Radio Interface) using electrical cables.
Flexible combinations of these two basic modules and auxiliary devices, provides diverse site
solutions that are applicable in different scenarios.
Figure 3-1 BTS3900(A) LTE Architecture
Baseband Control Unit

Figure 3-2 BBU3900
The BBU3900 performs the following functions:

It provides support for connection between the eNB and the MME (Mobility
Management Entity) or S-GW (Serving Gateway).
It provides CPRI ports for communication with the LRFU and processes uplink and
downlink signals.
It performs centralized management of the entire BTS3900(A) LTE and DBS3900 LTE
in terms of O&M (Operations and Maintenance) and signaling processing.
It provides an O&M channel for connection to LMT (Local Maintenance Terminal) or

iManager M2000.
It provides the clock port, alarm monitoring port and USB (Universal Serial Bus) port.
LTE Radio Frequency Unit

The LRFU performs modulation, demodulation, data processing and combining and dividing
for baseband signals and RF signals. The LRFU supports double feeders (2Tx + 2Rx) as well
as four feeders (4Tx + 4Rx) through a combined installation of two LRFUs.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

3-3

Training Manual
Figure 3-3 LRFU
Cabinets
The indoor macro cabinet BTS3900 LTE houses the BBU3900 and up to six LRFUs. In
addition, it also provides functions such as power distribution, heat dissipation and surge
protection.
The outdoor separated macro cabinet BTS3900A LTE consists of the RFC (Radio Frequency
Cabinet) and APM30H (Advanced Power Module with Heat exchanger cooling) which are
installed in stack mode.
Other configurations are available according to customer requirements.
3.1.2 DBS3900 LTE

The DBS3900 LTE features a distributed architecture. The two basic modules of the
DBS3900 LTE consist of the BBU3900 and RRU3201 (Remote Radio Unit) These are
interconnected through a standardized CPRI using optical cables.
Figure 3-4 DBS3900 LTE Architecture
The Auxiliary Devices are the supporting elements to the BBU3900 and RMU3201. These
provide installation space for the BBU3900 and supply power to the BBU3900 and
3-4

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
RRU3201. Examples of auxiliary devices include the AMP30H, IBBS200D (Integrated

Battery Backup System with direct cooler), IBBS200T (Integrated Battery Backup System
with TEC cooler) and TMC11H (Transmission Cabinet with heat exchanger cooler).
Remote Radio Unit

Figure 3-5 RRU
The RRU3201 is a remote radio unit which performs modulation, demodulation, data
processing and combining and dividing for baseband signals and RF signals. The RRU3201
supports double feeders (2Tx + 2RX) and can also support four feeders (4Tx + 4Rx) through
combined installation of two RRU3201s. It can support a maximum of three cascading levels,
thus meeting the fast capacity expansion requirements of service providers.
Auxiliary Devices
The auxiliary devices provided by Huawei can be combined with the basic modules in a
flexible manner to support device installation scenarios. Examples include the:
AMP30H - this is a power system for outdoor applications including power supply and
battery backup. It also provides space to house the BBU3900.
IBBS200D&T - this is a long duration integrated battery backup system.
TMC11H - used when greater space is required for transmission equipment. It is utilized
in outdoor environments and can house both the BBU3900 and transmission equipment.
3.2 Products and Application Scenarios

With continuous capacity expansion required with mobile networks, site selection for the eNB
has turned into a bottleneck during network deployment. Site selection becomes increasingly
complex to implement and requires additional investment in network deployment.
3.2.1 BTS3900(A) LTE

The BTS3900(A) LTE is a compact indoor / outdoor macro eNB providing the following
features:
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

3-5

Training Manual

The BBU3900 and LRFU are installed in the BTS3900 LTE in a centralized mode which
helps to reduce the cost of maintenance on the tower.
The BTS3900 LTE is low weight and compact in size yet provides excellent scalability
in that it supports stack installation of two BTS3900s.
The BTS3900 family (LTE, UMTS and GSM) can share one indoor macro cabinet which
saves installation space and facilitates smooth technology evolution.
3.2.2 DBS3900 LTE

The DBS3900 LTE is characterized by its small footprint, easy installation and low power
consumption thus enabling it to be installed in the spare space at an existing cell site. The
RRU is also compact and light allowing it to be installed close to the antenna to reduce feeder
loss and thus improve system coverage. Thus the DBS3900 LTE enables service providers to
efficiently deploy a high performance LTE network with a low TCO (Total Cost of
Ownership) by minimizing the investment in power, space and manpower.
3.3 Operation and Maintenance

The BTS3900(A) LTE and DBS3900 LTE has the same O&M functions and thus is supported
by the same O&M system.
3.3.1 The Operations and Maintenance System

The O&M System consists of the LMT (Local Maintenance Terminal) and the iManager
M2000. The LMT is used to maintain a single eNB via an Ethernet cable for local
maintenance or via an IP network when remote maintenance is required. The iManager
M2000 is used to remotely maintain multiple eNBs with different software versions. O&M
functions thus include:
3-6
LMT performs data configuration, alarm monitoring, commissioning and software

upgrades.
The iManager M2000 performs data configuration, alarm monitoring, performance

monitoring and software upgrades

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
Figure 3-6 O&M System
3.3.2 Benefits
The O&M system from Huawei offers the following benefits:
Configuration Management
Configuration management of the eNB encompasses a number of key features. These include
easy accessibility through the user friendly GUI which provides scenario specific
configuration wizards. Furthermore, service providers using the Huawei network planning
tool iPlan are able to import data thus lowering the time needed by network planners and site
optimization engineers.
High reliability is also ensured through a number of key features. These support data
configuration, query, export backup and restoration in addition to being able to rollback in
batches.
Finally, configuration management is also supported through a northbound NMS (Network
Management System) with the ability to add, modify and remove eNB configurations through
MML (Man Machine Language) commands.
Fault Management
Fault management within the eNB provides easy fault localization, high reliability in addition
to various tracing and monitoring methods.
Easy fault localization is supported through a number of features including alarm handling
suggestions and alarm correlation. This ensures KPI (Key Performance Indicator) service
level failures can be rectified quickly and accurately.
High reliability is also ensured through the inclusion of a comprehensive fault detection
system which operates over all aspects of the eNB; hardware, software, antenna, transmission
etc. Moreover, fault detection also extends to door status control, smoke, water damage and
temperature.
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

3-7

Training Manual
The eNB supports various tracing functions to check the compatibility of the interfaces. It also
supports real-time performance monitoring in GUI mode thus enabling the engineers to locate
performance failures quickly.
Performance Management
Performance management features multiple monitoring and reporting periods, and the
appropriate measurement point allocation. For example, the eNB can collect performance
counters every 15 or 60 minutes in addition to supporting real-time monitoring of KPIs for
duration of one minute.
With regards point allocation, the eNB can support performance measurement at system level
or cell level, of neighbor cells, on interfaces and device usage. This aids the engineer in fault
finding.
Security Management
Security management supports both network level and user level security services. These
include; encryption of key information regarding the user, user account management and
authentication, access right control and support for industry standard security protocols SFTP (Secure File Transfer Protocol), SSL (Secure Socket Layer) and IPSec (IP Security).
Software Management
Software management within the eNB encompasses a number of key features. These include
easy accessibility, high efficiency and the minimizing of disruption to services during
software upgrades.
Deployment Management
The eNB deployment solution consists of automatic identification of the eNB through GPS
binding and unique binding and initial configuration through a USB drive. In addition, local
commissioning is not required as this function can be carried out remotely at the NMC.
Equipment / Inventory Management

The equipment management function incorporates a number of functions such as inventory
reporting for the main equipment (mechanical and electrical) through the iManager M2000.
3-8

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
4 Glossary
4
Numerics
16 QAM (Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation
2G (Second Generation)
3G (Third Generation)
3GPP (Third Generation
Partnership Project)
4G (Fourth Generation)
A
ACK (Acknowledgement)
AM (Acknowledged Mode)
AMPS (Advanced Mobile
Telephone System)
AMS (Adaptive MIMO
Switching)
APN (access Point Name)
ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request)
AS (Access Stratum)
AWS (Advanced Wireless
Services)
B
BCCH (Broadcast Control
Channel)
BCH (Broadcast Channel)
C
CATT (China Academy of
Telecommunications Technology)
CC (Chase Combining)
CCCH (Common Control
Channel)
CCE (Control Channel Element)
CDD (Cyclic Delay Diversity)
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Glossary
CDMA (Code Division Multiple

Access)
CFI (Control Format Indicator)
CP (Cyclic Prefix)
CPC (Continuous Packet
Connectivity)
CQI (Channel Quality Indicator)
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)
C-RNTI (Cell - Radio Network
Temporary Identifier)
CS (Circuit Switched)
CS (Cyclic Shift)
CSG (Closed Subscriber Group)
D
DAI (Downlink Assignment
Index)
D-AMPS (Digital - Advanced
Mobile Phone System)
DC (Direct Current)
DCCH (Dedicated Control
Channel)
DC-HSDPA (Dual Cell - HSDPA)
DCI (Downlink Control
Information)
DCS (Digital Cellular Service)
DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform)
DL (Downlink)
DL-SCH (Downlink - Shared
Channel)
DL-SCH (Downlink Shared
Channel)
DRB (Dedicated Radio Bearer)
DRS (Demodulation Reference
Signal)
DRX (Discontinuous Reception)
DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum)
4-9

Training Manual
4 Glossary
DTCH (Dedicated Traffic

Channel)
DTX (Discontinuous
Transmission)
DwPTS (Downlink Pilot Time
Slot)
E
EARFCN (E-UTRA Absolute
Radio Frequency Channel
Number)
EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for
Global Evolution)
E-GSM (Extended GSM)
EMM (EPS Mobility
Management)
eNB (Evolved Node B)
EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
EPLMN (Equivalent HPLMN)
EPS (Evolved Packet System)
E-RAB (EPS Radio Access
Bearer)
ESM (EPS Session Management)
ETACS (Extended Total Access
Communication System)
ETSI (European
Telecommunications Standards
Institute)
E-UTRA (Evolved - Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access)
E-UTRAN (Evolved - Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access
Network)
EV-DO (Evolution-Data
Optimized)
F
FDD (Frequency Division
Duplex)
FDM (Frequency Division
Multiplexing)
FDMA (Frequency Division
Multiple Access)
FEC (Forward Error Correction)
FFT (Fast Fourier Transform)
FHSS (Frequency Hopping
Spread Spectrum)
FM (Frequency Modulation)
FSTD (Frequency Shift Time
Diversity)
G
GF(2) (Galois Field (2))
GP (Guard Period)
4-10

GPRS (General Packet Radio

System)
GSM (Global System for Mobile
communications)
GSMA (GSM Association)
GUTI (Globally Unique
Temporary Identifier)
H
HARQ (Hybrid ARQ)
HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat
Request)
HeNB (Home eNB)
HI (HARQ Indicator)
HPLMN (Home PLMN)
HSDPA (High Speed Downlink
Packet Access)
HSPA (High Speed Packet
Access)
HS-SCCH (High Speed - Shared
Control Channel)
HSUPA (High Speed Uplink
Packet Data)
I
IDFT (Inverse Discrete Fourier
Transform)
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers)
IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier
Transform)
IMEI (International Mobile
Equipment Identity)
IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)
IMSI (International Mobile
Subscriber Identity)
IMT Advanced (International
Mobile Telecommunications
Advanced)
IMT2000 (International Mobile
Telecommunications - 2000)
IP (Internet Protocol)
IR (Incremental Redundancy)
IS-136 (Interim Standard 136)
ISI (Inter Symbol Interference)
ITU (International
Telecommunication Union)
L
LCID (Logical Channel
Identifier)
LCR (Low Chip Rate)
LTE (Long Term Evolution)
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

Training Manual
4 Glossary
M
MAC (Medium Access Control)
MBSFN (MBMS over Single
Frequency Network)
MCS (Modulation and Coding
Scheme)
MGW (Media Gateways)
MIB (Master Information Block)
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple
Output)
MME (Mobility Management
Entity)
MSC (Mobile Switching Centre)
Msg3 (Higher Layer Message)
MU-MIMO (Multi User - MIMO)
N
NACK (Negative
Acknowledgement)
NAS (Non Access Stratum)
NDI (New Data Indicator)
O
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing)
OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiple Access)
P
PAPR (Peak to Average Power
Ratio)
PBCH (Physical Broadcast
Channel)
PCCH (Paging Control Channel)
PCFICH (Physical Control
Format Indicator Channel)
PCH (Paging Channel)
PCS (Personal Communications
Service)
PDCCH (Physical Downlink
Control Channel)
PDCP (Packet Data Convergence
Protocol)
PDN-GW (Packet Data Network Gateway)
PDSCH (Physical Downlink
Shared Channel),
PF (Paging Frame)
P-GSM (Primary GSM)
PH (Power Headroom),
PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ
Indicator Channel)
PHR (Power Headroom Report),
2-85
Issue 01 (2010-05-01)

PHY (Physical Layer)

PL (Pathloss)
PLMN (Public Land Mobile
Network)
PMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator)
PO (Paging Occasion)
PRACH (Physical Random
Access Channel)
PRB (Physical Resource Block)
PS (Packet Switched)
P-S (Parallel to Serial)
PSS (Primary Synchronization
Signal)
PTM (Point-To-Multipoint)
PTP (Point-To-Point)
PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control
Channel)
PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared
Channel)
Q
QoS (Quality of Service)
QPP (Quadratic Permutation
Polynomial)
QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift
Keying)
R
R (Cell Ranking)
RA (Random Access)
RACH (Random Access Channel)
RAN (Radio Access Network)
RAPID (Random Access
Preamble Identifier)
RA-RNTI (Random Access RNTI)
RB (Radio Bearer)
RB (Resource Block)
RBG (Resource Block Groups)
RE (Resource Element)
REG (Resource Element Group)
R-GSM (Railways GSM)
RI (Rank Indication)
RIV (Resource Indication Value)
RLC (Radio Link Control)
RNC (Radio Network Controller)
RRC (Radio Resource Control)
RS (Reference Signals)
RSRP (Reference Signal Received
Power)
RSRQ (Reference Signal
Received Quality)
RSSI (Received Signal Strength
Indicator)
4-11

Training Manual
4 Glossary
RV (Redundancy Version)
TX (Transmit)
S (Cell Selection)
SAW (Stop And Wait)
SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
Access)
SFBC (Space Frequency Block
Coding)
SFN (System Frame Number),
S-GW (Serving Gateway)
SI (System Information)
SIB (System Information Block)
SIB 1 (System Information Block
Type1)
SI-RNTI (System Information Radio Network Temporary
Identifier)
SM (Spatial Multiplexing)
SMS (Short Message Service)
S-P (Serial to Parallel)
SR (Scheduling Request)
SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer)
SRS (Sounding Reference Signal)
SSS (Secondary Synchronization
Signal)
STC (Space Time Coding)
SU-MIMO (Single User - MIMO)
UCI (Uplink Control Information)

UE (User Equipment)
UL (Uplink)
UL-SCH (Uplink Shared
Channel)
UM (Unacknowledged Mode)
UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband)
UpPTS (Uplink Pilot Time Slot)
USIM (Universal Subscriber
Identity Module)
V
VRB (Virtual Resource Block)
W
WCDMA (Wideband CDMA)
WiMAX (Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave
Access)
Z
ZC (Zadoff-Chu)
T
TA (Timing Alignment)
TAC (Tracking Area Code)
TACS (Total Access
Communications System)
TAI (Tracking Area Identity)
TB (Transport Block)
TBS (Transport Block Set)
TBS (Transport Blok Size)
TD (Transmit Diversity)
TD-CDMA (Time Division
CDMA)
TDD (Time Division Duplex)
TDMA (Time Division Multiple
Access)
TD-SCDMA (Time Division
Synchronous CDMA)
TF (Transport Format)
TFT (Traffic Flow Template)
TM (Transparent Mode)
TPC (Transmit Power Control)
TPMI (Transmitted Precoding
Matrix Indicator)
TTI (Time Transmission Interval)
4-12

Issue 01 (2010-05-01)
Cautioned Words
the port supports security protection
1
USB
IMSI/IMEI/IP Address
2014-2-7
function
The privacy-related information may be anonymity for

user's privacy protection
13 , 99

OEA000041 LTE SAE System Overview ISSUE 1 PDF

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Deskripsi Asli:

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

OEA000041 LTE SAE System Overview ISSUE 1 PDF

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

LTE/SAE System Overview

2 LTE Air Interface Principles ................................................................................................ 2-1

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

LTE/SAE System Overview

2.5.1 Logical Channels ............................................................................................................................... 2-31

3 eNB Product Overview ......................................................................................................... 3-1

4 Glossary .................................................................................................................................. 4-9

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

LTE/SAE System Overview

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

LTE/SAE System Overview

Figure 2-9 OFDM Symbol Mapping .................................................................................................................. 2-6

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

LTE/SAE System Overview

Figure 2-42 Location of Channels .................................................................................................................... 2-31

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

LTE/SAE System Overview

Figure 2-75 SIMO ............................................................................................................................................ 2-53

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

LTE/SAE System Overview

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

LTE/SAE System Overview

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

LTE/SAE System Overview

1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks

First Generation Mobile Systems

ETACS ((Extended Total Access Communication System) - This provided an improved

Second Generation Mobile Systems

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

LTE/SAE System Overview

Figure 1-2 Second Generation Mobile Systems

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

LTE/SAE System Overview

Table 1-1 2G, 2.5G and 2.75G GSM/GPRS Systems

Theoretical Data Rate

Typical Data Rate

Third Generation Mobile Systems

TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous CDMA) - This was jointly developed by

CDMA2000 - This is a multi-carrier technology standard which uses CDMA.

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

LTE/SAE System Overview

Figure 1-3 Third Generation Mobile Systems

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) - This is another wireless

Fourth Generation Mobile Systems

Key IMT Advanced Features

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

LTE/SAE System Overview

Figure 1-4 Fourth Generation Mobile Systems

1.1.2 3GPP Releases

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

LTE/SAE System Overview

GSM Phase 2+ (Release 96).

GSM Phase 2+ (Release 97).

GSM Phase 2+ (Release 98).

Adaptive Modulation - In addition to the original UMTS modulation scheme of QPSK

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

LTE/SAE System Overview

Figure 1-6 HSDPA (Release 5)

Figure 1-7 HSUPA (Release 6)

Huawei Proprietary and Confidential

LTE/SAE System Overview

64 QAM - This is available in the DL (Downlink) and enables HSPA+ to operate at a