FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW IN A PIPE

Let us consider fully developed laminar flow in a pipe. Here the flow is
axisymmetric. Consequently, it is convenient to work in cylindrical
coordinates. The control volume will be chosen as a differential
annulus.

Find:
a) Velocity distribution
b) Shear stress distribution
c) Volume flow rate
d) Average velocity
e) Point of maximum velocity

Assumptions:
1. Fully developed flow (du/dx=0 )
2. Steady flow
3. Laminar flow
4. Incompressible flow
5. There is no property change in - direction.
6. Radial velocity component is zero.
6. Neglect body forces
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Boundary conditions
at r = 0 the velocity must be finite (from physical consideration)
at r = R
u = 0 (no slip condition)
a) Velocity profile:
Velocity distribution can be found by using the integral or differential form of
the momentum equation. We will find the velocity distribution by using both
methods.
Method I:Application of integral momentum equation
The control volume will be chosen as a differential annulus.

If we apply the x - component of momentum equation for the control volume

shown in the figure.

FS x FBx
u

CS dA
t CV
0

0

For fully developed flow, the net momentum flux through the control surface
is zero.

FS x 0

The normal (pressure) force and the tangential (shear) forces act to the
control volume. The surface forces acting on the differential fluid element in
x-direction are

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II. Method: By using the differential form of momentum equation in xdirection.

1 u z 1 2u z 2u z
u u u z
u
p
ur z
uz z

2
r
2
2
t

r
r

z
r

r
r

0
0
0
0
0
0

u z

Note: By replacing x z and uz u, and simplifying the above

differential equation

or

p
1 u

r
0
x
r r r

u r p
r

r r x

By integrating twice,
r 2 p C1
u
ln r C2
4 x

This equation is the same as the equation found by using integral

momentum equation.
b) Shear Stress Distribution:

c) Volume Flow Rate:

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d) Average Velocity:

e) Point of Maximum Velocity:

FULLY DEVELOPED TURBULENT FLOW

In turbulent flows, there is no universally acceptable relation between
shear stress and velocity gradients. Therefore, the analytical solutions of
turbulent flow problems are impossible, we must rely on semi-empirical
data and numerical solutions.

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INCOMPRESSIBLE INVISCID FLOW

MOMENTUM EQUATION FOR FRICTIONLESS FLOW: EULERS
EQUATIONS
The equations of motion for frictionless flow are called Eulers
equations. These equations can be obtained from Navier-Stokes
equations (by setting = 0).

g x

u
p
u
u
u
u
v
w
x
x
y
z
t

g y

v
p
v
v
v
u v w
y
x
y
z
t

g z

w
p
w
w
w

u
v
w
z
x
y
z
t

We can also write the above equations as a single vector equation

V
V
V
g p u
v
w

y
z

DV

g p
Dt

or

If the z coordinate is directed vertically upward, then since, z k ,

g gk gz

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In cylindrical coordinates, Euler equations in the component form, with

gravity is the only body force, are
Vr
Vr V Vr
Vr V2
1 p
gr
ar
Vr

Vz

r
t
r
r
z
r
V
V V V
V V V
1 p
a Vr
Vz r
r
t
r
r
z
r
V
Vz V Vz
Vz
1 p
gz
a z z Vr

Vz
z
t
r
r
z
g

If the z-axis is directed vertically upward, then gr = g = 0 and gz = -g.

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EULERS EQUATION IN STREAMLINE COORDINATES

In this section, the Eulers equation will be first derived in the streamline
coordinates, and then integrated along a streamline.
For this reason, consider an infinitesimal fluid element, which is moving
along an instantaneous streamline, as shown in the figure. For simplicity,
consider the flow in yz plane. Since velocity vector
must be tangent to

the streamline, the velocity field is given by V V (s, t ) .

Figure. Fluid particle moving along a streamline.

If we apply Newtons second law of motion in the streamwise (the s-)
direction to the fluid element of volume dsdndx, then neglecting viscous
forces we obtain
p ds
p ds

p
dndx p
dndx g sin dsdndx as dsdndx
s 2
s 2

where as is the acceleration of the fluid particle along the streamline.

Simplifying the equation,
p
g sin as
s
since

sin

z
, we can write
s

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1 p
z
g
as
s
s
8

Along any streamline V=V(s,t), then the total acceleration in s-direction

as

DV V
V

V
Dt
t
s

Then, the Eulers equation becomes

1 p
z V
V
g

V
s
s t
s

For steady flow, and neglecting body forces, it reduces to

1 p
V
V
s
s

which indicates that a decrease in velocity is accompanied by an

increase in pressure and conversely.
If we apply Newtons second law in the n-direction to the fluid element.
Neglecting viscous forces, we obtain
p dn
p dn

p
dsdx p
dsdx g cos dsdndx an dndsdx

n
2

n
2

Simplifying the equation, we get

p
g cos an
n
Since cos

z
, we can write
n

1 p
z
g
an
n
n

V2
The centripetal acceleration, an, for steady flow can be written an
R

where R is the radius of the curvature of the streamline. Then, Eulers

equation normal to the streamline is written for steady flow as
1 p
z
V2

n
n
R
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For steady flow in a horizontal plane, Eulers equation normal to

streamline becomes
2

1 p V

n R

It indicates that pressure increases in the direction outward from the

center of curvature of the streamlines.
Example: An ideal fluid (zero viscosity and constant density) flowing
through a planar converging nozzle that lies in a horizontal plane, shown
in the figure. Compare the pressures at points 1 and 2, at 3 and 4, and at
5 and 6.

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10

BERNOULLI EQUATION: INTEGRATION OF EULERS EQUATION

ALONG A STREAMLINE FOR STEADY FLOW
Consider the streamwise Euler equation in a streamline coordinates for
steady flow. The equation is
V

V 1 p
z

g
0
s s
s

Multiplying by ds we get
V
1 p
z
V
ds
ds g ds 0
s
s
s
In general, the total differential of any parameter of the flow field (say
pressure p) is given by

dp

p
p
ds
dn
s
n

because p is function of both s and n. If we restrict ourselves to remain on

the same streamline,

ds ds s dnn
(ds dx dyj dzk )
p
dn 0 and dp
ds
s
Similar relations hold for other properties.
With restriction of staying on the same streamline, Euler equation becomes
VdV

Integrating

dp

gdz 0

V2
dp

gz C
2

(a constant)

If the density is constant, we obtain the Bernoulli equation

V2

gz constant
2
p

It is subject to restrictions:
1. Steady flow
2. Incompressible flow
3. Frictionless flow
4. Flow along a streamline

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11

Example: A hole is pierced at the bottom of a large reservoir, which is

initially filled with an incompressible fluid of density to a depth of h, as
shown in the figure. As a first approximation, fluid may be considered as
inviscid, and the reservoir is large enough so that the change in its level
may be neglected. Determine the velocity of the fluid leaving the hole,
which is pierced at the bottom of the reservoir.

z
Datum

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12

Example: A hole pierced at the bottom of a large reservoir, which is

initially filled with an incompressible fluid of density to a depth of ho.
The area of the tank and the hole are At and Ah, respectively. For the
quasi-steady flow of the fluid, develop an expression for the height of
the fluid, h, at any later time, t.

ho

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