Coordinates:31N74E

Punjab(region)
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ThePunjab( i /pndb/,/pndb/,/pndb/,/pndb/),alsospelledPanjab,panjb,"five

rivers"[1](Punjabi:
(Shahmukhi),
(Gurumukhi),Hindi:
(Devanagari)),isageographicalregion

inoneofthenorthernmostpartsoftheIndiansubcontinentorSouthAsia,comprisingareasofeastern
PakistanandnorthernIndia.

PunjabRegion
Punjabmap(topographic)withcities.png

IthasbeeninhabitedbyIndusValleyCivilisation,IndoAryanpeoplesandhasseennumerousinvasions
bytheAchaemenidEmpire,Greeks,KushanEmpire,Ghaznavids,Timurids,Mughals,Afghans,British
andothers.ThepeopleofthePunjabtodayarecalledPunjabisandtheirprincipallanguageiscalled
Punjabi.ThemainreligionsofthePunjabregionareIslam,Hinduism,andSikhism.Otherreligious
groupsareChristianity,JainismandBuddhism.
In1947,withthedissolutionofBritishIndia,theregionwaspartitionedbetweenIndiaandPakistan.
InPakistan,itincludesthePunjabprovince,Islamabad,partsofAzadKashmir[2](namelyBhimberand
Mirpur)andpartsofKhyberPakhtunkhwa(namelyPeshawar[3]knowninthePunjabregionas
Pishore).[4]
InIndia,itincludesChandigarh,Delhi,Haryana,HimachalPradesh,JammuDivision,[5][6]Punjaband
partsofRajasthan[7][8][9][10]inparticulartheSriGanganagarandHanumangarhdistricts.[11]

Contents

LargestCities

Countries

India
Chandigarh
Delhi
Hanumangarh
district
Haryana
HimachalPradesh
JammuDivision
Punjab
SriGanganagar
district

1 Etymology
2 History
3 Physicalgeography
3.1 Climate
4 PeopleofthePunjab

Pakistan

4.1 Ethnicbackground

AzadKashmir
IslamabadCapital
Territory
Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa
Punjab

4.2 Languages
4.3 Religions
4.4 PunjabiFestivals
4.5 PunjabiClothing

Delhi
Lahore
Faisalabad

Officiallanguages

5 Majorcities
6 Economy

Punjabi
Hindustani(Hindi
Urdu)
English

7 Timeline
8 Photogallery
9 Seealso
10 Notes
11 References

Area

Population(2011) ~200million
Density
Religions

12 Furtherreading
13 Externallinks

Etymology

445,007km2
(171,818sqmi)

Demonym

449/km2
Islam
Hinduism
Sikhism
Christianity
Buddhism
Punjabi

ThenameoftheregionisacompoundoftwoPersianwords[1][12]Panj(five)andab(water)andwasintroducedtotheregionbytheTurkoPersian
conquerors[13]ofIndiaandmoreformallypopularisedduringtheMughalEmpire.[14][15]Punjabliterallymeans"(TheLandof)FiveWaters"referringto
thefollowingrivers:theJhelum,Chenab,Ravi,Sutlej,andBeas.[16]AllaretributariesoftheIndusRiver,theChenabbeingthelargest.

History
ThePunjabregionofIndiaandPakistanhasahistoricalandculturallinktoIndoAryanpeoplesaswellas
partiallytovariousindigenouscommunities.AsaresultofseveralinvasionsfromCentralAsiaandthe
MiddleEast,manyethnicgroupsandreligionsmakeuptheculturalheritageofthePunjab.
Inprehistorictimes,oneoftheearliestknownculturesofSouthAsia,theIndusValleyCivilisationwas
locatedintheregion.
TheepicbattlesdescribedintheMahabharataaredescribedasbeingfoughtinwhatisnowthepresentday
StateofHaryanaandhistoricPunjab.TheGandharas,Kambojas,Trigartas,Andhra,Pauravas,Bahlikas
(BactriansettlersofthePunjab),YaudheyasandotherssidedwiththeKauravasinthegreatbattlefoughtat
Kurukshetra.[17]AccordingtoDrFaujaSinghandDrL.M.Joshi:"ThereisnodoubtthattheKambojas,
Daradas,Kaikayas,Andhra,Pauravas,Yaudheyas,Malavas,SaindhavasandKurushadjointlycontributed
totheheroictraditionandcompositecultureofancientPunjab".[18]

TaxilainPakistanisaWorldHeritageSite

In326BCE,AlexandertheGreatinvadedthetipofthePunjabfromthenorth(presentdayKhyber
PakhtunkhwainPakistan)anddefeatedKingPorus.HisarmiesenteredtheregionviatheHinduKushin
northwestPakistanandhisruleextendeduptothecityofSagala(presentdaySialkotinnortheastPakistan).
In305BCEtheareawasruledbytheMauryaEmpire.Inalonglineofsucceedingrulersofthearea,
ChandraguptaMauryaandAshokastandoutasthemostrenowned.TheMauryapresenceintheareawas
thenconsolidatedintheIndoGreekKingdomin180BCE.MenanderISoter"TheSaviour"(knownas
MilindainIndiansources)isthemostrenownedleaderoftheera,heconqueredthePunjabandmadeSagala
thecapitalofhisEmpire.[19]MenandercarvedoutaGreekkingdominthePunjabandruledtheregiontill
hisdeathin130B.C.[20]TheneighbouringSeleucidEmpirerulecametoanendaround12BCE,after
severalinvasionsbytheYuezhiandtheScythianpeople.
In711713CE,18yearoldArabSultanMuhammadbinQasimofTaif,acityinSaudiArabia,cameby
wayoftheArabianSeawithArabtroopstodefeatRajaDahir.TheSultanthenledhistroopstoconquerthe
SindhandPunjabregionsfortheIslamicUmayyadCaliphate.QasimwasthefirsttobringIslamtothe
region.
DuringtheestablishmentandconsolidationoftheMuslimTurkicMughalEmpireprosperity,growth,and
relativepeacewereestablished.ParticularlyunderthereignofJahangir.MuslimempiresruledthePunjab
forapproximately1000years.TheperiodwasalsonotablefortheemergenceofGuruNanak(14691539),
thefounderofSikhism.
In1758,PunjabcameundertheruleofMarathaswhocapturedtheregionbydefeatingAfghanforcesof
AhmadShahAbdali.Abdali'sIndianinvasionweakenedtheMarathainfluence,buthecouldnotdefeatthe
Sikhs.AfterthedeathofAhmadShah,thePunjabwasfreedfromtheAfghanyokebySikhsbetween1773
and1818.AtthetimeoftheformationoftheDalKhalsain1748atAmritsar,thePunjabhadbeendivided
into36areasand12separateSikhprincipalities,calledmisl.Fromthispointonward,thebeginningsofa
PunjabiSikhEmpireemerged.Outofthe36areas,22wereunitedbyMaharajaRanjitSingh.Theother14
acceptedBritishsovereignty.AfterRanjitSingh'sdeath,assassinationsandinternaldivisionsseverely
weakenedtheempire.SixyearslatertheBritishEastIndiaCompanywasgivenanexcusetodeclarewarand
in1849,aftertwoAngloSikhwars,thePunjabwasannexedbytheBritish.
IntheIndianRebellionof1857theSikhrulersbackedtheEastIndiaCompany,providingtroopsand
support,[21]butinJhelum35BritishsoldiersofHMXXIVregimentwerekilledbythelocalresistanceand
inLudhianaarebellionwascrushedwiththeassistanceofthePunjabchiefsofNabhaandMalerkotla.

MenanderISoter(165/155130BC)
conquerorofthePunjab,hecarvedouta
GreekkingdominthePunjabandruledthe
Punjabtillhisdeathin130B.C. [19][20]

AsectionoftheLahoreFortbuiltbythe
MughalemperorAkbar.

TheBritishRajhadpolitical,cultural,philosophicalandliteraryconsequencesinthePunjab,includingthe
establishmentofanewsystemofeducation.Duringtheindependencemovement,manyPunjabisplayeda
significantrole,includingMadanLalDhingra,SukhdevThapar,AjitSinghSandhu,BhagatSingh,Udham
Singh,KartarSinghSarabha,BhaiParmanand,MuhammadIqbal,ChaudharyRehmatAli,andLalaLajpat
Rai.
Atthetimeofpartitionin1947,theprovincewassplitintoEastandWestPunjab.EastPunjab(48%)
becamepartofIndia,whileWestPunjab(52%)becamepartofPakistan.[22]ThePunjabborethebruntofthe
civilunrestfollowingtheBritishRaj,withcasualtiesestimatedtobeinmillions.
ThePanjab1880

Physicalgeography
AtthetimeoftheSikhEmpirePunjabcoveredalargeterritorytheentireIndusbasinandthewatershedbetweentheIndusandGangeticplains.It
couldbedividedintofournaturalareas:[1]
theeasternmountainousregionincludingJammuDivision
thecentralplainwithitsfiverivers
thenorthwesternregion,separatedfromthecentralplainbytheSaltRangebetweentheJhelumandtheIndusrivers
thesemideserttothesouthoftheSutlejriver.
TheformationoftheHimalayanRangeofmountainstotheeastandnortheastofthePunjabistheresultofacollisionbetweenthenorthmovingIndo
AustralianPlateandtheEurasianPlate.Theplatesarestillmovingtogether,andtheHimalayasarerisingbyabout5mmperyear.

Theupperregionsaresnowcoveredthewholeyear.Lowerrangesofhillsrunparalleltothemountains.The
LowerHimalayanRangerunsfromnorthofRawalpindithoughJammuandKashmir,HimachalPradeshand
furthersouth.Themountainsarerelativelyyoung,andareerodingrapidly.TheIndusandthefiveriversof
thePunjabhavetheirsourcesinthemountainrangeandcarryloam,mineralsandsiltdowntotherich
alluvialplains,whichconsequentlyareveryfertile.[23]

Climate
TheclimateisafactorcontributingtotheeconomyofthePunjab.Itisnotuniformoverthewholeregion,
thesectionsadjacenttotheHimalayasreceivingheavierrainfallthanthoseatadistance.[24]
Therearethreemainseasonsandtwotransitionalperiods.DuringtheHotSeason,fromaboutmidAprilto
theendofJune,thetemperaturemayreach49C.TheMonsoonSeason,fromJulytoSeptember,isaperiod
ofheavyrainfall,providingwaterforcropsinadditiontothesupplyfromcanalsandirrigationsystems.The
transitionalperiodafterthemonsooniscoolandmild,leadingtotheWinterSeason,whenthetemperaturein
Januaryfallsto5Catnightand12Cbyday.DuringthetransitionalperiodfromWintertotheHotSeason
suddenhailstormsandheavyshowersmayoccur,causingdamagetocrops.[25]

PunjabProvince(BritishIndia),1909

PeopleofthePunjab
Ethnicbackground
EthnicancestriesofmodernPunjabisincludeamixtureofIndoAryanandIndoScythian,Semiticancestriescan
alsobefoundinlessernumbers.WiththeadventofIslam,settlersfromTurkestan,Afghanistan,andKashmir
havealsointegratedintotheMuslimPunjabisociety.HoweverthemajorityofPunjabisstillmadeupofthe
Ahirs,Arains,Dalits(mostlyChamars),Gujjars,Jats,Khatris,Tarkhans,Maliks,Brahmins,BhatsandRajputs.

ThesnowcoveredHimalayas

Languages
ThemajorlanguagespokeninthePunjabisPunjabi.IntheIndianPunjabthisiswrittenintheGurmukhi
script.PakistanusestheShahmukhiscript,thatisclosertoUrduscript.Hindi,writtenintheDevanagri
script,isusedwidelyintheIndianstatesofHimanchalPradeshandHaryana.SeveraldialectsofPunjabiare
spokeninthedifferentregions.TheMajhidialectisconsideredtobetextbookPunjabiandissharedbyboth
countries.

Religions
ThevastmajorityofPakistaniPunjabisareSunniMuslimbyfaith,butalsoincludelargeminorityfaiths
mostlyShiaMuslim,AhmadiMuslimandChristians.Sikhism,areligionfoundedinthelate15thcentury,is
themainreligionpractisedinIndianPunjab.About60%ofthepopulationofthepost1966IndianPunjabis
Sikh,37%isHindu,andtherestareMuslims,Christians,andJains.[26]However,duetolargescale
migrationfromUttarPradesh,Rajasthan,Bihar,BengalandOdishathedemographicsofIndianPunjabhave
becomemoreskewedthanreportedearlier.IndianPunjabcontainstheholySikhcityofAmritsar.Thestates
ofHaryanaandHimachalPradesh,formerlyconstituentsoftheBritishprovinceofPunjab,aremostly
Hindumajority.

DialectsofPunjabi

ThePunjabwashometoseveralSufisaints.[27]SufismisaconceptinIslam.Also,KirpalSinghreveredtheSikhGurusassaints.[28]
PopulationtrendsformajorreligiousgroupsinthePunjabProvinceofBritishIndia(18811941)[29]
Religious
group

Population Population Population Population Population Population Population

%1881
%1891
%1901 %1911[a] %1921
%1931
%1941

Islam

47.6%

47.8%

49.6%

51.1%

51.1%

52.4%

53.2%

Hinduism

43.8%

43.6%

41.3%

35.8%

35.1%

30.2%

29.1%

Sikhism

8.2%

8.2%

8.6%

12.1%

12.4%

14.3%

14.9%

Christianity

0.1%

0.2%

0.3%

0.8%

1.3%

1.5%

1.5%

Otherreligions/Noreligion 0.3%

0.2%

0.2%

0.2%

0.1%

1.6%

1.3%

PunjabiFestivals
Punjabiscelebratethefollowingcultural,seasonalandreligiousfestivals:
Maghi
Lohri
Holi
Vaisakhi
Teeyan
RakshaBandhan
MelaChiraghan
Diwali
Dussehra

KarwaChauth
Eid
Christmas
Navratri

PunjabiClothing
TraditionalPunjabiclothingincludesthefollowing:
Salwar(Punjabi)Suit
Patialasalwar
PunjabiTambaandKurta
Phulkari
PunjabiGhagra
Shalwarkameez
Kurta

Majorcities
ListofmajorcitiesinthePunjab
Rank

City

State/Province/Territory

Country Population
11,034,555[30]

Delhi

NationalCapitalTerritoryofDelhi India

Lahore

Punjab

Pakistan 10,052,000

Faisalabad

Punjab

Pakistan 7,480,675

Peshawar

KhyberPakhtunkhwa

Pakistan 4,201,659

Islamabad

IslamabadCapitalTerritory

Pakistan 1,900,000

Ludhiana

Punjab

India

1,618,879

Gurgaon

Haryana

India

1,514,432

Sargodha

Punjab

Pakistan 1,500,000[31]

Abbottabad KhyberPakhtunkhwa

Pakistan 1,430,238

10

Faridabad

India

11

Rawalpindi Punjab

Pakistan 1,406,214

12

Multan

Punjab

Pakistan 1,202,595

13

Amritsar

Punjab

India

14

Gujranwala Punjab

Pakistan 1,132,509

15

Chandigarh UnionTerritoryofChandigarh

India

961,587

16

Jalandhar

Punjab

India

862,196

17

Patiala

Punjab

India

850,987

18

Gujrat

Punjab

Pakistan 738,558

19

Jammu

JammuandKashmir

India

657,314

20

Panipat

Haryana

India

442,277

Haryana

RedFort,Delhi

1,414,050

1,132,761

BadshahiMosque,Lahore

Economy
ThehistoricalregionofPunjabisconsideredtobeoneofthemostfertileregionsonEarth.Botheastand
westPunjabproducearelativelyhighproportionofIndiaandPakistan'sfoodoutputrespectively.
Theregionhasbeenusedforextensivewheatfarming,inadditionrice,cotton,sugarcane,fruitand
vegetablesarealsogrown.
TheagriculturaloutputofthePunjabregioninPakistancontributessignificantlytoPakistan'sGDP.Both
IndianandPakistaniPunjabareconsideredtohavethebestinfrastructureoftheirrespectivecountries.
IndianPunjabhasbeenestimatedtobethesecondricheststateinIndia.[32]PakistaniPunjabproduces68%
ofPakistan'sfoodgrainproduction.[33]ItsshareofPakistan'sGDPhashistoricallyrangedfrom51.8%to
54.7%.[34]

ClockTower,Faisalabad

Called"TheGranaryofIndia"or"TheBreadBasketofIndia",IndianPunjabproduces1%oftheworld's
rice,2%ofitswheat,and2%ofitscotton.[35]In2001,itwasrecordedthatfarmersmadeup39%ofIndian
Punjab'sworkforce.

Timeline
33001500BCE:Harappancivilisation
15001000BCE:(Rigvedic)Vediccivilisation
1000500BCE:MiddleandlateVedicPeriod
599BCE:BirthofMahavira
567487BCE:TimeofGautamaBuddha
550BCE600CE:Buddhismremainedprevalent
326BCE:Alexander'sInvasionofPunjab
322298BCE:ChandraguptaI,Mauryaperiod

GoldenTemple,Amritsar

273232BCE:ReignofAshoka
125160BCE:RiseoftheSakas
2BCE:BeginningofRuleoftheSakas
45180:RuleoftheKushans
320550:GuptaEmpire
500:HunnicInvasion
510650:Vardhana'sEra
711713:MuhammadbinQasimconquersSindhandsmallpartofPunjabregion
7131200:Rajputstates,KabulShahi&smallMuslimkinddoms
12061290:MamlukdynastyestablishedbyMohammadGhori
12901320:KhiljidynastyestablishedbyJalaluddinFiruzKhilji
13201413:TughlaqdynastyestablishedbyGhiyasuddinTughlaq
PhulkariembroideryfromPatiala
14141451:SayyiddynastyestablishedbyKhizrKhan
14511526:LodhidynastyestablishedbyBahlulKhanLodhi
14691539:GuruNanak
15261707:Mughalrule
15261530:ZaheeruddinMuhammadBabur
15301540:NasiruddinMuhammadHumayun
15401545:SherShahSuriofAfghanistan
15451554:IslamShahSuri
15551556:NasiruddinMuhammadHumayun
15561556:HemChandraVikramaditya
15561605:JalaluddinMuhammadAkbar
16051627:NooruddinMuhammadJahangir
16271658:ShahaabuddinMuhammadShahJahan
16581707:MohiuddinMuhammadAurangzebAlamgir
15391675:Periodof8SikhGurusfromGuruAngadDevtoGuruTeghBahadur
16751708:GuruGobindSingh(10thSikhGuru)
1699:BirthoftheKhalsa
17081713:ConquestsofBandaBahadur
1722:BirthofAhmedShahDurrani,eitherinMultaninMughalEmpireorHeratinAfghanistan
17141759:Sikhchiefs(Sardars)waragainstAfghans&MughalGovernors
1739:InvasionbyNaderShahanddefeatofweakenedMughalEmpire
17471772:DurraniEmpireledbyAhmadShahDurrani
17561759:SikhandMarathaEmpirecooperationinthePunjab
1761:TheThirdBattleofPanipat,betweentheDurraniEmpireagainsttheMarathaEmpire.
1762:2ndmassacre(Ghalughara)fromAhmedShah's2ndinvasion
17651801:RiseoftheSikhMislswhichgainedcontrolofsignificantswathesofPunjab
18011839:SikhEmpirealsoknownasSarkarKhalsa,RulebyMaharajaRanjitSingh
18451846:FirstAngloSikhWar
1846:JammujoinedwiththenewstateofJammuandKashmir
18481849:SecondAngloSikhWar
1849:CompleteannexationofPunjabintoBritishIndia
18491947:Britishrule
1901:PeshawarandadjoiningdistrictsseparatedfromthePunjabProvince
1911:PartsofDelhiseparatedfromPunjabProvince
1947:ThePartitionofIndiadividedPunjabintotwoparts.TheEasternpart(withtworivers)becametheIndianPunjabandtheWesternpart
(threerivers)thePakistanPunjab
1966:IndianPunjabdividedintothreeparts:Punjab,Haryana,andHimachalPradesh

Photogallery

TheMughalera
BadshahiMosque,
Lahore

TheFaizMahal,
Khairpur

ThefortatBathinda

Themaingateofthe
QilaMubarak,Patiala

TheGoldenTemplein
Amritsar

TheBaradariofRanjit
Singh,builtinthe
HazuriBagh

TheSamadhiofRanjit
Singh

TheAlamgiriGate
builtin1673,isthe
mainentrancetothe
LahoreFort

ThetombofShah
RukneAlam

Ghaintaghar,
Peshawar

MohindraCollegein
Patialaatnight

TheNoorMahal
(PalaceofLight)in
Bahawalpur

ThePhuaraChowk(lit. Thememorialofthe
FountainCrossing)in
JallianwalaBagh
Patiala
massacre

TheShalimarGardens
inLahore

ThetombofJahangir
inLahore

Jalandharrailway
stationreceptionblock

TheWazirKhan
MosqueinLahore

TheJhelumRiver,one
ofthemajorriversof
thePunjab

Irrigatedlandinthe
Punjab

TheHiranMinarin
Sheikhupura,atribute
toJahangir'sfavourite
antelope

TheMankialastupa
nearIslamabad

ThetombofNurJahan
inLahore

TheOpenHand
monumentin
Chandigarh

CloserviewofAmar
MahalMuseum,
Jammu

DakhniSarai,Nakodar
(gate)

ShrineBabaBuddaJi
Nakodar

Seealso
Punjabiculture
Punjabilanguage
Punjabicuisine
Punjabidance
MusicofPunjab
Sikhism

Notes
a. Delhidistrictismadeintoaseparateterritory

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RoyalGeographicalSocietyClimateandLandscapeofthePunjab(http://www.rgs.org/NR/rdonlyres/5F44251D8FD14102BCDB
240A4E9EA1B8/0/F3ClimateandLandscapeFactsheet.pdf)
"CensusReferenceTables,CSeriesPopulationbyreligiouscommunities".CensusofIndia.2001.Retrieved25July2010.
"SufiSaintsofthePunjab".Punjabics.com.RetrievedJanuary2015.
KirpalSingh,Sant."ThePunjabHomeofMasterSaints".RetrievedJanuary2015.
GopalKrishan."DemographyofthePunjab(18491947)"(PDF).Retrieved15October2015.
"ListofMostpopulatedcitiesofIndia".
http://www.urbanunit.gov.pk/PublicationDocs/Punjab%20city%20profiles/Sargodha%20City%20Profile.pdf
"Punjabsecondricheststateincountry:CII"(http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/20040408/chandigarh/28336153_1_northernstatescapitaincometotal
softwareexports),TimesofIndia,8April2004.
Pakistanigovernmentstatistics(http://www.infopak.gov.pk/punjab.aspx),retrieved14April2007.
ProvincialAccountsofPakistan:MethodologyandEstimates19732000(http://www.spdc.org.pk/pubs/nps/nps5.pdf)
Yadav,Kiran(11February2013)."Punjab".Agropedia.Retrieved15March2013.

Furtherreading
Narang,K.S.Gupta,DrH.R.(1969).HistoryofthePunjab15001858(PDF).U.C.Kapur&Sons,Delhi.Retrieved22January2014.
[Quraishee73]PunjabiAdabDeKahani,AbdulHafeezQuaraihee,AzeezBookDepot,Lahore,1973.
[Chopra77]PunjabasaSovereignState,GulshanLalChopra,AlBiruni,Lahore,1977.
PatwantSingh.1999.TheSikhs.NewYork:Doubleday.ISBN0385502060.
TheEvolutionofHeroicTraditioninAncientPanjab,1971,BuddhaParkash.
SocialandPoliticalMovementsinancientPanjab,Delhi,1962,BuddhaParkash.
HistoryofPorus,Patiala,BuddhaParkash.
HistoryofthePanjab,Patiala,1976,FaujaSingh,L.M.Joshi(Ed).
TheLegacyofthePunjab,1997,RMChopra.
TheRiseGrowthandDeclineofIndoPersianLiterature,RMChopra,2012,IranCultureHouse,NewDelhi.2ndrevisededitionpublishedin
2013.
Sims,Holly."TheStateandAgriculturalProductivity:ContinuityversusChangeintheIndianandPakistaniPunjabs."AsianSurvey,1April1986,
Vol.26(4),pp.483500

Externallinks
OfficialwebsiteofPunjab,India(http://punjabgovt.gov.in)
OfficialwebsiteofPunjab,Pakistan(http://www.punjab.gov.pk)
Punjab,India(https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India/Punjab)atDMOZ
Punjab,Pakistan(https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Pakistan/Provinces/Punjab)atDMOZ

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