CARRERA DE MEDICINA
DEFINICIN DE AMINOCIDO
Carboxylic
acid group
CLASIFICACIN DE LOS
AMINOCIDOS
1.Aminocidos con grupo R
no polar. (Grupo R
hidrfobo).
2. Aminocidos con grupo R
polar, sin carga. (Grupo R
hidroflico).
3. Aminocidos con grupo R
cargado negativamente.
(Aminocidos cidos)
4. Aminocidos con grupo R
cargado positivamente.
(Aminocidos bsicos).
COO
+
H3N
COO-
H3N
H3N
C H
C H
CH
H3C CH3
CH3
ALANINA
C H
CH CH3
CH2
CH3
VALINA
ISOLEUCINA
H2N
CH
H2C
COO-
COO-
COO+
H3N
CH2
C H
CH2
CH2
CH2
S
PROLINA
CH3
METIONINA
H3N
C H
CH2
C CH
NH
C C
CH
HC
C CH
H
TRIPTOFANO
COO
+
H3N
COO-
C H
CH2
H3N
C H
CH2
CH
H3C CH3
FENILALANINA
LEUCINA
H 3N
COO+
H 3N
COO+
CH2
GLICINA
OH
H 3N
C H
CH2
H3N
C H
CISTEINA
COO+
H3N
C H
CH2
CH2
ASPARAGINA
TIROSINA
SH
CH2
O
CH2
COO-
NH2
OH
OH
TREONINA
COOH3N
H 3N
CH3
SERINA
C
HC
COO-
NH2
GLUTAMINA
COO+
H3 N
CH2
COOACIDO
ASPARTICO
COO+
H3 N
CH2
CH2
COOACIDO
GLUTAMICO
COO-
COO+
H3N
H3N
H
+
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH2
NH
NH3+
COO-
H 3N
CH2
C
NH
CH
NH2
NH2
LISINA
ARGININA
HC
NH+
HISTIDINA
-2
-1
-1.5
-0.5
pI =7.59
0.0
+0.5
pI =3.22
-0.5
0.0
+0.5
+1
+1.5
+2
pK
(-COOH)
pK
(-NH3)
pK
(R-group)
pI
Hydropathy
Index
Occurrence in
proteins (%)
Nonpolar, aliphatic
Glycine
Alanine
Proline
Valine
Leucine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Gly
Ala
Pro
Val
Leu
Ile
Met
G
A
P
V
L
I
M
75
89
115
117
131
131
149
2.34
2.34
1.99
2.32
2.36
2.36
2.28
9.60
9.69
10.96
9.62
9.60
9.68
9.21
5.97
6.01
6.48
5.97
5.98
6.02
5.74
-0.4
1.8
1.6
4.2
3.8
4.5
1.9
7.2
7.8
5.2
6.6
9.1
5.3
2.3
Aromatic
Phenylalanine
Tyrosine
Tryptophan
Phe F
Tyr Y
Trp W
165
181
204
1.83
2.20
2.38
9.13
9.11
9.39
10.07
5.48
5.66
5.89
2.8
-1.3
-0.9
3.9
3.2
1.4
Polar, uncharged
Serine
Threonine
Cysteine
Asparagine
Glutamine
Ser
Thr
Cys
Asn
Gln
S
T
C
N
Q
105
119
121
132
146
2.21
2.11
1.96
2.02
2.17
9.15
9.62
10.28
8.80
9.13
8.18
5.68
5.87
5.07
5.41
5.65
-0.8
-0.7
2.5
-3.5
-3.5
6.8
5.9
1.9
4.3
4.2
Positively Charged
Lysine
Lys K
Histidine
His H
Arginine
Arg R
146
155
174
2.18
1.82
2.17
8.95
9.17
9.04
10.53
6.00
12.48
9.74
7.59
10.76
-3.9
-3.2
-4.5
5.9
2.3
5.1
Negatively Charged
Aspartate
Asp D
Glutamate
Glu E
133
147
1.88
2.19
9.60
9.67
3.65
4.25
2.77
3.22
-3.5
-3.5
5.3
6.3
Peptide bond
Covalent bond
Connects amino acids in protein
Formacin de un tetrapptido.
H
HO
CH3
NH2
HO
ALANINA
CH2
H
NH2
HO
CH2
CH2
CH2
COOH
CH2
NH2
HO
CH2
C
NH2
H
C
NH
AC. GLUTAMICO
CH2
HO
CH3
CH2
NH2
C
H
LISINA
TRIPTOFANO
CH2
CH2
CH2
COOH
CH2
CH2
C
NH2
H
C
NH
CH2
NH2
CH
HC
3H2O
C
CH
HC
C
H
CH
CH
H3N
COO+
H3N
CH2
CH2
SH
SH
H2
COO-
COO+
H3N
H3N
CH2
CH2
4!
PROTENAS GLOBULARES
Protenas conjugadas.
Protenas simples.
GRUPO PROSTTICO
PROTENA CONJUGADA
PROTENA SIMPLE
Primary Structure
PESO MOLECULAR
NUMERO DE
RESIDUOS
Insulina de bovino
5,733
51
Ribonucleasa de bovino
12,640
124
13,930
129
16,890
153
22,600
241
Hemoglobina de humano
64,500
574
68,500
550
Hexoquinasa de levaduras
96,000
800
- globulina de caballo
149,900
1250
1,000,000
8300
PROTEINA
Citocromo c
Quimotripsinogeno
ALANINA
ARGININA
ASPARAGINA
ASPARTICO
CISTEINA
GLICINA
GLUTAMICO
GLICINA
HISTIDINA
ISOLEUCINA
LEUCINA
LISINA
METIONINA
FENILALANINA
PROLINA
SERINA
TREONINA
TRIPTOFANO
TIROSINA
VALINA
TOTAL
6
2
5
3
2
2
8
13
3
8
6
18
3
3
4
2
7
1
5
3
104
22
4
15
8
10
10
5
23
2
10
19
14
2
6
9
28
23
8
4
23
245
Alpha-Helix
Residues per
Right handed turn: 3.6
helix
Rise per residue:
1.5 Angstroms
Rise per turn
(pitch): 3.6 x 1.5A
= 5.4 Angstroms
amino hydrogen
H-bonds with
carbonyl oxygen
located 4 AAs
away forms 13
atom loop
Alpha-Helix
Side chain groups
point outwards from
the helix
AAs with bulky side
chains less common in
alpha-helix
Glycine and proline
destabilizes alphahelix
C
||
O
H
|
N
H
|
C
N
||
OH
|
C
HN
||
|
O
N
C
|| H
O |
N
C
||
O
-Helix
C H
|| |
O N
H
|
N
H
|
N
C
||
O
H
C |
|| N
C
O
||
O
DESESTABILIZAN LA HELICE
ROMPEN LA - HELICE
Alanina
Serina
Prolina
Leucina
Isoleucina
Hidroxiprolina
Fenilalanina
Treonina
Tirosina
Acido glutmico
Triptofano
Acido asprtico
Cisteina
Lisina
Metionina
Arginina
Histidina
Glicina
Asparagina
Glutamina
Valina
Beta-Sheets
Beta-sheets
formed from
multiple side-byside beta-strands.
Can be in parallel
or anti-parallel
configuration
Anti-parallel betasheets more stable
Beta-Sheets
Side chains point alternately above and below the
plane of the beta-sheet
2- to 15 beta-strands/beta-sheet
Each strand made of ~ 6 amino acids
ESTRUCTURA TERCIARIA
Una protena fibrosa nicamente tiene
estructura primaria y secundaria, pero
las globulares, adems, tienen
estructura terciaria, la cual se produce
plegando una estructura secundaria
hasta obtener un arreglo muy
compacto y pequeo, comparado con
la fibra original.
Sulfide
Crosslink
Hydrophobic
interaction
-S-S-
-COO- H3N+-
Salt bridge
Hydrogen
bonding
Acido asprtico
Fenilalanina
Prolina
Acido glutmico
Leucina
Treonina
Asparagina
Isoleucina
Serina
Glutamina
Metionina
Cisteina
Lisina
Valina
Alanina
Arginina
Triptofano
Glicina
Histidina
Tirosina
DESNATURALIZACIN DE UNA
PROTENA
Cuando se cambian
algunos factores del
medio ambiente, tales
como pH, temperatura o
la concentracin de
algunos compuestos en
solucin, la
conformacin nativa de
una protena se pierde y
pasa a un arreglo en el
espacio al azar, este
fenmeno recibe el
nombre de
desnaturalizacin.
Renaturation
results in
regaining
structure and
function
Structural Motifs
Some examples
motif
helix - loop - helix
motif
sheet - loop - sheet
motif
sheet - loop - helix loop - sheet.
motif
motif
motif
Domains
Some polypeptide chains may fold into
two or
more compact globular regions, which are
connected by a flexible piece of peptide
like beads on a string.
Each of these beads is called a domain
which is often a functional unit of a
protein.