LOAD COMMUTATED INVERTER FED

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVE

CONTENTS
ARTICLE

PAGE NO

Certificate. ..ii
Acknowledgement .iii
Abstract...iv
Contents....v
List of figures . ..viii
Glossary of symbols.xi

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
General introduction................................................................................1
LCI fed synchronous........................................................................3
1.3 Scope of the project.....4
1.4 Organization of the report ..4
CHAPTER 2
Literature survey.6
CHAPTER 3
LCI FED SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVE
3.1 System description.............................................................................. .8
3.2 Basic drive control....8
3.3 Twelve pulse operation...18
CHAPTER 4
MODELING THE LCI DRIVE
4.1 Basic LCI scheme..20
4.2 Implementation of the model....21
4.3 Six pulse LCI drive ...21
4.4 Twelve pulse LCI drive..26
4.5 simulation of LCI drive.29

CHAPTER 5
SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Six pulse LCI drive operation................................................30
Starting of six pulse LCI drive..35
Dual channel drive operation (with two motors)...38
Starting of dual channel drive (with two motors)..41
Dual channel drive operation (six phase machine)44
Starting of six phase machine....49
CHAPTER 6
MODIFIED LCI DRIVE
6.1 Introduction of the Model......51
6.2 Implementation of the Model....52
CHAPTER 7
SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS OF MODIFIED LCI DRIVE
7.1 LCI drive operation..56
LCI drive operation of Lab machine....61
Starting of the LCI drive (Lab Machine)..64

CHAPTER 8
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MODIFIED LCI DRIVE
Introduction to the DSP controller...66
Description of Hardware set up....67

CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK ...71
REFERENCES...72
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE LCI DRIVES....73

APPENDIX B
S-FUNCTION FOR LOAD SIDE FIRING.80

S-FUNCTION FOR FIXED FIRING......81

S-FUNCTION LOAD FIRING....82

vii

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure

Description

No.

Page
No.

1.1

Load commutated inverter fed synchronous motor

3.1

A detailed diagram of a single channel LCI

10

3.2

Firing sequence of the thyristors

11

3.3

Switching motor/inverter current from one leg to the next

12

3.4

Phasor diagram of a synchronous motor

13

3.5

Forced Commutation Firing Mode

15

3.6

Motor Voltage and Current in the Self-Commutated Mode

17

3.7

12 pulse (2 Channel) LCI drive schematic diagram

19

4.1

Typical schematic of the LCI fed synchronous motor drive

20

4.2

Model of the six pulse LCI Drive

22

4.3

Details of the controller

25

4.4

PI Speed controller

26

4.5

PI current controller

26

4.6

Two channel drive

28

4.7

Synchronous Machine of two channel drive

27

4.8

Two channel drive with six phase Machine

29

5.1

Speed profile under the load and speed variation

31

5.2

Profile of the Torque developed

31

5.3

Stator current profile

32

5.4

Back EMF profile

32

5.5

Dc link voltage profile

33

5.6

Supply current profile

33

5.7

THD of input current

34

5.8

Speed profile during starting of the machine

35

5.9

Torque profile during starting

36

5.10

Back EMF profile during starting

36

5.11

Back EMF profile showing the spikes during commutation

37

5.12

Motor current profile

37

5.13

Speed profile of dual channel drive

38

5.14

Torque profile of dual channel drive

39

viii

5.15

Input currents of two channels

39

5.16

Motor stator currents for both Machines

40

5.17

Supply current profile

40

5.18

THD analysis window

41

5.19

Speed profile during starting of Dual channel LCI drive

41

5.20

Speed profile of synchronous motor

42

5.21

Back EMF profile during starting of Dual channel drive

42

5.22

Back EMF showing the spikes

43

5.23

Machine stator current profile

43

5.24

Speed profile of Six phase Machine

44

5.25

Torque profile of Six Phase Machine

44

5.26

Instantaneous torque profile

45

5.27

Motor stator current profile for both windings

45

5.28

Motor Back EMF profile for both windings

46

5.29

Input current profile of both channels

47

5.30

Supply current profile of the drive

48

5.31

THD analysis window

48

5.32

Speed profile of Six Phase Machine during starting

49

5.33

Torque profile of Six Phase Machine during starting

49

5.34

Back EMF profile during starting of Six Phase Machine

50

6.1

Block Diagram of LCI fed Synchronous Drive

51

6.2

Block Diagram of LCI Drive with chopper rectifier configuration

51

6.3

Model of rectifier chopper based LCI drive

54

6.4

Controller block diagram

54

6.5

PI Speed controller

55

6.6

PI current controller

55

7.1

Speed profile under the load and speed variation

57

7.2

Instantaneous torque profile

57

7.3

Back EMF profile of the Machine

58

7.4

Stator current profile

58

7.5

Supply current profile

59

7.6

THD of supply current

60

7.7

Speed profile under the load and speed variation

61

7.8

Stator current profile

62

7.9

Back EMF profile of the Machine

62

7.10

Supply current profile

63

7.11

THD analysis of supply current

63

7.12

Speed profile during starting

64

7.13

Inverter pulses during stating

64

8.1

Outline diagram of hardware set up

66

8.2

Sensor circuit diagram

69

8.3

Optocoupler and isolation circuit

69

GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS
AC

Alternating current

DC

Direct current

ID

Induced draft

FD

Forced draft

CSI

Current source inverter

LCI

Load Commutated Inverter

Number of poles

pu

per unit

Moment of inertia in kg/m2

PI

Proportional Integral

wb

Base speed in radian per second

wr

Rotor speed in radian per second

wbm

Base mechanical speed in radian per second

Thyristor firing angle
Commutation lead angle

Commutation overlap angle

Margin angle

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
GENERAL
Ever since the industrial revolution and invention of the electricity, motors have
been the workhorses of modern industries. Seventy percent of the motors used in the
industry are AC induction motors. These motors suffered from the fact that speed
control was not easy in these machines. For critical applications requiring precise
speed and torque control requirements, the industry relied on the DC motors for
years. The DC motors suffer from complex design and increased maintenance cost
due to the increased wear and tear of the commutator and brushes etc.
After the appearance of the electronics in the last century and the development of
components like transistors and thyristors, the industry gradually migrated to
widespread use of Adjustable Speed Drives (ASD), resulting from the association of
electrical motors and power electronics converters [1-3]. Because of its simpler
control, the first ASDs were based on brush DC motors, but after the advent of
microprocessors and new control algorithms, such as vector control and direct
torque control, the continuing trend was towards the more robust AC motors. After
the oil crisis and the environmental problems faced by the world, the ASDs have
become even more attractive due to the energy savings that could be obtained by
making use of modern control techniques.
Electric Drives technology is now strong and mature, covering ranges from few
Watts to tens of Megawatts. In the high power range, for applications like
compressors, fans, pumps and electric traction, Load Commutated Inverter (LCI)
fed wound field synchronous motor is commonly used. LCI functions on the natural
commutation of thyristors. In order to reduce the harmonics injected both in the
network and in the motor and to minimize the torque pulsations and losses, it is
normally used in a twelve-pulse version.
Synchronous motors are employed in these drives as these have a higher full load
efficiency and power factor than induction motors of comparable rating. Wound
field synchronous motors can be designed for a higher power rating than induction
1

motors. Since the air gap flux is not produced solely by the magnetizing current
drawn from the armature, a larger air gap suiting the mechanical design can be
chosen.
High efficiency and controllable power factor are the advantages offered by the
synchronous motor which offset the higher initial cost of the synchronous motors in
the megawatt range applications. Such motors when used in conjunction with the
current source inverter are best suited for compressors and fan loads. In the power
generation industry, such drives find use in the Forced Draft (FD) fans, Induced
Draft (ID) fans, blowers, air compressors for the pneumatic control devices and
transportation of ash in the dry ash handling systems etc.
Thus, the synchronous motor presents an excellent alternative to the induction
motor in the high power and variable speed applications. However, one of the major
disadvantages of the synchronous motor is that it is not self-starting. But we can
use LCI as soft starters .It requires more maintenance and it is costlier than an
induction motor of similar rating.
Speed of the synchronous motor is directly proportional to frequency and can be
controlled by varying the frequency. Variable frequency control can be done in two
modes: (a) true synchronous mode or (b) self-controlled or self-synchronous mode.
In true synchronous mode, stator supply frequency is gradually changed from an
initial value to the required value so that the difference between the synchronous
speed and rotor speed is small. The rotor can thus track changes in the synchronous
speed. When the desired synchronous speed is reached the rotor pulls into step after
hunting oscillations.
In self-control mode, as the rotor speed changes, stator supply frequency is changed
proportionally to make the synchronous speed same as the rotor speed. Hence rotor
runs at synchronous speed for all operating points thus eliminating hunting
oscillations.

SELF CONTROLLED LOAD COMMUTATED INVERTER (LCI) FED

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR [1,2]
One important reason for preferring wound field synchronous motor drives over
induction motor drives for high speed and high power ratings is its capability to
operate in leading power factors which is the basic criterion for the load
commutation in an inverter.

Fig 1.1 Load commutated inverter fed synchronous motor [4]

The AC line is connected to the source side rectifier through an isolation
transformer which acts as a large inductor. The output of the rectifier is
subsequently converted into a variable frequency AC by the load side inverter
before being fed to the synchronous motor drive. The motor counter emf (CEMF)
commutates the thyristors of the load side converter. The load side converter
performs a similar function as Commutator in a dc machine. In fact, the
synchronous motor here is also called a brushless DC motor. In load commutation,
the firing pulses may be derived either by using rotor position sensors or machine
terminal voltage sensors. However, at low speeds (below 10%) motor induced emf
is insufficient to commutate the thyristor of load side converter.
Merits of load-commutated inverter are:

It does not require commutation circuits made up of bulky inductances and

capacitances and hence reduces the size and cost of the inverter.

Frequency of operation can be much higher which depends upon the

machines sub-transient inductance and the turn off time of the inverter
thyristors.

It can operate at power levels beyond the capability of forced commutation.

3

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

LCI synchronous motor drives are commercially available from reputed
manufacturers for almost 20 years now. These are normally available in both six
pulse and twelve pulse configuration. In the latter, a motor with two sets of
windings is used. The windings are positioned 30 electrical degrees apart in space.
The object of this project is to develop a model of the load commutated inverter fed
synchronous motor drive for both six pulse and twelve pulse configuration using
MATLAB / SIMULINK software. Two models for the LCI drive have been
developed using the standard synchronous machine block available in Sim Power
Systems toolbox. Two channel drive is implemented in two ways (i) by
interconnecting two 3 phase synchronous machines and (ii) by using six phase
synchronous machine. An attempt also has been made to develop a laboratory level
prototype for the LCI drive which would be controlled by DSP 2812.
ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
This report presents the simulation and analysis of the LCI fed synchronous motor
drive under various operating conditions for both six pulse and twelve pulse
configurations in MATLAB/ SIMULINK environment.
Chapter 1 deals briefly with the introduction to the LCI fed synchronous motor
drive and its advantages. It also specifies the scope of work and presents the
organization of the report. Chapter 2 presents the literature survey carried out
during the course of this project work. Chapter 3 presents the basic operation and
working of the LCI fed synchronous motor drive. The process of starting and
commutation principles have been discussed. Chapter 4 presents the complete
simulation model of the LCI drive based on the data of the LCI drive installed at
Dadri power station and being supplied at Kahalgaon power stations. Both the 6
pulse and 12 pulse configurations have been modeled and presented. Chapter 5
presents the simulation results, discussions of the same and the limitations thereof.
Chapter 6 presents the modified i.e., uncontrolled rectifier chopper fed LCI drive
4

and its modeling. Chapter 7 explains about the simulation results and discussions of
the modified LCI fed drive. Chapter 8 explains about the hardware implementation
of the project. Chapter 9 gives the conclusions and scope for future work to be
carried out in this direction.
Appendix A gives the complete specifications of the LCI drive installed at NTPC
DADRI and NTPC KAHALGAON and the machine in the PG MACHINES lab
Appendix B gives the various S functions used for the commutation and firing of
the load commutated inverter and other MATLAB program listings.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
The previous chapter presented the objectives of the project work as developing a
model for LCI fed synchronous motor drive in both six pulse and twelve pulse
configurations, which are commercially available from various manufacturers
and to study the performance under various operating conditions.
Development of the model involves understanding the concepts of the
synchronous motors, the power electronic converters, LCI drives, the various
systems and subsystems of the commercially available equipments etc. Operation
of such drives at low speed with a large load torque poses a great challenge. The
available literature on the LCI fed synchronous motor drive has been studied for
comprehending the functioning of the drive unit.
G K Dubeys [1] book titled Power semiconductor controlled AC Drives is a
standard reference book for understanding the principles of operation of the
modern AC Drives.
Bimal K Bose[2] in his book titled Power electronics and AC drives describes
the basic principles of the power semiconductor devices, AC machines , voltage
fed and current fed inverters and control of synchronous machines in a very
concise manner.
Finney [3] in his book titled Variable Frequency AC Drive Systems has
explained the operation of the six pulse current source inverter fed motors in a
very simple and easy to understand manner.
Operation and maintenance manuals, drawings and other reference material of
General Electric LCI drives [4] have been studied in detail. Datasheets of the
various components and systems have been referred to.
Hoang Lehuy [5] in his paper on Modeling and simulation of electrical drives
using MATLAB/SIMULINK has described a method for modeling and
simulation of electrical drives using state-space formulation and power system
blocksets in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Chee-Mun Ong [6] in his book titled Dynamic Simulation of Electric Machinery
Using MATLAB deals with the simulation of electric machines using
MATLAB/SIMULINK.

Manoj Barsaiyan [8] in his M Tech dissertation has explained the concepts of the
synchronous motors and the application of the DTC to high capacity synchronous
motor drives and LCI control.
Alcaso and Cardoso [9] in their paper Modeling and simulation of LCI drive
systems under normal and faulty operate conditions have explained the
operational principles of the twelve pulse drives very well.
Schiferl and Ong [10] in their paper Six phase synchronous machine with AC
and DC stator connections Part I: equivalent circuit representation and steadystate analysis, have given the concepts of the six phase synchronous machines.
MATLAB reference [11] manuals are very helpful for modeling in the drive.
J.-J. Simond , A. Sapin , M. Tu Xuan, R. Wetter, P. Burmeister[12] paper 12Pulse LCI synchronous drive for a 20 MW compressor modeling, simulation and
measurements gave industrial exposure to the LCI drive
Bhim Singh, Sanjeev Singh and S. P. Hemanth Chender [13]paper Harmonics
Mitigation in LCI-Fed Synchronous Motor Drives and B. Singh, Sanjeev
Singh,and S.P. Hemanth Chender[14] paper Power quality improvement in load
commutated inverter-fed synchronous motor drives gave the exposure to the
various power quality improvement techniques
Bhim Singh, Sanjeev Singh[15] paper power quality improvement using
optimized passive filter for 12-pulse rectifier chopper in LCI fed synchronous
machine is the one by which developed the model of rectifier chopper based
LCI drive and made an attempt for implementing Hardware of the same model
Amit Kumar Jain and V. T. Ranganathan[16]paper, Hybrid LCI/VSI Power
CircuitA

Universal

High-Power

Converter

Solution

for Wound

Field

Synchronous Motor Drives and A.K. Jain and V.T. Ranganathan[17] paper
Starting scheme for load commutated inverter-fed wound field synchronous
machine using an auxiliary low-power voltage source inverter gave the exposure
for various starting techniques of the LCI fed synchronous drives.
Though a lot of information is available in the literature regarding the hardware
of the LCI drives, an attempt has been made to model this drive to understand its
dynamics, transient behavior and troubleshooting of the drive system. In view of
this the objective of this project has been set to model the Load Commutated
Inverter fed synchronous motor drive in both 6-pulse and 12-pulse
configurations.
7

CHAPTER 3
LOAD COMMUTATED INVERTER FED
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVE
The last chapter discussed about various research papers, textbooks, standards and
manuals relevant to this project work. The principle of operation of the Load
commutated Inverter fed synchronous motor drive is presented in this chapter.
Typical details of the LCI Drive installed at NTPC Dadri are also discussed.
In view of the system reliability and potential power savings in the Induced Draft
fans, the LCI fed synchronous motor drive is being chosen for these fans. So far,
conventional Induction motors and hydraulic couplings have normally been used for
this application, though these have been very costly.
SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
The basic block diagram of the LCI drive has already been presented in Fig. 1.1. It
has a lineside converter fed by a 50 Hz three phase supply feeding the motor side
converter which converts its input DC to variable frequency AC supply. The
following sections give the basics of the LCI drive operation.
BASIC DRIVE CONTROL
The Load Commutated Inverter (LCI) is a static, adjustable frequency drive system
which controls a synchronous motor from near zero to rated speed [3]. The basic
system consists of a line commutated, phase controlled thyristor converter which
feeds a load commutated thyristor converter through a dc link reactor.
The transformer provides isolation from the ac system bus and provides the correct
voltage at the terminals of the rectifier. Also, the internal impedance of the
transformer limits the magnitude of any downstream bus faults. The rectifier is a
thyristor bridge whose gating is controlled to produce a variable dc voltage at its
output. The output of the rectifier is fed through the dc link reactor, whose function
is to make the current ripple-free and to keep it continuous over the complete
operating range of the system.

The dc link reactor output is then fed into the inverter bridge which produces
variable frequency ac at the stator terminals of the synchronous motor. The inverter
bridge and the rectifier bridge use the same power hardware and are controlled by
microprocessor-based electronics. Although the bridges are labelled "rectifier" and
"inverter" it is possible for the reversal of their roles and hence power flow can
reverse. In this case the motor would be braked by pumping its energy back into the
ac line. A more general nomenclature is to call the line side bridge the source
converter, and to call the motor side bridge the load converter.
The synchronous motor field is usually excited by a brushless exciter coupled to the
motor shaft. The brushless exciter is a wound rotor induction machine whose rotor
voltage is rectified by rotating diodes to supply the necessary field current to the
synchronous motor. The exciter stator is connected to auxiliary AC supply. Its rotor
voltage and thus the synchronous motor field excitation varies with motor speed [4].
A more detailed diagram of a single channel LCI is shown in Figure 3.1.
As shown in this figure, the electronic control receives the following signal inputs:
1. Attenuated line and load bus voltage signals.
2. Attenuated line and load current signals from current transformers.
3. Speed reference signal.
4. Process commands such as stop, start, etc.

Fig 3.1 A detailed diagram of a single channel LCI drive [4]

The attenuated bus voltage signals are used by the control to synchronize thyristor
firing with the line and load voltages, to provide voltage sensing across the thyristor
cells, and to provide electronic over/under voltage detection. The attenuated current
signals are used for regulator current feedback, electronic overcurrent detection, and
software-implemented fault detection.
The electronic control evaluates the process commands and internal status signals to
determine whether the drive should be in a stopped, started, alarmed, or faulty
condition. If in a started condition, the electronics provides gate signals to control
10

the thyristor bridges. These signals are low level and are conditioned in the power
bridge circuitry to provide the necessary isolation and power level.
The power bridges are of the six pulse, double way type and the Thyristor Bridge
legs "fire" in the order that they are numbered in Figure 3.1 and as shown in Figure
3.2.

Fig 3.2 Firing sequence of the thyristors [4]

The source converter current is successfully transferred from one leg to the next by
the ac line voltages. Similarly, the inverter current is successfully transferred by the
motor stator voltages.
The process of switching motor/inverter current from one leg to the next is
illustrated in Figure 3.3.
The principles illustrated here apply to a rectifier bridge as well as to an inverter
bridge. This phase-controlled switching is accomplished by using the following two
thyristor characteristics: (1) when the voltage across the thyristor is positive, it can
be triggered into conduction, and (2) it will not permit current flow in the reverse
direction. Thus, in an alternating voltage circuit, thyristor conduction will cease and
reverse voltage will begin to appear when the current becomes zero. Current transfer
must be completed before voltage cross-over, with a margin angle.

11

Fig 3.3 Switching of motor/inverter current from one leg to the next [4]
This angle must be long enough to allow the previously conducting leg thyristors to
recover to their blocking state before reverse voltage is applied. This is why the
fundamental component of current must lead the voltage, from an inverter/motor
viewpoint. From the rectifier/source viewpoint, the fundamental component of
current will always lag the voltage; but for successful commutation, the angle =180
- = 180-- must always be less than 180, a practical limit is 155. is called
the commutation lead angle, is the margin angle and is the overlap angle of the
load side converter. = 180 , where is the firing angle of the machine side
converter. Correspondingly, a practical minimum value for for the inverter bridge
is 25. The motor power-factor angle is always less than, but cannot become zero.
The LCI control system must conform to the characteristics of the synchronous
motor operating at leading power factor. A phasor diagram for a synchronous
machine operating at leading power factor is shown in Figure 3.4.

12

Fig 3.4 Phasor diagram of a synchronous motor [4]

The motor voltage characteristic is mainly a function of the rotor field-excitation,
Ef, and the de-magnetizing action of direct-axis current which produces the IDXAD
voltage in opposition to the voltage produced by field excitation.
An increase in stator current will result in higher direct-axis current, which will
increase IDXAD, which in turn decreases the machine voltage Vt available for
commutation, thereby increasing displacement angle , which further increases
stator current, etc. until equilibrium is reached at a new operating point.
When operating in any mode the electronic control must synchronize firing of the
source and load converters to the ac line and motor bus voltages, respectively. The
primary feedback for accomplishing this is the attenuated bus-to-ground signals for
both converters. Attenuated bus-to-ground voltages are brought into the electronic
control and combined to produce line-to-line analogs for both converters. These
line-to-line voltages are then integrated to obtain flux signals. The zero crossings of
these signals are used in the synchronization of the phase locked loop for the firing
control of both source and load converters. At low speed, before the phase locked
loop is effective on the load side, the zero crossing marks are used as a timing
reference for firing the next incoming thyristor.
The source side converter for the LCI always operates line-commutated; i.e., the ac
line provides the means for transferring conduction from one thyristor to the next.
13

The load side converter may operate either load (self) commutated or forcecommutated, depending on motor speed and flux level.
As the synchronous motor rotor (field) rotates, the near-sinusoidal shaped field flux
cuts the stator windings to produce a set of three sinusoidal voltages in the stator
which are angularly displaced by 120 electrical degrees. The magnitude of this
counter emf is proportional to speed and field strength. At low speeds the induced
counter emf is insufficient to commutate the thyristors in the load side converter. In
this mode, the control must operate in a forced commutated mode.
There are two forced commutated modes: fixed frequency firing and segment firing
modes. In fixed frequency operation, the load converter is fired at a fixed low
frequency. This frequency is adjustable and optimized at startup for best operation.
This mode is used to start the motor and obtain a speed with sufficient counter emf
to allow the control to lock on to it.
When in forced commutation, conduction of the load converter is stopped by
pushing the firing angle of the source converter to inversion limit until the dc link
(reactor) current is zero as shown in Figure 3.6. Thus the dc link current appears
chopped into 60-degree-wide segments of motor frequency (angle). When fixed
frequency mode is begun, the motor may initially move backward unless the control
is specifically programmed to prevent reverse rotation when starting.

14

Fig. 3.5 Forced Commutation Firing Mode [4]

If the field is moving backwards before starting, the control will stop the field
(rotor) and accelerate it in the desired direction.
As soon as the control detects sufficient balance and level of the stator flux waves, it
transitions to segment firing mode. At this point, the voltages present at the output
of the motor voltage integrators (flux) are sufficient to allow the control to
15

synchronize load thyristor firings to the motor voltage. The control compensates for
the imperfect integration at low frequency and fires the load thyristors to operate the
motor at near unity power factor.
In the segment firing mode, current and load commutation is still controlled by
source thyristor bridge shutoff, but now thyristor firings are synchronized to the
motor counter emf.
Segment firing mode continues until the motor has reached approximately 10% of
rated speed, where the synchronous motor counter emf is sufficient to commutate
the load side converter. At this point, the control transitions to load commutated
operation.
In the self commutated mode, which is the principal operating mode, the motor must
be operated at a leading power factor in order to be able to ensure commutation of
the load converter. The electronic control acts to keep the motor power factor, and
therefore torque per ampere, as high as possible. This is accomplished by firing the
load converter as close to inversion limit as possible while maintaining sufficient
margin for successful commutation of current from one device to the next. The
commutation time required is a function of motor current, motor (commutating)
inductance, and the voltage difference between the lines involved in the attempted
commutation. For a given load current and motor inductance, a corresponding
amount of volt-seconds is required for successful commutation. The control reads
the peak volt-seconds of the integrated line-to-line motor voltages and the motor
current. The motor commutating inductance is a constant stored in the
microprocessor system memory. Using the current and inductance, the amount of
commutation volt-seconds required is calculated by the microprocessor. Using this
value of volt-seconds and the peak volt-seconds of the previous flux wave, the latest
possible time to fire is calculated to give a specified margin after commutation is
completed. The relationship of the system voltages, currents, and flux waves are
illustrated in Figure 3.6.

16

Fig 3.6 Motor Voltage and Current in the Self-Commutated Mode [4]
The commutating "notch" identified in the line voltage VAC is equal in amplitude to
the simultaneous commutating "bump" in the line voltage VBC. The corresponding
notch in VAB (A and B are the two lines which are commutating together at this
instant) is twice this amplitude; the notch area is twice the commutating inductance
per phase times the current. The voltage at the commutating point, where the lines
17

are temporarily connected by the thyristor legs, is practically zero during

commutation; the line-to-line voltage is only the forward voltage drops of the
conducting thyristor legs.
At high load on the motor, the apparent power factor "seen" by the power source
increases. This is because the source converter firing advances (is reduced) to obtain
more current. The harmonics in the current and the resultant harmonics in the
voltage, due to commutation "notching", will decrease.
The fundamental control strategy is to increase motor current in response to a load
torque increase; the dc link voltage is increased, thereby raising motor current so as
to keep the motor speed constant.
TWELVE-PULSE OPERATION [4]
Twelve-pulse operation is like two identical, separate, six-pulse drives operating
from a common source at the same current and firing angle, with the firing reference
angles shifted by 30 using the isolating transformers. The two motors are combined
into one frame. This reduces the motor cost, including installation, and reduces the
torque pulsation amplitude while raising the torque pulsation frequency. This is
achieved by separating the stator winding into two identical windings, but isolated
and phase-shifted by 30. This construction, utilizing a common magnetic frame,
including a common field, causes the load-side converter voltage to be equal in
amplitude and frequency, between the two drive channels. The transformer design
makes the source-side converter voltage equal, but also 30 apart between the two
channels. It is not necessary that source-side and load-side voltages be phaseshifted. The motor windings are shifted to obtain smoother torque for equal current.
The transformer windings are shifted to reduce the harmonic distortion on the power
system and to raise the harmonic frequencies. Typical connections of twelve pulse
LCI drive is shown in Figure 3.7
Inter-channel communication allows one channel to be the master and the other the
slave, which takes its torque reference from the master. This communication allows
the two motor winding currents to be balanced. Thus the channels deliver equal
power, take equal current, and fire at the same relative firing angle. This utilizes the
18

motor and drives capabilities to the best extent and also minimizes the harmon
distortion on the power system, as the first two harmonics
present
i each six- u
n
p
h c annel cancel (5th and 7th harmonics). Other higher-order harmonics
will be
present, but their amplitudes
are m ch smaller.
u

a
Fig 3.7 Twelve pulse (2LChannel)CI drive schematic
di gram [4]

o
A twelve-pulse system also has the capability of shutting
downne channel fo
maintenance while the motor continues to run on the other channel (with reduced
torque and usually reduced speed range). When the out-of-service channel is ready
for operation, it may be returned to service without interr upting the drive system.
This chapter

presented the basic principles f operation of the LCI synchronous

o
motor drives. Details of the control strategy
of the commercial drives were also
discussed. The next chapter will present the modeling aspects.

19

CHAPTER 4
MODELING THE LCI DRIVE
In the present chapter the models of the LCI synchronous motors developed using
the MATLAB/ SIMULINK shall be presented.
THE BASIC LCI SCHEME
A standard schematic of the LCI fed synchronous motor drive is shown in Figure
4.1. [7]

Fig. 4.1 Typical schematic of the LCI fed synchronous motor drive [7]

20

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MODEL IN MATLAB/SIMULINK

The modeling in the MATLAB / SIMULINK environment is carried out by using
the various standard blocks in the SimPowerSystems Library. Almost all blocks for
implementing the power sources, transformers, thyristors, synchronized firing
control, voltage current and power measurement, motors etc. are available.
MATLAB / SIMULINK also gives flexibility to create custom blocks either by
modifying the existing blocks or creating these in the programs form known as S
Functions. The S Functions may be written in C++, FORTRAN or MATLAB
languages. However suitable compilers must be installed to convert these functions
into user Blocks.
Present model of the LCI Drive has been implemented using the standard blocks
and user defined blocks. The data for various components of the drive system has
been taken from the drawings and documents of the GE make LCI drive installed at
Dadri power station of NTPC for the Induced Draft Fan of one of the Boilers (210
MW).
SIX PULSE (SINGLE CHANNEL) LCI DRIVE
LCI fed synchronous motor drive model has been implemented as shown in Figure
4.2. Various component blocks of the model are explained below.
i) Power source: The power source is standard three phase source. Line voltage
and frequency is specified. The impedance of the source is specified either by the
short circuit level or as actual values of resistance and inductance.
ii) Two winding transformer: The two winding transformer is implemented by the
two winding transformer block available in the SimPowerSystems library. Phase to
phase voltage of primary and secondary windings and other parameters are
specified as per the dialog box.
iii) Source side Thyristor Converter: Thyristor converter consists of six power
electronic switches connected as bridge.

21

motor current

dc link current

<Rotor speed

input voltage

+v
-

[Vabc]

Voltage

dc voltage

[dclink]

-1

DC LINK INDUCTOR

Ba

b
C
c

input current

<Electromagnet

g
+

Vabc
A
Iabc

<Rotor mechan

LOAD SIDE INVERTER

Vabc
A

DC LINK
MEAS

A
Iabc

V-I M

Ba

B
C
c

So u rc e P

Continuous

CONTROLLER

[theta]

[w]

[Vabc]

[dclink]

S p eed R ef

An g le

S p eed

D C L in k

Fig. 4.2 Model of the six pulse LCI Drive

V in

powergui

Lo ad P

Speed reference

m
A

Synchronou
pu Stan

The three input terminals are connected to the transformer block output. The
fourth input terminal is for the firing pulses for the control.
iv) DC link Reactor: This inductor acts as a filter to smooth out the DC link
current and to allow the two converters to operate independent of each other.
v) Load side Inverter: Input to this block is DC voltage from the source side
converter and firing pulses. Firing pulses to this block is given through an Sfunction, which changes the firing sequence based on rotor position. Output of
this block is 3 phase currents, which flow through the machine.
vi) Synchronous Motor block: This block has been created using the
synchronous machine model available in SimPowerSystems (Power System
Blockset) in per unit configuration and the machine measurements demux. The
machine parameters are defined in per unit representation. Input to the armature
comes from load-side Converter Bridge. Field voltage and Load torque are to be
given as inputs. Outputs from this block are various quantities that can be
measured from the machine such as speed, electromagnetic torque, flux linkages,
currents and power. This block has been created for both single winding and
double winding synchronous motor.
vii)

Controller: Controller is the heart of the LCI drive as this is the unit which
controls the firing of the source and load side thyristor bridges through the
feedback signals of the speed current voltage etc. Model for the Controller
developed for the LCI drive is shown in Figure 4.3. The main subsystems of the
controller are explained below.
a) Voltage signals: the voltage signals are derived from the source to
synchronize the firing of the source Thyristor Bridge with the supply
voltage frequency.
b) Synchronized pulse generator: Source side converter firing is controlled
through a synchronized 6-pulse generator. Input to this block are the three
phase line-to-line voltage signal and converter firing angle. Pulses
generated through pulse generator at power frequency are passed on to the
thyristor converter. However upto 10 % of the rated speed of the motor, the
source thyristors must be force commutated to make the DC link current
zero. This is achieved through the firing angle controller and passing the
23

output of both the subsystems through an AND block. Beyond 10% of

rated speed, the source thyristors are line commutated.
c) Firing angle control: This subsystem has been developed using SFunction. It senses the rotor speed, DC link current and the rotor
position to decide whether the system shall be operated in the fixed
firing mode or the self commutated mode.
d) PI controllers: PI controllers are used to generate the reference DC
link current value (which is an index of the torque requirement) by
generating the error signal by comparing the reference and actual
speed of the motor. This speed error is also needed to control the
closing of the circuit breakers of the other channel when the drive is
operated in the twelve pulse mode. Further the DC link reference
signal output from the first PI controller (speed controller) is
compared with the actual DC link current value by the second PI
controller (current controller) to arrive at the value of the source side
converter-firing angle (). The two PI controllers are shown in Figure
4.6 and Figure 4.7.

24

alpha_deg AB
BCpulses CA
Block

1
Vin
m

0
4
Angle

1
Source Pulses

Pulse Generator
ANGLE
SPEEDOutput CURRENT

3
DC Link 2
Speed
Firing Angle Control
SOURCE SIDE CONT ROL
DC LINK

wm

5
Speed Ref

o
Wref

speed controller

-K-

OUTPUT FROM S C

Fig.

current control ler

S-Function1

4.3 Details
of the controll
fixedfiring

er

LOAD SIDE CONT ROL

DETAILS OF THE CONTROLLER MODULE

2
Load Pulses

Fig 4.4 PI Speed controller

Fig 4.5 PI Current Controller

TWELVE PULSE (DUAL CHANNEL) LCI DRIVE
Implementation of the six pulse LCI drive is rather straightforward as standard blocks
for most of the components are available.
The twelve pulse operation of the drive is rather complex as the two sets of windings
are placed in the same stator core with 30 space shift. It has implemented in two
ways.
1) With two independent motors rotors coupled
26

2) With the recent six phase machine model in MATLAB 2012

The motor is like as if two motors having been built in the same frame. A lot of
literature survey was done and it was understood that the two windings of the
synchronous machine are working independently of each other but the torque output
of both the windings is actually adding up to give more resultant torque with less
pulsations and harmonics.
The power electronics and control electronics are exactly replicated in the two
channel operation as explained earlier in Chapter 3. The drive is normally switched on
with one channel and as the speed reaches the rated one for the first channel, the other
channel is switched on to makes the speed reach the final value. In fact the second or
the slave channel gets the speed reference signal from the first channel.
After both the channels are powered on, control software embedded in the controller
memory takes over to equalize the loading of the two channels.
The block created for the two winding motor is shown in Figure 4.7.
1
Pm

Pm
A
Add1

2
<Rotor mechanical angle theta (deg)>

B
Vf_
C

2
Vf

1
W1
<Rotor speed wm (pu)>

1
A1 2
B1

theta1

<Electromagnetic torque Te (pu)>

3
C1

Synchronous Machine
pu Standard1

-1
5
Add

w
A
B
Vf_

<Rotor speed wm (pu)>

4
A2 5
B2
6
C2

theta2

<Rotor mechanical angle theta (deg)>

<Electromagnetic torque Te (pu)>

Synchronous Machine
pu Standard

Product

Fig: 4.7 Synchronous machine of two channel drive

-1

W2

torque

1
speed referrence

voltagestar

Vabc
A
Iabc
Ba

A ngle

dclink1

+
-

Vabc
A
Iabc currentstar
B

+
A

b
C
c

Pm

w1
theta1
A1

2.1

theta1

VF
B

B
C

B1

a
b
C
c

W2
C1
A2

C2

voltaged

dclink2

+
A
a

i
-

Vin

powergui

Vabc
A
Iabc

B
C

a
b
C
c

V-I M3

Speed R ef

Source P

V-I M2
Three-Phase
Transformer (Two Windings)1

g
+
A

Load P

B
C

b
C
c

Angle

LOAD SIDE INVERTER1

DC LINK INDUCTOR1

D C L in k

Speed

Vabc
A
Iabc

c
Discrete,
s = 1e-005 s

[Vabc2]

curr
entd

torque[theta2]

Speed13
Synchronous

V-I M

w2

theta2 B2

V-I M4

V-I M1
Three-Phase
Transformer (Two Windings)

b
C
c

W1

Vf

Vabc
A
Iabc

g
+
A

B
C

load

LOAD SIDE INVERTER

current
voltage

Load P

Source P

[V1]

Speed R ef

CONTROLLER

D C L in k

Speed

V in

[V1]w1dclink1theta1

CONTROLLER1

speed ref
w2dclink2[theta2]

[Vabc2]

Fig: 4.6 Two channel drive

Complete model of the twelve pulse LCI fed synchronous motor drive is shown in
Figure 4.6. for the first type of the two channel drive. The model for the second type
of two channel drive is shown in Figure 4.8

torque
machine

dclink1

theta

Angle

D C Link

v1

188.5

CONTROLLER2

Speed R ef

th e t

m ec

Lo ad P

S our c e P

V in

<Ro to r hanical angle theta (deg)>

S pee d

w <Rotor speed wm (rad/s)>

agnetic torque Te (N*m)>

Measurements2

<Electrom

dclink1
Measurements1

V-I M1
Vabc

i
- +

A
Iabc

Pm
step

B
C

Vabc

a2

Iabc

V-I M2

From2

Pm

g
+

v1

DC LINK INDUCTOR2

b
c

dclink2
v2

c2

188.5

theta

b2

C
a3

Network

b3

X
Vf_

S p eed R ef

A ngle
Load P

CONTROLLER1

D C Link

Six Phase
Synchronous Machine
240V 100KVA

Speed

V in

Source P

Vf step

c3

Measurements6

240 V / 240 V
150 KVA

v2

V-I M4
Continuous powergui

Measurements4

dclink2

V-I M3
Vabc

g
A

b
c

i
-

Vabc

Iabc

Iabc
a

DC LINK INDUCTOR1

Figure 4.8 Two channel drive with six phase machine

SIMULATION OF THE LCI DRIVE MODEL
At the start of the simulation, power supply is applied to channel 1(Master). The
power supply to the other cannel is controlled through circuit breakers which close
only when the speed error of the first channel is zero. The speed of the machine now
increases to the final value due to the contribution of the two channels.
Complete specifications of the two LCI drives- one installed at NTPC Dadri and the
other for NTPC Kahalgaon are given in appendix A. This chapter dealt with the
simulation models of LCI fed synchronous motor drive implemented in the MATLAB
/ SIMULINK environment. In the next chapter simulation results of these models
shall be presented.

240Vrms LL - 10 MVA

CHAPTER 5
SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the previous chapter MATLAB/SIMULINK models of the LCI synchronous motor

drive and its standard subsystems were discussed. This chapter presents the simulation
results obtained from these models under various operating conditions of the drive.
Specifications and data used for this simulation have been taken from NTPC Dadri
power station. This is the first LCI drive installed for Induced Draft Fan for 210 MW
boilers among NTPC power stations. Complete specifications of the drives are given
in Appendix A.
SIX PULSE LCI DRIVE OPERATION:
As we know synchronous motor is not a self starting one the simulink just modeled
so that it starts from the synchronous speed. So let we start with the speed and load
variations of the LCI drive.
The motor is started with an initial load of 0.3 p.u and the speed reference is given as
1 p.u. Then we set the load variation from 0.3 to rated load i.e, 1 p.u at 0.5 sec and
speed variation from 1 p.u to 0.8 p.u with rated load condition. The speed variation
with these variations is shown in Figure 5.1. The current limit is set at the rated value
as per the specifications of the drive manufacturer and the usual operational practices
adopted for starting of the drive. The torque output of the machine is shown in Figure
5.2. Three phase motor currents are shown in Figure 5.3. Three phase back emf
profile is shown in Figure 5.4, which is full of notches and spikes due to current
commutation.

Time in seconds
Figure 5.1 Speed profile under the load and speed variation

Time in seconds
Figure 5.2 Profile of torque developed
In this torque profile we can see the variation according to the load and speed
variation commands. The band is the ripple in the actual developed torque.

Time in seconds
Figure 5.3 Stator current profile
In the above profile we can clearly see the commutation overlap of the currents due to
the motor inductance. The overlap varies with the load conditions also.

Time in seconds
Figure 5.4 Back EMF profile of the machine
The current overlap will be heavy with loaded conditions than lightly loaded
conditions as current is low with light loads and hence inductance stored energy is
limited.

Time in seconds
Figure 5.5 DC link voltage

Time in seconds
Figure 5.6 Supply current profile
With the advent of power electronic devices we have lot of advantages like good
control on machines, energy conversion and non-renewable energy sources. Along
with these above advantages we have the big problem of power quality due to
switching .the same problem effects LCI drive fed synchronous machine. One of the
parameter which indicates the power quality index is THD (total harmonic distortion).
Figure 5.7 shows the THD of the input current of the drive being 29.95%.

Figure 5.7 THD of input current

The controller used consists of PI controllers here we have the problem of steady state
error which can be noted from the speed profile (Figure 5.1). In the torque profile
(figure 5.2) with sudden decrease of speed at rated load the torque has increased more
than rated for attaining load which can we get a clear picture from profile. In the back
EMF profile (Figure 5.4). We are able to see the voltage notches during the switching
instants of motor side converter. With supply current profile (Figure 5.6) we are able
to see it as it is quasi square wave in nature with high THD around 30%.
STARTING OF SIX PULSE LCI DRIVE
LCI drive also has an application of soft starters for large gas turbines. Starting of
the motor from rest is achieved by switching the current into the motor windings so
that interaction between this current and the motor field flux will cause the correct
direction of torque to be developed so that motor terns in the required direction. This

concept is already well explained previously. The speed variation for the motor can be
checked in the Figure 5.8

Time in seconds
Figure 5.8 Speed profile during starting
We can see the variations very high during lower speed as we look for the maximum
torque combinations we commutate the thyristor by making the DC link current zero
and switching other combination of thyristors.

Time in seconds
Figure 5.9 Torque profile during starting

35

The increase in torque profile at 4.5 seconds is due to load on the motor.

Time in seconds
Figure 5.10 Back EMF profile during starting
In the above profile we can see the increase in voltage as speed is building up of the
motor and in next figure i.e., in figure 5.11 we can see the shape of the back emf.

Time in seconds
Figure 5.11 Back EMF profile showing the spikes during commutation

Time in seconds
Figure 5.12 Motor current profile
The machine started from zero speed and up to 10% of the speed there will be
some inner loop which takes care of giving the pulses of the currents to develop the
maximum torque at all the instants. We can see from speed profile (Figure 5.8)
variations up to 10% of the speed and afterwards it tracks the command of the speed.
From the torque profile (Figure 5.9) also we can see the torque pulsations of very high
in nature during the speed range from 0 to 10%. As we know the back EMF depends
upon speed as well as excitation. As it is at rated excitation the EMF increases
proportionality with speed. The shape of the back EMF (Figure 5.11) is fully with
voltage notches due to switching. With current profile (Figure 5.12) initially it draws
more current and as speed picks up the no load currents frequency increases and
magnitude decreases.
DUAL CHANNEL DRIVE OPERATION (WITH TWO
INTERCONNECTED MOTORS):
First we see the operation for load and speed variations. The two motor combination
started with 0.7 p.u load at rated speed. Then gave command to vary speed to 0.95 p.u

at 1.5 seconds from 1 p.u. then load is increased to 1.6 p.u with speed at 0.95 p.u .the
speed variation can be seen in Figure 5.13

Time in seconds
Figure 5.13 Speed profile

Time in seconds
Figure 5.14 Torque profile
The below profiles are of input currents for star and delta channels. We can observe
the phase difference in the currents

Time in seconds
Figure 5.15 Input currents of two channels
The following profile of Figure 5.16 shows the supply current is which the
rd

th

combination of star and delta current in which the dominant harmonics of 3 and 5
order nullifies and THD decreases as shown in Figure 5.16

Time in seconds
Figure 5.16 Motor stator currents for both machines

Time in seconds
Figure 5.17 Supply current profile

Figure 5.18 THD analysis window

STARTING OF DUAL CHANNEL DRIVE
As though dual channel but drive starts with single channel up to
particular speed and then both channels taken into service speed raise up to rated
speed we can see the speed variation in Figure 5.19

Time in seconds
Figure 5.19 Speed profile during starting of dual channel LCI drive

Time in seconds
Figure 5.20 Torque profile during starting of dual channel LCI fed drive
The following Figure (5.21) gives the picture of increasing back EMF during the
speed built up of the motor

Time in seconds
Figure 5.21 Back EMF profile during starting of dual channel LCI drive

Time in seconds
Figure 5.22 Back EMF showing the spikes

Time in seconds
Figure 5.23 Motor stator current profile
In the above figure as speed increases the frequency increase and
current magnitude decreases
DUAL CHANNEL OPERATION (SIX PHASE MOTOR):
43

In this section the simulation results for the six phase machine for
load variations have been included. Initially the motor was started with 30% load and
then we increased the load at 0.2 second to 100%. We can see the speed variation of
the machine in the following figure (Figure 5.24 )

Time in seconds
Figure 5.24 Speed profile of six phase machine
We can see the torque profile for the entire simulation period in figure 5.25 shown
below and we view of the instantaneous torque can be seen in figure 5.26

Time in seconds
Figure 5.25 Torque profile

Time in seconds
Figure 5.26 Instantaneous torque profile

Time in seconds
Figure 5.27 Motor stator current profile for both set of windings

In the above profile we can see there is no phase shift between the
current drawn by the both set of motor windings as the motor windings are all ready
0

30 phase shifted. With comparison to previous model of rotor coupled double

channel these currents do not have of phase shift and it leads to less pulsations in the
torque developed and increase in magnitude also. It can be noted that there should be
some mechanism to equalize the currents so that load will be shared equally. In the
above profile there is slight mismatch and one channel is always attending for slight
variations in the speed tracking. With the above said mechanism we can come out of
the problem of sharing.

Time in seconds
Figure 5.28 Motor stator back EMF for both set of windings

In the above figure (Figure 5.28) we can see the voltage notches due
to the current commutation and these are more compared to previous double channel.
These can be reduced to acceptable limits through proper design of the components
like inductor as well as input transformer. The previous case of transformer is
designed for the drive equipment which is installed at the NTPC station

Time in seconds
Figure 5.29 Input current profiles of the two channels
47

Time in seconds
Figure 5.30 Supply current profile of the machine

Figure 5.31 THD analysis window

STARTING OF SIX PHASE MACHINE

In this section simulation results were compiled for the starting of the machine with
both the channels and loading it from there. At 0.9 second it is able to reach the rated
speed and it was immediately loaded to rated load and after some time it settled at the
synchronous speed.

Time in seconds
Figure 5.32 speed profile during starting

Time in seconds
Figure 5.33 Profile of Torque developed
In the torque profile the sudden increase of torque at 0.9 second is due to the sudden
application of load on the machine and after some time it came down and settled.

Time in seconds
Figure 5.34 Back EMF profile during the speed build up
In the above shown profile, the commutation notches are clearly visible. The back
emf is still increasing trend as the speed is still increasing and the drive has still not
reached the rated speed.
In this chapter we have seen simulation results for both single and dual
channel drives for speed and load variations along with startup also. Firstly the
simulations for single drive are presented and the supply current THD came out
around 30%.these drives has less complexity when compared with double channel
drive. The complexity can be in the controller as well as we have the mutual
coupling effects when we implement the machine with two set of stator windings

phase shifted with 30 between them .Advantages of these drives can be in

improvement of power quality in the supply current as well single machine used
for increasing power rating applications. As these drive motors are with single
rotor and the starting of the machine can be handled with single channel only. With
this dual drive the supply current THD drastically reduces to half of the single
channel and if we design a suitable passive filter it can be within the IEEE
recommendations.

CHAPTER 6
MODIFIED LCI DRIVE
The previous chapters discussed two different LCI drive configurations namely six
pulse and twelve pulse (dual channel) where the front end converter is a phase
controlled thyristor converter as shown in Fig 6.1. However, most of the applications
of these drives are of not regenerative nature and hence there are several modified
front end configurations possible. The one which will be discussed in this chapter is
one of the configurations which are reported in literature [15].

Source side converter

Motor side converter

Fig 6.1 Block diagram of LCI fed synchronous drive

INTRODUCTION:
In this configuration the modification is done at the front end converter. The
thyristor converter is replaced by the diode bridge rectifier and for improvement in
power quality twelve pulse AC to DC converter is used which is shown in Fig 6.2. For
the controllable action, an extra conversion stage has been added in the form of a buck
chopper and then a controlled DC voltage is fed to the motor side converter through a
DC link inductor for emulating a fairly constant current source.

Motor side converter

Fig 6.2 Block diagram of LCI fed synchronous drive with chopper rectifier
configuration [15]

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MODEL IN MATLAB/SIMULINK

The modeling in the MATLAB / SIMULINK environment is carried out by using the
various standard blocks in the SimPowerSystems Library.. MATLAB / SIMULINK
also gives flexibility to create custom blocks either by modifying the existing blocks
or creating these in the programs form known as S Functions. The S Functions may
be written in C++, FORTRAN or MATLAB languages. However suitable compilers
must be installed to convert these functions into user Blocks.
Present model of the LCI Drive has been implemented using the standard blocks and
user defined blocks.
LCI fed synchronous motor drive model has been implemented as shown in Figure
Various component blocks of the model are explained below.
i.

Power source: The power source is standard three phase source. Line
voltage and frequency is specified. The impedance of the source is specified
either by the short circuit level or as actual values of resistance and
inductance.

ii.

Two winding transformer: The two winding transformer is implemented by

the two winding transformer block available in the SimPowerSystems
library. we have used two transformers one for star and other for delta

iii. Diode Bridge: Diode bridge consists of six power electronic switches
connected as bridge. We have used two bridges so that it makes twelve
pulse AC to DC converter three input terminals are connected to the
transformer block output.
iv.

Dc link capacitance: a large value of capacitance is connected for getting a

constant dc voltage as input to the buck chopper

v.

Buck chopper: It is nothing but a single IGBT switch connected in series to

control the DC voltage to motor side converter. The pulse to the switch will
be from the current controller output which finally controls the speed of the
machine. Outer loop is speed control and inner loop is the current control.

vi.

DC link Reactor: This inductor acts as a filter to smooth out the DC link
current and to allow the two converters to operate independent of each other.

vii. Motor side Inverter: Input to this block is DC voltage from the source side
converter and firing pulses. Firing pulses to this block is given through an Sfunction, which changes the firing sequence based on rotor position. Output
of this block is 3 phase currents, which flow through the machine.
viii. Synchronous Motor block: This block has been created using the
synchronous machine model available in SimPowerSystems (Power System
Blockset) in per unit configuration and the machine measurements demux.
The machine parameters are defined in per unit representation. Input to the
armature comes from load-side Converter Bridge. Field voltage and Load
torque are to be given as inputs. Outputs from this block are various
quantities that can be measured from the machine such as speed,
electromagnetic torque, flux linkages, currents and power.
ix.

Controller: Controller is the heart of the LCI drive as this is the unit which
controls the firing of chopper and load side thyristor bridges through the
feedback signals of the speed current voltage etc. Model for the Controller
developed for the LCI drive is shown in Figure 6.3. The main subsystems of
the controller are explained below.
e) Firing angle control: This subsystem has been developed using SFunction. It senses the rotor speed, DC link current and the rotor
position to decide whether the system shall be operated in the fixed
firing mode or the self commutated mode.
f) PI controllers: PI controllers are used to generate the reference DC
link current value (which is an index of the torque requirement) by
generating the error signal by comparing the reference and actual speed
of the motor. This speed error is also needed to control the closing of
the circuit breakers of the other channel when the drive is operated in the
twelve pulse mode.

dclink
theta2
LOAD SIDE INVERTER

A
+

i
+-

Vabc
A

A Iabc

B a

IGBT

Synchronous Machine
pu Standard

+
A

Vabc

Iabc
B

Vabc
Iabc

C
c

B a
C

Pm step2
Vf_

Three-Phase
V-I Measurement

V-I M2

Three-Phase
Transformer
(Two Windings)

Pm step1

Pm

B a
b
C

B a

D C Link

Speed

Source P1

CONTROLLER

b
c

[w<] Rotor speed wm (pu)>

S peed R ef

A ngle

Load P

Vabc

a Iabc

S ource P

theta1speed1
Rotor me

Three-Phase
Transformer
(Two Windings)1

V-I M3

<

[w] speed3 dclink DC_Link2 [theta] theta3

Discrete,
s = 1e-005
s
powergui

[theta]

chanical angle theta (deg)>

Speed reference

Fig 6.3 Model of rectifier chopper based LCI drive fed Synchronous Machine

ANGLE
SPEED

mod

360

Output CURRENT

Math
Functi on1
Firing Angle Control

Constant2

2
DC Link 1
Speed
1
Source P

DC LINK

0
3
Speed Ref

Switch

OUTPUT FROM S C

wm

Constant1
speed controller

Wref

S-Function1
-Kfixedfiring

1
s

mod

Integrator

Math
Function

2*pi
Constant

Fig 6.4 Controller block diagram

2
Load P

Further the DC link reference signal output from the first PI controller (speed
controller) is compared with the actual DC link current value by the second PI
controller (current controller) to arrive at the pulse for the chopper. The two PI
controllers are shown in Figure 6.5 and Figure 6.6.

Fig 6.5 PI Speed controller

Fig 6.6 PI Current Controller

The rectifier chopper based LCI drive is modeled for three phase synchronous
machine. As we know LCI drive control can be compared with DC motor. In DC
motor the speed is controlled by voltage supplied to it and the same is with the LCI
.in the conventional LCI the voltage is controlled by front end Thyristor Bridge
where as in this model the voltage is controlled by DC-DC buck chopper. The front
diode bridge rectifiers can be connected in parallel or series connections. If we
connect them in parallel the voltage level increases and current level decreases in
the DC link area and the converter efficiency can be increased without and the

overall drive efficiency will not be hampered with adding one more converter stage
in the drive.
In this chapter the complete model has been developed along with controller
part also. The controls include two parts i.e. one is speed control and other is
frequency control. These controls require the inputs as speed, rotor angle, dc link
current and these are compared with reference values and generate the switching
signals. For this model simulations are carried out for both types of machines of
different power ranges. The simulations are carried for load and speed variations.
The starting of the machine also done with the help of pulsed mode of operation.
In the next chapter the simulation results are presented for both NTPC machine
as well 3.5 KVA machine the PG machines lab.

CHAPTER 7
SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In the previous chapter MATLAB/SIMULINK models of the modified LCI
synchronous motor drive and its standard subsystems were discussed. This chapter
presents the simulation results obtained from these models under various operating
conditions of the drive.
Specifications and data used for this simulation have been taken from NTPC Dadri
power station. Complete specifications of the drives are given in Appendix A.
Simulation for the machine which is available in the PG machines lab also done
whose specifications are given in Appendix C
LCI DRIVE OPERATION:
As we know synchronous motor is not a self starting one the simulink just modeled
so that it starts from the synchronous speed. So let we start with the speed and load
variations of the LCI drive.
The motor is started with an initial load of 0.1 p.u and the speed reference is given as
1 p.u. Then we set the load variation from 0.1 to rated load i.e, 1 p.u at 0.5 sec and
rd

speed variation from 1 p.u to 0.9 p.u with rated load condition at 3 second. The
speed variation with these variations is shown in Figure 7.1. The current limit is set at
the rated value as per the specifications of the drive manufacturer and the usual
operational practices adopted for starting of the drive. The instantaneous torque output
of the machine is shown in Figure 7.2. Three phase back emf profile is shown in
Figure 7.3, which is full of notches and spikes due to current commutation. Three
phase motor currents are shown in Figure 7.4.

Time in seconds
Figure 7.1 Speed profile under the load and speed variation

Time in seconds
Figure 7.2 Instantaneous torque profile

Time in seconds
Figure 7.3 Back EMF profile of the Machine

Time in seconds
Figure 7.4 Stator current profile

Time in seconds
Figure 7.5 Supply current profile

Figure 7.6 THD of input current

The controller used consists of PI controllers here we have the problem of steady
state error which can be noted from the speed profile (Figure 7.1). In the torque
profile (figure 7.2) with sudden decrease of speed at rated load the torque has
increased more than rated for attaining load which can we get a clear picture from

profile. In the back EMF profile (Figure 7.3). We are able to see the voltage notches
during the switching instants of motor side converter. With supply current profile
(Figure 7.5) we are able to see it as it is not quasi square wave in nature with high
THD around 30% but is on the side of sinusoidal nature.
SIMULATION OF THE 3.5 KVA MACHINE INTHE LAB:
The motor is started with an initial load of 0.3 p.u and the speed reference is given
as 1 p.u. Then we set the load variation from 0.3 to rated .8 p.u at 1st sec The speed
variation with these variations is shown in Figure 7.7. The current limit is set at the
rated value as per the specifications of the drive manufacturer and the usual
operational practices adopted for starting of the drive. Three phase back emf profile
is shown in Figure 7.9, which is full of notches and spikes due to current
commutation. Three phase motor currents are shown in Figure 7.8

Time in seconds
Figure 7.7 Speed profile under the load and speed variation

Time in seconds
Figure 7.8 Stator current profile

Time in seconds
Figure 7.9 Back EMF profile of the Machine

Time in seconds
Figure 7.10 Supply current profile under the load

Figure 7.11 THD analysis of Supply current

STARTING OF THE LAB MACHINE WITH MODIFIED MODEL:

Time in seconds
Figure 7.12 Speed profile during starting

Time in seconds
Figure 7.13 Inverter pulses during starting

As we know the synchronous machine is not starting we have to make some

special arrangement for starting. In the previous model we have taken both the feed
backs i.e. speed as well as rotor angle theta. But in this controller we have taken only
one feedback that is speed and we integrated to get rotor angle.
Then as previously we gave three inputs angle, speed and dc link current and
developed the logic of pulsed mode of operation until the speed is up to 10% of the
rated speed
The input command (speed) is given as ramp command and given a
command to raise its speed up to rated speed in 1 second time span. We can see the
speed profile of the machine in the Fig 7.12. At 1.2 nd second the machine suddenly
loaded up to rated load and we can notice some speed dropped suddenly which came
back after some time.
The other profiles of Back EMF and currents are same as we seen for the previous
starting of other machines which have shown in previous chapter .The Fig 7.13 shows
the inverter firing pulses for the six switches. In this we can see the frequency of the
pulses is increasing as the machine speed increasing smoothly which is the technique
of self controlled synchronous machine
With this rectifier chopper based LCI drive model simulations results are presented
for both machines of different power ranges in this chapter. By noticing the THD
window we can conclude that with this model also we cannot limit the supply current
THD under the recommendations. For restricting within the limits with this model we
have to insert the passive filter for dominant harmonic elimination. For proper design
of filter components we have to adopt some advanced technique so that there will not
be any tuning problems. In the next chapter this model hard ware implementation
documentation has been provided with the detail description of the each and every
module and interfacing circuits are explained.

CHAPTER 8
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MODIFIED LCI DRIVE
Without the implementation of hardware no project will be a fruitful job. This
project also consists of hardware implementation of the project. The modified
(chopper) LCI fed synchronous machine hardware implemented along with the help
of TMS320F2812 DSP controller

Fig 8.1 Outline diagram of the hardware set up

INTRODUCTION
The eZdspTM F2812 is a stand-alone card--allowing evaluators to examine the
TMS320F2812 digital signal processor (DSP) to determine if it meets their
application requirements. Furthermore, the module is an excellent platform to develop
and run software for the TMS320F2812 processor. The eZdspTM F2812 is shipped
with a TMS320F2812 DSP. The eZdspTM F2812 allows full speed verification of
F2812 code. Two expansion connectors are provided for any necessary evaluation
circuitry not provided on the as shipped configuration.
To simplify code development and shorten debugging time, a C2000 Tools Code

Composer driver is provided. In addition, an onboard JTAG connector provides

interface to emulators, operating with other debuggers to provide assembly language
and C high level language debug.
The eZdsp

TM

F2812 has the following features:

TMS320F2812 Digital Signal Processor

150 MIPS operating speed
18K words on-chip RAM
128K words on-chip Flash memory
64K words off-chip SRAM memory
30 MHz clock
2 Expansion Connectors (analog, I/O)
Onboard IEEE 1149.1 JTAG Controller
5-volt only operation with supplied AC adapter
TI F28xx Code Composer Studio tools driver
On board IEEE 1149.1 JTAG emulation connector
Description of Hardware setup
A complete overall block diagram of the set up is shown in Fig 8.1.The entire setup
can be divided into three groups namely controller, interfacing devices and power
circuit components. We have already discussed about the controller in previous sub
section and the rest part will be discussed here.
Firstly we discuss about the interfacing circuits which can be subdivided as sensor
circuit and opto coupler and isolation circuit .the power circuit consists of twelve
pulse diode bridge rectifier, buck chopper, Thyristor Bridge, dc link inductor and
three phase synchronous machine. We will be discussed each one separately in the
following discussion.
SENSOR CIRCUIT
As we know for closed loop operation we have to sense the quantities and compare
with the reference values to nullify the error but the quantities should be fed into the
controller through the ADC channels which are compatible with very low values
that is why we require an interface between the power quantities and controller This
circuits meets the requirements above discussed points i.e. the ADC input to DSP
will be in the range of 0 to 3 volts.

Fig 8.2 Sensor circuit diagram

OPTO-COUPLER AND ISOLATION CIRCUIT
As mentioned before the signals generated by the 2812 processor are at a voltage
level of 3.3V whereas the inverter needs the pulses at a voltage level of 15V. For this
voltage boost up and to electrically isolate the 15 V ground with the DSPs 3.3V
ground, we make use of the opto coupler circuit shown in Fig 8.2.

Fig 8.3 Opto coupler and isolation circuit

The input transistors base resistance was designed so that more than 2mA would not
be drawn from the 2812 output pin. There is no inversion in this circuit and an input
high pulse of 3.3V will provide an output high pulse of 15V.
TWELVE PULSE DIODE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
As we shown in the model it is two six pulse bridges connected in parallel to obtain a
smooth dc voltage than compared to six pulse one. These diode bridge rectifiers give
plenty of options with variety of configurations for achieving twelve pulse

configurations which can be implemented with maintaining 30 between two six pulse
bridges so that effectively we get twelve pulse AC to DC converter
DC-DC BUCK CHOPPER
The next stage of conversion after AC to DC conversion is to get a controlled DC
voltage at the input of the LCI inverter so that we can control the speed of the drive.
To control voltage we have inserted the chopper stage. This can be available in the
module of Semikron make the voltage level we want along with input capacitor for
maintaining the input voltage constant to the chopper switch.
DC LINK INDUCTOR
After the stage of getting controlled voltage it is get a constant current to feed the
inverter which is realized by connecting a high value of inductor in the DC link so
that a constant current flows through the inverter legs. This high value inductor also
gives advantage that both converters operate independtly without affecting each other.
The value of inductor will be in the range of milli henrys. The operating frequency of
the inductor depends upon the switching frequency of the buck chopper. As we have
thyristors we cannot switch in very high ranges so it can be maximum up to one kilo
hertz
THYRISTOR BRIDGE INVERTER
At the last stage of conversion the controlled DC is converted into the AC to feed the
three phase synchronous machine. These inverters are available in modules of
semikron make. In this set up we used the available module (25 KVA) for our
application. In this we dont have any gate drive circuit as they provide with the IGBT
inverter modules therefore we require proper drive and isolation circuit to fire the
thyristors properly without shorting there cathode terminals each other.
In this chapter each and every important module as well as interfacing circuits
for proper functioning of the drive. The whole setup has been implemented except
the thyristor firing isolating circuit so that cathodes will not be shorted of two
device.

CHAPTER-9
CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
The project aim is to improve the power quality improvement of the LCI fed
synchronous machine. In this direction first the model was developed for the single
channel that is for three phase synchronous machine. Single channel model was
developed with data pertaining to NTPC station machine. The simulations for speed
and load variations have done and analyzed the wave forms. As synchronous machine
is not a self starting it has started from zero speed with the help of controllers which
take care of proper pulses for getting the starting torque.
In the first step of improving the power quality we have taken the double channel
LCI fed synchronous drive. It is implemented in two ways i.e., with two three phase
0

machines rotor coupled and with six phase machine (in which stators are 30 phase
shifted).For both these machines load and speed variations are carried out and
waveforms analyzed. The same as single channel starting mechanism has been
implemented for the double channel machines in both configurations
As further improvement of the LCI drive front end converter replacement has done
for improvement in drive performance and it has been implemented in hardware.
FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
With module used as LCI converter gate drive circuit is not present and the proper
gate drive along with isolation circuit to be designed and prepared for firing thyristor
of the inverter
In this controller the rotor angle used in S functions is obtained by integrating the
speed command. By proper estimation or sensing the rotor angle drive can be
successfully implemented with this controller
With this configuration the power quality is increased but it is not within
recommended limits and it can be bought by inserting a passive filter designed for
dominant harmonics in the supply side current. Without passive filter by going for
higher pulse we can achieve the power quality norms under the limits

REFERENCES:
1. G. K. Dubey Power Semiconductor controlled drives, Prentice Hall
International, USA, 1991.
2. Bimal K Bose Power Electronics and AC Drives, Prentice Hall Inc, Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey, 1996.
3. David Finney, Variable Frequency AC Drive Systems IEEE Power
Engineering Series, June 1988.
4. General Electric, LCI drive Drawings and Manuals, 1984 onwards.

5. Hoang

Lehuy,

Modeling

and

simulation

of

electrical

drives

using

MATLAB/SIMULINK and power system Blockset Industrial Electronics

Society, 2001. IECON '01. The 27th Annual Conference of the IEEE, Volume:
3, 29 Nov.-2 Dec. 2001 Pages: 1603 1611.
6. C.

M.

Ong,

Dynamic

Simulation

of

Electrical

Machinery

Using

st

MATLAB/SIMULINK, 1 edition, Prentice Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 1998.

7. ANSI/IEEE Std 995-1987 IEEE Recommended Practice for Efficiency
Determination of Alternating-Current Adjustable-Speed Drives Part I- Load
Commutated Inverter Synchronous Motor Drives
8. Manoj Barsaiyan, M Tech Dissertation Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi
May 2005.
9. Anupam khetrapal Simulation for a VFD in NTPC Dadri Power Station Indian
Institute of Technology, Delhi May 2006
10. R. F. Schiferl, C. M. Ong, Six phase synchronous machine with AC and DC
stator connections Part I: equivalent circuit representation and steady-state
analysis, IEEE/PES 1983 Winter Meeting, New York, January 30-February 4,
1983.

11. SimPowerSystems, MATLAB and SIMULINK Reference Manuals, various

editions, Mathworks Inc., USA. (www.mathworks.com)
12. J.-J. Simond , A. Sapin , M. Tu Xuan, R. Wetter, P. Burmeister 12-Pulse LCI
synchronous drive for a 20 mw compressor modeling, simulation and
measurements published in IAS 2005
13. Bhim Singh, Sanjeev Singh and S. P. Hemanth Chender Harmonics Mitigation
in LCI-Fed Synchronous Motor Drives IEEE transactions on energy conversion,
VOL. 25, NO. 2, JUNE 2010
14. B. Singh, Sanjeev Singh,and S.P. Hemanth Chender Power quality improvement
in load commutated inverter-fed synchronous motor drives Published in IET
Power Electronics 2008
15. Bhim Singh, sanjeev Singh power quality improvement using optimized passive
filter for 12-pulse rectifier chopper in LCI fed synchronous machine world
congress on information and communication technologies 2011
16. Amit Kumar Jain and V. T. Ranganathan, Hybrid LCI/VSI Power CircuitA
Universal High-Power Converter Solution for Wound Field Synchronous Motor
Drives IEEE transactions on industrial electronics, vol. 58, no. 9, september
2011
17. A.K. Jain and V.T. Ranganathan Starting scheme for load commutated inverterfed wound field synchronous machine using an auxiliary low-power voltage
source inverter Published in IET Electric Power Applications 2010

APPENDIX A
Specifications of the LCI drive installed at NTPC Dadri
MOTOR DATA

6 PULSE OPERATION:
607 KW, 1x1170 V, 1x3 phase, 1x352 A, 550 RPM, 0.9pf, 36.7 Hz
12 PULSE OPERATION:
1325 KW, 2x1200 V, 2x3 phase, 2x369 A, 704 RPM, 0.9pf, 46.9 Hz

Saturated

Resistances, reactances and time

constants referred to 1 system, the
other being disconnected
Rated impedance per phase

ZN

Ohm

1.88

Armature winding res. at 75C

r1

Ohm

0.0197

Field winding res. at 75C

r2'

Ohm

0.37

Zero sequence res.

r0

p.u.

2.75

Armature winding leakage reactance

xs1

p.u.

0.07

Zero sequence reactance

x0

p.u.

0.04

Negative sequence reactance

x2

p.u.

0.086

Direct axis armature reactance

xhd

p.u.

0.81

Quadrature axis armature reactance

xhq

p.u.

0.72

Direct axis synchronous reactance

xd

p.u.

1.0

Direct axis transient reactance

xd'

p.u.

0.11

Direct axis subtransient reactance

xd''

p.u.

0.085

Quad. axis synchronous reactance

xq

p.u.

0.80

Quad. axis subtransient reactance

xq''

p.u.

0.095

Direct axis transient sc time constant

Td'

0.22

Direct axis subtrans. sc time constant

Td''

0.016

Quad. axis subtrans. sc time constant

Tq''

0.02

Direct axis transient oc time constant

Tdo'

1.9

Direct axis subtrans. oc time constant Tdo''

0.024

Quad. axis subtrans. oc time constant

Tqo''

0.02

Armature sc time constant

TA

0.027

DC LINK INDUCTOR DATA

DC LINK INDUCTOR NO

INDUCTANCE

RESISTANCE

10 mH

28.5 milliohm

10 mH

28.5 milliohm

SNUBBER DATA

RESISTANCE

CAPACITANCE

NO

40 OHM

0.1 MICRO FARAD

TRANSFORMER DATA

S NO

DESCRIPTION

Rating

900 KVA

HV winding

6600 V

LV winding

1250 V

Positive sequence impedance at 75 deg c principal tap

11 %

Specifications of the LCI drive for NTPC KAHALGAON

MOTOR DATA

6 pulse operation:
1602 KW, 395 RPM, 32.92 Hz, 10 Pole, 0.90 PF, 1.748 kV

12 pulse operation:
4286 KW, 565 RPM, 47.08 Hz, 10 Pole, 0.90 PF, 2.350 kV

Resistances, reactances

and

saturated

time

unsaturated

constants referred to 1 system, the

other being disconnected
1. Rated impedance per phase

ZN

Ohm 2.22

2.40

2. Armature winding res. at 75C

r1

%o

9.05

9.50

3. Field winding res. at 75C

r2'

%o

1.21

1.33

4. Damper winding res. at 75C

r3'

%o

14.9

16.3

5. Zero sequence res.

r0

p.u.

2.75

2.75

6. Negative sequence res.

7.

Armature

ri

winding

leakage

reactance

xs1

p.u.
p.u.

13.5

13.5

0.077

0.065

xs1e

p.u.

0.032

0.027

xs1k

p.u.

0.045

0.040

8. Field winding leakage reactance

xs2'

p.u.

0.062

0.052

9. Damper winding leakage reactance

xs3'

p.u.

0.043

0.039

10. Zero sequence reactance

x0

p.u.

0.044

0.035

11. Negative sequence reactance

x2

p.u.

0.10

0.08

12. Direct axis armature reactance

xhd

p.u.

0.82

0.75

armature xhq

p.u.

0.74

0.64

13.

Quadrature

axis

reactance
14. Direct axis synchronous reactance

xd

p.u.

0.88

0.80

15. Direct axis transient reactance

xd'

p.u.

0.14

0.11

16. Direct axis subtransient reactance

xd''

p.u.

0.082

0.071

xq

p.u.

0.80

0.72

p.u.

0.095

0.075

0.34

0.28

0.017

0.011

0.023

0.017

2.42

2.068

0.022

0.016

17.

Quadrature

axis

synchronous

axis

subtransient xq''

reactance
18.

Quadrature

reactance
19. Direct axis transient sc time
constant
20. Direct axis subtransient sc time
constant
21. Quadrature axis subtransient sc
time constant
22. Direct axis transient oc time

Td'
Td''
Tq''
Tdo'

constant
25. Direct axis subtransient oc time
constant
23. Quadrature axis subtransient oc
time constant
24. Armature sc time constant

Tdo''

s
s
s

Tqo''

0.175

0.152

TG

0.036

0.029

DC LINK INDUCTOR DATA

DC LINK INDUCTOR NO

INDUCTANCE

RESISTANCE

10 mH

10 MILLIOHM

10 mH

10 MILLIOHM

SNUBBER DATA

RESISTANCE

CAPACITANCE

NO

40 OHM

0.8 MICRO FARAD

TRANSFORMER DATA

S NO DESCRIPTION
1

Rating

3250 KVA

HV Winding

11 KV

LV Winding

2.3 KV

positive sequence impedance at 75 deg C Principal tap

No load loss

3.4 kW

Copper loss at full load and 75 deg C

37 kW

APPENDIX B
S-FUNCTION - LINE SIDE CONVERTER FIRING

function [sys, x0] = lscf(t,x,u,flag)

if flag == 3,
x0 = u(1); % rotor angular position
w = u(2); % rotor speed
dclink = u(3);

***************************************************************
For motor speed below 10%, line side converter firing is stopped every sixty
degrees to make dc link current zero for load side current commutation.
***************************************************************
if (w<=0.1)&(x0==1)&&(dclink<0.1), sys=[1 1 1 1 1 1];end;
if (w<=0.1)&(x0==2), sys=[0 0 0 0 0 0];end;
if (w<=0.1)&(x0==3)&&(dclink<0.1), sys=[1 1 1 1 1 1];end;
if (w<=0.1)&(x0==4), sys=[0 0 0 0 0 0];end;
if (w<=0.1)&(x0==5)&&(dclink<0.1), sys=[1 1 1 1 1 1];end;
if (w<=0.1)&(x0==6), sys=[0 0 0 0 0 0];end;
if (w<=0.1)&(x0==7)&&(dclink<0.1), sys=[1 1 1 1 1 1];end;
if (w<=0.1)&(x0==8), sys=[0 0 0 0 0 0];end;
if (w<=0.1)&(x0==9)&&(dclink<0.1), sys=[1 1 1 1 1 1];end;
if (w<=0.1)&(x0==10), sys=[0 0 0 0 0 0];end;
if (w<=0.1)&(x0==11)&&(dclink<0.1), sys=[1 1 1 1 1 1];end;
if (w<=0.1)&(x0==12), sys=[0 0 0 0 0 0];end;
if (dclink==0), sys=[1 1 1 1 1 1];end;
if (w>0.1), sys=[1 1 1 1 1 1];end;
elseif flag == 0,
x0 = [];
sys = [0 0 6 3 0 1];
else

% Output is set to [].

sys = [];

end
S FUNCTION - FIXED FIRING

function [sys, x0]=fixed(t,x,u,flag,k)

if flag==3,
%inputs: position, speed controller output/k (reference current amplitude);
pos=u(1);
%ir=u(2);
%sector selection from 0 degrees (0-60;60-120...);
if

(sin(pos+pi/4)<(sqrt(3))/2)&&(cos(pos+pi/4)>0.5)&&(sin(pos+pi/4)>=0),

iar=0;ibr=0;icr=0;ean=1;ebn=1;ecn=0;end;
if

(sin(pos+pi/4)>(sqrt(3))/2)&&(abs(cos(pos+pi/4))<0.5),

iar=0;ibr=0;icr=0;ean=0;ebn=1;ecn=1;end;
if

(sin(pos+pi/4)<(sqrt(3))/2)&&(cos(pos+pi/4)<-0.5)&&(sin(pos+pi/4)>=0),

iar=1;ibr=0;icr=0;ean=0;ebn=0;ecn=1;end;
if

(sin(pos+pi/4)>-(sqrt(3))/2)&&(cos(pos+pi/4)<-0.5)&&(sin(pos+pi/4)<0),

iar=1;ibr=1;icr=0;ean=0;ebn=0;ecn=0;end;
if (sin(pos+pi/4)<-(sqrt(3))/2)&&(abs(cos(pos+pi/4))<=0.5),
iar=0;ibr=1;icr=1;ean=0;ebn=0;ecn=0;end;
if

(sin(pos+pi/4)>-(sqrt(3))/2)&&(cos(pos+pi/4)>0.5)&&(sin(pos+pi/4)<0),

iar=0;ibr=0;icr=1;ean=1;ebn=0;ecn=0;end;
sys=[iar ibr icr ean ebn ecn];
elseif flag==0,
x0=[];
sys=[0 0 6 1 0 1];
else sys=[];
end

S FUNCTION - LOAD FIRING

function [sys, x0] = loadfiring(t,x,u,flag)

if flag == 3,
x0 = u(1);

% rotor position

if (x0==3), sys=[1 0 0 0 0 1];end;

if (x0==4), sys=[1 1 0 0 0 0];end;
if (x0==5), sys=[0 1 1 0 0 0];end;
if (x0==6), sys=[0 0 1 1 0 0];end;
if (x0==1), sys=[0 0 0 1 1 0];end;
if (x0==2), sys=[0 0 0 0 1 1];end;

%******************************************************************
% Based on rotor position, thyristor combination firing is decided

%******************************************************************
elseif flag == 0,
% This part takes care of all initialization; it is used only once.
x0 = [];
% The system has no states, six outputs, and one input.
sys = [0 0 6 1 0 1]';
else
% Flags not considered here are treated as unimportant.
% Output is set to [].
sys = [];
end