Introduction - Physics
The following released test questions are taken from the Physics Standards Test. This test is one of the
California Standards Tests administered as part of the Standardized Testing and Reporting (STAR) Program
under policies set by the State Board of Education.
All questions on the California Standards Tests are evaluated by committees of content experts, including teachers
and administrators, to ensure their appropriateness for measuring the California academic content standards
in Physics. In addition to content, all items are reviewed and approved to ensure their adherence to the principles
of fairness and to ensure no bias exists with respect to characteristics such as gender, ethnicity, and language.
This document contains released test questions from the California Standards Test forms in 2003, 2004, 2005,
2006, 2007, and 2008. First on the pages that follow are lists of the standards assessed on the Physics Test. Next
are released test questions. Following the questions is a table that gives the correct answer for each question, the
content standard that each question is measuring, and the year each question last appeared on the test. Reference
sheets, provided for students taking the test, are also included as they are necessary in answering some of the
questions. It should be noted that asterisked (*) standards found in the Science Content Standards for California
Public Schools, Kindergarten through Grade 12, are not assessed on the California Standards Tests in Science
and, therefore, are not represented in these released test questions.
The following table lists each reporting cluster, the number of items that appear on the exam, and the number
of released test questions that appear in this document. The released test questions for Biology, Chemistry,
Earth Science, and Physics are the same test questions found in different combinations on the Integrated
Science 1, 2, 3, and 4 tests.
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This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF
REPORTING CLUSTER QUESTIONS RELEASED
ON EXAM TEST QUESTIONS
Investigation and Experimentation
(Standards: PHIE1. a-n) 6 8
Motion and Forces
(Standards: PH1. a-g) 12 17
Conservation of Energy and Momentum
(Standards: PH2. a-g) 12 19
Heat and Thermodynamics
(Standards: PH3. a-e) 9 14
Waves
(Standards: PH4. a-f) 10 15
Electric and Magnetic Phenomena
(Standards: PH5. a-i) 11 16
TOTAL 60 89
In selecting test questions for release, three criteria are used: (1) the questions adequately cover a selection of
the academic content standards assessed on the Physics Test; (2) the questions demonstrate a range of difficulty;
and (3) the questions present a variety of ways standards can be assessed. These released test questions do not reflect
all of the ways the standards may be assessed. Released test questions will not appear on future tests.
For more information about the California Standards Tests, visit the California Department of Education’s
Web site at http://www.cde.ca.gov/ta/tg/sr/resources.asp.
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This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
— 3 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
— 4 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
— 5 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
— 6 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
Waves
PH4. Waves have characteristic properties that do not depend on the type of wave.
As a basis for understanding this concept:
PH4. a. Students know waves carry energy from one place to another.
PH4. b. Students know how to identify transverse and longitudinal waves in mechanical media,
such as springs and ropes, and on the earth (seismic waves).
PH4. c. Students know how to solve problems involving wavelength, frequency, and wave speed.
PH4. d. Students know sound is a longitudinal wave whose speed depends on the properties of
the medium in which it propagates.
PH4. e. Students know radio waves, light, and X-rays are different wavelength bands in the
spectrum of electromagnetic waves whose speed in a vacuum is approximately
3 x 108 m/s (186,000 miles/second).
PH4. f. Students know how to identify the characteristic properties of waves: interference
(beats), diffraction, refraction, Doppler effect, and polarization.
— 7 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
— 8 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
1
Angle between the spring Range
�
3 A student does an experiment to measure
20 6.4 m
9.8 . The student obtains an experimental
30 8.6 s 2
60 8.7
70 6.3 A human error.
The table shows the results of an experiment D the mass of the object.
C plotted in a histogram.
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�
2 To create real-time graphs of an object’s
displacement versus time and velocity versus
time, a student would need to use a
A motion sensor.
B low-g accelerometer.
D force probe.
— 9 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
�
5 A student applied a constant force to a toy
truck. A graph of the truck’s movement is
�
7 A student attempts to measure the mass of
A gravity.
B work.
X C friction.
Time
D inertia.
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Which of the following could best explain the
change in velocity at time X?
�
6 A student wires a series circuit that includes a
block of rubber and a light bulb. She states that
she does not expect the light bulb to light up
when current is applied to the circuit. Which of
the following best describes her statement?
— 10 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
8 The graph below was presented to a science
class.
10 A ball is dropped from rest from a height
6.0 meters above the ground. The ball falls
freely and reaches the ground 1.1 seconds
later. What is the average speed of the ball?
United States’
Petroleum Consumption,
Production, and Imports m
A 5.5
8 s
Trillions of Barrels
7
6 Consumption m
B 6.1
per Year
5 s
Imports
4
3 Domestic m
2 Production C 6.6
1
s
0
Year Year Year Year m
1 6 11 16 D 11
s
CSP10229
petroleum.
B become more efficient in the conservation of
petroleum.
C regulated production by prohibiting time
companies from producing petroleum. B
distance
time
9 How much time will it take for a person to walk C
the length of a football field (100 yards) at a
distance
ft
constant speed of 5 ?
s
A 20 seconds
B 33 seconds time
C 60 seconds D
distance
D 166 seconds
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time
CSP10162
— 11 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
�
12 A 10-newton force and a 15-newton force
are acting from a single point in opposite
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14 The graph below shows the velocity of a car that
is moving in a straight line.
directions. What additional force must be
added to produce equilibrium?
Motion Graph
A 5 N acting in the same direction as the
Velocity (m/s)
10-N force 40
t
B 5 N acting in the same direction as the 30
r s
15-N force 20
A q to r
A mass.
C s to t
B weight.
D t to u
C volume.
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D density.
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�
15
m
A 2
s2
m
B 3
s2
m
C 4
s2
m
D 6
s2
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This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
�
16 A 50-kg child on a skateboard experiences a
75-N force as shown.
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18 A student in a lab experiment jumps upward
off a common bathroom scale as the lab
partner records the scale reading.
F = 75 N
1 2
�
17 A soccer player kicks a 0.5-kilogram stationary
ball with a force of 50 newtons. What is the
upward from the scale.
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A 0 N
�
19
0.5 m
B 25 N
C 50 N
D 100 N
250 g 150 g
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— 13 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
�
20 Objects on the surface of Earth experience a
large downward force although the universal
�
23
�
21 A communication satellite is in a circular
orbit around Earth. If the speed of the satellite
is constant, the force acting on the satellite
A is zero.
A C
B is decreasing.
is moving.
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�
22 A satellite that is moving in a circular orbit
around Earth and maintaining a constant speed
B D
will experience a
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CSP20728
— 14 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
�
24 A ball on a rope swings around a vertical pole.
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26 A 2.0-kilogram mass is moving with a speed of
m
3.0 . What is the kinetic energy of the mass?
Top View s
X A 1.5 J
W
Y B 6.0 J
C 9.0 J
Z D 12.0 J
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motion
B X
2 kg
C Y
D Z
v v
4 kg 4 kg
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�
25 A small car is being driven in a circular path
at constant speed on a horizontal surface. What What is the total kinetic energy of the system?
is the direction of the frictional force that keeps A 1 J
C 5 J
A 100 joules
B 500 joules
C 1000 joules
D 50,000 joules
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— 15 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
�
29 What is the kinetic energy of a 2-kg toy car
m
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33 A high diver steps off a diving platform that is
10 meters above the water. If no air resistance
moving at a velocity of 5 ? is present, during the fall there will be a decrease
s in the diver’s
A 5J
A gravitational potential energy.
B 10 J
B total mechanical energy.
C 25 J
C kinetic energy.
D 50 J
D momentum.
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�
CSP00164
A 0.194 joules.
A 75 J
B 5.10 joules.
B 38 J
C 490 joules.
C 12 J
D 2450 joules.
D 11 J
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�
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31 A hydraulic lift used at an automotive repair
shop raises a 1000-kilogram car two meters
35 Starting from rest, a 2-kilogram block of
wood slides a distance of two meters down a
off of the ground. What is the potential energy frictionless slope, as shown.
given to the car?
A 1000 J
2k
B 2000 J
g
2m
C 9800 J
D 19,600 J
1m
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�
32 A 5-kilogram mass is lifted from the ground
to a height of 10 meters. The gravitational
potential energy of the mass is increased
by approximately
What is the approximate kinetic energy of the
A 0.5 J.
A 20 J
C 250 J.
B 40 J
D 500 J.
C 200 J
CSP10083
D 400 J
— 16 — CSP10156
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
�
36 A child is on a sled moving down a hill at
meters
�
38 What is the momentum of an asteroid that
20 . The combined mass of the sled has a mass of 1.35 ×10 12 kg and a velocity of
second
m
and child is 100 kilograms. The momentum 2.55 ×10 4 ?
s
of the child and sled is
kg m
A 1.89 ×10 −8
s
m
A 5 kilogram i . kg m
s B 5.29 ×10 7
s
m
B 20 kilogram i . kg m
s C 3.44 ×10 16
s
m
C 1000 kilogram i .
s kg m
D 8.78 ×10 20
s
m
D 2000 kilogram i . CSP20323
�
s
39 When is linear momentum conserved?
CSP00043
s CSP00219
B
C
50 Ni
s
980 Ni
s
�
40 In collisions between two objects, kinetic energy
is conserved only
D 9800 Ni
C in inelastic collisions.
D in elastic collisions.
CSP10085
— 17 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
41 A temporary force acting on a 2-kg object
42
traveling at a velocity of 5
m
causes the object
10 Tons 30 Tons
s
m
to slow to a velocity of 2 . What was the
s
decrease in momentum of the object?
4 m/s 0 m/s
m Before
A 4 kg
s
m
B 5 kg
s
m
C 6 kg
s
m ? m/s
D 7 kg
s After
CSP50175
m
A 1
s
m
B 2
s
m
C 4
s
m
D 8
s
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— 18 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
�
43 The diagram depicts a 2-kg mass colliding with
and sticking to a second box.
�
45 A cup of water at 40 °C and a cup of water at
5 °C are left on a table. Which graph correctly
shows the temperature of the two cups of water
as time passes?
Before collision After collision
m m
3 1
s s 40
2 kg 2 kg
Temperature ( oC )
30
Room
20 Temperature
What is the mass of the second box? A
10
A 4 kg
B 6 kg 0
0 10 20 30 40
C 8 kg Time (minutes)
D 9 kg 40
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�
Temperature ( oC )
30
44 In an elastic collision, momentum is conserved, Room
as is B
20 Temperature
A kinetic energy. 10
B potential energy. 0
0 10 20 30 40
C speed. Time (minutes)
D velocity.
40
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Temperature ( oC )
30
Room
20 Temperature
C
10
0 10 20 30 40
Time (minutes)
40
Temperature ( oC )
30
Room
20 Temperature
D
10
0
0 10 20 30 40
Time (minutes)
CSP00016
— 19 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
�
46 A heated gas expands, raising a piston. Which
of the following describes the energy exchanges
�
49 A proposed ideal heat engine would run with
a high temperature reservoir at 800 kelvin
of this process? and a low temperature reservoir at 300 kelvin.
When the engine is running, it extracts
A Energy is transferred to the gas by the piston, 400 joules of energy from the hot reservoir
and to the piston from the heat source. and does 250 joules of work each minute. How
B Energy is transferred to the gas from the heat much energy is expelled to the low temperature
source, and to the raised piston from the gas. reservoir each minute?
C Energy is transferred to the gas in the form of A 150 J
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�
47 When a steel block at 100 ºC is placed on top
of a copper block at 20 ºC, the thermal energy
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50 The pressure of a gas inside a closed, rigid
CSP00199
of the copper begins to increase. Which of container will increase when the gas temperature
the following is the source of this increase in increases. The pressure of the gas increases
energy? because the
A the work done by the molecules within the A density of the gas decreases.
copper
B rate of collisions of gas molecules with the
�
48 An engine has an input of heat energy of
10,750 J and does 2420 J of work. Which of the
following is the heat loss?
A 0.225 J
B 4.44 J
C 8330 J
D 13,170 J
CSP00304
— 20 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
�
51 A gas in a sealed cylinder is heated.
�
54 In which of the following processes is the order
of the system increasing?
gas A shaking a jar containing separate layers of
salt and pepper
B smashing a coffee cup with a hammer
C adding cold milk to a cup of hot coffee
C the average speed of the gas molecules B be uniform throughout the container.
D the average distance between the gas C fluctuate at all positions in the container.
molecules D be greater at the bottom of the container.
CSP00198
�
CSP00116
A The average kinetic energy of the gas B Air is compressed into a container.
B The potential energy of the gas increases. D Fuel is vaporized before burning.
molecules increases.
D The potential energy of the gas decreases.
CSP00315
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53 Molecules move about in random motion within
a liquid. The total internal energy of the liquid
depends on all of the following except its
A temperature.
B mass.
C specific heat.
D melting point.
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— 21 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
�
57 Nitrogen molecules within a glass tube are
allowed to move randomly. Which figure shows
�
59 A sound wave is produced in a metal cylinder
by striking one end. Which of the following
the molecules in a state of greatest entropy? occurs as the wave travels along the cylinder?
C It transfers matter.
D It transfers energy.
CSP10246
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60 The graph below depicts the relationship
between wave energy and wave amplitude.
B
Energy (kilojoules)
40
30
20
C
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Amplitude (meters)
A It is halved.
B It is doubled.
C It is quadrupled.
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61 A radio station transmits to a receiving
�
antenna. The radio wave sent is a
58 Entropy decreases when
A sound wave.
A wood burns.
B torsional wave.
B water freezes.
C longitudinal wave.
C a snowball melts.
D transverse wave.
CSP00303
CSP20089
— 22 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
�
62 A stretched spring attached to two fixed
points is compressed on one end and released,
�
64 A sound wave traveling through a solid material
has a frequency of 500 hertz. The wavelength
as shown below. of the sound wave is 2 meters. What is the speed
of sound in the material?
Before Release
m
A 250
s
B 500
s
After Release m
C 1000
s
m
D 250,000
s
CSP00159
B longitudinal wave.
wavelength of the sound waves?
C superpositioned wave.
A 0.15 m
D refracted wave.
B 0.39 m
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�
C 0.78 m
A an electromagnetic wave.
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66 A student shakes the end of a rope with a
frequency of 1.5 Hz, causing waves with a
wavelength of 0.8 m to travel along the rope.
B a transverse wave.
What is the velocity of the waves?
C a microwave.
D a longitudinal wave.
m
A 1.9
s
CSP00283
m
B 1.6
s
m
C 1.2
s
m
D 0.53
s
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This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
�
67 What is the wavelength of a 264-Hz sound wave
m
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71 In a vacuum, radio waves, visible light, and
x-rays all have the same
when the speed of sound is 345 ?
s
A wavelength.
A 0.77 m
B speed.
B 1.31 m
C frequency.
C 6.09 m
D energy.
D 9.11 m
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CSP10247
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72 Objects appear different in size and shape in a
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68 Astronauts on the Moon would not be able to
hear a landslide because
container of water due to
carry sound.
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�
69 Sound waves cannot carry energy through to the frequency of the sound that the engineer
hears, the person standing on the ground
A water.
hears a sound with
B air.
A the same wavelength.
C a mirror.
B more variation in tone.
D a vacuum.
C greater amplitude.
�
70 Where does visible light fall on the
electromagnetic spectrum?
CSP00146
— 24 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
74
76
2Ω 6Ω
10V
10Ω
In this circuit, what is the current through the
2-ohm resistor?
A 0.2 A
B 0.8 A
In the circuit shown above, the meter registers
C 5.0 A 1.5 amperes. The voltage across the 10.0-ohm
D 8.0 A resistor is about
CSP00155 A 1.5 V.
75
6V
B
C
6.7 V.
8.5 V.
D 15.0 V.
CSP00185
1⍀
77
total resistance = 1 ⍀ 8V
current = 6 A
6V 6V
1⍀ 1⍀
1⍀ 1⍀ 1⍀
R=4⍀
D 2.0 amperes A 1A
CSP00182 B 2A
C 4A
D 8A
CSP00117
— 25 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
�
78 A 9-V battery is connected to a light bulb
with a resistance of 3 Ω. What is the current
�
81 Superconductors are materials that appear
to exhibit no resistance. Therefore, electrons
in the circuit? passing through a superconductor will
A 27 A
A generate no current.
B 3.0 A
B generate no heat.
C 1.0 A
C increase the current’s power.
D 0.3 A
D decrease the electrons’ charges.
CSP20116 CSP20046
�
79 An electric appliance draws 1.5 amperes of
current when it is connected to a 24-volt source.
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82 A transistor circuit is used as an amplifier.
When a signal is applied to the input of the
What is the resistance of this appliance? transistor, the output signal is
A 0.063 ohm
A a smaller amplitude.
B 11 ohms
B an equal amplitude.
C 16 ohms
C a larger amplitude.
D 54 ohms
D zero amplitude.
CSP10178 CSP00057
�
80 �
83 Two oppositely charged particles are held in
place near each other. When the particles are
released, they will most likely
100 V R1 = 200 ohms
A accelerate away from each other.
A 25 watts
B 50 watts
C 100 watts
D 800 watts
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— 26 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
�
84 A metal bar magnet has a magnetic field in the
region of space around it. The magnetic field is
�
86 The diagram below shows current flow through
a wire.
due to
of the magnet. A
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�
85
i
C
A to the right.
B to the left.
C upward.
D downward. CSP20176
CSP00135
— 27 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
�
87 Students in a lab measure a current flowing
through a long loop of wire.
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89 Extremely high temperatures are needed
for fusion reactors to function efficiently.
What state of matter is most common at
these temperatures?
A plasma
A
B gas
C liquid
D solid
If there is no current source connected to the
wire, which of the following explains the source CSP10464
of the current?
�
88 In order to turn neon gas into neon plasma,
CSP00110
— 28 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
— 29 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
— 30 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
CA L I F O R N I A S TA N DA R D S T E S T
— 31 —
This is a sample of California Standards Test questions. This is NOT an operational test form. Test scores cannot be projected
based on performance on released test questions. Copyright © 2009 California Department of Education.
Formulas, Units, and Constants Physics Reference Sheet California Standards Test
Formulas
Average Speed: ν = Δx Collision in One Dimension: [m1ν 1 + m2ν 2]initial = [m1ν 1 + m2ν 2]final
Δt
Uniformly Accelerated Motion: ν = ν o + at Heat Energy: Q = mcΔT
1 Ohm’s Law: V = IR
Kinetic Energy: E = 2 mν 2
2
Momentum: p = mν Power Dissipated in a Resistor: P = I R
Units Constants
kg m 2
Force: 1 N = 1 s2 Gravitational Constant: G = 6.67 × 10 -11 N m2
kg
Energy: 1 J = 1 N m Acceleration Due to Gravity: g = 9.8 m2
s
Power: 1 W = 1 Js Speed of Light in a Vacuum: c = 3.00 × 108 m s