V 2
;
3) by the lift coefficient Cy or the dynamic pressure q(V), where q
2
4) by the distribution of aerodynamic force by a chord and wing span.
Calculation of loading is consisted from:
1) Computation of equally effective resultant superficial and mass forces;
2) Distribution of superficial loads on span and a chord of a wing;
3) distribution of mass loading;
4) drawing diagrams of transverse forces, bending moments and torque on wing
span.
2. Calculation of equal aerodynamic and mass loads
1. Resultant limit lift force on the wing is equal to:
l
Ywl = n ly G Ybal
Balancing load on the stabilizer is small enough. In appendix A to FAR-23 at a design
stage it is supposed to accept:
l
Ybal
0.05 n ly G
Then
Ywl =1.05 * n ly * G.
1
Ywu
= yw
V 2
2
S w C yw qS w ,
yw
Whence follows:
V 2
2
S w = ny u G
n uy G
V 2
q
.
2
C yw S w
fw t f
0
0
0
0
0
1. fw is circulation of direct flat wing that is estimated from diagrams or
under the tables are received by results of a purge (the help data). It is function from
aspect ratio and wing taper fw = f(,). For intermediate values of aspect ratio
and wing taper - linear interpolation is supposed.
2. - is the amendment on sweep. It is estimated by results of purges; in case
of absence the help data are used. Approximate expression for it is:
0
,
45
0
45
where 0 - is the amendment of circulation at sweepback = 450 by 0.25 chords of a
45
1. = 0
2. 0
3. 0
Sw
L C yw bm
Since:
Sw = Lbm
Y
xcp
cp
Fig. 5. Estimation of the attack point for the equally effective aerodynamic forces.
Point of attack of the aerodynamic force on a chord of a wing we estimate with the
account moment characteristics of a wing.
The center of pressure of aerodynamic force be relative the leading adge is
calculated thus:
C
X cp m
Cy
then m means the moment coefficient. Finally:
X cp X cp b( z )
q f n uy S t ( z )k f ,
(3)
where f- means density of fuel f=0.8g/cm3 ; St(z) - the area cross sections of a tank, kf
=0.9 is empirical factor from statistic as fuel does not occupy all volume of tank.
lt
qf2, St2
qf1, St1
lt
u
q f ( z )dz n y G f ,
(4)
0
where Gf - weight of fuel, lt length of tank.
All fuel is placed in a tank. We substitute value qf in this formula from (3):
lt
lt
u
u
u
u
(5)
n y S t ( z )dz n y S t ( z )dz n y V n y G f ,
0
0
where V - volume of a fuel tank.
It is allowable to distribute loading from fuel on linear dependence proportionally to the
areas of cross sections of a tank:
q f 1 S t1
q f 2 St2
From here follows:
q f1 q f 2
l t n uy G f
2
Thus, the linear system from two equations with two unknown values is received:
S
q f 1 q f 2 t1 ;
St2
2n uy G f
S t1
q f 2(1
)
(6)
St2
lt
Point of the attack qf coincides with the center of gravity of cross section of a fuel
tank. Drawing the diagram, the total distributed loading, distribution of air and mass
7
loading was above considered. The following stage of calculation is drawing the total
diagram the distributed loading.
Calculation of the total distributed loading qt we spend on sections, breaking
length of the console on k sites, then
L
z k ,
k
q t qa q w q f
(7)
Calculation qt we spend in the table. We accept, for example, k=10. Then is
z 0 .1 Lk . On an axis z from below the relative coordinate, from above - number of
section is shown.
Genyu