Approach To Phytochemistry and Mechaniasm of Action of Plants Having Antidiabetic Activity

UK Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences Vol.
4(1), 82-120, 2016
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UK Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences

Available at www.ukjpb.com
ISSN: 2347-9442
Approach to Phytochemistry and Mechaniasm of Action of Plants having Antidiabetic

Activity
Preeti Sen, Kamlesh Sahu, Pushpa Prasad*, Shashikant Chandrakar, Ram Kumar Sahu, Amit Roy
Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur- 493111 Chhatisgarh, India
Article Information
Received 17 Nov 2015
Received in revised form 12 Jan 2016
Accepted 15 Jan 2016
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a global metabolic epidemic affecting essential biochemical activities in
Keywords:
Diabetes mellitus
Phytoconstituents,
Blood glucose,
Insulin.
almost every age group. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high
Corresponding Author:
E-mail: pushpaprasad81@gmail.com
Mob.: 09907105687
lowering property. Some of these have proved remarkable for cure of diabetes and its
blood glucose level. When the body failed to produce sufficient insulin or is not able to insulin
effectively or both leading to diabetes. Presently herbal drugs are widely used for the treatment of
diabetes in worldwide. India has a long list of native medicinal plants with confirmed blood sugar
complications. In this paper an attempt has been made to give an overview of certain Indian
plants with their phytoconstituents and mechanism of action which have been studied for their
antidiabetic activity.
coma and, in absence of effective treatment it causes death. Mostly
1 Introduction
Diabetes is characterized in people having high blood glucose called
high blood sugar or hyperglycemia. It is one of the common
metabolic disorders, according to current survey on diabetes about
2.8% of the population suffers from diabetes throughout the world
and it may cross 5.4% by the year 2025. In India, the prevalence rate
diabetes are two types namely Type I (Insulin dependent diabetes)

and Type II (Non-insulin dependent diabetes) diabetes. The
pathogensis of Type I and Type II diabetes are illustrated in Fig 1
8
and Fig 2, respectively .

2 Herbal drugs
1-3
of diabetes is estimated to be 1-5% .
Many Indian plants have been investigated for their beneficial use in
It was first perceived as a disease associated with "sweet urine," and
Ayurveda. The numerous medicinal plants are reported for its
excessive muscle loss in the ancient world. Blood glucose levels are
antidiabetes activity. The therapeutic activity of the medicinal plants
controlled by hormone insulin provoked by the pancreas. Insulin
depends upon the nature of phytoconstituents present in the plants.
lowers the blood glucose level. When the blood glucose elevates,
WHO estimates that 80% of the world populations currently use
insulin is released from the pancreas to normalize the glucose
herbal drugs for major healthcare
4,5
level.
9-21
. WHO has listed 21,000 plants,
When the body failed to produce sufficient insulin or is not
which are used for medicinal purposes around the world. Among
able to insulin effectively or both leading to diabetes. Consequently,
these 2500 species are in India, out of which 150 species are used
if diabetes is not controlled commencing in acute or chronic
commercially on a fairly large scale. India is the largest producer of
complication like ketoacidosis, microangiopathy, specialy eyes,
medicinal herbs and is called as botanical garden of the world.
kidney, nerve, heart, blood vessals, failure of various organs,

6
dysfunctions, etc.
Herbal products beneficial agents in antimicrobial, antidiabetic,

antifertility,
antiageing,
antiarthritic,
sedative,
antidepressant,
Diabetes mellitus may present with classical characteristic features
antianxiety, antispasmodic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV,
such as blurring of vision, excessive thirst (polydypsia), excessive
vasodilatory, hepatoprotective, treatment of cirrhosis, asthma, acne,
feeding (polyphagia) excessive urination (polyuria), and weight loss.
impotence, menopause, migraine, gall stones, chronic fatigue,
In its most severe forms, ketoacidosis may develop leading to stupor,
alzheimers disease and memory enhancing activities
22,23
Sen et al. Phytochemistry and Mechaniasm of Action of Plants having Antidiabetic Activity
Environmental insult
Genetic predisposition
Damage of cells by viral infection or molecular

mimicry
HLA DR3/DR4 individuals high risk
Insulitis Immune responce against

cells (normal/damaged)
Autoimmune attack
cells destruction
Type 1 Diabetes
Fig 1: Pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes

Genetic predisposition
Environmental insult
Abdominal obesity
Multifactorial and polygenic
Defective insulin secretion
Syndromes with sever insulin

reistance (syndrome X,PCOD)
Insulin resistance
-Due to insulin resistance

-Due to insulin resistance
-Amyloid induced damage
-Amyloid induced damage
Hyperglycaemia
Type II diabetes
Fig 2: Pathogenesis of Type II diabetes
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 83
The use of herbal drugs in the correct way provides effective and
safe treatment for many diseases. The efficiency of the herbal drugs
is typically subjective to the patient. The strength of the herbal drugs
varies based on the genetic distinction, growing conditions, timing
and method of harvesting, revelation of the herbs to air, light and
dampness, and type of conservation of the herbs. These raw material
are further processed and prepare methods of preparation may differ
4 Competing interest
Author claims no competing interests.
5 Authors contributions
PS, KS and PP carried out literature review and draft the manuscript.
SC, RKS and AR participated in collection of data. All authors read
and approved the final manuscript.
because of the nature of the plants active chemical constituents like

powder, decoction, hydroalcoholic tincture and fluid extracts
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Table 1: Medicinal plants reported antidiabetic activity along with active constituents and mechanism of action
Medicinal
plants
Family
Parts used
Active constituents
Mechanism of action
Structure of chemical
(MOA)
constituent
Ref
Ome
Acacia Arabica
Rubiaceae
Seeds
Flavonoid
Insulin secretagogue
activity
HO
10,30,31,32,3
3,34
Ome
meO
OH
Ambrettolide,
Abelmoschus
moschatus
Whole plant,
Malvaceae
Aerial part of
plant
essential oils,
myricetin (3,5,7trihydroxy
phenyl)chromen-4-
HO
Increasing the ability of

adipocytes & to uptale
OH
O
HO
OH
glucose
35,248
OH
OH
one.
Achinochloa spp.
Poaceae
Seeds
Sugars, volatile oils,

rare alkaloids
Changes in hexokinase
activity
CH2OH
C
H
H
C
H
OH C
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
OH
Increase the
H
O
Aconitum
carmichaelic
Ranuculaceae
Roots
Diterpenoid, alkaloids
permeability of the
H3C
37,38
H
H
HO
OH
HO
carmichaeli
Ranuculaceae
Roots
Glycan A,B,C,D
CH3
Aconitum
O
OH
HO
Stimulation of in vitro
OH
OH
O
HO
O
O
insulin secretion
membrane for sodium

ion
36
HO
HO
NHAc
HO NHAc
39,40,41
NH
HO
HO
O
HO
Glycosides,
Adansonnia
digitata
R1
O
Bombacaeae
Stem bark
42
MOA not available
semigossypal
Abroma
augustum
CH3
Abromine, its
Malvaceae
Roots
R2
alkaloids,
hydrochloride and
CH3
H3C
CH3
Lowering blood sugar
phytosterol
CH3
H3C
42
H
HO
CH3
Abies pindrow
Pinaceae
Root,Leaf
D-pinitol (3-o-mehtylchiroinositol)
Insulin secretogouge
activity
HO
6
OH
43
3
H2 CO
OH
CH3
(justice
aadhtoda)
CH2
Pegain-type alkaloid
Adhtoda vasica
Acanthaceae
leaves
volatile oil, vasicine,

vasicinone,v asicinol
MOA not available
42
N
OH
Allium
cepa(Onion)
Liliaceae
Bulbs(oil),
5-methy cysteine
Lowering blood
sulfoxide (SMCE),
glucose level,
CH3
Diphenylamine,
Regulation of the
stems, tops
Onion,
Sulphide
O
44,45,46,47
H2C
enzyme
hexokinase/glucokinas
H2N
COOH
CH
Allyl propyl
Disulphide,allicin,5Allium sativum
Alliaceae
Bulbs, cloves
allyl
cysteine(SACE),Allici
Antihyperglycemic and
antinociceptive effect
48,49,50,51,5
CH2
H2C
2,53,54
n(diallyl thiosulfinate)
HO
Aloe vera (ab

ghiakwar)
Liliaceae
leaves
Pentosidesbarbaloin,i
Maintain glucose
sobarbaloin,aloin,Lop
homeostasis,
henol(phytosterols),24
Stimulates insulin
-methyene-
release from pancreatic
cycloartanol
OH
OH
55,56,57,58,5
HO
-cells
9,60
O
OH
HO
OH
CH3
Aloe
Barbadensis
Liliaceae
leaves
ArboranA,ArboarnB,
Aloesin
Stimulating synthesis
OH
H3C
and/or release of
61,62,63,64
HO
insulin
OH
HO
HO
CH3
H3C
Althaea
officinalis
Malvaceae
Leaves, whole
plants
Mucilage
CH3
MOA not available
COOH
42
COOH
H3C
N
H
O
OH
H3C O
Ajuga spp.
Labiatae
Stem & roots
Diterpenoid,ajugalact
one
CH3
H3C
O
MOA not available

HO
36,248
CH3
H
HO
OH
Stimulating effect on
Allium spp.
Liliaceae
H2C
Onion & Garlic
Allicin, allylpropyl
glucose,
cloves
disulphide & alliin
Utilaization and
antioxidant enzyme
OH
NH2
HO
36
OH
Isoquercitrin,
Althaea spp.
Malvaceae
Stem & roots
MOA not available

glycosides
42
HO
O
OH
O
HO
OH
OH
HO
Amaranthus
spinosus
Amaranthaceae
Stem
Alkaloids, fixed oil

beta- sitosterol
HO
MOA not available
CH3
NH
Cl
42
CH3
Cl
HO
Anacardium
occident tale
Anacardiaceae
Cashew leaves
Phenolic compound
&tannins
OH
Reduces diabetic
HO
induce functional
36
OH
O
OH
Sesguiterpenes,
Arctium lappa
Compositae
Burdock roots
pyridine & pyrrolidine
MOA not available
36
CH3 OH
tropane alkaloids
CH3
CH3
CH3
OH
Andrographis
paniculata
Acanthaceae
Root
Flovones, glucosides
Increase glucose
lactones
metabolism
65,66,67,68
CH3 OH
CH3
CH3
CH3
HOH2C
O
Anemarrhena
asphodeloids
CH3
OH
Annoaceace
Rhizomes
Anemarans A,B,C,D.
HO
MOA not available
HOOH
OH
42
HO
Atractylode
japonica
CH3
OH
Compositae
Rhizomes
Atractans A,B,&C
MOA not available
H3C
HO
42
O
HO
Indole, Isoguinoline
Argyreia cuneata
Convolvulaceae
Rivea leaves
pyrrolidine, tropane
MOA not available
36
N
H
alkaloide
Annona
squamosa
Atriplex halimus
Annonaceae
Chenopodiaceae
Fruits
Liriodenine,
moupinamide
Salt bush
Alkaloids,
leaves
oils
Hypoglycaemic and
antihyperglycemic
NH
69,70,71,72,2
activities of ethanolic
48
R1
O
R2
MOA not available
36
N
Areca catechu
Arecaceae
Seed
Arecaine & arecoline
HO
MOA not available
73
N
CH3
HO
Increased plasma
insulin lavel
Artemisia pallens
Aseraceae
Leaves &
flowers
Hypoglycemic,
Germacranolide
increases peripheral
74
glucose utilization or
inhibits glucose
reabsorption
O
O
Azadirachta
indica
Glycogenolytic effect
Meliaceae
Leaves &seeds
Azadirachtin & nimbin
due to epinephrine
CO
2ME O
H3C
O
O OH
O
me
H3C
9,80,81,82,83
action was blocked
OH
me
Aco
CO
2Me
,84
OH
75,76,77,78,7
Bamusa
arundinacea
Gramineae
Leaves & stem
Dimethoxybenzoquino
ne, allantoin
MOA not available
H
N
N
H
NH
O
NH2
36
Alkaloids,tannins
Barleria lupulina
Acanthaceae
Aerial part
Diterpinoids,cyanogen
etic compound,
CH3
MOA not available
H3C
saponin
Berberidaceae
Stem bark root
Bhighia sapida
jatrorrhizine
Sapindaceae
Sapindaceae
Unripe fruits &

seeds
Akee apple
seeds
42
H
3C
O
H
NH2
Hypogylcin A& C
MOA not available
O
H2C
Scrophulariaceae
Hypogylcin A& B
MOA not available
CH2
HO
Aerial parts,
Hersaponin,
leaf
bacoside A
MOA not available
H3C
Zygophyllaceae
Mespcarp of
Pure saponin,
fruit
steroidal saponins
CH3
H3C
COOH
MOA not available
CH2OH
H3C
CH3
H3C
COOH
CH3
RO
H3C
85,86
CH3
H3C
aegyptiaca
36
H2N
RO
H3C
Balanites
42
OH
H3C
Bacooa monnieri
42
H3C
MOA not available
columbamine
D)
Bhighia sapida
OH
Berberine, palmitine
Berberis
aristata(DARHAL
H3C
CH2OH
87
H3C
Bauhinia
candicans
Fabaceae
Leaf
Trigonelline,kaempfer
Reduce plasma
ol dirhamnoside
glucose level
88,248
OH
O
Ome
Bauhinia
purpurea
Fabaceae
Leaf
Flavonoid containing
fraction
MOA not available
HO
10,89
Ome
meO
OH
H3C
Bauhinia
Caesalpiniaceae &
variegate
Fabaceae
Bark, leaves
Flavonoids
,Roseoside
HO
H3C
MOA not available
CH3
H3C
90
OH
OH
OH HO
Beta vulgaris
Amaranthaceae
Root
Phenolics
,betacyanins
H C H
Lower blood glucose

level by regeneration of
OH
H3C
-cells
CH
H
OH
HCH
H
H3C
Berberis vulgaris
Berberideceae
Root bark
Saponins
MOA not available
H3C
CH3
H3C
COOH
H3C
CH2OH
OG
H3C
Asteraceae
Whole plant,
leaf
cytopiloyne
93
CH3
RO
Bidens pilosa
91,92
HC H
CH3
MOA not available
94
OH
Bombax ceiba
Bombacaceae
Fruit, heart
C-flavonol, glycoside
wood, leaf
shaimimin
HO
OH
MOA not available
HO
HO
OH
OH
95
OH
HO
HO
HO
H3C
H3C
H3C
Boswellia serrata
Burseraceae
Gum resin
Oleo-gum, resin
MOA not available
H3C
CH3
89
CH3
CH3
HO
H H
O
OH
CH3
Bougainvillea
Rubiaceae &
spectabilis
nyctaginaceae
Alcohol, pinitol, DSeeds
pinitol (3-o-methyl
chiroinositol)
Increase glucose
uptake
HO
6
OH
36,89
3
H2 CO
OH
CH3
OH
Bryonia alba
Cucurbitaceae
Root
Trihydroxyoctadecadi-
Metabolic changes
enoic acids
induced in diabetic
O
OH
HO
OH
OH
OH
HO
OH
OH
OH
96,97
H3C
COOH
Mucilage
Brassica oleracla
Brassicaceae
Cabbage
cardenolides & fixed
MOA not available
oils
COOH
36,248
H3C
CH3
N
H
Myricetin (3,4,7Bumelia
sartorum
Saptoceae
Root bark
HO
OH
trihydroxy-2(3,4,5-
Increase plasma insulin
trihydroxy phenyl)
level
HO
OH
98
OH
chromen -4-one
OH
OH
Caesalpinia
bonducella
Rubiaceae
Seed
Tannins, alkaloids
OH
Blocking of glucose
99,100,101
HO
absorption
OH
O
OH
Caeseria
esculanta
Caesalpinoideceae
Root
Tannins
OH
Reduction in blood
42
HO
glucose
OH
O
CH3
Cannabis indica
Cannabinaceae
Whole plant,
leaves
Cannabinoids
cannabinol
OH OH
MOA not available
42
H
H3C
CH3
H3C
Alkaloids-stachydrine
Capparis
sepiaria
Capparaceae
Leaves
glucocapparin
flavinoide, sterols,
MOA not available
1
2
CH3
19 9
Leguminosae
Roots
Sennoside mixture
20
16
14
42,248
15
Lowering blood
OH
HO
OH
COOH
glucose
HO
Auriculata
18 17
13
10
terpenes
Cassia
CH3
12
11
102,103,248
OH
HO
O
O
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
OH
HO
C.fistula
Leguminosae
Seeds
Sennoside mixture
MOA not available
COOH
42
OH
HO
O
O
OH
OH
HO
C2 H 5
Catharanthus
roseus
Flower, leaves,
Apocynaceae
Alkaloid
catharanthine,lochneri
stem, root
ne,vindoline etc.
Increase metabolism of
glucose
104,105
N
H
O
O
OH
Clematis
Montana
OH
Ranucculin glycoside
Ranuculaceae
Fruits
& isoquinoline
alkaloids
MOA not available
HO
42
O
HO
OH
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 100
Cluytia
richardiana
H3C
Euphorbiaceae
Whole plant
Saudin (diterpenoid)
MOA not available
CH3
42
H3C
Ceiba pentandra
Malvaceae
Roots ,leaves
Saponins,tannins
MOA not available
H3C
CH3
H3C
COOH
36
CH3
RO
H3C
CH2OH
R1
Centratherum
anthelminticum
Asteraceae
Seed
Alkaloids
R2
MOA not available
36
N
R1
Clerodendron
phlomoides
Verbenaceae
Whole plant
Valeporiates
MOA not available
36
H3C
CH3
R2
Increase insulin activity

and prevent oxidative
Camellia
sinensis
Theaceae
Leaves
Caffeine & catechins
H3C
damage,
Responsible for the
N
C
hypoglycemic activity
Capparis
deciduas
Cinnamomum
zeylanicum
Capparidaceae
Lauraceae
Fruit
Bark
Spermidine,
Isocodono carpine
Cinnamaldehyde,
eugenol
CH3
C
CH
106,107
CH3
H
Hypoglycaemic,
H2N
hypolipideamic
NH2
108
CHO
109,110,111,
MOA not available
112,113
OH
Combretum
micronthum
Combretaceae
Leaves
Polyphenols
MOA not available
HO
OH
114,115,116,
117,118
OH
OH
OH
OH
Camellia
sinensis
Theaceae
Leaf
Epigallocatechin 3-
Increases insulin
gallate
secretion
HO
OH
O
OH
119,120
OH
OH
O
OH
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 101
NH
H2N
NH
Cajanus cajan
Fabaceae
Leaves, seed,
Arginine, ascorbic
Lowering plasma
fruit
acid
glucose level
121,122
OH
O
H2N
Ellagic acid
OH
Caesalpinia
ferrea
(EA),2 (2,3,6Caesalpinaceae
Fruit
trihydroxy-4carboxy
OH
MOA not available
pheny)
89
O
HO
OH
ellagic acid (TEA)

OH
Caesalpinia
digyna
OH
Fabaceae
Root
Bergenin
MOA not available
OH
OH
H3C
89
CH3
HO
O
H3C
Caesalpinia
bonducella
Caesalpiniaceae
Seed
Caesalpin F
OH
MOA not available
OH
89
Caesalpinia
Bonduc
Caesalpiniaceae
Seed, kernel
Caesalpinianone
MOA not available
Me O
Cucurbitacins
Coccinia spp.
Cucurbitaceae
Coccinia
root/Tvy gourd
(triterpenoid),
89
HO
Stimulation of glycogen
synthatase activity
Me
O
H
HO
Me
H
HO
Me
OH
Me
36
Me
-elaterin
Me
Me
OH
Coptis chinensis
Ranunculaceae
Whole plant
Ranunculin glycoside,
isoquinolin alkaloid
MOA not available
HO
36
O
HO
O
OH
CH3
12
Corchorous
olitoris
11
Tiliaceae
Jute leave
cardiac glycoside
MOA not available
Cucurbitaceae
Cucumber fruit
(terpenoids),
16
14
OH
36
15
5
4
Me O
Cucurbitacins
Cucumis sativus
10
3
HO
17
13
CH3
HO
Me
MOA not available
HO
Me
-elaterin
Me
H
HO
Me
OH
36
Me
O
Me
Me
CH3
Cuminus
cyminus
Ambelifereae
Cumin seed
-Pinene, -terpinol
MOA not available
H3C
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 102
123
domestica
Zingiberaceae
Leaf
roxb
MOA not available
H3C
O
eugenol, -sitesterol
valeton
Cuscuta reflexa
pinene,camphene,
OH
HO
Curcumin, -
Curcumo
Flavonoid,dulcitol,
Convolvuraceae
Stem
bergenin, loumerins
124
CH3
O O
Ome
MOA not available
HO
10,124
Ome
meO
glycoside, lactone
OH
CH2
H3C
Cryptostegia
grandiflora
Asclepialaceae
Arial part
Triterpene alkaloids
MOA not available
CH3
CH3
CH3
42
CH3
HO
CH3
CH3
Cuminum nigrum
Umbeliferae
Flower, seeds
Volatile oil
MOA not available
125,126
(zira siyah)
HO
CH
OH
2
H
HOHH
Cyamposis
tetragonolobus
H
H
Leguminasae
Fruit seeds
Gaur gum
HO O
MOA not available
H2C
O
H
dactylon
OHHO
H
Mucilage, arabinose,
Roaceae
Whole plant
xylose, ,uronic acid
CH3
H
HOH
2C
H3C
Cynodon
OHHO
O
H3C
127
COOH
COOH
MOA not available

H3C
derivetives
42
COOH
N
H
Carotenes,
Daucus carota
linn.
C
H
3
carotenoids,
Apiaceae
Root
glycoside, flavonoids,
MOA not available
128
C
H
3
H
3C
suger quarternary
base
Dendrophthoe
memecylifolia
Loranthaceae
Whole plant
Glycoprotien,
Polypeptide lignans
H
3C
H
3C
C
H
H
3 C
3
H
3C H
3C
RO
RO
RO R O
MOA not available
C
H
3
H
CC
C NC C N C 3
H
2NC C N C
H
H
H
H
H HH
36
Me O
HO
Diflocyclos
palmatus
Cucurbitaceae
Fruit
Cucurbitacins
(terpenoids) -elaterin
Me
MOA not available
HO
Me
Me
H
HO
Me
OH
36
Me
O
Me
Me
CH3
H3C
Dioscorrea spp.
Dioscoreaceae
Tubers
Diosgenin
CH3
MOA not available
CH3
H
H
H
H
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 103
36
R1
Dipteracanthus
prostrates
Acanthaceae
Whole plant
Alkaloid, terpenoid,
diterpenoid, saponin
R2
MOA not available
36
N
H3C
COOH
Discorea batelus
Discoraeceae
Tubers
Mucilage alkaloids
COOH
MOA not available

H3C
42
COOH
N
H
H
H3C
Dioscorea
Demetorum
Mucilage, saponin,
Discoraeceae
Tuber
alkaloids discoretine,
dihydrodiscorine
COOH
To posses
COOH
hypoglycemic effect
H3C
129,42,89
COOH
N
H
H3C
OH
D.japonica
Echinops
echinatus
Discoreaceae
Discorane A,B,C,D,E
MOA not available
89
Isobutylamide,
Asteraceae
Roots
steroidal
COOH
HN
CH3
H
H
H
MOA not available
glycoalkaloids
36
H
H
H3C
Eleuthrococus
senticosus
Araliaceae
Siberian
Saponins,
ginseng
eleutharans
MOA not available
H3C
CH3
H3C
COOH
36
CH3
RO
H3C
CH2OH
OH
Ephedra
dislachya
Ephedraceae
Stem & Roots
Ephedrin, ephedrans
arial stem
A,B,C,D,E
CH3
MOA not available
130,131,132
CH3
Increase insulin
Eucalyptus
globules
secretion from clonal

Myrtaceae
Leaves
Calytosides
pancreatic beta line
133
(BRIN-BD 11)
CH3
Eriobotrya
japonica
Rosaceae
Leaves
Merolidol glycoside &

ursolic acid
H3C
H
MOA not available
CH3
O
H3C
H
O
CH3
H3C
H3C
Euphorbia
prostrate
Euphorbiaceae
Whole plant
Triterpenoids,
eupohol, euphorbol
H3C
CH3
CH3
officenalis garth
Euphorbiaceae
Fruit
polyphenol, ellagic
acid, galic acid
CH3
CO 2H
HO
MOA not available
42
CH3
H3C
Vitc (L-ascorbic acid)
CH3
CH2
CH3
MOA not available

H
Embelica
36
CH3
134
HO
OH
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 104
tannins
O
O
Elephentopus
scarber
Asteraceae
Whole plant
Terpenoids, & 2,6,23-
To reduce the blood
Trienoloids
glucose level
CH3
OH
CH3
135
OH
H3C
O
HO
OO
OH
HO
Eugenia uniflora
Myrtaceae
Leaf
OH OH
H H
CH3
N
Uniflorin A, uniflorin B
Regulation of the
(+)-(3a,4a,5b)-L, 2-
enzyme
methylpiperidine-
3,4,5-Triol
O
O
OH
OH
Erigenon
breviscapus
Campositae
Plant extract
Scutellarin
HO
HO
O
HO
MOA not available

HO
89
89
OH
Corosolic acid,
3-epicorosolic acid,
CH3
methyl ester,
Eriobotrya
japonica
H3C
2--hydroxy-3Rosaceae
Leaf
3oxours-12-en-28-oic
MOA not available
CH3
HO
OH
CH3 CH3
acid,
89
CH3
HO
H3C
turmeric acid methyl
CH3
ester,
ursolic acid
Enicotema
littorale
Gentianaceae
Whole plant
Swertiamerin, ophelic
acid, tannins,alkaloids
CH3
Decrease glucosylated
hb & glucose 6
HO
HO
OH
OH
136
phosphates
OH
Polyphenols,
Embelica
officinalis
Euphorbiaceae
Fruit, seed, leaf
Flavonoids,
Kaempferol,ellagic
OH
MOA not available
HO
10,137,138
OH
OH
acid,gallic acid
OH
Eleusin coracana
Poaceae
Seed coat
Polyphenols
MOA not available
HO
OH
89
OH
OH
Terpenoids,
Eichhornia
crassipes
Pontederiaceae
Shoot rhizome
glycoside,
flavonoids,tannis,
alkaloids
CH3
OH
MOA not available
N
H3C
89
CH3
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 105
Exostema
mexicanum
4-phenylcoumarins
Rubaceae
Stem bark
glycoside, chlorogenic
OH
MOA not available
89
acid,ursolic acid
HO
4-phenylcoumerins
Exotema
caribecum
Rubiaceae
Stem bark
glycosides,
chlorogenic acid,
OH
MOA not available
ursolic acid
89
HO
Coumestane like
eudelolactone,
Eulipta alba
Asteraceae
Whole plant,
leaf
tesmethylecedelol
acetone,
furanocoumarins
oleanane, taraxastane
CH3
Regulation of the
CH3
enzyme
CH3
e
CH3
CH3
139
CH3
H
CH3
H3C
glycosides
Bengalinoside,Phytost
CH3
Ficus
eroine flavonoids,
bengelensis
glycosides, glycosidal
Inhibit insulin
fraction,
degradative process
(Anjir jangli,
Moraceae
Root Bark, bark
H3C
H
140,141,142,
CH3
CH3 H
Leucopelphinidin &
katumani)
CH3
CH3
143
H
HO
leucopepargonin
CH3
H3C
CH3
CH3
F. glomerata
Mortaceae
Bark
Sitaosteryl glucoside
MOA not available
H3C
CH3
42
HOH2C
O
HO
HO
OH
CH3
H3C
Ficus spp.
Moraceae
Leaves
Nerolidol glycoside &

ursolic acid
MOA not available
CH3
OH
CH3 CH3
HO
36
CH3
HO
H3C
CH3
Volatile oil,
Foeniculum
valgare mill.
Apiaceae
Fruit oil
fenchone,anethole,lim
onene, anisaldehyde,
H3C
MOA not available
CH3
124
CH3
estragole
Fumeria
palviflora
Papaveraceae
Whole plant
Sanguinarine,
alkaloids
H3C
MOA not available
N
H
42
O
O
CH3
H3C
Ficus erligiosa
Moraceae
Bark
-sitosteryl-dglucoside
CH3
CH3
MOA not available
CH3
H3C
89
HOH2C
O
HO
HO
OH
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 106
OH
Ficus racemosa
Moraceae
Stem bark
-sitosterol
MOA not available
Cl
CH3
NH
89
CH3
Cl
CH3
Fraxinus
excelsior
Oleaceae
Seed, plant
extract
Iridoids-secoiridoids
glucosides,
MOA not available
excelsides A and B
H 3C
144
OH
Galega officinalis
Leguminosae
Gouts rue
seeds, leave
Berberin,alkaloids
MOA not available
CH3OH
42,36
CH3OH
Glycyrhhizine,flavonoi
Glycyrrhiza
glabra
Om
ds,liquirithin,
Leguminosae
Roots
isoliquirithin,rhamnoliq
MOA not available
uirithin,2-
HO
36,124
Ome
meO
OH
methylsoflavones
Glycine max
(soya oil)
Fatty acid-linoleic,
Leguminosae
Seeds
oleic, palmitic,
MOA not available
H
3C
145
O
H
linolenic, stearic acid

Dihydroxy gymnemic
Gymnema
sylvestre
Asclepiadoceae
Leaf, roots,
whole plant
triacetate, gymnemic
acid,glycosamine
glycan & protein
CH3
H3C
HOHOOC
O
Lower plasma glucose
O
HO
bound polysaccharide
CH3
OH
OH
CH3 CH3
level
CH3
O
OH
CH3
146,147,148
HO
H3C
H3C CH
OH
2
Gynandropsis
gynantra
Capparidaceae
Roots
N,n-diethyltolumide
MOA not available
CH3
73
CH3
CH3
Ginkgo-flavone
Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgoaceae
Leaf
OH
glycoside,fraction
Inhibit -amyloid
quercetin, kaempferol,
deposition
HO
149
OH
isorhamnetin
OH
H 3C
Glycyrhhiza
uralensis
CH3
Fabaceae
Root
Glycyrhhizin
MOA not available
O
HO
H 3C
CH3
CH 3
89
H
CH 3
HO
HOOC
O
O
HO
Alkanoids and
Gentiana olivieri
CH 3
H
COOH
O
HO HOOC
Gentianaceae
Plant extract
biflavonoid extract of
seeds
HO
R1
Lowers plasma glucose
R2
89
level
N
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 107
OH
Hamada
salicornica
Hamamelidaceae
Whole plant
Hamamelitanin,
hamamelose
MOA not available
HO
OH
OH
42
OH
CH3
Humulus lupulus
Cannabinaceae
Sterobiles
Humulon & lupulon
MOA not available
CH3
OH
OH
CH3
H3C
O
42
OH
HO
CH3
CH3
Haldinia
cardifolia
Hippophae
rhamnoide
Rubaceae
Elaeagnaceae
Stem & roots

bark
Thorn plant
Indole,
oxindole,quinoline,
MOA not available
36
N
H
purine alkaloids
Indole alkaloide ,
cyclitols
MOA not available
36
N
H
H3C
Hordueme
valgare
Gramineae
Barley sprouts
Volatile oil,alkaloids,
saponin, terpenoids
MOA not available
H3C
H3C
COOH
36
CH3OH
36
CH3
RO
H3C
CH3
CH2OH
Hydrostis
Canadensis
Berberidaceae
Goldenseal
Hydrastine, berberin
root
& canadine alkaloids
MOA not available
CH3OH
Hygrophila
auriculata
Acanthaceae
Berleria plant
root, seed
CH3
H3C
Semidrying oil
MOA not available
36
O
CH3
H3C
Ome
Hovenia dulcis
Rhamnaceae
Entire plant
Flavonoids
MOA not available
HO
10,89
Ome
meO
OH
Ome
Holostemma
adakodien
Asclepiadaceae
Root
Flavonoids
MOA not available
HO
10,89
Ome
meO
OH
Hintonia
standleyana
Rubiaceae
Leaf
Phenylcoumarins
MOA not available
150
Hintonia laciflora
Rubiaceae
Leaf, root
Neoflavonoid,
coutareagenin
MOA not available
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 108
89
Harpagophytum
procumbens
Isovenillic acid-3
Pedalliaceae
Root
hydroxy-4-methoxy-
OH
MOA not available
benzoic acid
CH3
89
OH
Acetyllbetulinic acid,
Hydnocarpus
wightiana
Achariaceae
Seed hulls
betulinic acid, ursolic

acid , acetyl ursolic
OH
MOA not available
acid
89
HO
HO
Hypoxis
hemerocallidea
OH
Hypoxidaceae
Root tuber
Hypoxoside
MOA not available
C C CH CH
OH
151,152
H H
HOH2C
Inula heleniam
Campositae
Elecampnae
root
HO
Inulin
MOA not available
HO O
H
HOH2C
H HO
H
HO
Inula rocemosa
Asteraceae
Root
Volatile oil
Ipomoea batatus
Convolvulaceae
Root, leaf
AN acidic glycoprotein
O
OH H
Lower plasma insulin

and glucose level
36
CH2
OH
153
154
Reduced insulin
resistance & blood
glucose level
O
Juniperus
communis
Increase peripheral
Cupressaceae
Dried berries
Isocrupressic acid
CH3
H
HO
glucose consumption &
CH2
CH3
induce insulin secretion
89
H3C
OH
4-hydroxy -tetralone-
Juglans regia
Juglandaceae
Root, leaves,
unripe fruit
4-0--D-E6-0(3,4,5,trihydroxybenzo
MOA not available
155
il) glucopyranoside &

4 hydroxy- -telralone
H3C
Kalopanax pictus
Araliaceae
Stem bark
Kalopanax, saponin A
MOA not available
H3C
CH3
H3C
COOH
36
CH3
RO
CH2OH
H3C
O
O
Kalanchoe
pinnata
Crossulaceae
Leaf
Bryophilin A
HO
MOA not available

H3C
CH3
H
O
OH
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 109
36
Lantanoside,
Lantana camara
Verbenacae
Leaves
lantanone
CH3
CH3
MOA not available
H3C
H3 C
OH
156
O
OH
H3 C
O
OH
HO
O
O
HO
OH
O
OH
CH3
Alkaloids,nephthaquin
olone,
Lagerstroemic
speciosa (jarul)
Bark, root,
Lythraceae
lausone,gallotanins-
seed, leave &
penta-o-galloyl-
ripe fruits
glucopyranose (pgg)
O
OH
MOA not available
157
OH
Lathyrus spp
Papilionoceae
Whole plant
Berberin, kaempferol,
quercetin
MOA not available
HO
36
OH
OH
Launaea
nudicaulis
Composite
Roots
Glycoside
MOA not available
42
OH
H
HO
CH3
CH3
Lepidium
ruderale
Crucifarae
Arial part
Lepidine
MOA not available
42
CH3
O
OH
Leucena
leucocephala
Leguminosae
Seed
Mimosine
MOA not available
42
CH2
H2N
CH
HOOC
Masoprocal
Larrea tridentate
Zygophyllaceae
Leaf
nordihydroguaiaretic
HO
MOA not available
CH3
HO
throrhizon
H3C
Caffeine, ferulic pBoraginaceae
Whole plant
coumarin
OH
OH
Lithospermumery
89
CH3
acid
MOA not available
lithosperman A,B,C
N
C
CH3
C
C
N
CH
36
CH3
Lupines albus
Leguminosae
Lupin seed
Linolinic & palmitic

acid
Lower serum glucose

level
H
3C
36
O
H
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 110
CH3
H2C
H
Lupus albus
Papilionaceae
Stem, flower
Lupelol
MOA not available
42
CH3
H
HO
CH3
CH3
CH3
H
CH3
H3C
OH
OH
Lythrum salicaria
Lythraceae
Stem, flower
Alkaloide, tannins
MOA not available
42
OH
OH
CH3
OH
Lyceum
barbarum
Solanaceae
Box, thorn,
Withanolides, indole,
leaves
isoquinoline alkaloids
CH3
MOA not available
virginicus
Liriope spicata
Momordica
charantia linn.
Labiatae
Liliaceae
Cucurbitaceae &
Bugleueced
Terpenoid,pyridine,
plant
pyrolidine alkaloids
Root
glucose level
polypeptide,plant
meliaceae
insulin stearic acid ,

seed
MOA not available
stigmasterol
fruit,
158,159
Decrease in the blood
Charantin, sterol
Beta-sitosterol,
Leave, root,
CH3
OH
Lycopus
CH3
H3C
36
OH
CH3
Cl
CH3
12
11
Reduce blood glucose
1
2
level
18 17
19 9
165,166,167,
20
168,169,170,
16
14
171,172,173,
15
5
4
160,161,162,
163,164
13
CH3
10
triterpene glycosides
CH3
NH
Cl
174,175,176,
177
Morus alba
Moraceae
Mucuna pruriens
Leguminosae
Murraya koienigii
Musa
paradisiacal
Rutaceae
Leave, root
bark
Seed
Leaves, fruit
juice
Morana
l-dopa(1-by)
Quarcetin,
murrayacine,carbazol
e bis-indole alkaloide
Increase glucose
uptake

level
O
HO
OH
Flower
acid, anthocynin
Increase glycogenesis,
decrease
180
glycogenolysis &
N
H
gluconeogenesis
MOA not available
terpenoides,sterols
linn.
Ancardiaceae
Root, leaf, fruit
CH3
12
11
1
2
3
Cynogenetic
Possibly acts through
glycoside
intestinal reduction of
polyphenols, vita+c
the absorption of
mangiferin, beta
glucose as well as
CH3
19 9
18 17
16
14
181
15
OH
HO
20
HO
13
10
Mangifera indica
179
NH2
HO
Fructossan, phendic
Musaceae
178
OH
OH
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 111
182,183,184
sitosterol quercetin,
pancreatic and
ellagic acid, gallic acid
extrapancreatic
machanism
O
H3C
Melia azadirecta
Meliaceae
Pericarp of
Nimbin,nimbidin,nimbi
fruit, leaf seed
nin,azadirectinin
O
O
CH3
MOA not available
CH3
O
H3C
H
CH3
H
185,248
O
H3C
Marrubium
valgare
Lamiaceae
Leaf,root
Marrubin,marrubiaol
MOA not available
CH3
CH3
186,187,188
CH3
Momordica spp.
Cucurbitaceae
Buglue seed
Terpenoide, pyridine,
plant
pyrolidine alkaloids
level
36
H3C
CH3
O
O
Marus spp.
Maraceae
Mulberry
Pyridine alkaloids,
leaves
cardenoloides
CH3
MOA not available
36
OH
RO
OH
Mucuna spp.
Leguminosae
Seed/fruit
Kinotennic acid, kino

red & (-)epicatechin
OH
OH
O
MOA not available
OH
36
OH
HO
OH
Phenolic acid ,
Musa sapientum
Musaceae
CH3
12
Banana flower
sterols,
root
anthocynine,indole
& glycosylated Hb
11
1
2
CH3
Nigella sativa
Ranunculaceae
Seed, oil seed
Thymoquinone
189
15
5
4
20
16
14
10
alkaloids ,terpenoids
CH3
19 9
18 17
13
CH3
MOA not available
190,191
H3C
O
R1
Nymphaea
nouchali
Nymphaceae
Roots
Alkaloids,starch
Increase plasma
R2
42
glucose level
N
R1
O
Nymphaea lotus
Nymphacea
Lotus root
Alkaloids ,tannins
R2
MOA not available
36
N
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 112
Volatile oil,
CH3
terpenoide,eugenol,
Ocimum
sanctum linn.
Lamiaceae
Leaf
thymol,estragole,
level
192,193,194
H3C
pyridine,pyrolidine
CH3
alkaloids
Sugar alcohol,
Olea europoea
Oleaceae
Leaves
saponin tennin, olieve

oil
Oenothera
biennis
Opuntia spp.
Opuntia
sterptacanthus
Potentiation of glucose,
HOH2C
induced insulin release,
& increase peripheral
O
H HH
HO
HO
uptake of glucose
OH
primrose
Gammo-linolenic acid
MOA not available
H
3C
36
O
H
leaves
Cactaceae
Prickly pear
stem & fruits
198
OH
Evening
Onagraceae
195,196,197,
Isoquinoline alkaloide
cyanogenetic
MOA not available
36
glycoside
Isoquinoline
Cactaceae
Sap
alkaloids,cynogenetic
MOA not available
HO
OH
HO
Root, external
Oryza saliva &
Gramineae
Oryza sativa
seed coat,
seed
Glycan-oryzanans
A,B,C,D
42
glycoside
O
OH
HO
OH
OH
O
HO
MOA not available
O
O
HO
HO
NHAc
HO NHAc
42
NH
HO
HO
O
HO
CH3
Otholobium
pubescens
H2C
Bakuchiol-4[-3Fabaceae
Plant extract
ethenyl-3,7-dimethyl-
CH3
MOA not available
199
CH3
1,6-octadienyl)phenol]
OH
H3C
CH3
O
HO
O
HO
HO
Opuntia dilenii
Cactaceae
Fruit
Polysachharides
MOA not available
HO
O
HO
HO
89
HO
O
HO
HO
HO
O
HO
HO
H3C
O
CH3
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 113
H3C
CH3
HO
HO
HO
Ophiopogon
japonicas
Asparagaceae
Roots
Polysachharides
MOA not available
HO
O
HO
HO
89
HO
HO
HO
HO
HO
HO
Panax spp.
Araliaceae
Ginseng root
oleanolic acid
level
CH3
OH
CH3
CH3
Peganum
harmala
Rutaceae
Seed
Peganine alkaloids
36
HO
H3C
CH3
CH3
H3C
Panaxanes,ginseng &
H3C
CH3
MOA not available
36
N
OH
OH
Kinotennic acid,
Phaseolus
valgaris
Leguminosae
Pod, seed,
whole plant
kinored &
(-)epicathechin
Hypoglycaemic,hypolipi
demic,inhibit alpha
H
O
HO
OH
antioxidant
OH
Aucubin,
Plantago spp.
Plantaginaceae
Step & roots
globularinoleanolic
OH
MOA not available
HO
acid, luteolin
Polygonatum
multflorum
Liliaceae
Solomons seal
Steroidal & purin type
root
alkaloids
36
OH
amylase activity,
OH
36
N
MOA not available
36
N
H
Ome
Primula
denticulate
Primulaceae
Flowers
Flavonoids,saponins
MOA not available
HO
10,36
Ome
meO
OH
Kinotanic acid,
kino red &
Pterocarpus
morsupium
Leguminosae
Stem bark,
(-)epicatechin,
gum resin,
pyrocatechin,
bark,
heartwood,
wood
pterocarpol,
Ome
MOA not available
10,200,201,2
HO
02,203,204,2
Ome
meO
OH
05
pterostilben,
pterostilbine,
flavonoids
Bitter,
R
R
Phylanthus
amarus
Phylanthaceae
Leaf, whole
plant
lignans-phylanthin,
hypophylanthine,
bioflavonoids
MOA not available
R
3
BR
20
21
R A
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 114
206
Panax quinque
folius
Ginsenoside,
Arliaceae
Root
protopanaxadiol
CH3
HO
OH
CH3
MOA not available
CH3
CH3
73
CH3
Gle2Gle-O
H3C
CH3
OH
OH
Parinari excels
Chrysobalanaceae
Bark
Myricetin,quircetin
MOA not available
HO
OH
73
OH
OH
OH
HO
Prunus
amygdalus
Rosaceae
Seed
Amygdalin
HO
MOA not available
HO
HO
73,248
O
OH
HO
C
N
CH3
HO
OH
OH
HO
Punica granatum
Lythraceae
Fruits
Punicolagin,punicalin
Lower blood glucose
OH
207
HO
CH2
OH
OH
HO
O
Panax ginseng
Araliaceae
Roots
Panaxans A,B,C,D
HO
HO
H3C
CH3
H
CH3
level
R
H3C
CH3
CH3
OH
208,209,210
CH3
H
CH3
H3C
Ome
Phylanthus
fraternus
Euphorbiaceae
Leaves
Flavonoids
MOA not available
HO
10,42
Ome
meO
OH
Pongamia pinnta
Psoralea
corylifolia linn.
Leguminoceae
Bark
Oil
MOA not available
Essential oil, fixed oil

Fabaceae
Seed
resin,bakuchiol
42
MOA not available
O
O
(monoterpene phenol)
(amrood
H3C
Myrtaceae
Juice
Triterpenoid,saponin
Lower blood glucose
H3C
CH3
H3C
COOH
H3C
CH2OH
H3C
Poterium
ancisrodies
Rosaceae
Leaves
Triterpenoids,termenti
la acid
211,212
CH3
RO
,guavava)
124
Psidium guajava
H3C
CH3
CH2
CH3
MOA not available
CH3
42
CH3
CH3
O
H3C
H
CH3
OH
HO
Pruns persica
Rosaceae
Leaves
Amygdalin
MOA not available
HO
HO
HO
42,248
O
OH
HO
C
N
CH3
Quercus
lancaefolia
Fagaceae
Stem bark
Shikimic acid &

terpenoids
N
H3C
MOA not available
36
CH3
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 115
OH
OH
Quercus
infectoria
Fagaceae
Leaf
Quercetin
MOA not available
HO
89
OH
OH
Vanadium
Quercus rubra
Fagaceae
Seed
manganese,
magnesium,copper,
O
+
MOA not available
Cr
3+
89
chromium
N
O
OH
OH
Quercus alba
Fagaceae
Bark
Quercetin
MOA not available
HO
89
OH
OH
CH3
Shikimic acid &

Roulofia
Fagaceae &
Stem bark,
serpentine
Apocynaceae
root, leaves
terpenoids,
MOA not available
42,36
total alkaloids,ajmalin
H3C
CH3
O
OH
Rhus typhina
Anacardiaceae
Staghorn
Phenolic compound
stomach
and tannin
OH
MOA not available
36
HO
OH
O
Anthraquinone,
Ricinus comunis
Euphorbiaceae
Caster been
root
R1
O
triterpenoids,
216
OH
HO
apiculata
Rhizophoraceae
Root
213,214,215,
alkaloids,ricinoic acid
Rhizophora
R2
MOA not available
Inositol,pinito
MOA not available
H
HO
HH H H
217,218,219
OH
OH HO
Volatile oil,
Santalum album
linn.
Santalaceae
Heartwood
bark
santalol,-santalol,-
OH
MOA not available
Solanum nigrum
linn.
124
CH3
Cl
santalol,-sinosterol
CH3
NH
Cl
Polyphenolic
Solanaceae
Leaf
compounds,flavonoid,
Ome
MOA not available
HO
220,10
Ome
meO
steroids
OH
OH
Salacia oblonga
wall
Celastraceae
Root bark
Salcinol
Inhibits -glucosidase
OH
HO
S
activity
HO
so3o
OH
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 116
221
OH
Sarcopoterum
spinosum
Rosaceae
Root
Catechin &
epicatechin
OH
MOA not available
222,223,224,
HO
225,226
OH
OH
Sachharum
officinarum
Gramineae
Non sugar part
Sachharin
NH
MOA not available
Si
2-
Decreased
Scoparia dulcis
Scrophulariaceae
Sweet broom
plant
Bitter iroid glycoside
glycosylated Hb &
inc.total Hb, insulin
227,228
O
CH3
Anthraquinone,
virosa
Euphorbiaceae
Fluggea seeds
triterpenoids,
aucuparia
Spinaceae
oleracea
R1
O
36
N
HO
HO
Rosaceae
Whole plant
Sarbitol, D glucitol
MOA not available
HO
R R
Spinach leaves
Volatile oil
MOA not available
OH
36
OH
OH
Chenopodiaceae
R2
MOA not available
alkaloids
Sarbus
CH3
secretagogue activity
Securinega
36
36
R1
O
Stephenia glabra
Menispermaceae
Tuber
Alkaloids,terpenoids
R2
MOA not available
36
N
HO
OH
HO
OH
O
Stevia
rebaudiana
O
HO
Compasitea
Whole plant
Stevioside
MOA not available
HO
OH
CH2
CH3
229
OH
HO
H3C
O
OH
HO
OH
Syzygium spp.
Myrtaceae
Fruit
Phenol,essential
Decrease blood
oil,tennin,alkaloids
glucose level
OH
36
HO
OH
O
Lignum,sesamin,
Sesamum
indicum
H3C
H C H
OH
Pedaliaceae
Seeds
Phenolic derivetives,
MOA not available
H3C
Semecarpus
anacardium
Fruit, nut
H C
CH3
89
CH3
Ome
MOA not available

phenolic compound
OH
H3C
Flavonoids,
Anacardiaceae
HC H
sesamol,sesmolin
OH
HO
89,10
Ome
meO
OH
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 117
OH
OH
Scrophularia
ningpoensis
Scrophylaraceae
Root
Harpogoside
MOA not available
OH
CH3
OH
89
H3C
OH
HO
OH
Scrophularia
desrti
Scrophylaraceae
Arial part of
plant
OH
Scropolioside-D,
MOA not available
CH3
OH
89
H3C
harpagoside-B
OH
OH
HO
ome
meo
Schisandra
chinensis
meo
Schisandraceae
Fruit
Schizandrin B
MOA not available
89
me
O
me
Mangiferin,salacinol,k
Salacia oblonga
Cetastraceae
Root
otalanol,kotalagenin
16--acetate
HO
HO HO
Inhibition of alpha
OH
glucosidase activity
HO
HO
officinarum
221
OH O
OH
OH
HO
Sachharum
OH
Glycans A,B,C,D,E,F,
O
OH
HO
OH
OH
Poaceae
Stalk
from the non-sucrose
HO
MOA not available
O
O
HO
protein sachharin
O
NHAc
HO
HO NHAc
89
NH
HO
HO
O
HO
CH3
O
Smallanthus
sonchifolius
Asteraceae
Leaves
Sochifolin,uvedolin
enhydrin,flunctanin
O
O
CH3
MOA not available
O
CH3
H3C
230
CH2
H3C
H3C
H3C
Sulertia punicea
Gentianaceae
Whole plant
Methyl seletiunin &

bellidifolin
MOA not available
..
73
CH2
Tecoma stans
Bignoniaceae
Tronadora
leaves
CH2
Monoterpenes
alkaloids,techomine
MOA not available
36
techostanin
H3C
CH3
OH
Taraxacum
officinalis
Sisquiterpenoids,
Asteraceaed
Dendiolon root
lactone,insulin
MOA not available
CH3
OH
36
CH3
CH3
CH3
H3C
Thalictrum
foliolosum
Ranunculaceae
Meadow reu
Saponin &
plant
triterpenoids
MOA not available
H3C
CH3
H3C
COOH
CH3
RO
H3C
CH2OH
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 118
36
Isoquinoline
Tinospora
cordifolia
Menispermaceae
Gulancha plant
alkaloids,tinosporin,
Decreased blood
root
berberin,tinosporinon
glucose & brain lipid
231,232,233
e,tinosporic acid
H3C
Trichosanthes
dioica
Cucurbitaceae
Whole plant
Trichosanthin &
saponins
MOA not available
H3C
CH3
H3C
COOH
CH2OH
H3C
H3C
Trigonella
foenum graecum
Papilionaceae
Fenugreek
Saponin ,protein & oil
Decreased blood
seed & leaves
4-hydroxy isoluecine
glucose concentration
36
CH3
RO
H3C
CH3
H3C
COOH
234,235
CH3
RO
CH2OH
H3C
Ome
Triticum sativum
Gramineae
Wheat leaves
Alkaloids,terpenoids,s
aponin,flavonoids
MOA not available
HO
36,10
Ome
meO
OH
Urginia
indica/drimia
Liliaceae
Tuber ,leaves
Allicin, allin
MOA not available
indica
H2C
CH2
36
H3C
Urtica dioica
Urticaceae
Stinging nettle
plant
Phenolic compounds,
lignans
H C H
Increase insulin
OH
H3C
secretion
OH
OH
H C
HC H
CH3
236
CH3
H3C
H3C
H C H
Vaccinium
myrtillus
Ericaceae
Bilberry leaves
Phenolic
compound,ligans
OH
MOA not available
H3C
OH
OH
H C
HC H
anthelmintica
Asteraceae
Seed
Epoxy acid,vernolic
acid
Catharanthine,
Vinca rosea
Apocynaceae
Whole plant,
leaves, roots
locherine, vindoline,
luerosine, vindolinine
CH3
MOA not available
36
CH3
H3C
Vernonia
237,238,239,
H
3C
C2H5
-cell rejuvenation,
regeneration &
242
N
H
stimulation
240,241
O
H3C
OH
Vernonia
amygdaline
Asteraceae
Leaves
Vernonioside B and
myricetin
OH
MOA not available
HO
OH
243
OH
OH
Somniferine,
O
withanine,
Withania
somnifera dunal
Solanaceae
Leaf, root, seed
Decrease blood sugar

cuscohygrine,
chlorogenic
O
NH
level
acid,withaferin A,
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 119
244
cholin steroidal
lactone
Hypoglycaemic
diterpen-kaurenoic
Wedelia
paludosa
Compositeae
Stem, root
acid,
CH2
CH3
MOA not available
(ent-16-kauren-19-oic
89
O
OH
acid)
HOOC
Xanthium
strumarium
Asteroceae
Increase glucose
(cat)
utilization
Seed, fruit
CH3
O
Carboxyatractyloside
CH3
HOOC
OH
HOOC
89
COOH
COOH
HOOC
CH2
H3C HC
CH3
-tocopherol,
Plant, seed,
Zea mays
Gramineae
root, corn silk,

lob, leaf, oil
quercetin, flavonoids,
terpenoids,
Ome
MOA not available
HO
89,10
Ome
meO
OH
glucorono-xylo
oligosachharides
[6]-gingerols,
Zingiber
officinale
Juice of ginger,
Zingiberaceae
fresh and dried

rhizome
tannins,polyphenolic
compound,
(eg.coumarins)
Increase insulin level &
Ome
decrease fasting
HO
glucose level
meO
245,246,10
Ome
OH
Flavonoids,
triterpenoids
H3C
Zizyphus
spinachristy
Rhamnaceae
Leaves
Saponin glycoside-
Reduction in blood
christinin-A
glucose level
H3C
H3C
COOH
CH2OH
Triterpene acid,
Zygophylum
gaetulum
Zygophyllaceae
Arial part,
leaves
defferent sugar
residue at c3 & c8 of
the -glycone
247
CH3
RO
H3C
Bistesmoside with
CH3
CH2
H3C
Glucose- lowering
CH3
effect
CH3
CH2OH
CH3
HO
CH3
CH3
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 120
89

Approach To Phytochemistry and Mechaniasm of Action of Plants Having Antidiabetic Activity

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Approach To Phytochemistry and Mechaniasm of Action of Plants Having Antidiabetic Activity

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UK Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences Vol.

4(1), 82-120, 2016

UK Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences

Approach to Phytochemistry and Mechaniasm of Action of Plants having Antidiabetic

coma and, in absence of effective treatment it causes death. Mostly

diabetes are two types namely Type I (Insulin dependent diabetes)

and Fig 2, respectively .

of diabetes is estimated to be 1-5% .

It was first perceived as a disease associated with "sweet urine," and

Ayurveda. The numerous medicinal plants are reported for its

antidiabetes activity. The therapeutic activity of the medicinal plants

controlled by hormone insulin provoked by the pancreas. Insulin

depends upon the nature of phytoconstituents present in the plants.

WHO estimates that 80% of the world populations currently use

insulin is released from the pancreas to normalize the glucose

herbal drugs for major healthcare

. WHO has listed 21,000 plants,

When the body failed to produce sufficient insulin or is not

able to insulin effectively or both leading to diabetes. Consequently,

if diabetes is not controlled commencing in acute or chronic

commercially on a fairly large scale. India is the largest producer of

complication like ketoacidosis, microangiopathy, specialy eyes,

medicinal herbs and is called as botanical garden of the world.

kidney, nerve, heart, blood vessals, failure of various organs,

Herbal products beneficial agents in antimicrobial, antidiabetic,

Diabetes mellitus may present with classical characteristic features

antianxiety, antispasmodic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV,

such as blurring of vision, excessive thirst (polydypsia), excessive

vasodilatory, hepatoprotective, treatment of cirrhosis, asthma, acne,

feeding (polyphagia) excessive urination (polyuria), and weight loss.

impotence, menopause, migraine, gall stones, chronic fatigue,

In its most severe forms, ketoacidosis may develop leading to stupor,

alzheimers disease and memory enhancing activities

Damage of cells by viral infection or molecular

HLA DR3/DR4 individuals high risk

Insulitis Immune responce against

Fig 1: Pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes

Multifactorial and polygenic

Defective insulin secretion

Syndromes with sever insulin

-Due to insulin resistance

-Amyloid induced damage

Fig 2: Pathogenesis of Type II diabetes

UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 83

because of the nature of the plants active chemical constituents like

Diabetes is becoming the third killer of the health of mankind

Patel M, Jamrozik K, Allen O, Martin FI, Eng J, Dean B. A

because of its high prevalence, morbidity and mortality. The present

high prevalence of diabetes in a rural village in Papua New

century has progressed diverted towards naturopathy. This play an

Guinea. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 1986:

important role in treatment or management of lifelong prolonging

Verma NP, Mehta SP, Madhu S, Mather HM, Keen H.

Prevalence of known diabetes in an urban Indian

individuals. The treatment of each of such disease can be done by

environment. the Darya Ganj diabetes survey. British

exploiting the herbal integrity of India

. Plants have always been a

Medical Journal. 1986; 93(6544): 423-24.

The Eluru survey: prevalence of known diabetes in a rural

producer of medicinal herbs and is called as botanical garden of the

extracted from Abelmoschus moschatus. Planta Medica.

2007; 73(10): 1054-1060.