PROCEEDINGS OF THE

DUTCH ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY

VOLUMES
Editors:
R.F. DOCTER, J.P. STRONK, and M.D. de WEERD

The Black Sea Reeion in the Greek,

Roman. and Bvzantine Periods
Edited by:
G.R. Tsetskhladze & J.G. de Boer
CONTENTS
Tsetskhladze, G.R. (UK), Black Sea Piracy-; Doonan, O., and Smat1, D. (USA), Gema Dere,
Roman and Bl-zantine Settlement in Sinop Province, Turkey; Summerer, L., and Atasoy, S.

(Turkey), Amazonendarstellungen auf Miinzen und Tbrrakotten von Amistts; Kakhidze, A.

(Georgia), Specimens rf Classical Bronze Toreutics .from Pichvnari (Georgitt); BallesterosPastor, L. (Spain), Phamaces I of Pontus and the Kingdom of Pergamum; Kuznetsov, V.D.
(Russia), Phanagoria and its Metropoils; t Vinogradov, YG., (Russia), The Visit of an Euboean
to Phanagoria; Sokolova, O.Y., (Russia), New Material frutm the Excavation of Nymphaeum;
Saprykin, S. (Russia), Bosporus on the Verge rf the Christian Era (Outlines of Economic
Development);Popova, E.A., and Kovalenko, S.A. (Russia), A New Relief with Heracles in the
North-Western Crimea; Treister, M.Y (Russia), Finds of Metal Elements of Roman Military
Costume and Hors-harness in the North Pontic Area; Zrtbar, VM. (Ukraine), and Pillinger, R.
(Austria), New Tombs with Ear\,- Christian Murals from the Necropolis oJ Thuric Chersonesus
(Preliminary Nore); Romancuk, A. (Russia), Chersonesos im Frtih- und Mittelb,-zantinischer
Zeit; Bravo, R. (Poland), Deur Ostraka Magiques d'Olbia Pontique et Quelques Donndes
Nouvelles sur les Procldds de la Magic Destuctive; Dupont, P. (France), Hdraklis et le Keros
de Troie sur un Vase Nord-lonien d Figures Noires de Bdrd1an?: Lungu, V. (Romania), lz
Tbmbe d'un "HPQZ et I'Organisation de la Ndcropole d'une Citl Mily'sienne du Pont E*rin: le
Tumulus T-A95 d'Orgamy'; f R6dulescu, A., Buzoianu, L., Btrrbulescu, M., and Georgescu, N.
(Romania), AlbeSti (Departement de Constanza), Site FortiJil Creco-lndigine; Stoyanov, T.
(Bulgaria), The Getic Capital at Sboryanovo (North-Eastern Bulgaria);Gergov, G. (Bulgaria),
Archaeological Evidence of Dune Formation on the West Pontic Coast in the 4th-3rd Centuries
BC; de Boer, J.G., and Stronk, J.P. (The Netherlands), Ti'o Greek "Emporia" South oJ
Apollonia Pontica?; Abramzon, M.G. (Russia), The 'Coronation Coin' of the Thracian King
Rhoemetalces III: Bouzek, J. (Czech Rep.), The First Thracian Urban and Rural Dn-ellings,
and Stonecutting Techniques; Archibald, Z.H. (UK), The Odrysian River Port near Vetren,
Bulgaria, and the Pistiros Inscription; Tonkova, M. (Bulgaria), Classical Jewellery in Thrace:
Origins and Development, Archaeological Contexts;Woudhuizen, F.C. (The Netherlands), I/re
Earliest Inscription from Thrace; Book Reviews

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their captives fbr ransom, infbrming their relatives after they have put out to
sea" (Strabo 11.2.12. Cf.Tacitus, Hist.3.47;Aristotle, polit.8. l33gb; Diod.

)O )ir

The Heniochi and probably the Soanes (Strabo 11.2. 19) gave rhe Greeks living in the city of Dioscurias and its chrtra a very rough time. Excavation of
this par-t of colchis has yielded an exceptionally high number of weapons (of
both Greek and local production), evidence of the hostile relationship between
the Greeks and the Heniochi (voronov 1915: l99l). These tribes used even to
attack coastal cities (Plin., NH 6. 15. 16). An important indication comes from
the bronze inscription (beginning of the 3rd century BC) from Eshera (part of
the chora of Dioscurias) (Shamba 1980, 5-5; Kaukhchishvili 1985; vinogradov 1997, 596-601). The inscription is highly fiagmented, which makes ir
impossible to form any clear idea of its content, but the several surviving
words are sufficient to show that this is some particularly imporlant document, such as a decree or historical chronicle, concemed with some military
events (vinogradov 1991,596-601). It is very difficult to gain a firm impression of the events described but, if we take M.p. Inadze's speculation (based

on the surviving words: "military fbrce or troops"; "poti's"; "Kingdom or

queen"; and the general historical situation in that part of the Black Sea) as
one possible theory, it may be concluded, with our present state of knowledge,
that "the Eshera inscription is an oflicial ... agreement concluded on the one
hand by Dioscurias (Eshera) and on the other by cities of the Southem Black
Sea (Herakleia) and the Pontic Kingdom. The reason fbr the people of Eshera
concluding such an agreement would have been to safeguard the city
[Dioscuriasl against furrher raids by pirate tribes with the military help of the
above-mentioned authorities ..." (Inadze 1988, 158). In other words, the
Greeks of Dioscurias and its c'hora (Eshera) were obliged to seek military help
from outside colchis itself against the pirates (Heniochi and Soanesj.
Moreover, in this parl of Pontus the control of piracy is usually considered to
have been a prime function of the Roman garisons established along the eastem coast of the Black Sea under the Principate (Braund 1994, Ij l-l-).
other parts of the Black Sea were unsaf-e too. piracy posed a considerable
threat to merchants, but, as a means of accumulating wealth, piracy and trade
actually had a considerable amount in common. The Taurian tribes in the
Crimea and the Thracians developed an organised system of wrecking ships for
plunder (Diod. 20. 25 Xen., Anab. 1. 5. 12). So widespread did this beiome
that the Romans were obliged to establish penalties against wreckers (ormerod
1924, 70- l). Illyrian pirates were another source of trouble in the Black Sea
(Ormerod 1924,22, 144,149, 178, 187). Polybius states rhat..... the Illyrians
had always been in the habit of pillaging, because, owing to the extent of their
sea-board and owing to the principal cities being in the interior, help against
their raids was distant and slow in arriving; so that they could always overrun
and pfunder those countries unmolested" (2.5). The island of Leuce at the
mouth of the Danube was occupied by pirates (Ormerod 1924,23).

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had been seeking to satisfy their own needs through plunder;

this the rulers
had resisted. In the Hellenistic period the narure or piricy graiually
changed;
it became more concerned with supprying the Medite'inean demand
for
slaves, and rulers startecl making arrangements with the pirates
through which
the slave trade became one of their sources of income. It is
also essential to
remember that kings and generals often used piratical activity
to help finance
their wars. This practice started in the 5th century BC and continued
into the
Hellenistic period. For example, philip II of Micedon used
the proceeds of
piracy to finance the building of his nivy. Anorher way in
whichpiracy was
e_ncouraged lay in the custom of reprisals against on
1de Souza iggs).
one principal motive for piracy had always been to take
"nl-y
captives for sale into
slavery (Garlan 1987; 1988). However, it is unlikery that rhe
numbers captured by the local people and tribes of pontus would have had
a large impact
upon the slave-trading system of the Greek world in general.
The laigest ien_
tres of piracy were crete and ciricia. The number of sraves
from the Black
Sea was small. Thus pontus was not a major source of
slaves in the ancient
world (Finley 1962 Blavatskr i I 954; Braund/Tsetskhlad ze 19g9;
Cecchladze
1990; Isaac 1986,145-6; erc.).

K,

Or

Pr

SI
Ts

Ts

Ts

Ts

Vi

BrsLtocnlpuy

Vc

Asheri,D'

19913:

TheAchaeansandtheHeniochi.ReflectionsontheoriginsandHistoryof

Greek Rhetorical ropos, in: Tsetskhradze, G.R. (ed.), The

Greek corinisation

tl

Vc
a

rhe Brat.k

s,:t,.A::r:..Hisrot'itur Interpretatiotl or Archaeorog;-, sturrgarr

tii.r,orio gi"rerschrifren
llt). lt]-'r-56.

Blavatskii, v'D. I954: Slavery and its Sources in the Ancienr

States of the Norrhern Black Sea.
Sot'etskaya Arkheologiya,20. 3 I _-56 (in Russian).
Brrund. D.C. lq94: Ct'orgi,t itt Antittttir\.,Orlbrd.
Braund, D.C./G.R. Tsetskhradze isxg: rhe Exporr of Slaves
fiom corchis, Cras.ricor
Quarterlr, 39 ( l ), l l,l-2-5.
Casson, L. 1991: The Arcient Mariners, princeton (2nd ed.).
Cecch.ladze (Tsetskhladze), G.R. 1990: Zu den kolchischen
Sklaven in der griechrschen welt,

Klio,72, 15l-9.

Cook. R.M.,rP. Dupont 1998: East Greek potter.t:, London_New york.

de Souza. P. 1995: Greek piracy, in: powelr, A. (ed.),

o'nt:l

Tr r. Y;';.tn62:
-,I -7.

The Greek worrtr,London, r7g-gg.

The Black Sea and Danubian Regions and rhe Slave Trade
in Anriquiry, K11o,

Garlan. Y. 1987: war, piracy and Slavery in the Greek world,

in: Finrey, M.r. (ed.),Ctassicat

S/.rlen. London.

7-2

l.

Garlan, Y.G. 1988: Slat,ery in Ant,ient Greet:e,Ithaca-London.

Garlan, YG (ed.) 1999: Production et Commex'e des Amphores
Anciertnes en Mer Noire,

Aix-

en-rrovcncc.
Inadze. M.P 1988: Towards an Interpretation of the Greek
Inscription from Eshera, in:
Cout:usian-Near Eastern Coltet.tioi, g, l.1g_5g (in Russian).

lsaac, B. 1986 The Greek settrentents in Thrat:e uniit th,

Mut.edonian Conquest,Leiden.
Kaukhchishvili, T.s. 1985: Thg Grgek Inscriprion fiom the ciry-sire

tigations oJ Sourc:e Marerial.s - 19g2, Tbilisi. 2lg_23 (inRusslan).

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