MF9111 - ADVANCE MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY

ASSIGNMENT

SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR CUTTING TOOLS

CBN & PCD

PREPARED BY,
KARTHICK.N
2009606001
M.E. MANUFACTURING ENGG
ANNA UNIV – MIT, CHROMPET.
 CONTENTS
1. CUBIC BORON NITRIDE

1.1. INTRODUCTION
1.2. ORIGIN
1.3. GENERAL DETAILS
1.4. PROPERTIES
1.4.1. CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PROPERTIES
1.4.2. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
1.4.3. THERMAL PROPERTIES
1.4.4. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
1.4.5. ELECTRIC PROPERTIES
1.4.6. CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
A. WITH METALS
B. WITH OXIDES
C. WITH ACIDS AND BASES
D. WITH BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
1.5. APPLICATIONS
1.5.1. CUTTING TOOL APPLICATIONS
1.5.2. OTHER APPLICATIONS
1.6. CBN TYPICAL MACHINING PARAMETERS
1.7. ADVANTAGES
1.8. DIFFERENT OPERATIONS USING CBN
1.9. POSSIBLE CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF CBN
1.10. STRUCTURE OF A CBN WHEEL OF AN ESTABLISHED COMPOSITION
 1.11. RELATIVE STRENGTH OF THREE REPRESENTATIVE CBN GRADES
AFTER HEAT TREATMENT AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
1.12. SPLINTER SIZE OF THREE REPRESENTATIVE CBN GRADES
AFTER HEAT TREATMENT AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
1.13. DIFFERENT GRADES OF CBN
1.14. COMPARISONS OF SOME CBN PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN MARKET

2. POLY-CRYSTALLINE DIAMONDS
2.1. INTRODUCTION
2.2. NATURAL PCD
2.2.1. PROPERTIES
2.3. ARTIFICIAL PCD
2.3.1. FABRICATION
2.3.2. PROPERTIES
2.4. APPLICATIONS
2.5. MANUFACTURING DIFFERENT SHAPES OF PCD
2.6. DIFFERENT SIZES OF PCD IN USED VARIOUS APPLICATIONS
2.7. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME PCD PRODUCTS
2.8. ADVANTAGES
2.9. DISADVANTAGES

3. REFERENCES
 1. CUBIC BORON NITRIDE
1.1. INTRODUCTION:

The second hardest material, Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN), is created by

man, using temperatures and pressures similar to those for diamond synthesis.
Used in the correct manner CBN offers cost-effective rapid stock removal and
finishing of hardened steels and certain softer ferrous materials. The lattice
structure is hexagonal similar to that of graphite.

Engineers throughout the world are improving productivity and quality,

and reducing grinding cost per piece, by replacing Al2O3 wheels with CBN
(cubic boron nitride) wheels made with porous vitrified bonds.

1.2. ORIGIN:
The cubic form was only realised after the discovery, in 1957, by R. H.
Wentorf Jr. of the General Electric Company, USA, that the hexagonal form
could be transformed to the cubic by the use of high temperatures and
pressures.

1.3. GENERAL DETAILS:

TABLE - 1

Essentially stoichiometric but,

Small amounts (generally < 1%)
of impurities C, O, Li, Be, S,P &
Formula BN
others may be present
depending on chemistry of
growth system.
43.6 wt% B;
Molecular Weight 24.8177
56.4 wt% N
Cubic boron nitride
Cubic BN;
CBN;
BORAZON General Electric Co. trademark
Name
for abrasive Grain.
β-BN Russian scientific literature
Elbor Russian abrasive
Cubonite Russian abrasive
1.4. PROPERTIES:

Properties of all the materials arise from their structure, i.e., from the
manner in which their atoms aggregate into hierarchies. Let us see the various
properties of cubic boron nitride here.
Colourless (rare);
Generally, yellow (amber, honey, cinnamon), orange,
black (B-doped),
Colour
brown, deep blue (Be-doped).
Yellow and orange crystals are thermo chromic and become
opaque about 450 °C.

1.4.1. CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC PROPERTIES:

Crystal morphology is a determining factor for the physical, thermal

and chemical properties of the CBN grit.
TABLE - 2

Cubic
Crystal system
Structure type Zinc blende
Atoms/unit cell 4B, 4N
Lattice constant (25 °C) [nm] 0.3615 ± 0.0001
Ionic distance (B-N) [nm] 0.157
3.48 calculated from X-ray data
Density [g/cm3] 3.45 measured data
truncated tetrahedra or octahedra {111}
hexagonal plates {111}
{111} and {100}
Crystal habit
{111} and {110}
crystals twinned on {111}
irregular blocky forms
Twinning growth twinning on {111}

Cleavage perfect on {011}

 triangular and hexagonal steps
Surface microstructure
triangular etch pits
(as grown)
twin planes
Alternating color zones probably due to
differential impurity adsorption during growth.
Internal microstructure
Zones revealed by contrast in secondary
electron scattering in scanning electron
microscope; also by polishing.

1.4.2. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES:

Mechanical properties determine the strength related factors of the

materials.

TABLE - 3

4366,
4695 (undoped);
Hardness
[HK] 4572 (Be-doped)
4500 on {111} in <110>
~ 4500

C11 = 7.12 · 1011 calculated from C11/Co

Elastic constants C12 = 0.8 · 1011 estimated

[Pa]
C44 = 3.34 · 1011 calculated from C44/Co

Bulk modulus K = (C11 +2C12)/3 ≈ 2.9X1011

Compressibility 0.24 - 0.37 · 10−12 calculated range

from various relationships
[cm2 10 µN−1] −12
0.34 · 10 calculated from elastic constants (1/K)
Temperature for > 1300
dislocation mobility [°C]

Fracture mode Cleaves easily on the 6 {011} planes

Some crystals crack on heating to about 900 °C

Note: 1.The accepted hardness value is 4500 HK (about half that of diamond).
1.4.3. THERMAL PROPERTIES:
Cubic boron nitride is extremely stable in air, nitrogen or vacuum -
temperatures ca. 1400 - 1550 °C have to be exceeded before any change in
stability occurs. This is in marked contrast to diamond which starts to form a
graphite surface film at temperatures ca. 650 °C in the presence of oxygen.
The specific heat values are approximately twice that for diamond,
whilst the thermal conductivity value is much lower than that of diamond. The
values for thermal expansion between 430 °C and 1160 °C are slightly higher
than those for diamond.

TABLE - 4
Specific heat 12.55 at 300 K
[J/(mol K)] 25.1 at 600 K

Debye temperature 1700 from IR spectra

[K] 1900 from extrapolated elastic constants

200 measured on dense polycrystalline compacts

Thermal conductivity
1300 calculated
[W/(m K)] (25 °C)
87.5 by extrapolation of data from porous compacts

4.80 at 430 °C
Linear thermal
4.30 at 700 °C
expansion
−6
5.60 at 900 °C
[10 /K]
5.80 at 1160 °C

Air, oxygen: B2O3 protective layer prevents further

oxidation to ~ 1300 °C; no conversion to hexagonal
form at 1400 °C.
Thermal stability Nitrogen: some conversion to hex at 1525 °C in 12 h,
at < 1 atm vac.

at high pressure Vacuum (10−5 Pa): threshold temperature for

conversion to hex, 1550 - 1600 °C.
3125 - 3225 °C, threshold conversion temperature
for flash heating at 5 - 9 GPa.
1.4.4. THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES:

TABLE - 5

Melting point at ~ 3500 at 10.5 GPa

triple point[K]

Heat of formation −251 value for the graphitic layer lattice form at 298 K
[kJ mole−1] −266 calculated value for CBN

Entropy 0.58 calculated at 298 K

S [J mol−1 K−1]

Cubic - hex p = (0.0037 T [K] −1.8 ) [GPa], applicable from ~ 4.5 to

transformation
7.5 GPa with solvent catalyst such as Li3BN2
Lattice energy, U 22608
[kJ mol−1] 14319
Cohesive energy, ∆Gs 1214 spectroscopic analysis
[kJ mol−1] 1315 calculated
Surface energy σ111 (free specific surface energy) 4720 x 10−7
[J cm−2] (calculation)

1.4.5. ELECTRIC PROPERTIES:

One of the important characteristics of the materials is their ability to

permit or resist the flow of electricity.

RESISTIVITY[Ω Cm]:
p-type (Be-doped)
102– 104 0.19 - 0.23 eV (activation energy for conduction)

n-type (B, S, Si, CN-doped)

103 - 107 0.05 - 0.41 eV (activation energy for conduction)

1010 undoped; resistance of undoped yellow crystals decreases from ~1010 to ~

107 from 25 °C to 500 °C (colour change accompanies resistance decrease).

DIELECTRIC CONSTANT:
ε0= 7.1 ε∞ = 4.5
1.4.6. CHEMICAL REACTIVITY:
Study of chemical properties of materials is necessary because most of
the engineering materials, when they come in contact with other substances
with which they can react, tend to suffer from deterioration.

Let us see the chemical reactivity of CBN with various substances.

TABLE - 6

A. WITH METALS: Mo - in 10−2 Pa vacuum - reaction with CBN - 1360 °C

Ni - in 10−2 Pa vacuum - wets CBN at 1360 °C

Fe, Ni, Co - Ar, reaction with CBN begins -1350 - 1400 °C

Fe, Ni, Co - in 10−3 Pa vacuum - wetting of hex BN

Fe and/or Ni-based alloys containing Al - reaction with

CBN 1250 - 1300 °C
−3
Al in 10 Pa vaccum, 1050 °C - marked wetting and
reaction with CBN and hex BN

Si in 10−3 Pa vacuum, 1500 °C - wetting of CBN

Fe, Co, Ni, Si in 10−3 Pa vacuum, 1550 °C - wet hex BN

work of wetting - 1000 - 3500 erg/cm2

Cu, Ag, Au, Ga, In, Ge, Sn - 10−3 Pa vacuum, 1100 °C - no

wetting of CBN or hex BN

work of wetting = 60 - 350 erg/cm2

B - does not wet hex BN even at 2200 °C; addition of 0.1
- 1% Ti or Cr increases wetting

ZnO-PbO-B2O3-SiO2 - glasses used as binder for

B. WITH OXIDES: Cubonite tool – wetting Indicated
 Na2O-CaO-B2O3-SiO2 - argon 800 °C, cubic BN wetted by
liquids in this system.
ZrO2 , V2O5 and TiO2 and K2O additions decrease
wetting
Li-Al silicate plus fireclay fired at 905° - 1000 °C to bind
CBN grains in grinding wheel - suggests wetting by
molten silicate.

Li2O - B2O3 liquid wets CBN at 5 GPa and 1400 - 1700 °C

insoluble in usual acids

C. WITH ACIDS
AND BASES: soluble in alkaline molten salts, LiOH, KOH, NaOH-
Na2CO3, NaNO3.
These are used for etchants.
Soluble in molten nitrides such as Li3N, Mg3N2, Sr3N2,
Ba3N2, Li3BN2.

D. WITH BN (along with Si3N4, NbN, and BNC) are reported to

BIOLOGICAL show weak fibri-genic activity & cause pneumoconiosis.
SYSTEMS: Maximum concentration recommended for nitrides of
nonmetals is 10 mg/m3; for AlN, 4; for ZrN, 4.

1.5. APPLICATIONS:

1.5.1. CUTTING TOOL APPLICATIONS:

Typically they are used for hard ferrous materials (Rc 45 or harder) that
are difficult to machine with carbide or ceramic or that require time consuming
grinding operations.

• Automotive engine blocks - Cylinder Boring

• Brake rotors - O.D. Facing and Chamfer
• Transmission gears - I.D. Boring
• Steel mill rolls - O.D. Turning
• Cylinder head - Milling
1.5.2. OTHER APPLICATIONS:

 High temperature lubricants

 Mold release agents
 Insulating filler material in composites
 Filler for silicone rubber
 Additive in silicone oils and resins
 Filler for tubular heaters and neutron absorbers

1.6. CBN TYPICAL MACHINING PARAMETERS :

TABLE - 7

Speed Feet Rate D.O.C.

Material
(sfpm) (inch/rev) (inches)
Gray Cast Iron (180-270 BHN) 2000-4000 .005-.025 .005-.100
Hard Cast Iron (>400 BHN) 250-500 .005-.025 .005-.100
Hardened Steel (>45 Rc
225-350 .005-.020 .030-.100
Roughing)
Hard Facing Alloys 300-700 .005-.010 .005-.050
Powder Metal 300-600 .004-.010 .004-.040
Superalloys 500-1000 .004-.010 .004-.040
Thermal Spray - N. Based 300-1000 .003-.008 .004-.040
Thermal Spray - C. Based 400-1000 .002-.006 .004-.040

1.7. ADVANTAGES:

ROUGHING :
• Efficient machining of pearlitic gray cast iron
• Turning hard facing alloys
• Machining of powder metal alloys
• Turning of superalloys

FINISHING :
• High speed finish machining of hardened steel (>45 Rc)
• Suitable for continuous machining of hardened steels
• Replace grinding operations.
1.8. DIFFERENT OPERATIONS USING CBN:

Turning with CBN Machining Case Hardened Steel Gear

Rough and semi-finish turning, milling,

Grooving and boring Machining White Iron Roll with CBN

Through Hardened EN31

Bearing Steel Machining Boring Nitrided Aero Engine Bearing Cage

1.9. POSSIBLE CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF CBN:

FIGURE - 1

1.10. STRUCTURE OF A CBN WHEEL OF AN ESTABLISHED COMPOSITION:

FIGURE - 2
1.11. RELATIVE STRENGTH OF THREE REPRESENTATIVE CBN GRADES AFTER
HEAT TREATMENT AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES:

FIGURE - 3

1.12. SPLINTER SIZE OF THREE REPRESENTATIVE CBN GRADES AFTER HEAT

TREATMENT AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES:

FIGURE - 4
1.13. DIFFERENT GRADES OF CBN:
H.C. Starck Grade A 01 Boron Nitride, BN
H.C. Starck Grade B 50 Boron Nitride, BN
H.C. Starck Grade B 100 Boron Nitride, BN
H.C. Starck Grade C Boron Nitride, BN
H.C. Starck Grade F 15 Boron Nitride, BN

1.14. COMPARISONS OF SOME CBN PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN MARKET:

(NOTE: a )Trade names and trademarks of De Beers Industrial Diamond

Division, S. Africa.)
Following table illustrates some of the important properties of Amborite
- AMB90 , DBC 50 and DBA80 and compares them with those of an aluminum
oxide ceramic cutting tool material.
TABLE - 8

Amboritea) Amboritea) Amboritea)

Property Al2O3+ TiC
AMB90 DBC50 DBA80
Density [g/cm3] 3.42 4.28 3.52 4.28
Compressive
2.73 3.552 - 4.5
strength [GPa]
Fracture
toughness 6.4 3.7 5.9 2.94
[MPa m1/2]
Knoop
31.5 27.5 30 17
hardness [HK]
Young’s
680 587 649 390
modulus [GPa]
Thermal
expansion 4.9 4.7 4.6 7.8
[10−6/K]
Thermal
conductivity 100 44 85 9
[W/(m K)]
Wear
1.9 1.34 1.76 0.92
Coefficient
 2. POLY-CRYSTALLINE DIAMONDS
2.1. INTRODUCTION:

Diamond is the hardest, most abrasive-resistant, material known to

man. These properties make diamond an ideal cutting tool. Within the crystal
structure, however, fracture planes, used by the diamond cutter to produce
the gem diamond from the rough, can cause catastrophic breakage of the tool
edge, when subjected to impact.

PCD tools incorporate Polycrystalline Diamond blanks produced under

conditions of high pressure (1 million PSI) and temperature (1700 Degrees C),
similar to those of diamond synthesis. Randomly orientated, carefully selected
synthetic diamond crystals are grown together on a hard metal substrate.

This results in a material with the hardness, abrasive resistance and high
thermal conductivity of diamond with the toughness of hard metal. Using the
hard metal substrate the PCD blank is brazed to a carrier, either steel or hard
metal, and machined by grinding or E.D.M to produce the cutting edge.

When compared to other cutting tool materials, there are three main
reasons for using PCD tools:-

 Increased tool life results in reduced tool cost per component and less
idle machine time.
 Increasing cutting speed improves productivity through reduced cycle
times.
 Grinding and other less productive machining methods can be replaced
by PCD milling and turning.

PCD (Polycrystalline Diamond) has been available for milling non-ferrous

abrasive materials for many years. The common method of tool production has
been grinding using Diamond grinding wheels.

The forces required to grind PCD with Diamond are extremely high. This
means that it has been very difficult to produce cutting tool inserts accurately
enough to work properly in the fixed pocket milling cutters commonly
available. Cutters with adjustable pockets for the inserts were developed, but
these require care and patience to set up and are expensive to buy and repair.
 Poly – Crystalline Diamonds exist both in nature and also can be
manufactured artificially using man-made diamond particles.

2.2. NATURAL PCD:

Carbonado, commonly known as the "Black Diamond", is a natural

polycrystalline diamond found in alluvial deposits in the Central African
Republic and Brazil. Its natural colour is black or dark grey, and it is more
porous than other diamonds.

TABLE - 9

CHEMICAL FORMULA C

MOLAR MASS 12.01 U

COLOR TYPICALLY BLACK

CRYSTAL HABIT POLYCRYSTALLINE

CRYSTAL SYSTEM ISOMETRIC-HEXOCTAHEDRAL (CUBIC)

FRACTURE CONCHOIDAL (SHELL-LIKE)

MOHS SCALE HARDNESS 10

STREAK WHITE

SPECIFIC GRAVITY 3.52±0.01

DENSITY 3.5–3.53 G/CM3

POLISH LUSTER ADAMANTINE

 The most characteristic carbonados have been found only in the Central
African Republic and in Brazil, in neither place associated with kimberlite, the
source of typical gem diamonds.

Lead isotope analyses have been interpreted as documenting

crystallization of carbonados about 3 billion years ago. The carbonados are
found in younger sedimentary rocks.

2.2.1. PROPERTIES:

1. Carbonado diamonds are typically pea-sized or larger porous

aggregates of many tiny black crystals.

2. Carbonado exhibits strong luminescence (photoluminescence and

cathodoluminescence) induced by nitrogen and by vacancies existing in the
crystal lattice.

3. Isotope studies have yielded further clues to carbonado genesis. The

carbon isotope value is very low (little carbon-13 compared to carbon-12,
relative to typical diamonds).

Mineral grains included within diamonds have been studied extensively for
clues to diamond origin:

1. Some typical diamonds contain inclusions of common mantle minerals

such as pyrope and forsterite, but such mantle minerals have not been
observed in carbonado.

2. In contrast, some carbonados do contain inclusions of minerals

characteristic of the Earth’s crust: these inclusions do not necessarily establish
formation of the diamonds in the crust, however, because these obvious
crustal inclusions occur in the pores that are common in carbonados. These
inclusions within pores may have been introduced after carbonado formation.
Inclusions of other minerals, rare or nearly absent in the Earth’s crust, are
found at least partly incorporated in diamond, not just in pores: among such
other minerals are those with compositions of Si, SiC, and Fe-Ni. No distinctive
high-pressure minerals, including the hexagonal carbon polymorph,
lonsdaleite, have been found as inclusions in carbonados, although such
inclusions might be expected if carbonados formed by meteorite impact.
2.3. ARTIFICIAL PCD:
In 1976, the Baker Hughes Inc. company introduced bits with synthetic
diamond cutters called polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits.

2.3.1. FABRICATION:

It is manufactured using man-made diamond particles that are grown

together in a high pressure, high temperature process. At the same time, these
particles are integrally bonded to a cemented tungsten carbide substrate for
mechanical strength and impact resistance.

2.3.2. PROPERTIES:

Poly-crystalline diamond bits (PCD) offer hardness, strength and

abrasion resistance of natural diamond without its susceptibility to fracturing.

TABLE - 10

Properties Metric UNITS Comments

Vickers Micro
25.0 - 98.0 GPa
hardness
Modulus of
749 - 953 GPa
Elasticity
Compressive values depend on grain size and Co
1900 - 6900 MPa
Strength content
Poisson’s
0.0700 - 0.200
Ratio
Fracture values depend on grain size and Co
6.00 - 8.80 MPa-m½
Toughness content
Density 3.00 - 4.00 g/cc

Thermal 1200 W/m-K Thick film diamond made by SP3.

Conductivity 1800 W/m-K De Beers thermal thick film synthetic diamond.
Descriptive Properties
Impurities (i.e. Nitrogen) and irradiation
Colour Clear can change color to yellow, green, blue,
pink, or brown.
Crystal
Cubic Diamond - Space Group Fd3m
Structure
2.4. APPLICATIONS:

1. It can be inserted into PCD cutting tools, PCD drilling bits/core bits,
PCD wire drawing dies, reamers and other wear resistant components.

2. Poly-crystalline diamond bits are well suited to high speed cutting of

aluminium, particularly when good surface finishes are mandatory.

3. Often, poly-crystalline diamond bits are recommended for cutting

high content silicon aluminium alloys.

4. These diamond bits are also used on brass, copper, carbide and
bronze in applications including turning, boring, profiling, grooving, milling and
hole making.

5. Used for oil field drilling and coal mining.

2.5. MANUFACTURING DIFFERENT SHAPES OF PCD:

TSP can be manufactured into a variety of sizes and shapes (Cubes,

cylinders, Discs, Rectangles, Triangles, spheres , etc.,).

TSP/PCD mining and oil drilling bits are best suited for more abrasive or
broken formations. PCD drill bits are suitable for drilling in soft rocks with
hardness below 7 degrees such as lime rock, marble, shale, etc., and in
medium to hard rocks with coarse grains such as sedimentary rock.

FIGURE - 5
2.6. DIFFERENT SIZES OF PCD IN USED VARIOUS APPLICATIONS:

TABLE - 11
 2.7. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME PCD PRODUCTS:

(NOTE: a )Trade names and trademarks of De Beers Industrial Diamond

Division, S. Africa.)
Following table illustrates some of the important properties of Syndite a)
CTB 010, Syndrill a) SRC, Syndax a) 3 and compares with the mono crystalline
diamond.

TABLE - 11

Syndite a) Syndrill a) Syndax a) Mono- Hardmetal

Property CTB 010 SRC 3 crystalline
diamond WC-6 Co

Density [g/cm3] 4.12 3.99 3.42 3.52 14.7

Compressive strength 7.60 7.61 4.192 8.68 4.438

[GPa]

Fracture toughness [MPa 8.81 9.80 6.89 3.46 10.48

m1/2]

Knoop hardness [HK] 50 50 50 57 - 104 17

Young’s modulus *GPa+ 776 810 925 1141 593

Thermal expansion [10−6 4.2 4.6 3.8 1.5 - 4.8 5.4

K−1]

Thermal conductivity 540 760 120 500 - 2000 100

[W/(m K)]

Wear coefficient 3.89 3.97 2.99 2.14 - 5.49 1.15

2.8. ADVANTAGES:

Poly-crystalline diamond bits offer a number of advantages to

manufacturing operations in terms of application range and productivity.

1. The results obtained in drilling medium to hard rocks and non –

uniform abrasive formations are much better than those obtained with drill
bits impregnated or surface-set with single natural diamond crystals.

2. A factor that improves the toughness of poly-crystalline diamond is

the presence of cobalt in the microstructure along with the random orientation
of the diamond particles. The tungsten carbide substrate also provides
mechanical support for the diamond abrasive layer, increasing impact
resistance and making it easier for braze attachment in tool fabrication.

3. Another benefit of poly-crystalline diamond bits is the range of

diamond grades available to fit any nonferrous application.

Typically, fine-grain diamond is used for less abrasive applications

requiring an excellent surface finish. Medium-grain diamond is considered a
general-purpose machining grade. Coarse-grain diamond is used in rough
machining and in extremely abrasive materials where surface finish may not be
as important.

4. It also excels in machining highly abrasive work pieces.

2.9. DISADVANTAGES:

Because of a chemical interaction between diamond and iron,

poly-crystalline diamond bits are not typically used to cut ferrous materials.
However, diamond bits can be used to tackle bimetal applications involving
aluminium and cast iron.
 3. REFERENCES
1. http://www.springerlink.com/content/x584423376016731/fulltext.pdf

2. http://www.cutting-
tool.americanmachinist.com/guiEdits/Content/bdeee15/bdeee15_1.aspx

3. http://www.meister-abrasives.ch/en/technology/abrasive_materials/cbn

4. http://www.china-superabrasives.com/Cubic_Boron_Nitride.htm

5. http://www.wwsuperabrasives.com/Cubic_Boron_Nitride.html

6. http://china-superabrasives.com/PCD_polycrystalline_diamond.htm

7. http://www.xinruitools.com/sl_001.html

8.http://pubs.acs.org/action/doSearch?action=search&searchText=cubic+boro
n+nitride&qsSearchArea=searchText&type=within&publication=40026050

9. http://drengus.com/featured/what-is-pcd/