Zoology 200
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
Study of structure, function, & range of variation among vertebrates
Serves background for human anatomy
Help understand past, present & future architecture of man
Study of history
SCOPE:
1. DESCRIPTIVE MORHOLOGY ( form)
2. FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY (relationship / function)
3. EVOLUTION
4. PHYLOGENY
- evolutionary history of a taxon which relates taxon to ancestral taxa in a continuous
evolutionary line
- phylogenesis
5. ONTOGENY (development of individual)
6. TAXONOMY
7. ANATOMY
8. PHYSIOLOGY
9. EMRBYOLOGY (specific form and development)
PARALLEL EVOLUTION
two related species arise from a common ancestor.
The two species then evolve in much the same way over time, probably in response to
similar environmental selection pressures.
Ex: Elephant vs. Mammoth
both the wooly mammoth, which occupied parts of North America, and the elephant, still
found in Asia and Africa are presumed to have evolved from a common ancestor.
Their geographical isolation and environmental selection pressures caused further
evolution of the species, but each, in its own location, occupies a similar niche (habitat).
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION
- occurs when two or more groups that are not closely related come to resemble each
other more and more as time passes.
- This is usually the result of occupation of similar habitats and the adoption of similar
environmental roles.
DIVERGENT EVOLUTION
"One ancestral stock evolves into two species, which continue to evolve and become
less and less alike over time.“
with the extinction of the dinoasurs, the mammals were able to undergo extensive
adaptive radiation to fill a wide range of ecological niches.
5. SKELETON
A. ENDOSKELETON
B. EXOSKELETON
6. SEX
A. MONOECIOUS (hermaphrodite) ex: worms
B. DIOECIOUS (needs other pair to propagate)
7. REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
A. OVIPAROUS (egg-laying) ex: shark
B. VIVIPAROUS (internal eggs)
C. PAEDOGENESIS (early stage in development w/ fully matured sex cells)
D. NEOTENY (specific part that does not change from early stage to maturity) ex: ancestral
mammals
E. OVIVIVIPAROUS (placental mammals)
8. FERTILIZATION
A. EXTERNAL FERTILIZATION
B. INTERNAL FERTILIZATION
The Langauge of anatomy
Human Anatomical Position
for descriptive purposes, this provides a standard reference framework for the body.
Body is erect
Feet are parallel and flat on the floor
Eyes directed forward
Arms are at the sides of the body with palms of the hand turn forward and the fingers pointing
downward
DESCIPTIVE TERMS
BODY CAVITIES
DORSAL CAVITY
1. Cranial Cavity
2. Vertebral Cavity
VENTRAL CAVITY
1.Thoracic Cavity
* pleural,pericardial,mediastinum
2. Abdominopelvic Cavity
* abdominal,pelvic