P t ti
Protection
Coordination
C
di ti
Loss--ofLoss
of-Field (40) and OutOut-ofof-Step Protection (78)
NERC Protection Coordination Webinar Series
June 30, 2010
Dr. Murty V.V.S. Yalla
Disclaimer
The information from this webcast is provided for
i f
informational
ti
l purposes only.
l An
A entity's
tit ' adherence
dh
tto th
the
examples contained within this presentation does not
constitute compliance with the NERC Compliance Monitoring
and Enforcement Program
g
(("CMEP")) requirements,
q
, NERC
Reliability Standards, or any other NERC rules. While the
information included in this material may provide some of the
methodology that NERC may use to assess compliance with
the requirements of certain Reliability Standards
Standards, this material
should not be treated as a substitute for the Reliability
Standard or viewed as additional Reliability Standard
requirements. In all cases, the entity should rely on the
l
language
contained
t i d iin th
the R
Reliability
li bilit St
Standard
d d it
itself,
lf and
d nott
on the language contained in this presentation, to determine
compliance with the NERC Reliability Standards.
Agenda
Technical Reference Document Overview
Objectives
p
of Protection Functions
Description
Stability Fundamentals and Examples
Discuss and Describe System Events that Could Create
Conditions that Would Cause Operation of These
Functions
Detailed Coordination Information
Function 40 Loss-of-Field (a.k.a. Loss-of-Excitation)
Function 78 Out-of-Step
Out of Step
Agenda
What is Important to Coordination
Settings that Protect the Generator
Critical
C iti l Cl
Clearing
i Ti
Time
Worst Case Survivable Condition
Sufficient Studies
Objective
Increase knowledge of recommended
generator protection for Loss-of-Field and
Out-of-Step.
Facilitate improved coordination between
power p
p
plant and transmission system
y
protection for these specific protection
functions.
Scope
Focus is on the reliability of the Bulk Electric
System.
This Technical Reference Document is
applicable to all generators, but concentrates on
synchronous
y
g
generators connected at 100-kV
and above.
Distributed Generation (DG) facilities connected
to distribution systems are outside the scope of
this document.
10
11
12
13
On large machines the swing travels through either the generator or the
main transformer. This protection may also be required even if the electrical
center is out in the system and the system relaying is slow or cannot detect
a loss of synchronism. Transmission line pilot-wire relaying, currentdifferential relaying, or phase comparison relaying will not detect a loss of
synchronism.
h i
F
For generators
t
connected
t d tto lower
l
voltage
lt
systems,
t
overcurrent relaying may not be sensitive enough to operate on loss of
synchronism.
14
15
87U
87T
51T
87G
50BF
24
27
59
81
51TG
59GN/
27TH
21
32
40
40
46
50/27
51V
78
78
Stability Fundamentals
Power System Stability - If the oscillatory response of a power
system during the transient period following a disturbance is
damped and the system settles in a finite time to a new steady
operating condition we say the system is stable. If the system is not
stable, it is considered unstable.
Stability is a property of an electrical power system which has two or
more synchronous machines. A system is stable for a specific set of
conditions if all synchronous machines remain in step with each
other. A system can be stable for one set of conditions and unstable
for another.
Transient Stability
Swing Equation Accelerating Torque Equals Mechanical Torque
Minus Electrical Torque
Ta = Tm - Te Newton Meters
Equal
Eq al Area Criterion
16
18
Notes:
Fault Conditions
Loss of Critical Lines
Loss of Critical Units
Events such as August
g
14,, 2003 Blackout
System Islanding Conditions
19
20
21
22
Purpose
y
Coordination of Generator and Transmission System
Faults
Loadability
pp
Other Conditions,, where applicable
Coordination Procedure
Setting Considerations
Examples
Proper Coordination
Improper Coordination
23
Loss--of
Loss
of--Field Function 40
Purpose
Detect and prevent unsafe and damaging operation of the
generator during loss-of-excitation
f
events.
Figure 3.5.1 (1) Locus of Swing Impedance during Light and Heavy Loads for Loss-of-Field, and
(2) Relationship between Minimum Excitation Limiter (MEL) or Under Excitation Limiter (UEL)
24
25
Faults
Step 1 The Transmission Owner provides the Planning Coordinator with the
worst case clearing time for each of the power system elements connected to the
generator bus.
A system stability study may be required to evaluate the generator and system
response to power system faults.
The response of the LOF relays under these conditions must be studied to see if they
respond to power swing conditions as a result of system faults.
The Transmission Owner, Generator Owner, and Planning Coordinator must share
information on these studies and LOF relay settings to prevent inadvertent tripping of
generators for external fault conditions not related to a loss-of-field condition.
If there is an out-of-step protection installed it should be coordinated with the LOF
protection.
Loadability
Step 1 The Generator Owners confirms that the LOF relay setting coordinates
with the g
generator reactive capability
p
y and the excitation system
y
capability
p
y to
ensure that the LOF relay does not restrict operation of the generating unit.
Step 2 A light load system study is completed in which the generator is taking
in vars.
A sufficient number of operating
p
g conditions and system
y
contingencies
g
are evaluated to
identify the worst case operating condition for coordination with the LOF relay setting.
The output of this study is provided to the Generator Owner to evaluate whether the
worst case operating load condition(s) lies outside the LOF characteristic.
Step 3 For any case where the operating load point lies within a properly set
LOF characteristic
h
t i ti a mutually
t ll agreed
d upon solution
l ti mustt b
be applied,
li d (i
(i.e., shunt
h t
reactor, turning off capacitor banks in the area, etc).
Where the solution requires real-time action by an operator the solution is incorporated
into a system operating procedure.
26
27
28
Typical Loss-of-Field Relay Setting Calculation for two zone offset mho characteristic
(calculations are in transmission system primary ohms).
Step-1
Step
1 Calculate the Base impedance = 17.56 /per unit
3.61
20.88
Z1 = 1 pu = 17.6
Z2 = = 20.88
Step-5 set the time delays for zone 1 and zone 2 elements.
Zone 1:
1 0
0.1
1 sec
System stability studies should be conducted to see if the above time delays are sufficient to
prevent inadvertent tripping during stable power swings.
Figure 3.5.3 illustrates some of these types of swing characteristics that need to be studied.
29
System stability studies should be conducted to ensure the time delay settings
are sufficient to prevent inadvertent tripping during stable power swings.
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31
Table2Excerpt Function40ProtectionCoordinationConsiderations
GeneratorProtectionFunction
40 LossofField(LOF)
TransmissionSystemProtection
Functions
Settingsusedforplanningandsystem
studies
SystemConcerns
y
Preventingencroachmentonreactivecapabilitycurve
Seedetailsfromsections4.5.1andA.2.1ofC37.1022006
ItisimperativethattheLOFfunctiondoesnotoperateforstable
powerswings Theimpedancetrajectoryofmostunitswitha
laggingpowerfactor(reactivepowerintothepowersystem)for
stable swings will pass into and back out of the first and second
stableswingswillpassintoandbackoutofthefirstandsecond
quadrants
32
Table3Excerpt Function40DatatobeExchangedBetweenEntities
Generator Owner
GeneratorOwner
Relaysettings:lossoffieldcharacteristics,
includingtimedelays,atthegeneratorterminals
Generatorreactivecapability
Transmission Owner
TransmissionOwner
Theworstcaseclearingtimeforeachofthe
powersystemelementsconnectedtothe
transmissionbusatwhichthegeneratoris
connected
Planning Coordinator
PlanningCoordinator
Impedancetrajectoryfromsystemstability
studiesforthestrongestandweakestavailable
system
Feedbackonproblemsfoundincoordinationand
stabilitystudies
33
34
Loadability
There are no coordination issues related to loadabilityy
for this function.
35
Out-of-step protection
Should not be applied unless stability studies indicate that it is needed.
Should be applied in accordance with the results of those studies.
Must be reviewed as system conditions change.
36
37
Coordination Procedure
1.
2.
3.
4.
38
X
D
A
B
SYSTEM
X maxSG1
O
1.5 X TG
TRANS
XTG
M
Swing Locus
2Xd
GEN
Xd
A
ELEMENT
PICK-UP
B
ELEMENT
PICK-UP
C
BLINDER
ELEMENTS
MHO
ELEMENT
39
B
SYSTEM
X maxSG1
6.
7.
TG
2Xd
TRANS
XTG
M
Swing Locus
GEN
Xd
A
ELEMENT
PICK-UP
B
ELEMENT
PICK-UP
C
BLINDER
ELEMENTS
MHO
ELEMENT
40
41
42
Angle (degree)
260
240
220
200
Case3 (tc
(tc=190
190 ms), with controls
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-20 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
-40
Time (s)
Figure G-4
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Several plots from the transient stability runs can be obtained for a myriad
of applications
applications. For setting out
out-of-step
of step elements the most important
information is the Rotor Angle vs. Time and R + j X vs. time.
In Case 2, G1 and the system are still in synchronism with a clearing time of 180
milliseconds.
In Case 3
3, G1 loses synchronism with a clearing time of 190 ms
ms. From the
above it is evident that the critical time to clear the fault is equal to 180 ms after
fault inception.
The rotor angles for the three cases are shown in Figure G-4, from which it
can be seen that the critical angle is approximately 140.
140 . The time for the
swing locus to travel from the critical angle to 180 is approximately 250
milliseconds.
43
44
45
4.0
20
2.0
0.0
-10.0
-8.0
-6.0
-4.0
-2.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
-2.0
X (Ohm)
-4.0
-6.0
-8.0
-10.0
-12 0
-12.0
-14.0
-16.0
G1, tc=90 ms
G1, tc=180 ms
R (Ohm)
G1, tc=190 ms
Figure G-6
Impedance Line
46
47
Assumptions:
48
49
Table2Excerpt Function78ProtectionCoordinationConsiderations
GeneratorProtectionFunction
78 OutofStep
TransmissionSystemProtectionFunctions
y
21(includingcoordinationofOOSblockingand
21
(i l di
di ti
f OOS bl ki
d
tripping)
78(ifapplicable)
SystemConcerns
y
Systemstudiesarerequired
Settingsshouldbeusedforplanningandsystemstudieseither
throughexplicitmodelingofthefunction,orthroughmonitoring
impedanceswingsattherelaylocationinthestabilityprogramand
applyingengineeringjudgment
TransmissionOwner
PlanningCoordinator
Determineifthereisaneedforgenerator
outofstepprotection
Relaysettings,timedelaysand
characteristicsforoutofsteptrippingand
blocking
Providerelaysettings,timedelaysand
characteristicsfortheoutofsteptrippingand
blockingifused
Determineifthereisaneedfor
transmissionlineoutofstep
tripping/blockingrelatedtothegenerator
Feedbackoncoordinationproblemsfound
instabilitystudies.
50
51
52
53
54
Sufficient Studies
The Planning
g Coordinator must study
y a number of
operating conditions sufficient to bound the worst case.
Assess sensitivity of generator and system response to:
System load level
Generator loading (both active and reactive power)
Commitment and dispatch of other generators
System operating states (N-0, N-1, . . .)
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56