( x) ( y) (P(x,y) Q(y))
( x) ( y) (~P(x,y) Q(y))
( x) ( y) ( z) (Q(x,y) R(z))
FG = (FG) (GF)
FG = ~F G
(a) F G = G F;
(b) F G = G F (leis comutativas)
(a) (F G) H = F (G H); (b) (F G) H = F (G H) (leis associativas)
(a) F (G H) = (F G) (F (b) F (G H) = (F G) (F H) (leis
distributivas)
H);
(1.6) (a) F = F;
(b) F n = F
(1.7) (a) F n = n;
(b) F =
(1.8) (a) F ~F = n;
(b) F ~F =
(1.9) ~(~F) = F
(1.10) (a) ~(F G) = ~F ~G;
(b) ~(F G) = ~F ~G (Leis de De Morgan)
Leis para Formao de Frmulas Equivalentes
(1.1)
(1.2)
(1.3)
(1.4)
(1.5)
(1.9),
(1.10a),
(1.10b),
(2.2a),
(2.2b),
os
(2.1a),
(2.1b),
(2.3a),
(2.3b),
(2.4a),
(2.4b)
por (1.2)
por (2.2a)
por (2.3b)