union representatives.
iii. 30,000 African-Americans to keep the mills running.
d. African americans
i. drawn to the North in wartime by the allure of jobs
ii. served as meatpackers and strikebreakers.
e. sufferage
i. The National Woman's party,
1. Alice Paul, protested the war.
ii. National American Woman Suffrage Association,
supported Wilson's war.
iii. President Wilson supported women suffrage.
iv. The 19th Amendment was passed, giving all American
women the right to vote.
f. Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act of 1921
i. federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health
care.
ii. feminists continued to campaign for laws to protect women
in the workplace and prohibit child labor.
8. Forging a War Economy
a. Herbert C. Hoover
i. Food Administration.
1. Against issuing ration cards to save food for export
a. Wheatless Wednesdays and meatless
Tuesdays
2. Congress restricted the use of foodstuffs for
manufacturing alcoholic beverages
a. In 1919, the 18th Amendment was passed,
prohibiting all alcoholic drinks.
b. Hoover,Fuel Administration and Treasury Department $21 billion
towards the war fund.
i. Other funding of the war increased taxes and bonds.
9. Making Plowboys into Doughboys
a. President Wilson opposed a draft,
i. draft was necessary to quickly raise the large army that was
to be sent to France.
1. draft act in 1917. It required the registration of all
males between the ages of 18 and 45, and did not
allow for a man to purchase his exemption from the
draft.
a. For the first time, women were allowed in the
armed forces.
10. Fighting in France-Belatedly
a. Bolshevik Revolution
i. toppled the tsar regime.
majority to Congress.
b. Wilson's decision to go to Paris in person to negotiate the treaty
infuriated the Republicans because no president had ever traveled
to Europe.
14. An Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
a. The Paris Conference
i. Big Four.
1. Wilson, having the most power, was joined by Premier
a. world parliament known as the League of
Nations.
i. It would contain an assembly with seats
for all nations and a council to be
controlled by the great powers.
1. Old World diplomats agreed to
make the League Covenant
2. Vittorio Orlando of Italy,
3. David Lloyd George of Britain,
4. Premier Georges Clemenceau of France.
15. Hammering Out the Treaty
a. Republicans in America had much animosity towards the League
of Nations.
i. The Republican Congress claimed that it would never
approve the League of Nations
1. These difficulties delighted adversaries in Paris
a. Wilson would have to beg them for changes in
the covenant that would safeguard the Monroe
Doctrine and other American interests valued
to the senators.
b. Demands
i. France
1. settled for a compromise in which the Saar Valley
would remain under the League of Nations for 15
years, and then a popular vote would determine its
fate.
2. Dropped Rhineland, France got the Security Treaty,
in which both Britain and America pledged to come to
its aid in the event of another German invasion.
ii. Italy
1. demanded Fiume,
a. a valuable seaport inhabited by both Italians
and Yugoslavs. The seaport went to
Yugoslavia after Wilson's insisting.
iii. Japan
1. demanded China's Shandong Peninsula and the
a. "solemn referendum."
i. REPUBLICAN
1. presidential nominee for the election of 1920.
a. Warren G. Harding
2. as Their vice-presidential
a. Governor Calvin Coolidge.
3. The Republican platform appealed to both proLeague and anti-League sentiment in the party.
ii. Democrats
1. their presidential
a. James. M. Cox
2. as their vice-presidential nominee.
a. Franklin D. Roosevelt
b. Warren Harding won the election of 1920. Harding's victory lead
to the death of the League of Nations.
21. The Betrayal of Great Expectations
a. The Treaty of Versailles was the only one of the four peace treaties
not to succeed.
b. America did not embrace the role of global leader.
i. In the interests of its own security
1. used its enormous strength to shape world-shaking
events. It instead permitted the world to drift towards
yet another war.