CHAPTER 10
EXAMPLES SOLUTION
Compressor:
2
W
c
1
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect heat transfer (q=0)
dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2
i h i
e h e
Q c.v. Wc.v. m
gz i m
gz e
dt
2
2
i
m
h m
h
0W
c
m m
i
1 m
2 m
m
m
(h 2 h 1 )
W
c
Q
dS cv
j
isi m
e s e cv
m
dt
j Tj
i
e
1s 1 m
2s 2
0m
1 m
2 m
m
s 2 s1
State 1: T1 = -10oC, saturated vapor h1 = 241.35 kJ/kg, s1 = 0.9253 kJ/kg.K
State 2: P2 = Psat@28oC=7.2675 bars, s2 = s1 Double interpolation gives: h2 = 267.9
kJ/kg
Expansion valve:
3
4
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect heat transfer (q=0)
Neglect work (w=0)
dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2
m
Q c. v . W
h
gz
m
h
gz e
c. v .
i i
i
e e
dt
2
2
i
0
0
3h 3 m
4h 4
0m
m m
i
3 m
4 m
m
h3 h4
State 3: T3 = 28oC, saturated liquid h3 = 88.61 kJ/kg
State 4: Throttling process h4 = h3 = 88.61 kJ/kg
Evaporator:
Q
in
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect work (w = 0)
dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2
m
Q c. v . W
h
gz
m
h
gz e
c. v.
i i
i
e e
i
dt
2
2
m
4h 4 m
1h 1
0Q
in
m m
i
1 m
4 m
m
m
(h 1 h 4 )
Q
in
(a) The compressor power is:
kg 1 min
kJ 1 kW
m
(h 2 h 1 ) 5
(267.9 241.35)
2.212 kW
W
c
kg 1 kJ / s
min 60 s
(b) The refrigeration capacity is:
1 ton
kg
kJ
m
(h 1 h 4 ) 5
3.62 tons
Q
(241.35 88.61)
in
kg 211 kJ / min
min
(c) The coefficient of performance is:
Q
h h 4 (241.35 88.61)kJ / kg
in
1
5.75
Wc h 2 h 1 (267.9 241.35)kJ / kg
Compressor:
2
W
c
1
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect heat transfer (q=0)
dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2
m
Q c. v . W
h
gz
m
h
gz e
c. v .
i i
i
e e
dt
2
2
i
h m
h
0W m
c
m m
i
2s
1 m
2 m
m
m
(h 2s h 1 )
W
c
Q
dS cv
j
isi m
e s e cv
m
dt
j Tj
i
e
1s 1 m
2 s 2s
0m
1 m
2 m
m
s 2s s1
State 1: T1 = -10oC, P1 = 1.4 bars h1 = 243.40 kJ/kg, s1 = 0.9606 kJ/kg.K
State 2: For isentropic compression, P2 = 7 bars, s2s = s1 h2s = 278.06 kJ/kg
Using the compressor efficiency,
h 2s h 1
h h1
278.06 243.40
h 2 h 1 2s
243.40
295.13 kJ / kg
h 2 h1
c
0.67
s2 = 1.0135 kJ/kg.K
6
State 3:
P3 = 7 bars, T = 24oC h3 = hf@24oC = 82.90 kJ/kg, s3 = 0.3113 kJ/kg.K
Expansion valve:
3
4
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect heat transfer (q=0)
Neglect work (w=0)
dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2
m
Q c. v . W
h
gz
m
h
gz e
c. v .
i i
i
e e
dt
2
2
i
0
0
3h 3 m
4h 4
0m
m m
i
3 m
4 m
m
h3 h4
State 4: Throttling process h4 = h3 = 82.90 kJ/kg, s4 = 0.33011 kJ/kg.K
Evaporator:
Q
in
Assumptions:
7
Ve2
Vi2
Q c.v. Wc.v. m i h i
gz i m e h e
gz e
i
2
2
dE c.v
dt
m
4h 4 m
1h 1
0Q
in
m m
i
1 m
4 m
m
m
(h 1 h 4 )
Q
in
(a) The coefficient of performance is:
h1 h 4
3.10
h 2 h1
1 ton
kg
kJ
m
(h 1 h 4 ) 6
4.564 tons
Q
(243.40 82.90)
in
kg 211 kJ / min
min
Q
(s1 s 2 ) comp
(a) For the compressor: 0 m
J
T j
Thus:
kJ 1 kW
kg 1 min
I
(1.0135 0.9606)
1.55 kW
kJ 1 kW
kg 1 min
I
(0.33011 0.3113)
0.5530 kW
(d) The change in specific flow availability for refrigerant passing through the evaporator
is:
kJ
kJ
(294)K(0.9606 0.33011)
24.86 kJ / kg
kg
kgK
e f 3 e f 2 (h 3 h 2 ) To (s 3 s 2 ) (82.90 295.13)
kJ
kJ
kJ
294K(0.3113 1.0135)
5.78
kgK
kgK
kg
Comment: Although there is heat transfer to the refrigerant passing through the
evaporator, the specific flow availability decreases. This can be explained by noting that
the state of the working fluid moves closer to the dead state as it is heated at a
temperature below To.
3) An ideal vapor-compression heat pump cycle with Refrigerant 134a as the working
fluid provides 15 kW to maintain a building at 200C when the outside temperature is 50C.
Saturated vapor at 2.4 bar leaves the evaporator, and saturated liquid at 8 bar leaves the
condenser. Calculate
(a) The power input to the compressor, in kW
(b) The coefficient of performance.
(c) The coefficient of performance of a reversible heat pump cycle operating between
thermal reservoirs at 20 and 50C
Solution:
Known: An ideal vapor-compression heat pump cycle uses Refrigerant 134a as the
working fluid and provides a known energy output to heat a building. Data are known at
various locations.
Schematic and Given Data:
W
c
1
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect heat transfer (q=0)
dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2
Q c.v. Wc.v. m i h i
gz i m e h e
gz e
dt
2
2
i
h m
h
0W m
c
m m
i
1 m
2 m
m
m
(h 2 h 1 )
W
c
Q
dS cv
j
isi m
e s e cv
m
dt
j Tj
i
e
1s 1 m
2s 2
0m
1 m
2 m
m
s1 s 2
Condenser:
Q
out
3
Condenser
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
11
Neglect work (w = 0)
dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2
Q c.v. Wc.v. m i h i
gz i m e h e
gz e
dt
2
2
i
0
m
h m
h
0 Q
out
m i m e
2 m
3 m
m
m
(h 2 h 3 )
Q
in
State 1: p1 2.4 bars, saturated vapor h1 244.09 kJ / kg, s1 0.9222 kJ / kg.K
State 2: p 2 8 bars, s 2 s1 h 2 268.97 kJ / kg
State 3: p 3 8 bars, saturated liquid h 3 93.42 kJ / kg
Expansion valve:
3
4
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect heat transfer (q=0)
Neglect work (w=0)
dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2
i h i
e he
Q c.v. Wc.v. m
gz i m
gz e
dt
2
2
i
0
0
3h 3 m
4h 4
0m
m m
i
3 m
4 m
m
h3 h4
12
m
(h 2 h 3 )
Q
out
or
m
Q
out
h2 h3
1 kJ / s
0.08544 kg / s
kJ 1 kW
(268.97 93.42)
kg
15 kW
Thus,
kg
kJ 1 kW
m
(h 2 h 1 ) 0.08544 (268.97 244.09)
W
c
s
kg 1 kJ / s
2.126 kW
(b) The coefficient of performance is
Q
15
out
7.055
2.126
Wc
TH
293
19.53
TH TC 293 278
13
14
W
net
1
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect heat transfer (q=0)
dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2
m
Q c. v . W
h
gz
m
h
gz e
c. v .
i i
i
e e
dt
2
2
i
m
h m
h
0 W
c s
m m
i
2s
1 m
2 m
m
W c s m (h 2s h 1 )
W m (h h )
c a
)
h h 1
(W
c s
2s
)
h 2 h 1
(W
c a
Evaporator:
Evaporator
Q
in
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect work (w = 0)
15
dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2
m
Q c. v . W
h
gz
m
h
gz e
c. v.
i i
i
e e
i
dt
2
2
m
4h 4 m
1h 1
0Q
in
m m
i
1 m
4 m
m
m
(h 1 h 4 )
Q
in
Expansion valve:
3
4
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect heat transfer (q=0)
Neglect work (w=0)
dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2
i hi
ehe
Q c.v. Wc.v. m
gz i m
gz e
dt
2
2
i
0
0
3h 3 m
4h 4
0m
m m
i
3 m
4 m
m
h3 h4
Condenser:
16
Condenser
Q
in
Assumptions:
steady state steady flow process(SSSF)
open system
KE = PE =0
Neglect work (w = 0)
dE c.v
Ve2
Vi2
m
Q c. v . W
h
gz
m
h
gz e
c. v.
i i
i
e e
i
dt
2
2
m
3h 3 m
2h 2
0Q
in
m m
i
2 m
3 m
m
m
(h 2 h 3 )
Q
in
State 1: T1 10 0 C, saturated vapor h1 241.34 kJ / kg, s1 0.9253 kJ7kg.K
State 2: For isentropic compression, p 2 10 bars, s 2s s1 h 2s 274.63 kJ / kg
Using the compressor efficiency
h 2s h 1
h h1
kJ (274.63 kJ / kg) (241.24 kJ / kg)
h 2 h 1 2s
241.34
282.95 kJ / kg
h 2 h1
c
kg
0.8
Q
out,1
1 min
500 kJ / min
0.04489 kg / s
h 2 h 3 (282.95 97.31) kJ / kg 60 s
The compressor power becomes
m
17
kg
kJ 1 kW
m
(h 2 h 1 ) 0.04489
W
(282.95 241.34)
c
s
kg 1 kJ / s
1.868 kW
W
1.868 kW
(b) For the power cycle, 0.25. With W
c
Q
in , 2
power cycle
heat pump
W
cycle
7.472
Q
(0.8)Q
out, 2
rej
4.483 kW
kJ 1 min 1 kW
500
4.483kW
Q out,1 Q out, 2
min 60s 1 kJ
1.715
Finally,
7.472 kW
Q
in , 2
COMMENT: The engine-driven heat pump delivers more energy to the heated space than
could be obtained by burning fuel directly.
18
5) Air enters the compressor of an ideal Brayton refrigeration cycle at 140 kPa, 270 K,
with a volumetric flow rate of 1 m3/s, and is compressed to 420 kPa. The temperature at
the turbine inlet is 320 K. Determine
(a) The net power input, in kW
(b) The refrigerating capacity, in kW.
(c) The coefficient of performance.
(d) The coefficient of performance of a reversible refrigeration cycle operating between
reservoirs at TC = 270 K and TH = 320 K.
Solution:
Known: Air is the refrigerant in an ideal Brayton refrigeration cycle. Data are known at
various locations and the volumetric flow rate at the compressor inlet is given.
Schematic and Given Data:
19
p
420 kPa
2.877 h 2 370.10 kJ / kg
State 2: p r 2 p r1 2 0.9590
140 kPa
p1
State 3: T3 320 K h 3 320.29 kJ / kg, p r 3 1.7375
p
140 kPa
0.5792 h 4 233.61 kJ / kg
State 4: p r 4 p r 3 4 1.7375
420 kPa
p3
(a) The mass flow rate is
(A)1 (A)1 p1
(1 m 3 / s)(140 kPa) 10 3 N / m 2 1 kJ
3
1.807 kg / s
v1
RT1
1
kPa
10
N
.
m
8.314 kJ
(270 K )
28
.
97
kg
.
K
W
cycle Wt Wp
W
cycle m( h 2 h 1 ) ( h 3 h 4 )
kg
kJ 1 kW
1.807
(370.1 270.11) (320.29 233.61)
s
kg 1 kJ / s
24.05 kW
(b) The refrigerating capacity is
kg
kJ
m
(h 1 h 4 ) 1.807 (270.11 233.61)
Q
65.96 kW
in
s
kg
Q
65.96
in
2.743
24.05
W
cycle
(d) For a reversible cycle operating between thermal reservoirs at 270 K and TH 320 K
is
max
TC
270
5.4
TH TC 320 270
20