POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol, 4 1 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS SAPPER! SAPPER: a military specialist who lays, detects and disarms mines. The following is a series of lectures by a WW II British train- ing officer with an expertise in mines. They were hand-written and unsigned. Ordinarily, I would have passed them over but the hand- drawn illustrations were so pre- cise and beautiful I knew the au- thor had a more than dutiful know- ledge of his subject. As I waded through his stylized handwriting I knew I had discov ered a genius. He gives an over view of the craft which lends mach beauty and majesty to possibly the most horrible segment of modern warfare. There are gaps in the series, due to the fact that there was ob- viously no intent to publish, But the interested reader will gain much insight into both the philo- Sophy and mechanics of this martial art. This insight cannot help but. give a Clearer understanding to ether lesser works in this field. Mines and booby traps have heen of utmost importance but have sel- dom been given the recognition they deserve as one of the most ef- fective adjuncts of anti-personnel warfare, Eighty percent of the U.S. casu- alties in Vietnam were caused by mines and booby traps. The average G.I. never sew a VC but was demora- lized by the knowledge that they were ever-present. Moreover, he knew that no matter how well train- ed and courageous he might be, he was most likely to lose a limb, or his life, to some gadget set out by a non-soldier, or even a child. The Russian G.1.s were likewise demoralized by afghan irregulars to CONTINUED ON PAGE 44 EXPLOSIVES THEORY (OPENING LECTURE) An explosive is a substance, made up up of various nitrates and chemicals, and when cuitably ctinulated, decomposes rapidly from a solid into a gas with the liberation of intenge heat, resuiting in a sudden and intense pressure causing violent disruption of the air and its immediate surroundings. I.E , one slab of TNE expands in the form of gas, in one second, approximately 18,000 times its own size in space. This rate of change, a gas, ie vorked out in ond and is known as the violence figure of the explosive, i.e., rate of change. For instance, TNT is approximately 18. 000 miles per hour. from a solid to meters per sec- ‘THE CLASSIFICATION OF EXPLOSIVES can be divided Into three” groupe. (a) Speed of Reaction (MPS) ()) Recording eo Tes ‘seneitiviey, (c) Servi Classification The speed of reaction can also be divided into three group: (a) Combustion (b) Explosion (c) Detonation Combustion. This is a chemical react ion In which oxygen from the air is em- bodied, usually accompanied by heat and there is always a liberation of gasees, i.e., as in a petrol engine. The vio- lence figure on speed of reaction is up to a third of a meter. Explosion. This is a rapid form of combustion. The heat ia intense and large quantities of gasses are producedPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. suddenly, causing intense pressure and disruption, i.e., gunpowder, cordite and ballistito, ote, The violence Figure is up to 3,000 meters per second. Both con bustion and explosion can be produced by neans of flash (spark flame), match, etc,, and is mainly the expansion of burning gases, which rapidly requires room to expand and therefore gives a pushing or lifting effect to achieve this object. Detonation. This is the uitra-rapid breaking down of a substance, proceeding through the explosive in the form of a vave, known as the "detonating wave". Detonation creates a cutting and shat— tering effect and depends on continuity. Therefore it will be halted by an air space. In detonation there is complete disintegration of any close object, so rapidiy does it need to expand that it vill cut through a substance or complet— ely destroy it, in preference to moving it. Violence figure: 3,000 meters per second and upwards. Up to 4,000 meters per second - Low Explosive From 4,000 to 8,000 ~ High Explosive From 8,000 and upwards — Very High Explosive explo- According to their sensitivit: aiveb sre divided Into thee grates: (a) Initiators (b) Intermediaries (c) Bulk Expiosives Initiators. An initiator represents a detonator or equivalent, such as ful- ninate of mercury. Internediaries. These are primers for boosting the detonating wave once it has been created, such as any of the sensi- tive explosives vhich can be initiated by detonator direct. (Gelignite or Nob- el's 808). Bulk Explosives. These are nain charge or Fiatings, represeating a bua explosive such as THT or Wet Gun Cotton, etc. These are of the non-sensitive var~ iety, which mst have a primer to initi. ate them, and any of the above intermed- jaries can be used for doing this. It will be noted that all intermediary ex- plosives (sensitive) should also be primed to obtain the best results and power. An example; Gelignite initiated by detenator alone has a violence figure approximately 3-4,000 meters per second, but when primed, will be raised in the region of 8,000 mps. Service Classification. This can be divided asi 4 2 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS (a) Propeltence (b) High Explosives. (c) Miscellaneous. ; The power of explosives is judged by to standards: (a) The rate of combustion upon det- onation (viotence Figure}e (b) The volume of gas produced in relation to an explosive such as Lyddite (power figure 100). Sensitivity. This is the term used to determine the ease with vhich an explo- sive can be detonated; high sensitivity naturally involves danger. Stability. all explosives, to a cer- tain degree, are unstable, otherwise they vould not explode. Nost explosives used in military services are relatively safe, but under certain conditions some tend'to break down and decompose, reaul- ting in deterioration in efficiency and safety in handling. For instance, Gel ig- nite is affected by heat and cold. obvi- ously, bulk explosives cannot be manu- factured or transported safely if they have a high rate of sensitivity. There- fore, in order to initiate bulk explo- sives, a number of accessories are nec- essary, such as initiators and intermed- jeries. Initiators, First, of combustion or flash (a) safety match, (fuzee match). (b) igniferous or percussion cap (flash cap). (c) ampule or miner's igniter (chenic- ally produced flash). (4) friction igniter (German equivalent to a fuzee match}. (2) electric flash, To prolona and carry the flash, giv- ing a delay, safety fuse is used. (a) fuse, safety. No. 2 MK IT, (biack), Burns unéer water. {b) S.A, Commercial Safety, misc. pack- ing. 24 ft, lengths. {c) Bickford's Blue, Commercial Safety. Burning speed of all three fuses, 2 ft. per minute. Booby traps need no delay, consequen- tly, instantaneous Orange fuse is used and is lighted with a naked flame (but never should be). Burning speed; 90 ft. per second. More on Detonators: types. (1) No. 27 packad 25 to a tin, complete with rectifier. (@ tins to a box). Rectifier: A device for convert ing alternating current to direct current. (2) No. 8 commercial packed 100 per tin (3) No. 33 electric, packed 100 per ~ three mainPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. tin, No_24 detonator is a service detona- tor and Consists of a solid drawn-out aluminum tube 1 3/4" x .26" in diameter. To use with safety fuse, the fuse is in- serted into the open end of the detona- tor, which is crimped, attaching both Firmy to each other, The detonator con- sists of .35 grammes A.S.A, (lead azide, lead stypnate and aluminum powder) which is avery sensitive mixture, and which detonates .55 granmes of tetryl. The tetry] has the effect of amplifying the effect and power of the detonating wave set up by the A,S.A, From the open end inwards is a space of 7/8 c. which the fuse fits in, then comes the A.S.A mi ture and lastly the tetry1 ( tetra. nit- xo-methyl analine). Very sensitive, the detonator is sensitive to friction’ and it supercedes the previous type, which was Filles with fulminate of mercury. The commercial equivalent of the No. 27 detonator is the Noi 8 Commercial and in fact, they are one and the same. But the No. & service detonator (now obsolete) is entirely different, being filled with fulminate of mercury and is considerably less powerful than the commercial No. 27. No. 33 Detonator is the standard é1- ectrie detonator and it consists of an electric firing head crimped into the open end of a No. 27 detonator. A neo- 4 « “as, 3 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS rene plug (rubber) seals the electric firing head in position and prevents moisture fron entering and the electric firing head is a filament terminal of tvyo wires, Lowest current fire is 8 amps and a 4.5 volt hellicon 1amp is normally used. Electric Fuse No, 31 is an indepen— dent firing head suppiied for use in Conjunction vith 2 No. 27 or No. & det- onator, by insertion in the end which normally receives the safety fuse. 1€ ie painted brown and one end is closed with a Cork disc secured by shellac and be- tween the cork disc and the filament is 4 small amount of guncotton. This is ig- nited by electricity and in turn ignites the A,S,A. which detonates the tetryl. Commercial No. 8 submarine electric detonator ie Gquivalont to tho comers cial No. 33, the detonating end (really 2 No, 8 A.S.A.) is exactly the same di~ mension as a No. 27 service detonator and can be used with a 1 oz. C.E. or D.G.3. primer. It is alse aluminum in color. The filament is sealed in the detonator by adhesive tape, vhich ren- ders it waterproof. Intermediaries. Primers are used to boost the detonating wave set up by the detonation and is a large amaunt of less sensitive explosive. Two main types Rigen ie .8, _Commedeum mam, DETPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS of primers are: - rifle bullet and is susceptible to dam- (1) dry guncotton primer, speed 7300 age by moisture. mps. (meters per second). ©.E. primers may be substitutes for (2) composition explosive (¢.E.) pri- outside dimensions, the powder is enclo- mer. Speed, 7500 mps. sed in a waterproof, waxed covering. The D.G.B, primers MK TT, weight 1 oz, central. or axial, perforation is not Slightly tapered cylinder of dry guncot- tapered and is lined with waxed paper. ton provided with an axial perforetion Rectification would split the paper to take a detonator. Length 1 1/4" They and allow the powder to escape. To pre- are 1.35" x 1,15" diameter at the larger vent this, the axial perforation is made and smaller ends respectively. slightly larger than the detonator, To differ from the obsolete MK I pri- which will therefore need to be packed mers, vhich are marked with red figures to insure a close fit. A piece of paper and have a smaller axial perforation, or even a blade of grass is usually ade- the MK TI is marked with black figures quate for the purpose. and takes a No. 27 dotonator comfortably. C.F. primers are packed in @.C. tine Packed 10 per black tin cylinder weigh- or trade packages, 10 per cylinder. ing 16 1/2 oz. Six cylinders are packed Trade cylinders ate of waxed paper 12 in a box painted service color, the dim- 1/2" x 1 3/é", weighing 1 1b, 3 oz. Ten ensions 13 1/8 x 5" x 6", weighing 13. of these cylinders are packed in a card- lbs. Foard box weighing 14 1ba. D.G.C. primers will initiate detonat- Main Charges or Disruptions. ion in any high explosive, provided the Wet Guncotton Slab. Violence figure: contact is good and failures that may 5500 mps. Power Figure: Approximately 60. occur are usually due to absorption of Packing: - 1 1b. slab. 6" x 3" x 1 1/2" moisture, To prevent this, they are T4 per tin case 14 1/4 x 0' x 8 3/6", coated with acetone, although the sides (airtight). may easily become cracked or chipped. Composition: - Tri-nitro-cellulose, pre- When in goad condition and undamaged, pared by troating coliulose with nitric sensitivity will be retained even under and sulphuric acids. When prepared, it wet conditions for six hours, but spec- is treated or processed into blocks and jal precautions are necessary if primers then treated with carbolic acid to pre- are to be left in water for any length vent growth of fungus, and chalk to ab- of time. Dry G.B. primera burn very rea- sorb any free acid remaining. 4 block dily if ignited, though detonation by contains 13% to 14% water. beat alone is unlikely. It should never Properties. 1t is extremely insensitive be cut or rubbed with steel, as friction and a primer must be used. When dry, it may cause burning. will burn extremely violently. on deto- if it is neceasary to previde a wider nation, large quantities of carbon di- stonation hole, it is quite feasible to oxide are given off and therefore, it widen the axial’ pertoration without sp- should never be used in confined Spaces litting, as the primer being of G.B. is such as mines or underground tunnels. of a fibrous nature. A rectifier is pro- When two or more crates are placed Vided with each tin of detonators ami in together, ond one is detonated, the the absence of a rectifier, a thin pen- detonating wave will not normally pass cil is a good substitute. through the one remaining. But the det- MK T primers can be used with Service onating wave will pass through the tin No, 27 detonators, although they were seperately. One slab of W.G.B, will originally deeigned for use with the No. blast a hole its own size through 1" of 8 detonators. If used vith a No. 27 det- steel, 10" of wood and 20" masonary. It onator, considerable rectification is is a high explosive with a good cutting necessary. Even so, it will be imoossi- power. ble to insert a detonator more than 1/2 1 slab cuts 1" steel, 10" wood, 20" inch, This amount of contact is adaquate.masonary. Dry G.B tas been known to be detonated 4 slabs cuts 2" steel, 20" wood, 40" by a rifle bullet and care should be ta- masonary. ken to minimize the chances of this hap- 9 slabs cuts 3" steel, 30" wood, 61 pening. masonary. C.E. Primers (composite explosive) is _ Guncotton is an extremely safe ex- the service nomenclature for tetra-ni- plosive to handle and vill absorb up to tro-methyl-aniline and it is also known 30% moisture, but detonation is then as tetryl. Pale yellow in color, it is rather unreliable and very much reduced, sensitive enough to be detonated by a ‘Tf used under wet Conditions, it shouldPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 5 MINES AND BooRYTRAPS be protected by "bags" of G.C., 25 1b8. ignite (50% NS) consisting of a jelly of MK TT or "bags" of G.C.s 5 Lbs. MK III. 7% coliodion cotton in nitroglycerine Asia» Tequires a primer te iniste detox ,coliedion cotton in nitrogiycer nation and the primer fits into tapered It has the power of NS Gelignite and hele in the Sean the block. Italian its sensitivity to detonation is not eaufyalent; Felgi-catony: Fapioty affected by sereture, Gontonued Tao eae me Hae. Hisaence eigure ibrage under wet somicinns oe arene: : ged ineeraion in water, novevor seers Packing: eetee ss dS pa cok q the nitrate of soda to dissolve and weg) ae ighing 28 tb, t 1a? tp. S.C forms a solution which exudes from the in a crate weighing 8. $+ exolosive. This solution ia not danger= Flake 50 ‘Lbs. parvcecenkser ous, but it may carry with it some ni- flake! 50 Ibs, per wooden box, trogaycerine. This may be setecyed Dy ponbese Very stable if pure but itS oily mature. It is only these drops , Properties. ry stable ii ure bur f NG whic! di Ol Liable to explode if in impure state. thoes sircameremcce erg eg Not very Liable to sympathetic detona- Shes S-rcametances, tion (set off by nearby detonations). When used for borehole charges, Gei- Light yellow in color. Each slab is ignite should not be removed from. its painted with acetone co procect againge tite should not he removed fron’ ie moisture, The primer fits in a central Firmly and Gentie woh ede one, Catton) etab, which te spbrosimatey See Squeezing and pressing the explosive n i into position, not on any account Sane in power, sonetines known ap Eetryi. gree, PosttiOM, ot on any acco Gelignite. Violence figure:- 6000 mps Gelignite can be reliably initiated ; Power figure 80 . with any detonator or detonating ruse. Packing:- 4 oz, and 8 oz. cartridges But best results are obtained by using packed In-cardboara boxes weighing & a primer, which must always be used 1bs., 10 boxes to a 50 1b, wooden box. with explosive when used as a cutting The explosive is wrapped in waxed paper charge. to prevent actual contact with the other cartridges, Ammonal. Gomposition: NitroGlycerine 40/60X. ~The name of ammona! is applied buth to certain blasting explo- Sodiun potassium nitrate 20K. Wood meal ives which contain aluminuee and vo miiary extionee Pod oF goltedion cotton 40/20%. ‘pon amumenium nitrate, which cota thi metal Miltary ae Properties:— Liable to exude nitro- ‘monals are brisant and powerful explusives which explode with glycerine at extremes of temperature. & bright flash. They are hygroscopic, but the flake aluminum Primers should be used, Dut Will AetO- Sai they contain behaves tomewtat i the motenes af the nate without. It is more sensitive than hinges ov s roo! and Reps Dstealy to exclude menture At any other norzal | service explosive, Be- ‘the beginning of the first World War the Germans were using ionging to the nitroglycerine group, ge- ‘in major caliber shells an ammonal having the first of the com- lignite is largely used commercially for "BN Se ORAS Ve oe borehole charges and they may be fregq- eae adsl aust hed Teas acl od) BOSE uently met in service. Tt burns quistiy Gennes soensnan Fervew in small quantities in the open. But if 1 « ASCIONAL confined or if the cartridges are bulked Azmonium nitrate... » 8 ” together, Getonation may occur. a a All types of of the gelignite group Beare ele are liable to cause headaches if bare explosive is handled. It is sensitive to had become more scarce, ammonal of the second formula was Friction, It ia Liebie to detonate if adopted. The French alec used ammonal in tasjor caliber shells struck by 2 rifle bullet. duriog the fret World War. All three of the above-lieted explo- Tt is issued in two typess- Firecry, five were losded by comprenion, Experiments have been tried its freezing point is many degrees below with an ammonal containing amnoniim thioeyanste; the mix- O centigrade. Second type, not of low ture was melted, and loxded by pouring but was found ta be freezing point with a disadvantage of ifectory because of its rapid decomposition. Ammonal freezing at 46°F, in vhich state thay yields a flame which is particularly hot, and consequently gives are dangercus to handle and use. For ‘an unduly high zewult in the Trausl lead block teat. these reasons, comverciai gelignites are ammonal is also largely used commer— not ideal for service use, but their cially and such types are generally Plastic form makes them suitable for use more sensitive than the military varie- in boreholes. The most common NG exple- ty and many are Liable to be detonated sive likely to be met is Polar. NS Gel- by a rifle bullet. Such Ammonais needPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 only a detonator or detonating fuse for iniation. But a priner should always be used on Service Ammonal to insure deto- nation. The commerciat equivalent most 1ike- ly to be met with is No. 704 in 25 1b. tins, two tins per box, weighing 60 lbs. It contains no charcoal, being light green in color and has the same power and characteristics as military Amnonal. The above are the main types likely to be met with. Following are some of the lesser used bulk explosives and their compositions, They are often ysed in smaller quantities or in cooperation with others. Velinite. A standard French explo- sive, mainly composed of tri-nitro-phe- nol (picric acid}, It should always be kept dry, as it reacts with most metals to form very sensitive Picric salts. When moist it is vivid yellow in col- or, Te should be handled with extrene care and it is liable to Sympathetic Detonation. Gases formed on detonation are very poisonous, and when mixed with air, are highly flammable. Therefore, Melinite should never be used for of~ fensive mining. Tt is obtainable in slab form or as a powler. Slabs are yellow-gray or brown in color. The powder consists of small, otrav-eolored cryatala, with a very bit- ter taste. Melinite is not sensitive to shock and will burn in free air without deto- nation, The powdered form, known as pul- verelent, is nore sensitive than the slab form and is used either as a primer or Separately for the less sensitive slab forn. 6 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS small for the average British detonator as the detonators intended for use are fulminate detonators used only with ful— minate of mercury contained in a copper tube. Violence figure 7250 mps. Power figure 100. camouflet (F, pron, ke-mé‘fla), m. [F., smoke bud into a sleepers Foco; Obigin unlinown.] Hilit., n mine with w argo so sinall a8 not to ‘produce any erator whon exploded. «uci ayine i Dien sunk i the wal of earth Letveun tv pared att terlensin order, hy INewing the eanth inka onetot thank ts sullocats or cut off tho retreat of themniner who is at work init. When woed for this purpose its al called a stvfer potard (p§-tird’) ‘An engine of war used to blow in # door or . gato, form a ese in 3 xD wall, ete. 1 game” tito. ose the abceeat iia” ails “forme ‘war a kind af mrortat of bo changed neat fovea pone of “gunpowser, Sango der PetardeerFieig e Ptard. etard almort obnolote, but as st occ n'a cubleal bor of ton toak-wood, Poundsor more ot powder, nd fre, th nya ta Lyddite. This equivalent to the French Melinite. The German equivalent is Granate Fulling, Composition: Tri- nitro-phenol. Properties, It should al- ways be kept dry as lt reacte with most It is supplied in the following forms:metals to form sensitive Picric salts, (1) cylindrical cartridge. Weight of 100 grammes, 3.22 oz. Total weight of package, 130 crams or 4.18. oz. It is used for borehoiss ox in camoufiets. Explosive, 135 grams. 4,35 oz. Total weight 190 grams, 6.12 oz. Cutting or mined charges. These charges are also manufactured in five more sizes, ending in 20 kg. 44 1bs. The cylindrical cartridge is composed of the powdered form and needs only a Liable to Sympatnetis Detonation. Its gases are highly flammable when mixed with air and are also highly poisonous. Violence figure 7250 mps, Power figure 100. Fulminate of Mercury, Composition. Procipitated when a sol- ution of mercury in nitric acid is heat- ed in methyl alconol. Properties. Fine, sandy crystals. Ve- ry sensitive when acy but compar et ively detonator or detonating fuse to initiate insensitive when wet. Seneitivity in detonation. The petards consist partly of slab Nelinite and partiy of the pow- dered form. A detonator or detonating fuse is therefore sufficient to initiate the petards as well as the cartridges. Both petarés and cartridges are sup- plied in sealed tins and the 1ids can easily be mved to gain access to the detonator socket, This socket is too creases if compressed. It reacts with metals to form sensitive metallic salts. Detonation will occur when dry if sub- jected to friction, percussion or fiame. Vietence figure 4500 pe, Cap Composition. This is made from Fulminate of mercury, potassium chlorate antimony sulphide and mealed gunpowder. Properties. These give an igniferousPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 flash only. Fulminate of mercury increa- ses the sensitivity of the composition. Potassium chiorate, owing to its rich- ness in oxygen, increases the heat of the explosion, Antimony sulphide pro- longs the flash flame effect. Mealed gunpowder diminishes the violence of the explosion. A.S.A, Violence figure 4500 mps. Composition. A mixture of Lead azide, Lead stypnate and aluminum dust. Proper- ties. Used in conjunction with a small quantity of composite explosive (Tetry1) in modern detonators. Fairly sensitive, Lead Azide. Violence figure 4500 mps, Composition. Sait of hydrazoic acid, Brepare! by using soluble salts; such as lead acetate with sodium azide. Lead az- ide is precipitated out in fine white crystals. Properties. Initiated by flame. Not reliable by percussion or friction and is fairly stable. It ie fairly sensitive when compressed. Addition of water does not decrease sensitivity, and if exposed to moisture for long periods, it decom— Poses and forma Compounds liable to spontansous conbustion. Lead Stypnate. Violence figure 4500 mps. Composition.Normal salt of stypnate acid is precipitated when lead acetate and magnesium stypnate are mixed. Prop- grties.Initiated by flame, it is fairly insensitive. Addition of misture does not reduce insensivity but pressure does. Composite Explosive. Violence figure 6000 mps. Composition. Tri-nitro-phenol- nitromene, Commonly Known as tetryl. Properties, It is readily ignited by flash but if initiated by detonator, gives complete detonation. It is unaf- fected by moisture or temperature. Penthrite, Violence figure (Cast) 6000 mps. (Powder) 6500 mps. Properties. Tt is only used in deto— nating fuses, such as primacord and Gor- dite, It is cometines called PETN (Pen- taerythrite tetranitrate). Used by the eneny (Ttalians) as a bulk explosive. It can be detonated direct, also initiated by flash and will burn violentiy. Shellite. Violence figure 6800 mpa. Power figure 85, Composition. "A mixture of trinito- phenol and dinitrophenol. Properties.Ve- ry stable when dry but 1iabre to Sympa- thetic Detonation, Internally reacts with most metals to form a sensitive salt. Anatol. Violence figure 6500 mpa. Power Figure 114. These figures are ror "40/60" compositions of which is as fol lows1- 40% ammonium nitrate, 60% TNT. A 7 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS second type is knew as "80/20" composi- tion of which is, ammonium nitrate, 20%, ‘TNT, 80% Properties. 40/60 can be poured but 90/20 must be screw-filled with an Arch- enedian screv. A primer is essential. This explosive is fairly stable, pravi- ding the TNT is pure. Baratol. Violence figure 5000 mos. Power figure 85, Composition. Barium nitrate 20%, TNT. 80%. Properties. This explosive is some- times known as 20/80 Baratol and is ex- tremely stable. Used in powder form in grenades, mor tar bombs and sometimes mines. Barium nitrate being a heavy salt, packs very well and is unaffected by moisture or temperature. A primer should be used but small quantities will detonate without one. Gunpowser. Composition. Potassium ni- trate isk, Charcos! 15%, sulpher 10%, (Percentages are by weight). Proporties. A lifting charge. Tt is black in color. Ballistite. Composition. soluble ni- trocellulose and nitroglycerine soluble in acetone. Properties. Produces a large volune of gas. Cordite. Composition. It is pure gun- cotton dissolved in nitroglycerine, See bilized and formed into sticks. ‘There are three main types of detona- ting fuses, as opposed to fuses which detonate primers. They are Primacord, Cordtex and FID (Fuse Instantaneous Det- onating). Fuse Instantaneous Detonating. Tatyl. MK TIT. FID consists of a lead and tin alloy tube .23" in diameter filled with pure TN? (Taty1). This is wound on a metal veel in 400 ft. lengths and contained in @ yellow tin cylinder weighing 46 1bs, Violence figure 5000 mps. Principal uses. (1) To fire a number of charges simultancously when firing by safety fuse, (2) To avoid excessive lengths of safety fuse, which would oth- erwise be required in certain demolit- ions. (3) As an adjunct to electrical firing, where thero are so many Charges to be fired that the detonators will be Beyond the power of the exploder. (4) To avoid the use of detonators in boreholes or camouflets mined charges. (5) To wid— en the hole made by the canoufiet equip- ment tube, FID is perfectly reliable provided precautions are taken. This particular mixture of TNT xeadi- ly absorbs moisture, causing it to be- come insensitive, Consequentiy, 6" Should be cut off before starting to usePOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Yol. 4 the drum and 6" should always be left spare at initiating points and at junc- tion boxes, Ends left for any length of time should be sealed, taped with insu- lation tape or closed by pinching the cord out for approximateley 1/4" and Sealing the 1ead sheath by squeezing to- gether. ‘The fuse can be used under water as the metal case provides adaquate protec- tion. It is perfectly safe to handle and is initiates either by a single primer or by three detonators. The single pri- mer method is easiest to use. The single primer method binds the primer to the end of the FID, leaving 6" to spare. Method of Initiating FID, Single Pri- nor. Rubber Or adhesive tape makes the best binding. But ordinary tape or SARE Ee METHOD OF INITIATE 1D: vr sm008 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS string can be used. Successful joints can also be made py using the cardboard outer container of the primer. the FID being held betveen the primer’and card- board. The three detonators method is not sufficiently reliable using the No. 27 or No. 8 commercial detonator. FID will initiate direct all expio- sives that can be detonated alone. In all other cases the end of the FID should be capped with a primer, Where it is necessary to join two lengths of FID er to boast long lengths. (Baosting is required every 100 yards). A single priner should be used, as follows, Cordtex, This is a commercial deto- nating fuse consisting of a sensitive explosive (PETN) wrapped in a gray fab- ric tube, with or without cotton cover- benvey Sees ber, Mery. Penance wins hg wenn METHOD oF NIRTING COPDTEL QR LRM AOD. ing. Outside diameter is .19" and it may a situation where there is the least 1i- be issued on service in lieu of FID. A single strand of Cordtex is unlike- ly to be detonated if struck by a rifle bullet. Junction boxes of the fuse have, however, been detonated by impact of bullets and should, therefore, be placed xiihood of impact. Drums of fuse are un- likely to be detonated if struck. Cordtex is liable to damage by moist— ure at the open ends and one foot should be cut off rrom the drum before use and one foot left over spare at each point with care avay from hard backings and in of initiation or junction.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol, 4 Cordtex is absolutely liable to deto- nate in hot climates and so should be stored in a cool place. Cardtex is packed on wooden reels of 500 it,, Weighing 9 1/2 lbs, Five reels per case weighing 67 lbs. Cordtex can be initiated by a single No. 27 detonator, or equivalent, as shown. Method of Initiating Cordtex. It is very Important that a spare end be bent back, as otherwise there is a danger of the burning fuse igniting the Cordtex core and preventing Getonation. It will initiate direct any of the AC group or PE2, but a primer is required for other explosives. Speed 6000 mps. Primacord. Very simitar to Cordtex in composition and use to a good quality Cordtex. It consists of a case of PETN surrounded by cotton braid and enclosed in a Coat of bituminous waterproof ing compound, followed by a layer of pho- film tape and two layers of spirally applied cotton yarn, the whole being finished hy a light-yollowish orange colored wax composition. ‘The external diameter of the ruse varies between .200" and .210" and it is wound on a wooden reel with a central hole for casy handling, It comes in lengths of 500 ft., weight 12 lbs. and 1000 ft. 20 Ibs, 9 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS before use and one foot spare at each point of iniation or junction. Ends can Gan be sealed by fixing empty detonators tubesonto the fuse by sealing compound and vnen sealed, the fuse is highly re~ sistant to water penetration. ‘The speed of detonation is approxima~ tely the same as that of Cordtex and is hot less than 6000 mps. While single strands of fuse are not Likely to be detonated by a rifle buliat junction boxes should be protected and Placed with care avay from hacd backings. Primacord does not deteriorate quick- ly, even under unfavorable conditions of storage. Primacord will initiate direct any of the NS group or PE2 but a priner 1s needed for all other explosives. Joints are made in a similar manner to Cordtes, the most suitable being a reef knot for main lines and a clove hitch or two half hitches for branch lines. Branch lines, after leaving the main Lines at right’ angles, should be led off in the general direction of the detonating wave, These joints permit considerable strain being put on the cord. A fourth type of detonating fuse is Cardeau detonant, which is similar to a service FID except that the tube is Composed of lead instead of an alloy of A reel may contain one or more splic- tin and lead. Special care should be es, which are as strong as unbroken, Lengths and will detonate properly under all normal conditions. The explosive core is liable to damage by moisture and taken to see that there are no kinks or severe benda in the fuse. Any posi- tion where there is any doubt as to the severity of the bend should be boosted one foot should be cut off from the drum by. tying on a detonator or a primer. ee ald cab J ne i - Coneue ea ' Zz N opted, - Heed wer, bs) (onrreR. SMEMISAR Tue 2EAAy 160 ITER Time DELAY IGNITER, TIME DELAY IGNITER, This Consists of a galvanized steet tube in which the cocked striker is re- tained by a lead shear pin, A milled nut screwed on the protruding end of the striker relieves the shear pin of thePOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 strain of the striker spring until the striker is set for use, ‘The prepared detonator slides into position through the cutaway portion of the nut, which latter retains the deto- nator when the nut is tightened. The time delay is not accurately known, but specimens have given delays up to 26 hours. To arm the igniter. Unscrew and re- nove the milled nut. To neutralize, (a) Grip the protruding striker firmy close up against the head of the igniter with a pair of wire-cutting pliers. (pb) Unscrew the igniter and remove the detonator by slackening the collar, then remove the pliers. CHEMICAL DELAY IGNITER. This consists of an aluminum body containing a cocked otriker which ie re— tained by a celluloid disc, When the ig- niter is armed, a quantity of acetone is Pe 10 MARR AA MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS released to surround the celluloid disc, vhich, after a Certain lapse of time, is sufficiently softened to allow the re- lease of the striker. (Use plastic to— aay). Different times of delay are indicat- ed by the color of the threaded portion in the middle of the igniter body. From a limited number of tests, the following times have been obtained:— Bright aluminum 1.45 hours Steel cray 2.03 hours Red 3.00 hours Jo arm the igniter. draw the U safety pin, holding the igniter with the end cap downwards. Then screw in the cap to its limit. This igniter cannot be disarmed. If found in an armed condition it should be unscrewed from the charge immediately and the detonator removed via the col— jar. Crtauure Sivitah BRITISH SWITCHES. Pressure switch. The pressure switch consists of the following parts:- (1) Main casing and base plate. (2) Striker rod, block and spring. (3) Shear stud. (4) Adapter and collar. The main casirg is made of brass. In the base there are small holes for at~ tachment to any suitable surface. The striker and rod are made of cast iron 1/8" in diameter, reduced to 1/16" un- der the shear stud, which will break it under a point load of 30-40 1bs. A heavier striker is alse available, which is 3/16" in diameter, reduced to 3/32" under the shear stud and will tire under a load of 60-80 lbs. The metal shear stud is provided with a V ahaped cutting edge and shoulders to keep it in position on the striker rod. The adapter and collar are fitted with a service cap, and designed to take either safety or instantaneous fuse. When a load of 30-40 ibs, is applied to the top of the shear stud, the strik— ex rod will be sheared, allowing the striker to be driven forward by the spring and firing the cap and charge.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 uw Pull switc! This consists of a barrel in which moves a striker block, vith a tubular tail split into four quadrants, on the end of eacn is a small lip, In the set position, these quadrants are splayed outwards by the point of the firing pin which is pressed forward by the retain~ ing spring in the top collar. The striker is then held up against the firing spring, by the 1ips on the tail engaging with a platform in the Time pencil fuse. The time pencil fuse consists essen- tially of the following parts:- GY A thin copper sleeve containing a phial of corrosive liquid. (2) A thin aluminum sleeve. (3) A striker with spring and retain- ing vire. (4) Fuse adapter and firing cap. (5) Safety-pin. The strixer is held back against the spring by a thin, steel wire anchored to the top of the copper sleeve. When MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS head of the barrel. Screwed on the bot- tom of the barrel by means of another cellar ic an adapter with a cap, also for the firing of the igniter safety fuse. When the firing pin is pulled out- wards, with a force of 1 1b., the split tail contracts to normal, enabling the lips to pass through the platform in tre head and the striker to be driven down on the cap by the firing spring. this copper sleeve is crimed and the pial is broken, its contents of cor- rosive liguid attacks the striker rot- aining wire. When this steel wire is eaten through, the striker fires tne cap in the base and, in turn, the charge, It is important te note, that the copper sleeve must. be crimped flat and not bent round and the safety-pin vith- drawn, Two fuses should be used for each important charge to guard againet risk of failure. Pobict _prapasat Shaxsgpe. Solid shrapnel charges The fOllowing prepared charges con- sists of high explosive wrapped in var- tor or igniter Pulior Push, etc. Snali_bore-hole charge, (cylindrical) 100° grams = 3,5 oz. which can be either nished paper and contains a screwed met- Tolite or Picric acid. al bush for inserting a prepared detona— Rectan lat Charge 200 grams = This resembles a cake of soap, screv- igniter (Puli or Push, etc.) Joz. ed metal bush on one side with stardard threaded push, for prepared detonator or The following prepared charges con-POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 12 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS sist of solid high explosive in a metal 3 standard threaded metal bushes on ¢dif- aise ferent sides. Has carrying handle fitted (a) Medium HE charge. 1 kilo = 21bs, to top, mainly for bridge demolition. Melal container, Consisting of rectang— Contents: Picric acid or Tolite. ular metal case Containing TNY or Picric The explosives are either as akove, acid explosive, 3 standard threaded met- labels cover each of the bush holes and al bushes on different sides to fluctu- are either yellow or orange. Yellow in- ate their groupings to form demolition dicates Pieric acid and orange indicates charge of any veight. Tolite, The labels are naturally pierced (b) Heavy HE charge 3 Kilo = 6.5 Ibs, when inserting the detonators. Contained In metal case as 1 kilo bieck. (SER coven 2 Sob SERMA Ge (Saas) GERMAN STICK GRENADE (Bb tt) sive, which has a wire attached to which Te ee eee ime a aya Sites whieh baw a vize, atsacned to it oz. of explosive complete with detona- through the hollow handle. The igniter tor, Tt has a hollow hendie at which one is screwed into position, with the wire end is a cord, the third part being a and dust cap on the end of the handle. hase cap. ‘The NB% ,38 is the same as the BZ .24 ‘The ianiters are known as the BZ .24,except that it has a white band painted which is a friction, time delay igniter round the lower portion of the tead body. heving a 4 1/2 second delay. The laniterit ia used aa a smoke grenade. has a lead tube containing the explo- SE Fae GRENADE (CQaB) GERMAN EGG GRENADE (Blast! “The igniter used 1s the BE, which is a friction, time delay igniter. Several colors of knobs are used, and the follo- wing are their delays. Blue 4-1/2 seconds. Yellow 7 seconds: Red 1 second. Gray Instant ANZ .39 igniter, To operate grenade, unscrew knob, on which a cord or wire is attached. Give a putl and throw.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 Camourrace, senue.ite Pencvesion lowpen 9 er ER fl Scans coe SHRAPNEL GUN ~~ This booby-trap consists of « shot- gun discharging shrapnel, which is pro- pelled by a black power charge. The fi- ring device is orange fuse ignited by a percussion igniter, actuated by means of a trip-wire The weapon is capable of propelling the shrapnel at high velocity for a dis- tance of about 50 yards. Preparation of booby-trap. (a) Examine the propellant charge, mak~ ing sure that the orange fuse is firmly secured in metal container. (b) Bxamine the igniter to see that the pin is pushed well home and the ends of the pin opened out. (c) Decide on the alignment of the gun. The charge has considerable lateral spread at distances keyond 25 yards. This must be given consideration in de- ciding safety zones. (a) Drive in the near angle-iren recoi1 picket‘on the required line of discharge: (e) Place the empty barrel in position and érive in two front pickets. (£) Align and drive in the pegs to car- ry the trip-vire. The trip wire must bo on the line cf the required discharge of direction. (g) Secure the trip-wire to the end pex unreel the wire and run it out to the gun position, temporarily securing it to one of the front recoil pickets, making use of natural supports, shrubs, bushes, boulders, ete., ta keep the trip-wire clear of the ground. ‘Leading the gun. (a) Lower the metai charge container into the barrel, making sure that the orange fuse lies snugly against the in~ ner side of the barrel. The end of the orange fuse shoul project and be bent Clear of the muzzle. (b) Ram 2 ball of paper down the bar- rel with a suitable ram-red, taking care not. to discharge or damage the orange 13 MINE: AND BOOBYTRAPS Guypoworn PROPELLANT cuaaee: Gus nance Fuse: fuse, The wad acts as a gas check and also holds the metal charge container in Position. (c) Pour in the shrapnel filling. This should extend about 12" along the barrel from the lower wad. Also ram another wad of paper on top of the shrapnel. Do not at this stage connect the ig- niter, (a) Place the loaded gun in position, The closed end of the barrel should fit snugly against the angle-iron picket, muzzle end of the gun between the two front pickets. (e) Arrange the gun to give an eleva- tion angle of approximately 5. (£) Check the alignnent » (g) Secure gun in position by binding the two front pickets together over and under the barrel. (h) Check again for alignment and ad- just as required. (4) Connecting up. Work behind the gun. Bind the percussion igniter In posi- tion, This must be arranged so that the pull on the pin is in line with the pin’s lencth, as there must be no ten fency for the pin to bend, whilst being withdrawn. The igniter should be secured to one of the front pickets, Connect the trip- wire to the pin of the igniter, adjust its tension so thet the pull is insuf— ficient to withdraw the pin. Cut off a half inch from the exposed end of the orange fuse and conceal the gun. Insert the orange fuse into the snout of the igniter and crinp into position. Seal off all gas escapes with luting. Close the end of the split-pin, and push the pin across the head of the igniter. (j) The booby-trap is now set. Leave the site by passing behind the closed end of the barrel. (k) Make all final adjustments from be- hind the muzzle of the gun.POOR MAN'S JANES BOND Vol. 4 So Aegoanrrion ~— drnekam. S. 35. 4x. BAK LUI Ey GS MK IT A/TK MINE No. 1 FUSE Total weight of mine ®@ 173 ib. Explosive filling 4 lbs. TNT or Baratol. a Minimum Safe Spacing with Sarbo rings 2 yards; without,'5 yards. Rings are not usod now. Can be submerged in water for 48 ours. 90% waterproof. Two types of fu- 14 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS Srencer conmes ‘Banb Lisreraeet sree. Pega ussien a0, | _semposraon i) Fenetwe “rerust — perrisH te. 4, Fuse. Wo. + Fuse. Ses are used, British and S.A, Patter- son, in 2 parts. British type has no shear pin, so must be disposed of. Arming. (A) Lay mine in prepared hole. Unscrew base plug and leave an— derneath mine. (B) Screv No, 1 fuse in Finger-tight. (¢) Cover and camouflage. Disarm. (A) Turn mine on its side. (8) Unscrew No, 1 fuse and lift mine. NEXT PAGEPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS 1 FIRE? PRU ee SEeTion. GS. MET afre: G5_MK IV ANTITANK MINE No. 3 FUSE Total _weiaht of mine 12 Ibs. axa" Explosive Filling 8 1/2 bs. TN? or Baratol. Minimum safe spacing 5 yards. Arming. Lay mine in prepared hole with 1id removed. Examine brasa shoar wire of No. 3 Fuse. If damaged, reject. Remove sa: ety pin at arms length and SPIN fecosnrion 2198 Lar, tUNE. Yo. 3 FUSE. leave on top of mine body. Insert No. 3 fuse in mine bedy. Do not force. Replace 1id, cover and camou- Flage. Disarm. Remove Lid very carefulty. Exainine shear wire and insert safety pin, Remove No, 3 fuse from mine. Lirt mine and stack with fuses separated. Spidee # ResoantTion _ diaeeart. SECTION. GS. +t RAK. MINE fo. 3. Fuse. GS _Mi_V_ANPTTANK MINE Ne. 3 FU! Place No. 3 fuse in mine. Replace Total weight of mine 8 ibs. (with spider) 0"x4" (body). Explosive fi1ling 4 1/2 lbs. TN? or Baratcl. Minimum safe spacing, 2 yards, Arming. Remove spider, metal cup and washer as with the MK V. Examine shear wire of fuse and withdraw safety pin at arms length and leave on top of mine body. metal cup, washer and spider. Engage studs in slots, cover and camouflage. Disarming. Remove spider, metal cup and Washer. Inspect shear vire and in. Sert safety pin. Remove No, 3 fuse from mine. Lift mine and stack seperate from fuses. N.B. Made with air space, Less explo- sive than MK IV.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 16 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS DET Sooner: Sense der. asta’ WISECrron Resear irren peaetam. Resoa irre eegeeen. No.8. DETOM ATOR _SUEHBKY. MESES GPDRE- PATE HRA MINE Ming Ne. YT FR. AND GCENRSE. (GY ITEC DET, Ho FAWKINS NINE No. 75 & 754 and GRENADE, ters, detonators first. into slots so ICNITER & DET, No. 6+ that red end of igniter comes under V of Total weight of wine 2 3/4 lbs. Expi- Pressure plate. Bend over metal tabs. osive filling | 1/4 1bs, Gelignite. Min-,, Disarming. Bend back the metal tabs. imun safe spacing. Mines are laid at a Tilt the mine and slide out the 2 pre~ density of one yard. pared igniters, Note. Never force, if Azming. Insert open end of ¢etonator igniters and detonators get stuck. In in open end of mineigniter and fix with that case, destroy the mine. rubber sleeve. Insert 2 prepared igni-POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 7 econ. I —caerersee MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS Pitren | ouren se sung lee Bopy * BRITISH STANDARD $4 OR 10 Gaoncest B Icomausrians CuarteR RECOSNITION DiRerarr. EESOS NITION PIAS E ACT SHEAPN EA tid Mare BRITISH STANDARD SHRAPNEL MINE NK I & II Total veight of mine 8 ibs. Pilling. Amatol 40/60. 40% Amatol and 60% ammoni- um nitrate and 60% THT. Arming. Operation by trip-wire. Pre- pare safety pin for easy withdrawal. Re- move cartridge pistol and drop in Balli- stite cartridge, cap upwards. Replace cartridge pistol. Push pin in as far as it will go. Tighten with a Spanner. Check safety pin of detonator Pistol and remove pistol. Drop in capoed detonator cap, cap upwards and replace pistol, Prepare hole so that pull at Plate is aboveground. Place mine in tote and secure with pegs. Set up trip-vire. Lay out safety cord from both pins in pistols, Remove safety pin from cart- ridge pistol and detonator. Disarming. Place safety pin in cart- ridge pistol and detonator. Disconnect trip-wire and lift mine, Remove detona— tor and cartridge pistols, tip out car- trldge and capped detonator. Note. Filling marked on areen band. (Red band, normal filling HE, Red cros- ses, tropical filling. Red cross and dashes, tropical filling for limited period’ only: MK II Same as MK I, but has longer detona- tor handle extending to Length of outer Cannister, wire handle and safety delay fuse under Cap.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol, 4 18 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS Séerron. RECOEN IT oN biwonart, 2P Afri, MIN = BET ATRe 4 aot Pousg. EP_MK IT ANTITANK MINE. DETONATOR & AMP. and secure with metal tabs. Cover and ULE. camouflage. ‘Total weight of mine 7 ibs. Filling Disarming. These mines should never 41/4 lbs, Gelignite or TNT. Minimum | be disarmed unless absolutely necessary. safe spacing S yarda. Carefully withdrav detonator, If ‘Testing. Withdraw steel rod and press stuck, do not force. To be destroyed. If risnly on cover to ensure thet shear~ necessary to renove, attach cable and wire is in order. Insert brass testing pull clear. Transport by hand only. If rod and push home. If rod cannot be ful- mine has keen in ground for 2 months ly inserted, reject mine. Withdraw brass must not ke tranaported even if disarmed rod, replace steel rod and secure. nor must they be stacked on top of each Arming. Place ampule, red end first, other. Can be laid to a minimum space of into open end of detonator ard seal with 2 yards. luting (axel grease). Lay mine and stick Very mich affected by climatic condi- beside each mine bole. ions owing to its Gerignite riliing. It Withdraw steel rod. Insert detonator will become very dangerous to handle if stick to its full length. Do not force, laid for any length of time.POOR MAN*S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 19 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS cock us TED “ARES | Fox” GAS SERRE 1 Sapery fuse % BET art edema, —SWERPMEL, Ser 1 CEM Ea Pmerseea Swiren, BrrPeune Tess EA tet. a. ce78 ERE OE. ss PEOPEAKENT CHANTS SECTION. Remture 640 E.R. Ho. . hfe. EP No. 4 ANT Filling. Gelignite This is an anti-personnel mine, nor- mally operated by a switch, preasure =P No. 1, although it may be operated by any British switch. When the mine is fired, the cylinder containing shrapnel is lifted clear of the ground and then bursts. La (a) Dig a hole for the mine and-aviten. () Renove the Lid from the mine, withdraw the inner cylinder and take out the fuse unit. (c) Thread the detonator end of the fuse through the tube, commencing at the lover end of the cylinder. Thread the other end of the orange fuse through the hole in the bottom of the container, from inside to outside. Draw through, lower the inner cylinder gently into the container at the same time. Make sure that the inner cylinder is fu11y down inte the contain- er, and the powder charge is comfortably between the two “distance pieces” at the bottom of the immer cylinder. (c) Con- nect the orange fuse to the switch being used. (e) Insert three sticks of Gelig— nite into inner cylinder. The stick rem- ote fron the fuse tube is prepared for the detonator, and the detonator pressed gently home. Replace the lid of the mine and seal with luting, (f) Cover the mine and the switch, EP SWITCH No. 1. This is a Cinplate device vith 9 met- al cylinder into which the igniter amp- ule can be inserted. The switch is en- Closed in a cardboard cover ta prevent ingress of sand, etc., which would pre- vent its operating, It is designed so that, when trodden on, the ampule will crush and set off the’ mine.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 20 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS EP. fe. = AYP. MINE: DEEN: Moa Pou, EP No, 5 ANTI PERSONNEL MINE. DETONATOR exploder, open end cirst and smear with No. 8_& AMPULE- luting. “Weight of mine 8 oz. Explosive fil- Place the exploder in the prepared ling Gelignite or TNT. Main filling 11/2 hole and pack earth around the sides oz. CB and a five oz, layer of TNT. with earth to support it, leaving the Arming. Prepare hole and examine top clear, Insert the selected plunger, Plunger for fit in cannister. If aK, Complete with "prongs" gently into grease. Insert ampule, red end first in- plunger guide and lower slowly until it to open end of detonator and seal flush i Testing on the dotonator. : with luting, Examine the hole at the Disexmng, Destroy in site if possi- side of the exploder to insure that it ble, otherwise, gently uncover and lift is clear. Wrap tape around detonator. mine out. Lay aside for destruction. Insert tape and detonator gently intoPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 Kacoen iTro0. EP. 4K: ALT. Sr Poune % Yo. ©. DET: EP_MK V_ANTITANK MIN. AMPULE & No. DETONATOR. No. 1 EXPLODER. Total veight of mine 01/2 Ibs. Fi1- ling. 4 1/2 lbs. of Gelignite or 6 1/2 Ibs. of THT. Testing. Examine No. 1 exploder for eily exudation or outsiae rust, Examine plunger tor damage to shear wire. Smear upper portion of plunger with grease and insert in plunger guide. Teat for clearance with No. 8 detonator, Remove cover of mine and straighten straps, Ex amine exploder packet for oily exuda- tion. Test lid for fit. Should not be 21 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS HECOSNIT ION, LtINe Mo. t._ Ex PROdER. resting on plunger. Arming, Insert ampule, red end first, into open erd of detonator and seal ond flush with luting. Place exploder on in+ verted mine cover, free from grit. In- Sert ampule and detonator, with sleeve in position and seal end vith luting. Lay mine in prepared hole, replacing cover. Do not force or press on lid, , Disarming. Gently remave rover of mine. Carefully remove No. 1 exploder. Diserm same if in good condition, by taking out plunger. If showing signa of deterioration, destroy on site.4 POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 22 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS &.P Mr Vr ATK. EP MK VI ANTITANK MINE. No. 3 DETONATOR Weight of mine @ Ibs to 9 1/2 1bs., (Approximately). Filling 4 lbs. Ge1ig- nite or 6 1/2 Ibs. TN, Minimum safe spacing 2 yards. Testlig. RemoVe cover and straighten straps, Insert No. 3 fuse. Remove safety pin from fuse at arms length. Insert fuse and leave safe— ty pin in and test for fit. Test for fit of Tid and pressure on top of fuse. Re move fuse and replace cover. Arming, Renove cover. Examine shear- wire of No. 3 fuse, Remove safety pin from fuse at arms length. Insert fuse and leave safety pin on top of mine bo- dy, Replace lid by hinging, as with MK ve Disarming. Remove cover, undo one strap and hinge off. Inspect shear-wite Of No. 3 fuse. Remove fuse and insert safety pin at arms length, Note. Stack mines and fuses separat- ays EP MK VII ANTITANK MINE. This mine looks the same as the MK VT with seamoss sides and recessed base. But instead of No. 3 fuse it has the same exploder as used in the MK V, ives, detonator & ampule complete with plunger and exploder No. 2.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 23 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS HUNGARIAN ANTI-FERSONNEL MINE. jaight 3 ibs. This is a very sensitive anti-person- nel mine which may be operated by as small a pressure as 7 lbs. It consists of a rectangular tube of metal, one end of which carries the striker mechanisn. The mine usually lies in an inclined position with the striker at the highest end. A brass tongue on the operating de- vice is inserted in one of the holes in the striker, A small downward movement of the mine releases the striker and so fires tho mine. To prepare the nine. (a) Pull out the striker by means of the cross-piece and put a safety-pin or wire into the first hole of the striker. (2) Unscrew the striker holder and in- sert detonator with cap. (c) Sexew in the striker holder. (d) Slip the operating device over the striker and pull out the latter until the tongue can be inserted in the sec- ond tole in the striker. To arm the mine. Withiraw the safety— pin from the outer hole in the striker. ‘Vo disarm. Hold the operating device firmly In position and insert a wire in the outer hole in the striker. If the mine is found set with the tongue in the outer hole of the striker, ram a thin piece of wood through the operating de- vice, so that the vood jams on the stri- ker holder and prevents the tongue from moving. To lift mine. Attach from one end, 50 yards of Cable and puliciear, trom under CONCRETE PreneT Ming. STOCK MINE CONCRETE PICKET MINE. The body of the mine is made of con- crete containing metal loading. Within the body is = 100 gram charge fitted To_prepare the ming. (a) Insert detonator into prepared charge. (b) Push the charge into the hase of either end with a standard igniter 22.42 the concrete case. 22.35 or a modified 2u22.35, the Latter being operated by the withdrawal of the safety-pin. It can be recognized by the absence of the hole which is generally used for taut tension wire. A 15 inch wooden peg is driven into the ground and the mine is laid with the concrete por- tion above the ground. The mine operates with tho 22.35 vith which a trip-wire ic attached cver a suitable object or pick- et driven into the ground near the mine. (c) Screw igniter into (a) Push in the wooden Arming. (ay RtEach a trip-wire and lay out the wire to a suitably sup- ported portion over the ground. (p) Attach far end of trip-wire to a suitable object fixed firmly in the ground. (c) Remove safety device. charge. picket. to the igniter NEXT PAGEPOOR MAN'S LAME! BOND Vol. 4 Disarming (al Téeniity the igniter and neutra- lize it. {b) Cut trip-wire. The modifled igniter 2u 22.35 can be SEE Sar flat SKL MINE. ANTI-SKI OR ANTY SLEDOB A/P. Wis was orifinally intent an anli-ski or anti-sledge mine. But it may ve equal} used as an anti-personnel mine in @iitlvated ground. Te consists of a prepared charge of 100 grams, inserted in a thin metal tube having a Yooden picket about 12 inches jond in the base. The mine is Fitted with an ordinary three-prong "S" mine igniter. To_prepare ming. (a) Insert’ detonator into prepared charge and screw in the igniter, (b) Unscrew the nut on the sagety-pin. To_arm the nine. Withirew the safety-pin by means of 24 A afte. Bist os Aftnsren, MINES AND BOOEYTRAPS neutralized by passing a wire or cord through the ring in the safety-pin and bind it around the head of the igniter. To Lift ming, attach 50 yards of ca~ bie and pull clear, from under cover. 4a Insert a nail or wire into the safety pin hole in the igniter and bend around ta prevent from falling out. To Lift the mine Abfach 50 yards of cord ot cakie to the hole in the body of the mine and pull, trom under cover. Note, See Schii mine (next: ‘The actuating pin in the igniter is specially designed to include an eye to which a cord may be attached, In any mine using this igniter, par- ticular search ust be mada for such a cord, If found, this should be cut with- out exertion or pall. There may be a putl-igniter an@ prepared charge at the ather end of the pull-cord. Tf present, the cord attached to the ring in the pimthia too should be neutralized. To neutralize the mine eee sent Mtne 42, This mine ia a dovetailed wooden box with a hinged lid, Tt contains « single bluck charge of 200 grans of explosive. It is operated by a 22.42 igniter. The igniter screws into the block eharge and is inserted through a hole in the side of the box, The striker and the actuating-pin holding the striker pro—POOR NAN'S JAMES BOND Yol. 4 trudes through the hole in such a way that the recessed 11d can bear on the actuating-pin. Pressure on the lid may then push out the pin and operate the To prepare the mine (a) unscrew BESESceIng cap fron igniter. (b) Insert a detonator in charge, open and outwards. (ce) Pugh the igniter through the hole in the mine and screw into prepared charge. (a) Turn the actuating-pin so that iink is below the striker. (e) Close the 11a carefully. N.B. The mine should be prepared the 25 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS the place where it is to be laid. There are no safety devices so vhen already Prepared, it becomes dangerous. Pressure required; 6 to 11 ibs. to operate the mine. Arming; as above. To neutralize the mine. (a) Examine iid and the igniter for booby-trap, If present, neutralize them, (by Litt 1i@ carerully and extract ig- niter. (c) Unscrew the igniter and remove det- onator from charge. To 1ift the mine. Attach 50 yards of cable and pull, from under cover. See special note under "Ski-mine". £ foe 1 lb. ANTI-PERSONNEL MINE (BAKELITE) This mine consists of a rectangular box with a wedge-shaped hinge lid. rt is made of Bakelite and contains three pieces of deeply grooved metal for frag- mentation effect. The mine operates from pressure on the lid, which causes the latter to des— cené and push out a specially shaped striker cocking arm To prepare the mini (a) Using the ring at the ena of the striker, cock the latter until the outer hole in the striker is visible and put a safety-pin or vire through thie hele, (b) Unscrew the collar on the end of the striker holder and insert a special detonator through the collar. ({c) Screw in the collar vith the deto- nator in place, (d) Insert the detonator in the charge and lay the detonator holder so that the a (Botner) flange is inside the box. (e) Close the 114 of the box. To arm the nine. (a) Open the lid of the mine. (b) Pui out the striker until the second hole in it is visible. Insert from the underside, the specially shaped pin, (¢) Close the lid and remove the ring from the end of the striker. (d) Remove the safety wire from the outer hole in the striker. To neutralize the mine, Insert a wire in the hole in the striker nearest the special pin. To lift the mine. (a) Neutralize the mine. (b) Attach 50 yards length of cable to the outermost hole in the striker and pull, from under cover, (c) Leave the mine and detonator con- spicuously marked,POOR MAN*S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 26 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS ANTI TANK Mine 1-8 Pe (kdesctan Bou) ANTI-TANK MINE 1,8 kg. (Wooden Box). To prepare the nine. This is an improvised box mine. This (2) Renove the Cover and insert the ig- false lid has two holes to accommodate niter, complete with detonator, in the two igniters. These are fixed with deto- holes in the false 1id, nators and operate by the shearing of a (b) Replace the cover and then put the wire. retainers in position, The cover encloses the top of the To arm the mine. mine and is prevented from being acci- The mine prepared is arned. There are dentally separated from the mine by the no safety devices in the igniters. metal retainers. Tvo metal plates on the To 1ift the mine. underside of the cover insure the opera-~ Attach 50 yards of cable to one of tion of the igniters by the pressure on the retainers and pull, from under cover. the mine. four /aniree Ming LH RS tha, (Grooten Mou). FOUR IGNITER MINE 14.25 lbs. (Wooden Box) The cover consists of a frame and a ‘This mine contains 5g. of explo- separate top piece. The latter is glued sive. In the faise 1id are holes near to Canvas, which in turn, is nailed to each corner to take four pressure igni- the sides of the frame. ters. NEXT PAGRPOOR MAN*S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 Two types of Bakelite igniters are used, But the method of handling the mine is the same in either case. To prepare the mine (a) Take out the duamy pega from the igniter holes and insert the igniters with detonators attached. (b) Replace the cover and secure by means of the clips. To arm the mine. Rs above, There are no safety devi- ces in these igniters. 27 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS To neutralize the mine. (a) Examine the metal fasteners for booby-traps. If present, identify and neutralize them accordingly. (2) Remove the cover and take out the four igniters. (c) Replace Cover upside down and leave the igniters in the upturned 1id. To 1ift the mine, Attach 50 yards of cable to the rope handle of the mine and pull, from under cover. ANTI TANK MINE ANTI-TANK MINE 4 kg. TYPE 9 (Wooden Box: This is a long, rectangular box con- taining two striker mechanisms veth a 4 kg. charge of high explosive placed between them. Tyo movable covers on the lid of the mine give access to the strikers. Between the lid and the pro- truding base of the box are several thin pieces of wood which must be crus— hed before the strikers can be fired by the pressure of the lid, To prepare the mine. (a}-thsure that the wooden shear piec- es are in place. (b) Remove the 1id and cock the strik- (c) Remove the detonator holders and insert in them the prepared cartridge ard detonator. EMI HE SHOMBEE, HOLR MING MX Afric. A bp, __TYPE.9, (Ghonotn (Sox). (d)Replace the lid. Ag above; the mine is armed. To neutraiize the mine. (a) Open the moVable cover and push a pen into the slot between the striker and the cartridge holder: A knife Slade or Similar strip cf metal can also be used. (b) Remove the cartridge holder and take out the cartridge. (ce) Replace the cartridge and ieave the 1i@ lying across the mines To 1irt the mine. Re there are no Safety devices or easy method of attaching a cord to the mine, it ghould be neutraliged, ae ab- ove, and conspicuously marked. Inform sappers. Wooden dweie NEXT PAGEPOOR MAN?S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 28 Seg ce 83 Drones on HOLENINE 42. ANOT-Tawk. This wooden box mine contains 11 ibs. ef explosive, elther poured or in molded blocks, A pressure block protruding through the 1id operates the igniters by pushing ont the safoty-pin. The mine functions when a pressure greater than 400 ibs, acting on the pressure block shears two small wooden dowels and alloys the pressure block to move downwards and operate the igniters. To_prepare the mine. (a) Reneve the Tide (b) Take out the pressure block. (c) Make sure that the shear block is firm, otherwise, discard the mines (d) Remove the exploder blocks from the central compartment. (e) Fit a detonator into the igniter and screw it into the prepared charge, (£) Replace the exploder charges, mak- ing sure that the safety-pin is located under the shear block. (a) Insert the pressure block with the MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS red surface facing inwards. The pressure block cannot operate the nine in this position. (Cn) Replace the Lid and secure it with the two hooks. To_arm the mine (a) Remove the lid and pressure biock and reinsert it with the pressure block facing the front of the mine. () Replace the lid and secure it. The red surface on the front of the mine, tho mine 1id, and the presaure block should now form a continuous band. To_neutralize the bomb. Remove the 1id and pressure bieck. Replace the lid and insert the pressure block upside-down in the hole in the 1id so that it can be easily recognized as neutralized. This mine may be booby-trapped, with no easy method of attaching a cord. So, therefore, it should be left conspicuo- usly marked for the sappers. AMER ISHN Ace os AP. etn, AMERICAN ANTI-TANK OR_ANTI-PERSONNEL, MINE This is a small cylindrical mine con- taining 6 lbs, of high explosives. It employs a spider to transmit pressure to the fuse. The flanged rim on top of the body is matched in two places for assom- bling the ‘spider. The fuse used with the mine is the MI. AI, fuse which is inserted into the fuse pocket on the top of the mine. On the side of the mine is a carrying hand le. Azmi (a) Remove the spider fron the bottom of the bady. (b) Insert the fuse and push down un- til it engages. When this is assembled, the upper surface of the fuse body is flush with the upper surface of the (c) Assemble the spider by aligning, but net so as to engage two hooks with notches in the flange of the body. En- gage the other two hooks over the flange on the bedy, preas the first two hooks through the notches, then rotate the spider to engage the other two hooks. (d) Withdraw the safety fork and lay it beside the mine. Disarming. (a) Replace the safety fork. (2) Rotate the spider and 1ift off. {c) Renove the fuse and repack it in the container. (4) Replace the spider.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 29 MINES AND BOOBYTRAFS SHEe¢ Wine Te DUTCH MINE, ANTI~TANK. This is a small, cylindrical mine, more dome-shaped than the British mine. The mine lid is not normally removed from the body, but is held in position by four screws, a light spring keeping it raised off the body. In the body of the mine is a screved hole ta receive the fuse. A correspon— ding hole on the lid is closed by a screwed plug. ‘The fuse assembly screva into the body of the mine. For inspection, in- sure that none of the mine is badly dented, or has the mine cover, knurled plug or the retaining screws missing. Arming and testing. (a} Unsefew Eke knugied plug on top of the mine cover, thue exposing the waxed cork. (b) Check for the presence of the coil spring under the mine cover by depres- sing the cover by hand, (ce) Extract the cork pressing down on the mine cover to expose it fully. Care must be taken to prevent any pieces of the broken cork to fall into the deto— nator cavity, which would prevent the arming of the mine. (a) Insert a fuse assembly fully into the fuse cavity with the safety-pin in place. Depressing the mine cover, screw the fuse as far as it will go, without force. ‘The knurled flange iy on top of the mine should lie close~ body itself. If this is not possible, unscrew the fuse and inspect the fuse cavity for obatruc- tion; TNT or broken cork. If the cavity is froo, and if another fuse cannot be screwed home, reject mine, (e) With the tuge in position, the knurled plug in the mine cover cannot be reinserted until the safety-pin is with- arawm, on account of the vertical arm of the latter. Therefore, unless the mines are to be armed or laid at once, remove the fuse, repack and replace the knurled plug. Arming and_iaying. (a) Remove the knuried plug. (®) Examine the fuse, making sure that the copper shear—wire (lacated under the knurled flange) is in good condition, If 80, renove the spiit-pin and piace it with its attached cord in the hole, for further use if the mine is lifted, (c) Insert and fully sorew in the fuse, depressing the mine cover while doing 5s to enable the fingers to grip the knur— led flange. Arming and_iaying. (d) When fully satisfied that the fuse is screwed Tome, release the mine cover. Then refit the knurled plug. During this operation, do not press heavily on the mine cover. No force is necessary during any of the above operations, (8) Lay the mine on top of the safety— pin (already in hole), observing the formal precautions to’ prevent bridging.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 30 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS Soa > Asuniniun Afri Mine 2X. Ria Kam ATUMINUM ANPIWTANK MINE. avay portions are opposite the safety- This mine, which was made from salva- Pins of the igniters, and lay out the ged material by the Germans in Tunisia, Cords attached to the satety-pi has not been found outside that area. Tt consists of a cylindrical aluminum con- tainer with a false lid and cover. To_arm the mine. The loose lid has three holes through (a) sing the D.Z, 35 igniters, pul1 which the igniters protrude. These are the cords attached to the safety pins caused to function by pressure on the and withdraw ali three. cover. Three igniters per mine are used (b) Using the T.Mi.Z. 42 igniters, the and they may be either of the D.Z, 35 mine, when prepared above is armed: type or the other type used in the Tel— fo lift mine. lermine T.Mi. 42 (TéMi. Zs 42), There are no provisions made for the To prepare the mine. use of additional igniters with this (a) Using the D.Z. 35 igniters, screy m™ine and no obvious ways of fitting into the sockets of the prepared charges booby-traps. When found, these should be (which are placed below the three holes marked conspicuously and the sappers in- in the false lid). formed, as there are no easy ways to at (b) Replace the Cover so that the cut- tach a cord or cable for destruction. Eecenrie ee eur me etene Pee on ~ Berewarme ITAAIAN. _6.Ve PY Af ot Ale. (Betenton Carin ole (roatene) NEXT FAGEPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 31 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS TTALTAN CVP A/T A/P (Circular Variable Pressure ee Total weight of mine 7 ibs. Explosive filling 3 1/2 1bs. Tolite or TNT. Preparation of mine. (a) Remove pressure plate. (2) screw igniter into mine, having in- sured that the detonator is screwed tightly to bottom of ignite: Arming as A/P with trip-wire. (a) Remove trip set-screw, and turned milled ring until red mark is set at K=80 Ibs. (b) Lay out safety pin withdraval cord. (c) Replace 1id and secure with pins, (a) Withérav safety-pin cord. Disarming, normal + AEtach 50 yards of cable to leg of mine and pul? clear, from under cover. Disarming, silent, (a) Remove procsure plate and leave up- turned beside mine. (b) Insert nail or vire in safety-pin hole of icniter, (c) Cut trip-wire if present. Preesures K, 80 Ibs. A/P_ 1 = 220 ibs. A/TK %, 440 lbs. A/TK 3 = 660 Ibs. A/TK N, 770 tbs. A/TK H = Trip-wire a/TK bar ene TEP ane PSH Tag, tiered ma Crum shenwee exmesivg eMmmsee eure Pee ere NS a GERMAN. &. PLR. PRRAT ROP. Abo» Afrx. GERMAN LPZ PARATROOP A/P or A/TK This mine is designed for use by par- atroops, It can be activated by a vehi- cle as well as a tank, The body of the mine must be crushed in order to fire the tive detonators, which are connected to a central chamber, which contains the main detonator. The detonator can he bianked off from the igniter by means of the mitled knob above the central cham— ber. Tf the nut below any igniter is removed, the latter becomes very sensi- tive and the mine will operate as an anti-personnel mine. To arm the mine. (a) Remove central dust cap, (b) Turn milled knob as far as it will go in the opposite direction to the ar- row on the knob. (c) Replace the cap. Disarming, normal. Retach 50 yards of cable or cord and pull clear, from under cover. Disarming, silent, Tf dast cap is missing, carefully clean dirt from milled knob. If dust cap is in position, mark it and send for sappers. Very carefully turn mine on its edge and turn milled knob to its full capacity. This mine can be laid as anti-person- uel by the removal of the five igniter's nuts situated on the base of the mine. Nuts are left on for anti-tank, neces- sitating the crushing of the 11d. Weight of mine 9 ibs. FIG S17) abe. Tolite or TNT.4 POOR MAN'S JANES BOND Vol. 32 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS GERMAN ie GERMAN TELLERMINE (1935 mode) TMIZ .35 No. T This is the standard German anti-tank mine, Tt measures about 13" across and is fired by a pressure of 300 1bs, There are two holes (one in the baee and one in the side) for additional igniters, which act as anti-lifting devices or booby-trars. The mine may also be booby- traped by a cord attached to the handle. This cord is tied to an igniter screwed into a prepared charge or into another mine below the first one. To prepare the mine. Tale mine Ts usually carried with a detonator and igniter in place. To arm the mine. (a) Untie the wire attached to the saf- ety-pin (if wire or cord is present) and lay it out full length. (b) Turn the screw head on top of the igniter TNIZ .35 until the red spot moves fron opposite the white mark STCHER to opposite the red mark SCHARF. For this operation, use a coin and NOT TELLERMINE. as TMZ. 35 screwdriver. (c) Tf the cord is present and has been iaid out, cover the mine and camouflage ite (a) Withdraw the safety-pin by pulling the laid out cord. NoTE.- If the cord has not been at~ tached to the safety-pin, the latter must be withdrawn before covering the mine, In that case, extra care must be taken in not exerting too great a pres- sure on the mine while covering and cam ouflaging it. To 1ift the mine. (a) Lay out 50 yards of cable or cord and attach it to the mine, pulling clear from under suitable cover. (b) Attach the nearest end to the mine by means of a loop aver the igniter and secure it without moving the mine or the igniter. (c) Pull the mine clear. If it has been booby-trapped, it may explode during the operation. To neutralize the mine. fo. t-POOR MAN'S JAM BOND Vol. 4 (a) If there are additional igniters in the mine, which have not worked, identi- Fy them and neutralize according to the instructions on arming. Igniter, to arm. Te a stack Cord to the hole in the oniter 2Z .35, and secure the free end © some object Firmly fixed in the ound, Then withdraw the safety-pin. ‘o disarm. InSert a stout wire or nail through the safety-pin hole, and secure by bend- ing. Trace the trip cord to the far end and if present, disarm the igniter. Cut the trip-card. In battle experience, tne rollowing procedure will be adopted in neutraliz ing the igniter. SERMAN GERMAN LELLERMINE PM1Z, his mine is cimilar ordinary Tellermine. Tt guished by the presence TERKERMME. 42. No. 2. in Gize to the can be distin- of the small, fluted pressure plate (about 6 inches in diameter) and by the fluted, screwed cap at the center. Like the Tellermine (1935 pattern) it has two holes for additional igniters and may be booby-trapped in the same way. To prepare the (a) Onscrew the fluted, the center of the mine. (b) Attach a detonator to the base of tho igniter by meana of the screwed, threaded collar mine. screwed cap at (c) Insert the igniter with the detona~ tor attached. (d) Replace the screwed cap. ‘To arm the mine. When the mine is prepared, as above, it is armed. NOTE, there are no safety devices in this mine To Lift the min: (a) fay ot 50 yarde of cord or cable from the mine to suitable cover. complete. (d) Replace the screved cap. (e) Leave the igniter beside the mine and mark it conspicuously. The detonator, if trodden upan, personnel. is very dangerous to 33. MINES. (b) Using the coin, bat not a screw- driver, turn the screw head on the ig- niter so that the red spot moves from opposite the red mark SCHARF to opposite the vhite mark SICHER, (c) Push hone the safety Bolt. (a) LE neither of these operations can be perforned easily, remove the igniter from the mine, and, pointing the cap avay from the'body’(b), repeat and (c), above. (e) Replace the igniter. If the igniter cannot be made sare 2s instructed at (d) leave it out of the mine and mark both conspicuously. To form barriers acroas roads, etc., Tellermines may be joined by pressure vars, These are 4 ft., 6 inches long ard are made of aluminum alloy. AND BOOBYTRAPS fo. R {b) Attach the end nearest the mine co the fluted, screwed cap and secure with- out moving the mine. (c) Pull the mine clear. If it has been booby-trapped, it may explode during this operation. To_neutralize the mine. (a) Tf additional igniters in the mine have not worked, identify them and neu- tralize according to instructions as In the Tellermine Wo, 1. (b) Unscrew the fluted dust cap. (c) Remove the igniter and dotonator Tellermine No. 3 next pagePOOR MAN'S JANES BOND Vol. 4 TELAERMINE No.3. GERMAN TELLERMINE TMIZ .35 STEEL No. This mine is slnfiar in the TMIZ .35 No, 1, It can be easily distinguished by the fluted pressure plate which covers to whole of the top of the mine. The main igniter used in this mine may be either of the types used in Tellermine TMIZ .35 (1) or TMIZ .42 (2). The mine may have anti- Lifting devices or may be booby-trapped ae already described in 1 and 2, imensions to AND BOOBYTRAPS scribed. To neutralize the mine. Ieentify the igniter and proceed as in No. 1 or No. 2 as described. To prepare the mine. BrObee aE IR NST” ot ‘No. cording to the igniter used. To_arm the mine, Identify the igniter and proceed as in No. 1 and No. 2, as described, 2, ace To lift the mine. No. Proceed as 1 or No. 2 as de- GERMAN TELLERMINE TMIZ .43 No. 4 Qiushroom) This mine has very roughly the same dimensions as the original (1935 pat- tern). It is, however, distinguished from the three modele previously desc- xibed in having a "mushroom head" vhich screvs into the main igniter socket. There are two threaded holes for the insertion of additional ignitere ac in the other Tellermines. To prepare the mine, (a) Unscrew the mishroom head and re- move it. (b) Insert the igniter TMIZ .42 com plete with detonator. (c) Replace the mushroom head. To_arm the mine. When the mine is prepared as above, TELRLERMING No. he it is armed. There are no safety devi- ces in this igniter. (a) Lay out 50 yards of cable fron the mine to suitable cover, (b) Loop the end nearest the mine around the mushroom head and secure it. (c) Pull the igniter and mine clear, If it has been booby-trapped the mine may explode during this operation. To_neutralize the mine. (a) Tf additional igniters have not functioned in the mine, identify them and neutralize according to the inst- ructions in No. 1. (b) Unscrew the mushroom head. (c) Remove the igniter and detonator aenmanel Next pagePOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. (d) Replace the mushroom head. (e) Leave the detonator beside the mine and mark it conspicuously. Tho detonator, if trodden upon, is danger- ous to personnel. 4 FRENCH LIGHT_ANTT-TANK~ ‘This box-shaped mine has a corrugated 14d below which are two igniters. During transit a channel-shaped safety bar, in- serted through the end of the mine and running the full length of it, protects the igniters. To prepare the mine. These mines are usually transported with the igniters in place. To arm the mine. Take out the pin from one end of the safety bar and puil out the bar by the ring at the other end. To lift the mine, (a) Tay out a 50 yard 1ength of cord or cable from the mine to a suitable cover. (b) Attach one end of the cord or cable to the chain at the end of the minc. (c) Pull the mine clear, from under cover. If the mine is booby-trapped, it may explode during this operation. To neutralize the mine. (a) Detach the Chain holding the 1i¢ and carefully, lift off the latter, (2) Unscrew tne ywo igniters by hand, taking care not to press on the heads of the igniters. (c) Leave the mine uncovered on its edge and place the tvo igniters in the upturned lid, N.B.Since the detonators remain at- tached to the igniters, they must be handied with care. This mine is very often considered booby-trapped and used by the enemy. OPERATIONAL MINEFIELDS. After the capture of enemy positions or objectives, the reorganization of that objective must nearly always in- Clude the laying of a minefield to pro- tect positions against a possible coun- ter-attack, (b) Such minefields mist be laid 35 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS ickly by forvard troops. we) Tne’ eieid met’ be rough and ready, wut efficient and easy to lay, and must suffice until such times as a proper stock mine field can be laid. (d) The Hawkins No. 45 A/T mine has been found the ideal mine for this pur- Pose of laying an operational minefield, Dril1 for laying. (a) Minefferds are aid in blocks 150 yards long. (b) Each block is laid by a party of 32 (c) Untoading points are fixed as near to the site as possible, but if shelling etc., is heavy, mist be a mile in the rear. (a) Mines are brought to unloading point by vehicle and each 3 ton lorry €arrying sufficient mines and equip- ment to lay 3 blocks or 450 yards. (e) At unloading points, vehicles are unloaded and igniter sets made up (min- ex's flash and detonators), from then on, they must be transported by hand, (4) Each block is laid at a density of one mine per yard of front, and there- fore contains 150 mines. Also used in each block are 16 screw pickets and 9 rolls of dannet wire. (?) (g) Three ton lorries Can carry suftic- ient mines for three blocks, therefore fas a doad of 450 mines, 40 pickets and 24 rolls of dannet wire. (7) (h) Bach party of 32 men are used as follows1~ 30 men are used to lay the mines and they cary five mines each and 10 igniter sets for arming, The re- maining two men carry the 16 pickets, & each. (1) The party carries the mines to the starting point and lines up ina single line, spaced 5 yards intervals and ail facing in the direction of the enemy. (J) The 30 non with five mines apiece each advance by a given order and a giv- en number of paces, halt, lay a mine. ‘The laying of the other mines is as fol- lows: ~ Forward 5 paces, 1 pace ieft, Lay. Forward 7 paces, 2 paces left, lay. Forward 6 paces, 3 paces left, lay. Forward 5 paces, 4 paces left. lay. By this method, one complete row of mines ip laid at 4 time and ends up with a density of one. Spacing between the rovs is optional. The order or pattern of laying can be altered, according to the rotation or order given. (k) When the last row has been laid, pickets are put in clear of the last row at 10 yard intervals.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND vol. 4 (2) 18 of the mine layers return and collect the § rolls of wire, one roll to two men, and drop over the pickets. If triple damment wire is required, this will be carried out 3 times, Carrying of mines. (a) Nines Gan be carried armed or oth- erwise: If armed, this reduces the time spent in actual laying and is normally done when tine is essential. At the same time, if armed, it increases the danger from accident, if any should be acciden- tally dropped. Tf armed, mines should be carried in haversacks. (b) Tt is usually best to carry mines CLEARANCE OF Mu ter an advance: D_AREAS : Ray be necessary to clear awn and enemy minefields which impede movement in near areas. All Clearance should be done by remote con— trol. The method After locating or detector: (a) Carefully (b) Carefully to the mines (c) Retire to cable. (a) Draw the mine over the ground to~ wards a shallow V shaped trench already dug to receive it, The mines should be drawn ibte the hountil they are 10 in number, vhen employed is as follows. the mine by eye, prodding uncover the mine. attach 100 yards of cable the full length of the tre 36 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS unarmed unless circunstances arise where delay must be avoided. (c) Fields must always be picked up by the men (same) as laid it if possible or where possible ané mines mist be disarm ed immediately. No mines must be packed or loaded on vehicles armed. 1f unable to disarm, DESTROY! The lifting is just the reverse to the laying. Hines mist be Laid Longweys on towards the enemy, to avoid a possib- ility of them being picked up between the sections of tanks' tracks. Each brigade carries 4000 complete mines. Pome ¥ XY DEreUABe, LEI LE: . LL: Lie ere aniw Bren s a Vn fa® ag * “ B} <2 they can be conveniently destroyed by one guncotten primor- The mines should be placed on edge with their covers facing inwards as shown. ROAD CLEARANCE WARNINGS. The following are hints for locatina or expecting mines laid by the enemy in a delaying action. (a) Disturbed ground. This vill be readily seen if mines have been laid recently, but rain will quickly obliter— ate visual sign. (b) Empty mine boxes and packings. (e) Pickets or s, if planted in the ground far apparent reason, especd ally where tracks turn off from main MINES. IDICATIONS AND stakePOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 roads. (d) Barbed wire or traces of the reno- val of these fences indicate possible mine fields, (e) Jerrycans or other objects, placed on the milestones or kilo-stones, sicns for rear guards. (£) Unusual objects or marks, also near guard signs. (g) Vehicle tracks. Do not aecume that vehicle tracks are safe, especially on aerodromes, etc. Mined areas Experience has ing areas are the mining and around roads. fa) Potholes, or bites in the tarmac and repair patches. (b) Crossroads, junctions or where the road narrows. (c) Roadsides around craters or any other roadblock where diversion is nec- essary. (a) Parking places, courtyards, etc. le) Telegraph poles with the wires taut. (£) Around kilo-stones, notices, old vehicies, etc., and any objects of cur- josity. Most such objects are booby- trapped. (g) In culverts, under the tarmac, where banks cun down from the road’as at bridges, etc. ‘The following varnii (1)"Hines, keep Out™ or "Danger, (2)Red triangles on fencing. (3)Red and white cap markers. (A)wWaite tape. (S)Amber and green gap lights. (6)Wnite triangles of tin, with word “dines” painted on. (V)Safe lane signs. (8)"3.7." signs, meaning booby-traps. (9)Skul1_ and crossbones. (10)Mines placed on kilo-stones or on the side cf the road, in conspicuous 37 shown that the follow- gauge wire, most likely places for is_indicate mines, Mines", MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS off road to dispersal areas, clearing 20 feet, which should include telephone poles, fencing and marking all mine Fields alongside of road, where mines have not been lifted, Method of clearing tarmac, ATIne of mines, that is one man per yard of road with bayonets or prodders, and two each side to cover the first two yards ef the shoulders, These men line up and walk the road and shoulders, proddirg for mines as with gapping @ri11 Each man should have some lengths of 12 cut up for safety-pins. ‘The First vehicie should be not leas than 30 yards behind, This vehicle must contain equipment which must include lengths of rope and cable with grapnels. Mines. The men on the road surface must prod potholes and soft spots for mines. If doubtful, check with detector. All mines located must be dealt with by the man who finds it and lifted and disarmed as laid down (pull with cable). When mines have been made safe, they should be stood up in a conspicuous pos- ition on the side of the roaé to warn following troops (such mines must have the anti-lifting sockets visible). Craters. If craters are met, leave them alone and make a diversion from a point not less than 200 yards before and beyond it so that it skirts the crater by at least 150 yards. Don't use an obv- ious turn-off. By going 150 yards around you invariably mica moat mines, laid each side of the crater (areas around craters are nearly always heavily mined). Tape mast be laid, and prodding with bayonet drill carried out in the normal way to make the lane safe. Wire fence obstacles, or all movable road-blacks, Approach carefully and watch for shrapnel nines with trip-wires, especi- positions indicates that mines have been ally where barbed-wire obstacles are lifted trom the tarmac but not from the sides of the road, eration procedure met. Always clear mines from the sides or around obstacles before attempting to remove it, to avoid them being bur- ded deeper. Should obstacles be attached The actual clearing up is done in two to crater and charge in the road, this stages, Stage 1. Clearing a one-way route for men and vehicles, usually the main road or most direct rout, This is done by re- moving all mines and traps from the road ground already cle: surface and by-passing craters and any immovable object. This stage is usually done by leading units. Stage 2, Checking the tarmac, improv- ing by-passes and filling in cratere. Making and marking safe lanes, leading would make mines difficult to rind. When this is done, pull road-block from a safe distance with cable. If crater charge is fitted, soil will fall on ared. Do not walk a+ round the end of the obstacle, or through obvious gaps in the vire before Clearing mines, Check the places where obstacles have been standing, for mines. Pull vehicles, do not move brakes, vheels, steeringPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 wheel or gear lever, etc., booby-trapped. Make sure that when’ moving vehicle off the road you de not push it on to other mines on the side of the road. Suspect all empty cases, crates or objects on the side of the road. Pult all mines with cable, also any suspi- cious objects. Keep at least 50 yards ack when pulling ané lie down, Suspect all buildings of being booby- trapped, Report stretches of mined roade or craters. If mine is booby-trapped and explodes, fill in the hole. If not booby-trapped, prod for further mines underneath, such as double Tellermines. Pe not allow othors te run te a man’s aid ic he is killed or wounded by a shrapnel mine. There will be others. Always Check. approach. METHODS OF MINE LAYING AND LIFTING. Mines are essentially a defensive weapon and are laid according to the circumstances and country available. The methods of laying mines are laid down as a drill to give the maximum pro- tection te those engaged in the opera- tion to be carried out as speedily and efficiently as possible. Of course, there is a procedure adopted always when it is necessary to lay mines as quickly as possible to obstruct advancing forces etc., and this is known as “indiscrimin- ate laying™. When the minefield has been laid in a certain position, the entire operation has to be planned on paper, and this minefield is called a "Stock Minefie1a” which is vell-narked by warning signs and barbed-wire fences. This operation will be described later on. The drill for laying an individual mine is equally as inportant as that us- ed in laying a complete field. TE will be found that the following points are essential i- (1) Mines should always be carefully examined individually before being pack- oa. (2) The cases should be exanined after packing and carefully stacked, (3) Mines mast never be carried in an armed condition, as several fatal acci- dents have occurred through mishandling armed mines. (4) Shovels are used to dig the hole for the mines but never used during a lifting operation. (5) The hole varies in depth, but the mine should normaily be covered to a depth of 1" to 2", sa as to afford good camouflage. (6) Mines are sometimes laid to a 38 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS depth of 2! to 2' 6", but this is only done at the order of a Higher Command, and the depth of the mine recorded on the pro-forma. ‘The object is two-fo1d:— (a) To defeat the detector. (2) So that numerous vehicles, by cont- inuous movement, will depress the earth on top of the mine sufficiently to acuate the mine. Nothing is more demor- alizing to men than to suddeniy find that the vehicle either in front or be- hind has run over a mine after the road or track has been used for some time. It leaves them vondering if they will be the next to suffer the same fate, and with their nerves frayed, other acci- dents may occur. (In case you didn't understand this, it is fiendish and beautiful! The idea is to bury the mine deep enough that a tank or truck will not explode it. But, aa mre vehicies go over it, the ground will be compacted by degrees so, when the personnel are confident that the road is Clear of mines, the next vehicle compresses the earth just that little more to blow the mine. 1s that beautiful or_not? Ed.). (7) When laying 2 mine, the prone posi- tion is adopted irrespective of the State of the ground. This does not. nec- essarily mean safety for the individual, but it serves as 2 warning to passers by. Should a person be seen in the prone poaition, it is obvious he is dealing with something dangerous and no one should be within 40 yards of hin. Tt is perfectly obvious that the por- son laying the mine vould not be safe should the mine be set off by accident. But if he were stooping over the mine, his action could be nistaken and draw the attention of a passer-by. (8) Mines should not be nearer than 5 yards to each other. This to prevent Sympathetic Actuation, which, by the way is entirely different from Sympathetic Detonation. Sympathetic Actuation occurs when two mines are spaced too Closely together and the blast from one mine operates the fuse of the second. The second mine is thus actuated in the same way as if a vehicle had passed over it. Of course, this does not occur in each instance. But you can imagine the possible effect if a row of nines was jaid with a four yard spacing between each. Some British mines were made to withstand the blast effect of a nearby mine, In one case, now obsolete, a sorbo rubber ring (giving a cushion effect)POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 was used, Of course, the surface area of the 1id, whicn pivots on the fuse, has a large bearing on the subject. For the blast can only affect the fuse if the lid offers oufficient surface area. But this was remedied by the introduction of a spider, more of which will be explain ed further on. Sympathetic Detonation occurs only between explosives and is caused by the Passage of the detonating wave, which is only effective within a certain radius, Thus, an air space can break the conti- nuity of a detonating wave, the radius of which depends on (1) its speed and (2) the amount of explosive. When an explosion occurs, the blast is felt for some distance around tne ex- plosion. But the farther one is away from the spot, the weaker the blast. When the detonating wave originates, speed is a thousandth of a meter per second, For instance. a mine filled with TNT radiates detonating waves at a speed of 7500 metera per second, This represents almost 4 3/4 miles per second. Sut the further the waves travel, the weaker they become, until they are ineffective in their abliity to initiate other exp- losives, but still retain sufficient blast power to smash that explosive. Therefore, Sympathetic Actuation is a mechanical action involving two armed mines, wheras Sympathetic Detonation occurs between explosives and can be rendered harmless by an air space. (9) When moving throuch a minefie1d, it is kest to take long strides on tip-toe, treading as lightly as possible. Panic in a mined area mst be avoided at all costs. The slightest movenent increases the weight of the individual ana a run- ning man almost doubles his own weight. Consequently, it is possible for a man to actuate an anti-tank mine by acci- ent, which is normally safe under his ow weight, if he loses his head and runs blindly. The fact can easily be Proven that a man's weight is consider- ably "increased" in this respect :— (a) Casting one's mind back to days when it was possible ta record one's weight on the weighing machine in Wool- worth's, the weight was actually record- ed when the needle was stationary. But the movement of the individual in‘ step- ping off the machine caused the pointer to move forward, showing an increased weight {b) If @ person treads on a chap's too, it is not as bad as if he ie running its 39 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS clumsily by and lands on that unfortu- nate individual's foot. Also, if a man is running blindly, he cannot possibly avoid trip-wires, etc., which are defi- nitely anti-personnel in nature, (10) When lifting mines, each man should be in possesion of at least 24 safety-pins: These can be wire or nails, being of 12 guage in thickness or more and not less than 1 1/8" in length, (11) Never cut a trip-wire without first acertaining whether it is tight or slack. Safety-pins should always be in- serted. Always remember to trace trip wires to both ends, A taut trip-wire is naturally holding something, and if cut, it will release it. The moral is "never cut a taut trip-wire and never pull a slack one", (12) Always check fuses for tightness in fitting to mines and never force a tight fuse into a mine. (13) Check ali mines with removable covers, to insure they fit correctly. (14) Don't bunch together} one man, one mine, one chance the first and iast. (15) Here are nine examples of famous last words:— (1) Come and watch me 1ift this one. (2) Let's cut the wire. (3) Throw mea tin of fuses. (4) These mines don't seem ta be booky- trapped. (5) These mines don't seem to go off when you walk on them. (6) That 1coks a geod billet, electric light and ali. (7) Nice bit of loot, this. (8) This lid and fuse are jammed, throw me a hammer. (9) I always smoke on the job. The enemy, having captured a large number of British mines in the early years of the war, have made good use of them in recent months. In one sector, it was found that a large percentage of captured mines were used along with Ger- man mines. Thus, British mines laid by the Germans must bo treated as enemy mines. No provision for booby-traps has been made on British mines. But the en emy has made that provision, and. be- Cause “familiarity breeds contempt", Al- lied troops have overlooked the possibi- ities of booby-traps, and have not ex— ercised sufficient care in lifting, re- sulting in casualties. Casualties have also occured through carelesoness, caused by indlyiduals rushing to view damaged vehicles or to render aid to injured comrades. This mast be prevented at all coats, and per- Sons Concerned ordered to proceed in anPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol, 4 orderly manner, systematically clearing a way to their objective. Methods of ming detection and rift ‘Bayonets This is the slowest, by far, but cer- tainly the surest metnod of detecting all nines, except Plastic Mines. When prodding with a bayonet it shovid be held at an angle of 45 degrees with the bevelled edge underneath. so that the bayonet will glance off a nine. There is one correct way to hold a bayonet and that is to grip the handle tightly, for a slack grip will cause friction between the handle and the palm of the tand, re- sulting in a blister in one of the worst Places possible. The correct drill is to prod every 3” in a line to the left and right, and linking up with the man on either side. The prodders should then move forward 3" each tine. Average speed forward over a yard frontage is 1 1/2 yards per minute. Detector. There are several types of detectors, each based on the original, produced in October, 1941. They each have different standards of accuracy. But the biggest drawback is the inability to detect any mine other than one with « metallic con- tainer. Anericans, however, have invented a Homogenous" detector, capable of locat- ing any object in the ground which is not consistent with the true nature of the ground. Therefore, rocks, metal rods planks of wood, bottles and even air cavities are located and consequently so much time is wasted. Mine destroying tank: These Fave developed rapidly in the _ past 12 months, but are not 100% perfect as deeply laid mines are often dormant for some considerable time, unless the earth is packed down hard enough to set them off. Dogs Tt has recentiy been revealed that dogs have been trained to locate mines, adding one more laurei to their already large bouquet. These animals move for~ ward with the Sappers, etc. When they locate a mine, some sit stock atill, others whine, whilst some emit a low gtowe. But they do not touch the ground covering the mine, which is then marked When the mines are located, various methods of removal are employed. The most common is the use of a 50 yard length of cable, which is attached to the mine, and the mine removed by the "Lifter" from under cover. 40 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS Tt is necessary to allow 30 seconds delay before approaching the mine after removing it, in case a delay action fuse is fitted and is set into operation, when the mine is moved. During these lectures, you will see how easy it is to make mistakes by curi- osity, ignorance, over-eagerness and an- xiety to complete the job. You will rea- lize how great the debt is, that the ar- my owes the R.E.s (7), for their work arlier in the war. Too late, it has been realized that the Army needs training in mines and booby-trap warfare. Not to do the R.E.'s job but to safeguard them- selves from injury in ignerance of the mines with which they may be confronted. This course is sinilar to arms drill. You were taught to fire a rifle when you first joined up. Not to engage the enemy as front-line troops, but fo protect yourselves should you suddeniy Find yourselves without any other support. So bt is vith mine warfare. This training is designed to give you sufficient know- ledge to avoid danger from mines and not to make you "Mine Lifting Personnel". Methods of mine destruction. this is rather a bigger subject than first thought. For the majority of per- sons are totally ignorant of the various methods by waich mines can be destroyed, Asked how they would destroy a mine, or mines, the majority suggest small arms fire, othore say to pour some petrol on it and set fire to it. A small minority who sense tne danger in the previous suggestions adnit they don't know. Well, the suggestion of small arms fire isa foolish one end here's yhy. First. a rifle bullet will not detonate bulk explosives. But even if a marksman Gan see the mine, thore is a very slim Chance of him striking the fuse or ig- niter and operating it so the mine is destroyed. Ofttimes the mine is riddiea with bullets without setting it off, but unfortunately the fuse ie danaged and the mine is ultimately pronounced a dud by the cocksure marksman. ‘Then it goes off as soon as sone unfortunate person moves it. The smal2 arms fire suggestion can only be effective if (10 the mine is in full view, and the fuse also, so the marksman who must be (2) a skilled shot. To think of trying to set off a mine waich is below ground level, is ridicu- lous. If the mine is in the shooter's full view, that man is in grave danger from shrapnel splinters. Next comes the suggestion to destroyPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 the mines with fire. Experience has pro- ven this is very wrong, indaed. In one incident, a pit was dug and a number of mines placed in it and liberally covered with petrol and 1it. once again it pro- ved 75% ineffective for two reasons. (1) The explosive was partly protected by the metal bodies, sensitive detona- tors packed in the centers of the mines, in the fuses. The result was that one of the fuses was damaged and when the dab- ris vas turned over the mine went off and the metal casings became dangerous shrapnel. These practices are very dangerous and mist not be entertained at any Cost. It is far better to stack mines requir— ing destruction, marking them as sucn and reporting them to the proper author- ities. ‘The easiest vay to destroy mines. or one mine, is by using a primer, detona— tor and a substantial length of safety Fuse to give a delay. When dealing with fone mine, uncover withont disturhing it, and place sandbags around it. Finally, place a primer in the center of the lid, Compicte with detonator and fuse, Care- fully cover with loose earth, leaving the fuse showing. When the primer is in- itiated it wuppiley sufficient blast to actuate the mine, just as if a vehicle had passed over it, This method applies to single mines requiring on site destruction, but where mines can be moved, they should be care— fully stood on one end, in a shallow trench 18" deep, with the lids towards the center. A primer, detonator and a length of safety fuse is then placed in between the center mines, the iids of which should be facing each other. The primer provides sufficient blast power to actuate these mines, which in turn, set off the remainder. various other methods were devised to clear mined areas in the early stages of the ¢esert war. Among them was one which entailed the use of a "nat" or net", woven with primacord and unrolled over a mined area and then initiated simuitan- eously at several points. This proved almost useless, because the blast power Was insurficient to actuate a deeply laid mine. Recently, a device known as the “Con- ger" was tried out. This consists of a length of 2" canvas hose, which is pro- jected empty over a minefield by means of a 5" rocket and subsequently filled with a liquid explosive known as 822. It is capable of clearing a 25 foot lane through a field of TMI 42 6 43s and it 41 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS promises to be very effective, The mine sweeping tank was 'very suc— cessful in clearing paths through mine— fields in Normandy, But it is not an entirely new idea, Originally a vehicle was used, with two steel girders projec- ting in front and a roller, fixed so that ite protruding steel spikes dug in- to the ground as the vehicle moved for- ward and the weight of the roller actua- ted the mines. Unfortunately, the roller, being made ef concrete, could not withstand the continuous blasts of the mines and it was soon shattered. Consequently, the idea was temporarily abandoned, unt ii the "flail mechanism" was thought of some time afterwards. The first model, Called the "Scorpion", was constructed by fitting the flzil mechanism to the "Matilda Tank", the mechanism being @riven by an auxilary engine. Further types were the Baron Mar- quis and Crab. The latter drives the eylinder by the tank engine, and aa it rotates, lengths of heavy chain attach- ed to it act as flails. They beat the ground with considerable force, explud- ing the mines in its path. The latest type is fitted with a Sherman chassis, shortened in length and breadth. Its main armament is a 75 mn gun, It has "feelers", which give warning of obstacles and Bangalore Tor- pedo ejectors, which eject the torpedos to destroy the obstacles and clear a path, The drawbacks to this type of mine clearance are fow, But one was found to be the fitting of a thicker shear-pin to the TMI Z .42, so that the flails failed to shear it and operate the ig- niter. Consequently, the tank tracks were shattered by the mine, disabling the mine-clearance tank, A second idea, very uncommon, was to link a Tellermine by a detonating Fuso to a charge, so that when the mine wes actuated by the flails the charge was set off, disabling the tank once more. These special Uevices to defeat the purpose of this special tank, requirce special preparations, also. And in the present stage of the war on the conti- nent, owing to the mobility of the troops, it is not possible to antici. pate any nove with a sufficient margin of time to lay counter-measures against the use of the "Crab" tank. This method is not in full use in the Far East. The country does not lend itself to mine warfare, except of course, anti-personnel mines, But nev-POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 ertheless, personnel undergoing train- ing in methods of mine clearance should anticipate the Japanese use of mines whenever the opportunity pre- sents itself, METHODS OF GERMAN MINE LAYING. “““The object is not to teach actual laying and lifting of German mine- fields, It is to teach general recog- nition and warn you of methods employed to defeat detection and lifting. It is generally understood that the Germans are a thorough and methodical race, but also prone to repetition and, in spite Of their thoroughness, sometimes fait to carry out their original intentions, leaving tell-tail clues which are equai- ly as important as mines, fences and warning boards themselves. Although his mneZields are ofttimes fenced in, when he retires, he renoves all traces possible and one has to rely on wines-signs to detect their presence. There are however, two types of mine- field marking recently discovered:- The first is the more common of the two and consist of two rows of warning boards, the outer, black & white lettering and the inner, white and black lettering, The space in between the rows of boards is normally clear of mines. The second consists of lengths of barbed wire wound around tha post. A/P mines are indicated by a 3" length projecting from the top of the post, wheras A/T mines are indicated by two dome-1ike hoops on the top of the posts, giving an appearance similar to a mine markers Ofttimes it has been found that the front edge of the minefield has been left entirely unmarked, and if marked, false gaps and deceptive vire has been found or encountered, There may also be scattered groups of mines laid haphaz— ardly in front of the minefield, which are entirely unmarked, Belts of mines, laid close to our own forward defense localities may also be seen, as they are often hastily laid. Ofttimes machinegun and listening posts are placed well forward of main mine- fields, and are covered by automatic sentries, consisting of Very Lights op- erated by trip-wire, Naturally A/P mines are laid to the best advantage, this be- ing mainly in front of the minefield, although it is common to find them in the field itseit, To give the minefield an appearance of cepth, shallow mine belts are some times employed, with considerable gaps in between, and consisting of 2-5 rows each, Normal distance betveen mines and 42 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS xows is 5-10 yards. These narrow belts help_to hide gaps. They are normally up to 270 yards long by 20 yards deep, Booby-traps, connected to wire ob- staclea, are operated by the movement of the obstacles. Or else, by movement of some other object in the field to which they may be attached and which is in range The entire 1ayout of a prepared mine- field is coordinated with a fire plan of defense, so that a deficiency in mines is made up by firepower. Approximately 25% of the Tellermines laid are booby-trapped. Occasionally, during retreats, additional charges were laid under the Tellermines. These were attatched to the anti-1ifting devices. These charges vere either 75 1b. boxes of TNT or 200 cram blocks of Penthrite or Tolite. As much as three 75 1b. boxes have been laid under a treble Tellermine making a total charge of 261 1bs., capa— ble of completely destroying venicies. Teliermines have also been found laid at 2 yards spacing, Closely spaced deli. verately to cause "Sympathetic Actua- tion". No cases of "dummy" minefields have been reported to date. Sut there as one instance where a field of Holtz" mines (German yooden box nines) were found to be dummies, as these mines were Found to be Filled with sand. This, however, was thought to be sabotage. very few patterned minefielcs vere found, but a/P minefields were found on hill terraces, accessabie normally only te personnel. Wigh grass or greinfields afford excellent covers for breast-high trip-wires or lever actuated mines, be- sides the normal pressure-operated mines. To defeat the detector, A/T mines have been found laid as deep as 2'6" so that vehicles will eventually compress the earth hard enough to actuate the mines. One instance of mines laid below their normal depths revealed that groups of six were laid 18" to 24" deep spaced approximately one yard from the road centers and where single mines were laid deeply, they were spaced 20- 50 yards apart. fioles in the roads, which ran through or near a mined area, were sometines filled with scrap metal, and other times a mine was laid deeply, vith scrap metal on top to cause a de- lay. Other cases revealed an unbroken road surface, but mines had been laid under the tarmac surface from the side of the road, ao that the paseage of ve- nicles would cause the surface to crum- ple,POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 When approaching a minefield, remem- ber that it is very easy for the eneny to trip the outer from your side with- out causing any damage to enemy troops who may advance through their own mine- field. This is done by rurning a wire from the outer wire to a pull action svitch outside the minefield so that the leading elements of your own troops who are advancing towards an enemy pos— ition, set the trap off and it kills or injures others behind: sugey. Meta Fiend ! escrion of _snptonce, The only snag to thie type of booby— trap is that enemy troops returning from patrol activity in our lines, may acci- dently operate it and suffer casualties- ‘Serves them right", Here is some information recentiy ob- tained from Italy. AgP Fields: Tn theory, mines are always laid in regular patterns by a pacing drill, ev— enly spaced so that alternative rows co- ver off the spaces left by other rows, Density for shrapnel mines: 1 mine per meter. Minefields with a density of 1 mine per motor vore never deeper than 25 meters (approx..27 yarda)and with a density of 1/2 mine per meter, maximum depth is 40 meters. Spacing, Between mines, 4 meters maximum 10 meters, with never less than 4 rows or more than 7 rows at 8-10 meter inter~ vals Mixed Fielda, There was @ tendency to lay pairs of rows of one type alternately with pairs of others. Mariking. A german A.P, minefield always has a trip-wire on its enemy side (facing ts), which should be 2 meters from the near- est row of mines, Back corners are al- ways marked vith stone cairns (mud piles otherwise) in line with the trip-wire with no other signs to indicate A.P. mines. Gap Personnel gaps (1/2 meter wide) mar- ked with extra signs such as white tape, handkerchief, vhite paper or a cross-piece of wood, A single low wire running transverse to the line of the Field is the boundary between "blocks" laid by different units. 1/2 meter on either side of these wires is always 43 MINES AND BOOBYTRAPS safe, The ends of the minefield are un- marked unless close to a road or track, and then by a trip-wire along the road. These observations co not apply in all instances, or vhen mines are laid in haste, Anti-tank mines. In theory, these are laid out in regula: patterns and staggered from row to row, The density is 1-5 mines per meter of front, and the spacing and in- terval not leaa than 10 meters: Anta” tank mines, as previously remarked are sometines separated from 4/P only by the boundary trip-vires. But there aro norm ally no markings left except a fence or wire by the road. (ne instance was recorded where holes had been dug and filied in egain, giving the appearance of a minefield, But this could hardiy be called a dun- my minefie1d, but a decoy minefield, anti-tank ditches, although deep and wide, can be crossed'by personnel and to prevent this, shrapnel mines are laid in the bottom, also the bottoms of slit trenches. Another instance of an ant minefield found is as foliows:- Bayonets were driven in the ground so that they protruded six inches above- ground,Fine trip-wires ran to mines mid~ way between bayonets. Concrete picket mines vere used in bush or scrub, with the concrete cylinders one inch above ground-level. There was very little at- tempt at concealment, either in this case or in the following one: — Trip-wires led to a ZZ .35 igniter serewed in a 200 gram biock in company with tvo others, buried 2" to 2" below ground-level. Neither of these instan- ces was classed as successful. So ends my course on methods enployed by Germans in iaying their mines. it must be understood that the subject is one upon which it is possible to contin- ue investigation indefinitely, as these nethods change daily as different tyes ef country are encountered, But remen- er, “Forewarned is Forearmed", and by keeping your eyes open you may save your 1ife and other, personnel To gain further expertise in the deadly skill of mines and booby- traps, study THE IMPROVISED MUNI- TIONS HANDBOOK, PMB 2, page 2623 MINES AND BOCBY-TRAPS, PNJB 3, page li, BOOBY-TRAPS, page 235 and IN- CENDIARIES, page 274,‘POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. CONTINUED FROM PAGE 1 the extent that they also packed it in. The Germans in their Russian cam paign were similarly demoralized by partisans who cared less than noth- ing for German military prowess or technology. Aside from pitched bat- ties with Russian regulars or siege tactics around major cities, the German soldier waS helpless and a- lone outside his encampment. Most towns on the route were either dest- royed or bypassed. They were too dangerous to occupy. The French partisans were so ef- fective at sabotage and the murders of German personnel as to necessi- tate vast amounts of extra manpower and equipment throughout France. And the French government had capitulat- ed and promised its people would be nice! Our own ancestors probably killed more British regulars by ambush and sniping than in pitched battles. Over the ages, irregular warfare has advanced from sniping, ambush and simple sabotage to refinements undreamed of by our ancestors, But the end purpose has remained the same. That is, to So harrass, con- found and confuse an enemy that he can't function. And wheras former irregular warfare has been only a Complement to regular troops, the Viet Cong and the Afghan Freedom Fighters won their wars with it. As world civilization degenerates 4 44 Towns will be ringed ENGINEER SOLDIER and the mass dieoffs accelerate, we will face a series of invasions. Possibly by Russians but certainly by hordes of Latin-Americans, flee- ing starvation and plague as their own countries cease to be nations. Then the U.S. will become a vast battleground of urbanites fighting each other for another day of life with defenses against refugees and renegade mili- tary units. No one can really know what will actually happen, but if you prepare for the worst you can defend your own against all comers. And in pre- paring, you must drop the macho fan- tasies and study the martial art of improvised weaponry. Of course, a basic part of your study must be conventinal light wea- ponry. The 1883 gunsmithing course in PMJB 3 is something to cut your teeth on. You can also make money reconditioning antique guns.s Clyde Baker's 1933 gunsmithing course will update your skills. You will also be surprised at how the science of ammunition in Earl Nara- more's 1937 HANDLOADER'S MANUAL will enlarge your expertise on explosives. By reading every paragraph in all four volumes of THE POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND, you will absorb knowledge sub- conciously, even though you might not fully understand it all at the tirst reading. Then, when you are most. needed, you will be one of the most important men in your territory. FM 21-105 BASIC FIELD MANUAL * ENGINEER SOLDIER'S HANDBOOK UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON + 1943 TABLE OF CONTENTS Parsgraphs Page (Cuurrmm 1. Thy engineer soldier and the corps of engineers... - 18 1 (Cmye 2. Engineer too tasks. Sxcriox I. Engineer tools... 440 3 HL Common engineer tasks. 1116 a Cunrre 3. Elementary. rigging al 30 Cure 4: Pld fortifications. 3239 36 Gauprer 8. Camouflage... 0-94 70 wre 6. Explosives and 855 v1 Curren 7. Engineers and tanks. Sorrow I. Tank hunting 56-58 96 IL, Antitank defense. 60-61 95. Curt 8. Assault at a fortified position. 62-68 103 Cuarrea 9. Bridges. e-1L 106 us. 120 ise 136 II. Engineer I. Profieieney tests for engineer satdie!POOR MAN a 13 BASIC FIELD MANUAL ENGINEER SOLDIER'S HANDBOOK (This mananl supersedes PM 21-105, Mare 12, 1941, CHAPTER 1 ‘THE ENGINEER SOLDIER AND THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS WL, Waar It Means To Bs AN Enatvers.—You are an engi- neer, You are going to build bridges and blow hem up, You are going to stop tanks and destroy them. You are going to build rcads, airfields, and buildings, You are going to construct fortifications, You are going to fight with many kinds of weapons. You are going to make sure that our own troops move ahead against all opposition, and you are qoing to see to it that enemy obstacles do not interfere with our advance. You are an engineer, M2, You any Your Jou.—a, You have been chosen to be trained to do a man-sized job for the Army and for your country. To do it well you must keep your ayes and ears open, your mind alert, and be always on your toss, You must keep yourself in top-notch condition. ‘You must become physically tough and an expert at your job, Whether or not our Army suecerds depends a lot on hew much better you are at your job than the enemy engineer Is ub 7 », Thai's a large order. The Army knows it is; but the Amy also knows that if you give the besc that ts in you, you will do the job well. You will build, tear down, and fight better than any other soldier in the world. You will be an ‘American engineer. M3, Tae Conps or Encmemns an THe Prorrine Taaptrion —a. The beginninys of the Corps of Engineers —(1) Tre Corps of Enginecrs to which you Eaore has a long record of courage and bf jobs well done. The early engineers set high standards of achievement; the engineers who came later in our history not only maintained those standards, but even improved upon them. Today you and your fellow engineers are carrying on that record: you are going to make the history of the Corps of Engineers even riore brilliant, (2) The first engineers vere three small companies organ- ized in the Revolutionary War with the help of Fretich officers. ‘The job of cnginge:s then consisted mainly of constructing field fortifications. ‘Phe set of the Continental Congress which created the engineers stated that {ts commissioned officers were “to be stilled in the necessary branettes of mathematics; the nonecmmiscloned officers x write a good hand.” Those requirements are a long way from the mumer- ous skills our soldiers must have today, let aloue our éficcrs snd noncommisstoned officers. (3) In 1802 an at of Congress created the present Con of Ehgineets. Until the Civil War there was only ¢ handful of engineer troops in our Army, Bven during the Civil War the largest number of encingers was far enmpenios. But engineers performed valiant tasks, ‘They fought as Infantry in courageous fashion, The engincering Jobs of thas littio body of men should make us proud to carry oh their tradi- tion; for example, they threw a 2000-foct ponton bridge JAMES BOND Vol. 4 4 ENGINEER SOLDIER across the James River in a few hours, ‘That's a mark fur us to shoot at. b. The denelonment oj the Corps—(L) Engineers con- tinued to play Important roles in every mintary campaign in our history. It wasn't until the Srst World War, however, thas the greal force of engineer troops was really gel, In thet wer the Corps of Engineers grew {rom 2500 men to nlmost 300,000, ‘Ths way they fought and did engineer work at Cantigny, St. Mihiel, and Meuse-Argonne fs one of the magnificant traditions ef the Corrs. (@ Todzy you are part of hundreds of thousands of troops who make the Corps of Engineers a, constructive and destructive fighting force. The chapters which follow will tell you something about: the numerous jobs of enelteers: they will help prepare you to earry on the important missions of the Corps of Enginects, oo CHAPTER 2 ENGINEER TOOLS AND COMMON ENGINEER TASKS Paragrapis 410 Section {. Engineer tools, IE, Common engineer” taske Section I ENGINEER TOOLS M4. Inmorraner—a. The engineer scldier is an expert in many things. One of fs most important skills is the use of many kinds of tools; some, hand tools, others, power too’ Tools ere the baste implements o: engineer. They go along with his unit and arc always at bend. With tools the engineer accomplishes many tasks, How well and how quicely he does his Job depeuds upon— Q) Bis skill (@) His physical condition, <) ‘The condition of ms too's, B. All of these are the responsibility of the individual soldier. His own life and che lives of his fellow soldiers depend upon the tools and the skill with which they are used. @ 5. Case—Mainly upon you, the soidier who uses these tools, depends the condition of the tools. When the supply sergeant of his assistant issues tools to you, you become responsible for them. Clean and oil them before you return them, If you are careful in the use of your twols, If you use them in the correct manner, If you are quick to notize and report such things as dullness, battered heads, and rough spots on handles, the job of keeping tools in good condition is easy. @ 6. Garerr—Your took are sharp. If they are handled improperly you or a comrade may be hurt. Learn to we your tools correctly; the correct way is both the easiest ge 4 the safest way. Here are a few gencral safely rules Do not forget any of them. a. Carry your tools properly. (See fig, 1.) b. Do not lay sharp tools, stich as axes, adzes, and peavie on the ground where they can be stepped on, fallen on, ar run into, ‘When swinging a tool, make cure all others are a cate distance ayay, @. Make sure al] tool heads aze tight on their handles. ¢. Do not get in he way of another soldier who Is using a tool. H7. Use—Tools are designed ta do work with a minimumPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 46 of effort. The untrained man tires himself by forcing his tools, gripping them too hard, or using an improper position. ‘The trained man is relaxed, lets his tools do most of the work, and uses his mind, eyes, and hands to guide the oer @ 8 Ewemerr Toot Sers—Each engineer organization 1s equipped with the hand tools needed for accomplishing the work usually assigned to it. For convenience in selecting tools for a particular job, they are grouped into sets, such as carpenter, blacksmith, pioneer, and demolition sets. Learn to know the contents of the various squad and platoon sets. 9, Hawn Toots—Most of the tools you use are hand tools, the most important of which are discussed below. ‘These discussicns are only a guide, however; they are not a substitute for actual training and extensive practice. Apply the things you read here at the first opportunity. a. Az (see fig. 2) —Before starting to swing the ax, make sure that there is no interference in any direction. If there are overhanging limbs or undergrowth In the way. clear them out first. Make sure of a firm footing and see that no one is dangerously close. In swinging the ax, be especially care- Tul to stand so that if the mark is missed, or if the ax glances off, it will not strike you. (See figs. 3 and 4) Keep your eyes on the point to be struck. Never throw the ax or leave it lying on the ground; instead, drive it into a log or stump, ‘or put it in its box, Never use the ax to crive metal stakes, 9 Froung 1—Proper way to carry ex, sdz, and two-man crosscut saw. b. Hatchet (sce fig. 2).—The hatchet is used for ght trim- ming work such as framing timber, sharpening stakes, or splitting wood. The position of the hand depencs upon the desired blow. Hold it near the end of the handle to strike # heavy blow for heavy cuts and near the head for light trim- ming strokes. The hetchet has a hammerhead which may be used jor driving medium-size nails. c. Adz (sce fig. 2).—The adz is a hewing end smoothing tool used by engineers mainly to remove bark and to square @ Aas, © Match Fravas 2—Howing tools, ENGINEER SOLDIER as ® Top of awing. ‘Froons 8,—Using the ax on herizontal timber. © Down swing. @ Sving completed. Fiecen 4,—Uolng the ax on standing timber,POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 47 8 2 round timber. It must be used carefully or the user may beinjured. The correct wey to use the adzis to stand astride the log and take short hewing strokes. (See fig, 5.) The log is first scored with chopping strokes, or with shallow cuts made with a saw. Neuere | d, Pick and piek matiock (see fig. 8) —You should be able to use the piek cr pick mattock with either the right or left Nand leading. The pick is swung in a manner similar ta that used in swinging the ax. (See fig. 3.» To use it with the right hand leading, stand with your feet comfortably Placed, left hand at the ents end, right hand near the i pick head, body bent slightly forward, and arms hanging naturally. Carry the pick head behind and above your right shoulder without changing the position of your hands. Swing the pick head forward, allowing the handle to slide through your right hand until your hands meet, and con- tinue the stroke downward. Keep your eye on the point ta be struex, ¢, Shovels (see fig, 1) —You should be able to use the shovel with elther a right- or left-hand swing, After filling it by one of two methods diz. 8 @ or @), preca the handle down and back to free the shoyelful from the rest of the material. Then hold the handle down while raising the weight of the full shovel with the other hand, In casting, allow the handle to slide through the lower hand in the most convenient manner. Do not use a shovel as a pry. J. Saws.—Sawe are of various design, depending upon the kind of work required. (D Hand sows (fig. 9) —There are two kinds of hand. saws—crosscut and rip. A crosseut. saw has knifelike teeth. and is used to cut wood across the grain. A ripsaw has chisellike teeth and is used to cut wood with the grain, The hand saw is used in most common carpentry work. A saw ent should be started uy guiding the blade against the thumb of the left hand and drawing the saw backward (fig, 10). ENGINEER SOLDIER Extending the forefinger along the handle aids in guiding the blade, Hold the saw lightly and do not try to push it into the wood; move it back and forth with a full, long stroke, letting it do :ts own cutting, | Be Frovre 1—Long-handied and O-handled shovels, © wuicg snovel (oltornate method) © Fung sherel. ® End of throw, Trouxe 0.—Using the shovel. un 9 @) Oze-man saw (fig. 9 ©) —This saw ts equipped with cutting and drag teeth and an extra handle so that, if desired, two men (one at each end) can use it. This saw is used on falrly heavy and rough timberwork where speed is more important than close fits or exact measurements, (3) Two-man crosscut saw (Ng. § D).—This saw has two removable handles and is used for cutting standing trees cr for heavy framing er cutting, Two men operate ib by pulling alternately. Do not push or “ride” the sas; one mans straight pull does the work while the other man relaxes bul keeps his hand on the handle. 9. Cowkammer—The clawhaune: is used Lo drive and draw nails, In driving nails, the hand should be at the levelPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 48 ENGINEER SOLDIER © Hand sow. ® One-man cresscut saw with supplemental handle, D Two-man erosscus saw. Fisuar §.—Saws, © Clawhammer, f Ficure 12—Driving tools. of the nailnead at the moment of impact so that the nail is hit squarely and the foree of the blow travels directly along the najl. (See fig. 11.) Similarly, in drawing nails, the force should be directly along the nail, as shown in figure 11. h, Stedga (see fiz. 12).—The sledge is used for heavy deiv- ing, rock-breaking, striking rock drills, and for shop and LE general construction work. It should be swung Uke a pick. A full stroke gives best results, i, Maul (see fig. 12) —The maul is a heavy, wooden driving tool, ahd should be used only to drive wocden stakes and posts. It is swung like the sledge. 4. Peavy (see fig. 13) —The peavy is a gripping and level- ‘ action tool, used to roll, haul, or carry heavy timber. To © Pinch bar. @ Wrecking bar. Cee . @ Pecunr M4—-Bare, ¢ 14 9 carry heavy logs with peavies, men should be distributed equally on each side of the log. (Sea fig. 40.) k, Bars (see fig, 14).—There are several kinds of bars, of varied shapes: crowbar, wrecking bar, pinch bar. ‘These are prying tools and are used as levers. In using these bars, secure as much leverage as possible and take small “bites” each time, Be satisfled with relatively small movement at the cost of little effort, instead of doing excessive work to make a large move. 1, Brush hook (see fig. 15) —The brush hock fs @ sharp, curved cutting tool used to clear underbrush and to trim branches. It should be swung with both hands at the handle end. mm, Machete (see fig. 16)—The machete (pronounced muh- SHAY-tay, muh-SHET-er, muh-SHET) has a long, ex- tremely sharp blade with a wooden handle. It ts used to clear underbrush and trim ‘small branches. It is swung Ficcre 10.—Us Stagr oF STROKE A/ Finite OF STROKE, orrariecira with one hand. Keep it in its sheath when not in use. BnaCe To ma, n. Earth cuger (see fig. 17).—The earth auger is an ex- tremely useful hole-boring tool for the engineer. The 6- and 10-inch sizes are most commonly used. As far as possible, keep the cutting blades out of contact with rocks; use it with care in rocky ground. 0, Wire cutters (see fg. 18).—Wire cutters are especially Hesigned to cut barbed wlre. ‘The rubber-covered handles are insulated against live wires. The bent hooks on the searching nose are used to pull the wire toward the operator, ‘The cutters are used with two hands, p. Side-cutting pliers (see fig. 18) —Side-eutting pliers are used both for holding and cutting, essentially with one hand. 4g. Pocketknije (see fig. 19).—The pocketknife has four blades, which Include @ combination reamer and leather bunch biade, a screw driver and bottle-opener blade, a can- opener blade, and a cutting blade. It is equipped with a clevis for attacament to a carrying chain, thong, or cord. r. Wrenches (see fig. 20).—The two chief adjustable Proves 11.—Ueing the hammer wrenches are the monkey wreneh for angular bolts or nuts, HAUMER HEMDLE Sy Pion anece TouPOOR MAN'S GAMES BOND Vol, 4 49 ‘and the pipe wrench for round fittings. Note the differences between them, 15 9 2, Brace and bit (sec fg. 21).—The brace and bit is ® bor- ing toot with a variety of bit sizes. It has different bits for wood-boring and for metal-boring. Make sure the wood drills do not come Into contact with foreign material such a8 rocks and nails, t, Ship-ring auger (see fig. 22) —The ship-ring auger is @ long boring tool used to bere holes deeper than those made with the bit and braee, Piovte 15—Brush hook. 18 © Wire cutters. Provie 1—Wire-cutting tools. © Side-ontting pllers, 4, Plane (see fig. 23).—There are several kinds of planes used for various kinds of work, but the working principle of all is the some. I: isa smoothing tool with a fine cutting blade. It should be used with both hands guiding the stroke. Take long easy strokes with the grain of the wood, short, strokes against the grain. Be especially careful that the blade 1s not nicked by nails nr ather ohstructions in the ENGINEER SOLDIER wood. 1. Chisels (see fig. 24)—(1) Wood chisels are struck with a wooden mallet, never with 6 metal hammer, <2) Cold chisels for cutting metal are struck wilh metal sledges and hammers. w. Measuring tapes (see fig. 25) —The standard engineer measuring tape is a metallic, Mnen-fiber tape, rolled in a leather case. Keep it in its case when not in-use, Since the | 1 t ag 18.—Pocketknlfe, n 9 metalile tape stretches slightly, the 6-ft, steel rule should be used for exact measurements, (© Menkey wienen. ® Pipe wrench, Frewaa 29.—Wrenches, Ficvar 21—Brace and wood bit, with detached steel-cutting bit. “‘Fraume 22-—Ship-ting suger 18 Pioven 98, Jack plans, |POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 50 ENGINEER SOLDIER icRe 24.—OnWels, Fours 27.—Carpenter's level. © Woos chisel, @ Cold chisel. EES —_ — © .. @ | © metaule tape teed rule | - Poeun, 20.— Tape \ =. Squares (see Mig, 26).—The wy square is used to test bo square edges and surfaces. The steel framing square is used Froore 28.—Pnoumatic clay digger with squde and motl-polnt to measure angles and ta draw the varlous lines needed by ea a carpenter. y. Level (see fig. 27) —The level is 9 precision instrument. ‘By theans of the bubble (bead) in the phiais in the level, the engineer can determine whether or not a surface is horizontal or Vertical. When the level rests on a surface and the bead is centered in the tube, the surface is level. 19. 10-11 10. Powsr-Darvex Toots—The power-driven tools used most frequently by the engineer are tools driven by com- pressed air from the mobile air compressor unit, These tools save much time and labor, and each engineer soldier should imow how to use them. ‘The tools most commonly used are dlay diggers, wood and rock drills, pavement breakers, ham- mers, and wocd saws. (See flgs. 28 to 34, inclusive.) Figure 36 illustrates the gasoline timber saw. Secrion IL i COMMON ENGINEER TASKS - = FuouRe 29,—Pneumatic wood arill @ 11. Marmiats—Certain prepared building materials, such as standard-size lumber, are available to enginecrs at supply depots. However, very often the engineers must build their bridges, emplacements, ete., out of local materials found at the site of the work, Therefore, an engineer soldier must be alvrays alert ta note local materials, resourceful in his use of these materials, and quick to use them whenever he ean. © Carpenter steet square. Try square ne 26. squares Facer $1—Pneumatic pavement breaker with sheathing-driver Pe 26.—Squ attachment, *POOR MAN'S | Pome Provrr 32. JAMES BOND Vol. 4 51 Pneumatic nail driver with obisel evtachment, BLADE 12 jn jeumatic el-cular timber saw. jOURE 33, I i ‘Ficune 34—Preumatic chain saw. 12. Feviiwe Tares—With an ax, cut a deep notch near the base of the tree (see fig. 36) on the side toward which the tree is to fall. Then saw the tree on the opposite side to cut the remeining fibers, using steel wedges, if necessary, to keep the saw from binding. To cut the trunk clear of the stump, the saw cut should be started opposite the point of the notch. Where it is desired to keep the base of the tree firmly attached to the stump afver felling, as In making a tree road block, the saw cut should be made considerably higher than the noteh, so that all fibers will not be severed when the trunk falls. It is often advisable tu use guy lines 23 12-15 ~ BLADE 24 1N ——+| Provan 35,—Casoline-driven chain saw, to gulde @ tree in falling and sometimes to use hand or motor power to pull e tres in a desired direction. 213. Marva ‘Treen Jorwrs.—In rough carpentry work, the butt Joint and the Jap joint sre used to Join or splice ENGINEER SOLDIER two pleces of Wood sa that they form one continuous piece. (See fig. 37.) The butt joint requires the use of Aishplates to hold the ends together, ‘The lap joint is made by over- lapping the ends of two timbers and nailing them together. ‘This is the simplest and quickest splice for bracing and like uses, @ 14. Drrvme Darrrems.—Driftpins (heavy fron splices) are used to fasten large timbers together. Since driftpins are made of relatively soft iron, holes must first be bored in the wood before the pins are driven. These holes should be slightly smaller in diameter than the pin itself; for example, the hole for a ¥%-inch driftpin should be made with a Yc- Inch bit, 15. Hanpioe Lous.—a. Heavy lifis—The proper method of tifting heavy loads is to make the Jegs do the work. (See fig. 28.) Do not bend over from the waist and throw all the strain on the groin and back muscles, Improper methods of lifuing often cause a hernia (rupiure). © CLEAN cut @ FOR ROAD BLOGK Fro, $6.—How 70 fell tress, ». Carrying long or heavy loads—(1) For long, fairly light ‘objects, such as timber beams or ponton balk, cne man takes each end: to keep it from tipping over, the load rests on the right shoulder of the man in front and on the left shoulder of the man in the rear, (See fig, 39) (2) Por carrying somewhat heavier objects, more men may be used in a similar manner, but it is better to use pick handles, pipes or bars of ample length placed underneath. ‘Two men (on opposite sides of the toad) carry each handle. ‘Timber and rail songs, if available, should be used in the same tmanner, except that the load hangs below the handles. Figure 40 illustrates the use of the peavy to carry timber. Extremely heavy loads should be handled on pipe rollers, ‘wheeled dollies, block and tackle, or by machines, 15 FISHPLATE, © putt sowPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol, 4 52 @® LAP voINT Fic, 17—Stmple timber spileas. © Right. Pia, 38—Hbw to lift heavy objects, 26 16-16 (3) For small but heavy loads, a wheelbarrow should be used with the load placed evenly as far forward as practi- cable. o. Carrying chess—A wide one-man load, such as plank or 10-ton ponton chess, is carried on edge, rear end down, next to the body, with the right hand underneath, near the middle or balance, and the left hand on top steadying and guiding the load. (See fiz. 41@.) Sometimes, when the chess is un- usually muddy and slippery, or when fatigue necessitates the use of two supporting hands, the chess may be carried with both hands underneath. (See fig. 41.) When this is done, however, special care must be taken to control the plank so that no one is hit by the ends, For carrying 25-ton ponton chess, two men are needed. Ficure 30—carrying balk, We ‘16. Ustwa Sanpsacs (see fig. 42)—Sandbags are always laid with the chokes (mouths) tucked under and the side Seams and ticd ends inside. Grain, cement, and similar, ENGINEER SOLDIER n 16 bags ean be used, but they should not be more than half- filled or they will be too heavy for a man to handle. Sandbags are used frequently as reveting material to bolster the sides of holes in the ground. Figure 42 shows various ways to use sandbags for revetments. ‘To lay sandbags prop- erly, they must be shaped so that when in place they are roughly half as wide as they are long, SETION ELEVATION secrow CHOKES AND SEAMS QUT — GHOKES AND SEAMS IN (WRONG) (RIGHT)POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 5 ELEVATION ELEVATION JOINTS NOT BROKEN JOINTs aRoKEN (WRONG) (RIGHT) | | AS a | SECTION ELevaTION SECTION ELevaTIoN ALLSTRETCHERS — STRETCHERS AND HEADERS (WRONG) (RIGHT) NoTes: EACH Sanopes % FILLEO PACKS To, ARDUT 8x10" SPACE OF Few NEMES: [ J-asrrer oF «| [7 sanaeas WALL (FON 4) SECTION BLAST AND SPLINTER PROTECTION FOR & WALL USING SANDBAGS Proven (2.—Using sandbags as revetment, a 30 Tis CHAPTER 3 ELEMENTARY RIGGING 17. Importancz.—The engineer often makes his own ma- chines for use in heavy work and as substitutes for tools and machines that are unsvailable. The machines are sim- ple, but they save much labor. By “rigging” ts meant the handling of rope Gmanila or wire) and chains with blocks and tackles to raise, move, or hold heavy loads. The combina- tions which the engineer rigs up with rope are really simple machines. This chapter explains the principles and meth- ods of rigging, which will be one of your mest valuable skills as an engineer. Make a thorough command of this skill & part of your personal Army knowledge. W 18. Care or Rorz.—Proper care of rope lengthens its usefulness. Observe the following preceutions: 4. Do not store in wet, damp, or hot places. », Clean muddy rope by washing in water. ¢. Dry before storing, but do not use artificial heat. @, Avoid pulling over sharp edges. © Avoid dragging rope through sand or dirt. Sand has an abrasive action on the inner fibers, 7. Keep rope free of contact with acid, alkali, or other damaging cheméeals. 9. Use knots that can be untied and will not have to be cut. fh, Repair broken strands as soon as possible, i, Slaken dry, taut lines when exposed to rain or damp weather. 3, Always whip loose ends of rope, and when cutting a sength of rope put on two whippings and cut between them. Kk, Inspect rope frequently. @ 10. Uncomma ann Comma Rors—a. New rope is coiled into bales usually containing 1,200 feet each. To uncoll, begin with the end in the center of the coll. ‘The rope fovea uncoil in a left-hand (countifelockwise) direction. “Tf It uncolls in the wrong direction, turn the bale over, pull the end through the center, and uncoil from the opposite side. ENGINEER SOLDIER (See fig. 430.) >, Coll rope in a right-hand (clockwise! direction (see fig. 43®). Mark the end of the rope that will enter the coil last. this is helpful in uncoiling. 20. Dertmrrions—a, Knot—A knot is a He or fastening made with | rope or cord. Types of knots Include the following: 1) Bend knot which fastens one rope to another or toa ring or loop. (2) Hitch knot, a temporary knot used to fasten one rope te another, or to spar or post, so as to be readily undone. Nome —These terms ara often loscely applitd; the same tle, for example, is called a sheet bend, weaver's kot, oF Weaver's hitch (3) Splice, a knot joining two ropes, or parts of same rope, by interweaving strands of two parts. (4) Lashing. a knot which ties together objects such as spars or poles by means of a rope. The individual ropes used in this knot are also called “lashings”; rope of this kind, used te lash pontons, is about 18 or 20 feet long and ¥% inch in diameter. It has an eve splice at one end end is whipped at the other end, b. Special terms—(1) Ancnorage—Any means, natural or improvised, for securing guys, ropes, struts, ete. (2) Bight.—Loop formed on rope so that the two parts cross (or lay alongside) each other. (3) Chock—Bring blocks together until they touch each other. (4) Frapping.—Severa! turns of rope taken around Jash- ing tarns, used to keep the lashing tight and in place. (5) Guy.—Rope, chain, or spar attached so as to steady an object, (6) Lay —Tne twist of » rope. (D Mousing—Closing mouth of hook by lashing to pre- vent rope or load from becoming dislodged. (8) Overhaul—To separate the blocks in block-and-tackle 32 20-23 (9) Reeve—Thread blocks with rope in assembling block and tackle, (10) Return.—Ezch part of rope between blocks or be- tween either end and p block, (11) Round (run) in.—Bring blocks closer together. (12) Running end (part).—Free end of rope. (13) Seiziug—Lashing the running end to the standing part of rope. (14) Standing end (part).—Whole rope less running end. (18) Tacktle.—Assembly of ropes and blocks. (16) Transom.—Horizontal spar. (17) Unlay.—Untwist rope. (18) Whipping.—Binding or lashing end of rope to pre- vent uniaying. @ 21, Kxors avo Tamm Usrs—For any one jcb a particular knot Is the best to use; that is why there are so many knots an engineer must know. Learn to tie all the knots and Jearn to use them at the proper time. Figures 44 to 48, in- elusive, illustrate the most common knots, @ 22, Sritces.—The three principal steps in splicing ® rope are unlaying the strands, placing the ends together, and tucking the ends of the strands. No attempts should be made to learn to splice without having rope In the hands and actually executing the operations, Marlinespikes or ten pins are desirable, but no special tools are necessary. @ 23, Suonr Seitce (fig. 49).¢, Short splicing is the best method to Join two ropes when an appreciable increase ofPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 5. rope diameter at the splice is not objectionable. A short splice should not be used when the rope will be passed over a pulley, b. To make the short splice.— ()) Unlay the strands af each rope for at least five turns, (2) Bring the ends of the rope together so that each strand of one rope rests between two consecutive turns of the other rope. 33 20 RIGHT -LAY ROPE. lUnicatl. FROM INSIDE, It COUNTERGLOCK: WISE DIRECTION. ® Cotitog, Pioumr 43—Colling and uncolling rightelay rope, SS woes GRANNY THIER RUNNING ENDS DIFFERENT SIDES SQUARE RUNKING ENDS, BANE SOE ENGINEER SOLDIER OVEREAND Sp of twine around the dark rope at the beginning of the un- CARRICK BEND TO DRAW HEAVY LOACS OF JOIN LARGE cABLES Frovar 44—Knots, (3) To prevent unraveling as the splice is begun, tie a plece SINGLE SHEET BEND TONS ROPES OF UNEQUAL SIZE or BOWLINE H FORMS A LOOP WHO WILL MOT SLIP AND 'S EASY To UNTIE i BOWLINE QN g.BiGHT ; tuck each of the dark strand: by passing over one strand and under the next of the white rope, (@) Remove the twine and tuck the free strands of the white rope over and under the strands of the dark rope inPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 55 HALF HITCH TIMBER HITCH TO MAUL OR LIFT VY TIMBERS. TIMBER HITCH ano HALF HITCH the same manner. TELEGRAPH HITCH TO MAUL OR LIFT HEAVY TIMBERS, Piovas 46.—Knots, TO SHORTEN A ROPE OR PASS A WEAK SPCT 36 hm OD rie THis, H ROUND TURN ano ' TWO HALF HITCHES GLOVE HITCH WENO OF ROPE GLOVE HITCH WW WIDOLE oF nope (5) Make at least three more tucks with the first rope, repeat for the white rope, and cut off the loose ends. The 23 SHEEPSHANK BECKET OF Np ET ENGINEER SOLDIER ROLLING HITCH MOORING HITGH Frsune 47.—Knots, 38 23 HORIZONTAL venient BARREL SLINGS BLACKWALL HITGH Fiaume 48,—Knote, 90 23-24 ends of the splice may be tapered by continuing the tucking Process for two or three tucks, cutting out @ few fibers from each strand after each tuck. Rolling the splice Cunder the foot or under a board) will make it compact and smooth, M24, Loc Spiice—The long splice must be used where it is necessary tb keep the increase in diameter to a minimum, It also has s neater appearance. The long splice is used to Join ropes of equal size when the rope is to run through a block, a, Stage 1: Untayine—To make « long splice in a three- strand rope (see fig. 50) — () Unlay 15 turns from the ends and tie strings about onePOOR MAN'S JAMES BOKD Vol. 4 56 of the ropes at these points, (2) Bring the two parts together in the seme manner as for the short splice, (3) Beginning at the point where the two parts are placed together, unlay one of the strands to the right, and lay carefully in its place ail but the last five turns of the carre- sponding strand from the left. This latter operation should follow closely the unlaying of the strand to the right. There are still two pairs of strands left at point A where the ends were placed together. <4) Remove the piece of string and run one of these pairs to the left in the sama manner as the first pair to the right: cut off the long ends of the strands (including the two remaining at A) about five turns from the main rope. B. Stage 2: Tucking.—The next part of the splicing con- sists in tucking the ends of the three pairs of strands. All are tucked in the same manner, as follows: betng sure that the ends of the strands pass cach other as illustrated in (a) «fig. 50) and not as in (b). As shown in (e), bring the strand from the right up over the nearest strand from the 40, ‘Za Fravur 49.—short eplice. 41 24-27 left and under the next strand (a), and Ce) give the strand from the left one tuck (f). (g) Bach strand should now be given two more tucks in a direction almos: at right angles to the direction of twist. When all three pairs of strands have been lucked, cut off the ends and make amooth by rolling. 25. Eve Setice—The eye splice is used to secure & rope ENGINEER SOLDIER permanently to a ring or becket and for making a per- manent loop in the end of a rope. To make an eye splice (see fig. 51) — @. Unlay about five turns on the end of the rope and pass the middle free strand (b> under a strand of the rope so as to form a loop of the desired size. BD, Pass a second free strand (a) under the next strand of the rope. ¢, Pass the third free strand (c) under the third strand of the rope as shown in “inset A”; tuck the free strands into the rope (over one strand and under the next) in the same manner as the short splice. d, Draw all the strands taut and cut off the loose ends. M26, Renewiwc a Broken Braano—Unlay each broken end for about 10 turns; secure a strand of the same size rope about 20 turns in length and lay all but ebout 5 turns at each end of it into the broken rope in place of the broken strand; join the new strand at each end with an overhand knot with the end of the broken strand; cut the ends of the breken strand to 5 turns and tuck the ends as in the long splice. 8 27. Canz axp Use or Wine Rore.—Correct handling of wire rope at all times is essential to maximum service. The fol- lowing precautions should be observed: a. Reels of wire rope should not be dropped. Weight of rope may break reel, permitting rope to become kinked. 2, Prying with bars should be done on flanges of reel, not on rope. ¢. Wire rope should be stored in a dry place and away from corrosive fumes. Outside layer of reel or coil should 2? STAGE II: TUCKING ass 42 STAGE I: RE-LAYINGPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 57 be protected by a coating of lubricant. Wire in use should be well lubricated. 4, Newly installed wire rope should be worked for a while without load to enable rope to adjust itself to working conditions. e, To avoid sharp Kinks, all loops in slack rope should be straightened before load is applied. ‘To remove a kink, wire a 43 "INSET A” SHOWING TUCK OF STRAND “c” 3 @ ‘Foaver 51—Bye splice, 4 27 Tope must be bent back and reversed to direction fn which kink was formed, A kink cannot be straightened by pulling the rope taut; this merely unlays the rope. J. Loads must not be applied suddenly. sive strain on rope. 9. Avoid using wire rope on sheaves or crums which are too small, and uvoid reverse bends or sudden changes in direction of pull, Either of these conditions causes severe strain and broken wires in strands and weakens rope. ‘A, It 1s best to wind only a single layer of rope on drums; however, if necessary to wind more Inyers, sevond Isyer is wound on grooves formed by first, except that once in each turn rope crosses over two sections of first layer. Third layer is parallel to first layer and wound on grooves of second, except at crossovers. In all cases when it is expected to wind 4 second layer, the turns of first layer must be wound together tightly to prevent possible binding, i. Ropes should not be pulled around small trees or flat surfaces. This causes strands to spread. 3. Distance between hoisting drum and first sheave should be not less than 15 feet per foot of drum width, Distances shorter than this cause excessive rope abrasion. ‘This puts exees- ENGINEER SOLDIER x, Whon removing wire rope from ree! or coil, reel oF coit inust rotate as the rope unwinds. Attempts to unwind roe from stationary colls will result in kinking, (D A correct method for unreeling wire rope is to mount reel on 2 shaft supported at each end. Rape is then pulled off, permitting reel to rotate, When spooling wire rope from. Teel to crum, rope should travel from top of reel to top of drum, or from bottom of ree! to bottom of drum. ‘This pre- vents reverse hends which make rope difficult to handle. (2) To uncoil wire rope, end Is held stationary while coil Is rolled out on ground, This method prevents Kinks. 1 When coiling wire rope loose as it comes from drum, determine lay of rope; if left lay, coil to left Ccounterclock- wise), oF if right lay, coil to right (clockwise). When fin- ished, ends of rope should be tied to coil, and top or end should. be marked to aid in uncoiling, m, To wind wire rope on reel or drum, the following rule 1s convenient to determine proper starting Mange; the lett 45 27-28 hand Is used for left-lay rope, and the right hand for right- Jey rope: back of the hand is up for overwinding and down for unwinding. Standing behind and facing drum, the fist Tepresents the drum, and the extended index finger, the rope Jeading away from drum; thumb Indicates at which flange yope should start. Thus, for a left-lay rope overwindine, back of left hand is up, index finger points along rope leading away from drum, and thumb to right indicates that rope should be started on right-hand flange. . n, To avoid accidents, every reasonable effort should be made to stand clear of any wire rope under tension. ©. When rope used on drums and sheaves has had approxi- mately half of its normal use, ends should be reversed to change points ef wear, M28. Lastimes ann Srars—a. Square lashing (two spars at right angles) (see fig. 52) —To lash two spars at right angles make a clove hitch around the upright @ few inches above the transom. Bring the lashing under the transom, up in front of It, horizontally behind the upright, down in front of the transom, and back behind the upright at the level of the bottom of transom and above the clove hitch. Keep the following turns outside the previous ones on one spar and inside on the other, not riding over the turns already made. Make four more turns. Make two frapping tums between the spars, around the lashing, and finish the lashing off either around one of ine spars or any part of the lashing through. which the rope can be passed. Do not make the final clove hitch around the spar on the side taward which the stress is to come, as it may jam and be difficult to remove. While tightening, beat the lashing with a handspike or pick handle, b. Three spars for tripod (see fig. 2) —(1) To lash three spars together as for a gin or tripod, mark on each spar the location of the center of the lashing. Lay two of the spars parallel to each other with an interval a little greater than the diameter, Rest their tips on a sid and lay the third spar between them with Its butt in the opposite direction, 80 that the marks on the three spars will be in line. Make 8 clove hitch on one of the outer spars about 4 inches above 46 the lashing mark, and take eight or nine loose uirws araind the three spars. Take a counle of frapping turn: between each pair of spars in succession and finish with a clove hitch on the central spar above the lashing, Pass a sling over the lashing and the tripod fs reaéy for raising. (2) Figure 62 also illustrates an alternate method for lashing three poles together for a tripod ©. Pair of shears (fig. §3).—To lash for a pair of shears, lay the two spars alongside each other with the butt endsPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 58 near the place where they are to be erected; rest the points below which the lashing Is to bo made on a skid. Make a clove hitch around one spar and take the lashing loosely eight or nine turns about the two spars, above the clove hiteh, without riding. Make two or moze frapping turns between the spars, and finish the lashing off with a clove hitch below the turns on the other spar. Open the butts of the spars and pass a sling over the fork. Hook or lash a block to this sling, Make fast fore and back guys with clove hitches to each spar just above the fork, so that the rear guy pulls on the front leg and the front guy, the rear eg. a. Gin pole—A gin pole is used to handle heavy loads, ‘The pole should be no longer than 60 times its smallest diam- eter; otherwise the pole may buckle under a load. () Rigging a gin pole (Ag. 54)—Lay the pole on the ground with the base (large end) at the spot where the pole is to be erected, Make a tight Jashing of eight or nine turns about 1 foot from the top of the pole; with two or moze of the central turns engage the hook of the upper hoisting block. Nail cleats to the pole to prevent the lashing from sliding Gown the pole. Attach the guy lines with a clave nitch Just above the tackle lashing, and nail cleats to the pole just above the guy lines to prevent their slipping off. Lash a block to the butt of the pole about 2 feet above the base in the same man- ner as at the top of the pole. Now reeve the hoisting tackle. (2) Erection (fig. 54).—Dig a hole where the base of the pole Ista rest and anchor the base to prevent tts slipping when 4 cove rH 4 TRIPOD LASKING ALTERNATE METHOD FiGURE 54.—Detalle of lsshings and spzrs, ENGINEER SOLDIER the pole is raised. String out the guy lines to their respective anchorages and the pole Is ready to be raised. Raise the top end of the pole a few feet off the ground and take the slack 48 8 REAR LEG CLOVE HITCH FRONT LEG CLOVE HITCH ——To power RNWRUR, FRAPPING ‘DETAIL FOR SHEAR LASHING Prouae $3.—Shears, 23 out of all guy lines. Continue raising the poles by pulling on the guys away from the butt anchorage, at the same time giving way with the other guys. When the pole ts in position, secure the guy lines to their anchorage. 29, ANcHORAGES—a. Holdfasts (see fig. 55)—C) Use— ‘Holdfasts are used to anchor a line to the ground, as for = guy. (@) Directions jor making—To make a holdfast, drive stout pickets into the ground, ane bebind the other, in the line of pull. Secure the head of each picket, except the iast, by a lashing to the one behind it, Tighten the lashings by rack sticks and then drive the points of these into the ground to hold them In position, The distance between pickets should be several times the height of the picket above the ground. 2, Deadman (see fig. 55>.—(1) Use—A deadman has the same use as a holdfast except that it has greater strength, although it requires more labor to construct. (2) Direetions for preparing —To prepare a deadman, lay 8 log or timber in a transverse trench with an inclined trench intersecting it at its midpoint. Pass the cable down the in- clined trench, take several turns around the log, and fasten the cable to the log by half hitches and marline stopping.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 59 If the cable is to lead horizontally or incline downward, pass it over a log at the outlet to the inclined trench. If the cable is to lead upward, the log is not necessary, but the deadman must be buried deeper. Stakes driven at an sngle over the log prevent {t from rolling out. 30. Brocks anp Tackces (figs. 56 and 57).—The parts of a block are the shell or frame, the sheave or wheel upon which the rope runs, and the pin upon which the whecl turns in the shell. Blocks are designated by the length of the shell in Inches and by the number of the sheaves. Those with one, two, three, cr four sheaves pre called single, double, triple, and quadruple. ‘The smallest size of block (length in inches) that will take » given rope is nine times the rope diameter. Self-lubricating blocks should be used where obtainable. @. Definitions) Snaich block—A snatch block is a a0 28-30 j 5 i ous DETAIL FOR ‘BASE OF GIN POLE Picvar 54.—Gin pol without passing the end through. {2) Running biock—A running block is attached to the object to be moved. In compound tackle, however, a run- ning block may be suspended by ropes. (3) Standing biock.—A standing block is fixed to some permanent cbject, (4) Stmple tackle —A simple tackle consists of one or more blocks rove with a single rope. b. Uses—Blocks are used to change the direction of pull ‘and to give mechanical advantage. A man of average weight ‘will pull about 60 pounds horizontally. ©. Mechanical advantage—The mechanical advantage cf ENGINEER SOLDIER 51 30 LOG DEADMAN Piavax 65.—Plcket hoidtests and desdman. a. 30-31 the block and tackle is found by dividing units of weight lifted by units of pull (force) necessary to lift it In simple tackles the mechanical advantage gained Ls a direct function of the number of ropes supporting the load. Thus. if the ‘movable blocks is 2 double one, four or five ropes will sustain the load (depending on the direction of pull) and the me- chanical advantage gained Is four cr five in theory. Actually, because of friction, the real advantage is always somewhat less. Figures 57 and 58 illustrate the use of block and tackle and show the mechanical advantage obtained, d, Strength of rope—An ordinary manila rope will safely carry a load in tons equal to its diameter (in inches) squared. For example, a rope % ich in diameter will carry % by % ‘or %g tons=%¢ by 2,000 or a 1,125-pound load. M31. Savery Precautions. —Observe the following rules when working with heavy loads: a, Do not stand or walk under heavy londs that are sus- pended from cribs, jacks, or slings. b, Use knots and lashings only for the purpose intended. For example, do not use two half hitches to hoist a spar, but use a timber hitch, €. It is dangerous to drop heavy weights, even for shart distances. Often they must be maved slowly, with chocks to stop them if they break away. d. When raising heavy loads with tackle, It Is often neces- sary to follow it up by eribbing: then, if tackle fails, load will be caught on crib,POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 60 53 31. TRIPLE BLOCK [_— Moor | -mer STRAP A —- cures strap 52 OF euock oF ce ‘SHELL SHE AVE [ewe center strar BECKET BOLT BECKET CoTreR pin” 5 SNATCH BLOCK (CLOSED) SNATCH BLOCK (OPEN) SHEAVE PN corren eit . me | REEVING mat: , He must be able to determine the importance to an engineer of everything he sees. @ 85. Wrar ro Loox ror.—You should, at all times, be alert to engineer needs for information. Some of the things which engineers are interested in are— a, Engineer materials.—(1) Lumber piles (2) Quarries and gravel pits. (3) Standing timber. (4) Civilian building materials, machines, and tools. (6) Standing buildings whieh may be repaired, or whose Jumber may be used for other purposes. (6) Road-building materials, ». Roads—Q) Condition. (2) Type (earth, hard-surface, etc.) ¢, Bridges—(1) Condition, (2) Length. (a) Type. (4) Number and size of stringers. d, Obstacles.—()) Type. (2) Extent. e. Streams.—C) Width, (2) Depth. (3) Current, > Banks, (5) Approaches. (6) Dams, J. Utilities C1) Power and communication Iincs. 135 85-86PQOR MAN'S JANES BOND Vol. 4 (2) Water supply facilities. 8G, Wait 30 po Asour tr—a, ‘The things you see are useful only if the information can be used, in time, by your com- mander. Once infcrmation fs secured by a reconnaissance scoul, the first thing to do is to get it to the eommunder in time to be of use. A little Information in the hands of che commande: is better than 2 lot of information in the hands of a scout who arrives too late. 2, Your information should be in writing and arranged in an orderly manner. Your notes should include as many of the essentials as you have time to find out, When you come back you shoud be able to point out on a map the location of everything you saw, 136, 87-89 CHAPTER 13 THE ENGINEER AND HIS TRUCK @ 87. Enctneers Rwe.—Since engineers pave the way for an army's advance, they must be able to keep up with, and even precede, the fasiest-moving elements of the army. When- ever possible, engineers ride in motor vehicles, carrying their tools and equipmens with inem; however, they must be able to go long distances on font when necessary. and work and fight afterward. © 88. Your Resroxste:zry ro Your Vrrrcis—Means of \vansportation is as Lmportant to an engineer soldier as 8 vifle is to an infantryman. The engincer works with tools and gets lo the scene of trouble quickly; his truck conteins his tools, collects his materials, and gets him to the Job; in fact, hls Job $s built around nis equipment. Therefore, one of your most important duties Is to keep your vehicle in perfect condition, You are a useless engineer if you can't gel to the scene of action in time; you are a aseless engineer sf you can’t bring your tools with you. M89. Cane of VexzcresThe good condition of your truck depends on proper driving, proper Iubrication, proper and prompt maintenance, All three are important; all three demand your utmost attention, Treat your vehicle like a strong but temperamental horse, a, Give it its due share of attention. b. Don’t fail to give it the right amount of water and oll at the right sme, c. Keep it clean, d. Inspect it carefully and [requently and tighten alll loose parts, e. Attend at once to anything that needs to be repaired or replaced. 1. Think of and attend to the needs of your vehicle before you think pf your own needs. f. Learn all you can about good driving. Every engineer soldier who drives or maintains a vehicle sbould read FM 25-10, in order to be a better driver, a better engineer, 0 better soldier. aa 90-31 CHAPTER 14 COMBAT WEAPONS © 90. Fromrme Enc:nezns—The big job of engineers Is con- struction and demolition in order to assist our movement and hinder that gf the enemy. That job doesn’t leave much spare time for fighting. However, the engineer is a scrapper and 4s given combat weapons with which to protect himself at work and so that he can reinforce the infantry when necessary. 91. Costpat Wearows—The principal weapons of the com- ENGINEER SOLDIER ab engineer and thelr characteristies are as Tollows: a, Hand crenades.—\11 Offensive grenades.—Denend wpon blast effect only. No fragmenzavion, Effective burs:ing radius—6 yards, Should be used wher thrower lacks cover to protect himself from flying fragments, Can be used for Might demolitions and as priming charge for heavier demolitions. (2) Defensive grenades.—Frezmentatian type, Bursting radius—20 yards. Can cause casualties up to 200 yards. Should be thrown from covered positions, or into fox holes, ‘trenches, or other enclosures, ta prevent injures to thrower. An exeellent weapon against crew-served weapons in em- placements, (3) Smoke grenades, WP or HC—Used to conceal your own activities, or to blind the enemy and hamper his nie and movement, HC hus a slight irritant effect. WP can ‘cause severe burns, (4) Frangible grenades—Por antivank incendiary use. Consists of a glass bottle filled with gasoline, or other in- flammable material with an igniter, which eauses it to burst into flame whea broken, Effective when thrown into open tank hatehes or air intake porls. (5) Thermite grenades—Por destruction of material Emits white-hot molten metal that burns through light 138 a metal. Useful in igniting gasoline or off in drums or other inflammable materials in metal containers. B. Auiitank rifle grenade discharger—A short-range anti- tank rifle grenade, projected from a ¢ischarger Rtted on a caliber .30 riffle. Maximum range sgainst tanks is [5 yards. Penetrates any known light or medium tank. Penetration not influenced by range, ©. Antitank rocket discharger ("bazooka”).—Am armor- piercing weapon that breaches armor of any known light or medium tank Much more powerful than antitank rifle grenade. Maximum effective range under favorable condi- tions fs 300 yards, beyond which it is comparatively inaceu- rate, Penetration not affected by rang2. Primarily an anti- tank weapon, though it may be used effectively against crew- served weapons ard point targets other than tanks d, Baysnet.—For shock action. All crack troops are good bayonet fighters, e. Pistol, caliver 45.—A self-loading weapon carried by senicr ofcers for close protection. J, Submachine gun, caliber .43.—A short-range automatic weapon, excellent for close combat in an emergency situation. 9. Carbine, caliber 320A self-loading weapon, very effse- tive up to 300 yards. An excellent medium-range rife, very light and handy. Issued to company officers, key noncom missioned officers, officers, and messengers in combat battal. jons; is basic arm for rear area, A, Rifle, ealiber .30, M1.—A self-loading weapon, very ef- fective up to 600 yards. The fundamental engineer combat ‘weapon ane the best of its type. i. Machine gun, caliber. .30, heavy—A water-cooled auto- aatic weapon, capable of a high rate cf sustained fire. Used to provide base of fire in attack. Lays down final protective ines and covers sectors of fire in organized defenses. Ex- cellent for covering mine fields and obstacles to prevent their removal. Covers approaches to bivouacs and working parties. 4. Machine gun, caliber .30, light—Automatle sir-cooled ‘weapon, with a comparatively low rate of sustained fire. k. Machine gun, caliber .60.—When suitably mounted, an effective anit-alreraft weapon, especially when rounds in belt contain mixture of tracer, armor-piercing, and incendiary bullets. Also excellent for knocking out trucks and lightlyPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 armored vehicles. 92. Grnznat—The following fundamentats should be re- membered by every soldier— a, Know your weapons and be able to hit with them. », Always Lake sour weapons to work and keep them ready for use. Every job must have local security, ¢, Shoot only when you have something to shoot at and ere reasonably sure of hitting your target. It is = recruit trick to disclose a maneuver or position by fring too soon, ‘This probably is the worst individual mistake in combat. APPENDIX I ENGINEER ORGANIZATIONS AND ENGINEER SPECIALISIS WL, Encnveen Orcanmarions—The Corps of Engineers does many differen{ kinds of work. Much of this work is of a special technical nature, It 1s so technical. in fact, that whole engineer units—companies, battalions, regiments—are designed to do only one particular kind of joo. Following is a list of some of the types of engineer units and what they do. a. Engineer general service combat units.—The basic en- gineer units are combat troops of various kinds, and can be used for any type of engineer work. These include— (2) Airborne batialion —Combat engineers for airborne division. (2) Armored battation—Combat enginecrs for the armored foree. (3) Combat battalion —Combat engineers for infantry division. (Mountain battetion—Combat engineers for mountain thvision. b, Engineer special units.—(1) Aviation regiément.—Does work similar to the aviation battalion, but operates where a large volume of work is concentrated in a smail area. (2) Aviation battalion —Builds, defends, and maintains airfields; uses much heavy equipment, (8) Airborne avtation battalion—Makes hasty repairs to captured alrdromes for early use by our alr forces. (4) Air force headquarters company—Performs necessary drafting, designing, surveying. planning, reproduction, and camouflage work for the air force engineer. (5) Camouflage company, camouflage battalion —Supply camouflage materials; supervise and inspect camouflage in- stallations. (6) Depot company.—Operates engineer supply depots for field units. (D Dump truck compan-Operates and maintains a fleet of dump trucks for use in engineer work. (8) Equipment company.—Purnishes operators and heavy engineer equipment, (8) Forestry company.—Operates sawmills and supplies Jumber to engineer units. (0) General service reqiment—Highly skilled carpenters, operators, and builders; uses much heavy equipment. (QL) Heavy shop company.—Does heavy repair work for heavy engineer equipment, (12) Light equipment company—Furnishes light mobile construction equipment for combat battalion. (13) Maintenance company—Does third echelon main- tenance on all kinds of engineer equipment, but not; on vehicles which are for ordnance use. (4) Ponton company, ponton battalion—Maintain, trans- port, and build floating bridges, (15) Serarate battalicn.—Large labor unit; bullds roads, buildings, airfields, etc, (16) Topographic companies, topographic battalions, — 84 ENGINEER SOLDTER Make and reproduce maps of all kinds for fleld forces, (1) Treadway bridce company—Maintains, transports, and builds the steel treadway bridge of the armored force, (18) Weter supply company.—Uses mobile purification units end tank trucks to purify and supply drinking water. M2 Evamere Spectarisrs.—Experience and still gained in many civilian occupations are especially needed in engineer units. In every engineer unit there are nurterous specialists who receive high ratings. Qualifications for occupational specisilists are prescribed In AR 615-25. The number in parentheses is an Important part of each specialist designa- tion, €ome of the many speetalis; designations most needed in geveral engincer units are listed below, together with slmilar civilian occupations from which such specialists ere usnally secured, Military specialists Blacksmith (24) _ Cixitian, occupations -- Machine-shop blacksmith, bla¢k- smith, forge shopman, or general blacksmith. Civitian occupations Bridge carpenter Mine carpenter, railway carpenter, (053). mine timberman, general con- struction carpenter. ‘House carpenter, mill carpenter, car- penter’s helper. Chauffeur automobile driver, rad tester, automobile mechanic, Abicary speetatiery General carpenter 4050) Chauffeur (245) Demolition man (027) _ Explosive man, quarry foreman, mine boss. Draftsman.general Detailer and tracer, draftsman, 4070) Electrician, general Wireman, light wireman, electrician. (078). Ja¢khammerman Pneumatic tool operator, riveter, 4190). boftermaker, Mechanic, general ag. Skilled helper, handy man (must de able to work from simple drawings or sketches) Air-compressar operator, automosile mechanic, tractor driver, Fresco painter, large sign painter, house painter. Steam fitter, plumber, Machine excetor, structural erector. bridge erector. Same as tractor driver. Operator, air-com - ‘presor (699), Painter, general (144). Pipe fitter (162)... Rigger, general (189) steel Road roller operator (aaa). Sheet metal (20. Storekeeper (186) _____ worker Tinsmith, plate worker, Receiving and shipping clerk, ship- ping clerk, warehouse clerk. Portable gasoline engineerman, trac- tor fleld expert, tractor demon- strator, truck driver, ‘Tractor driver (244)__ ‘Welder (256)_.. Welder, subdivisions; blacksmith. general, ‘Winch operator (063)_ Hoister engineerman, stationary en- 143 APPENDIX. ENGINEER INSIGNIA ‘The turreted castle (fig. 144) is the distinctive insignia of ‘the Corps of Engineers, It was first used during the Revolu- onary War and has seen used im various forms since that time. Introduced by French officers, who were part. of ourPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 first Cops of Engineers. it apparently was modeled after one of the gates of the city of Verdun, France. It differs from engineer insignia now in use by any foreign army, The turreted castle serves as a reminder of fortification work which has been an important task of military engineers from ancient times up to the present. Engineer colors are scarlet and white, The chief color, scarlet (used by both artillery and engineers), is more prom- inently displayed, White Is used as a piping (edging) or for simsiar purposes, as on the engineer hat cord and guidon, ‘The officers of the Corps of Engineers da not wear the button with the coat of arms of the United States which is worn by all other officers, They have a different button benring a fortification (fig. 144) modeled after an early structure on Governor's Island In New York harbor. The motto “Essayons"’ is French for “Let us try." Tt also detes back to the time of the Revolution and shows the carly in- fiuence of the French engineers. BS Enlisted man's collar ornament. © OMicer's coat button. Prouae 144 —Eegineer insignia, ‘The colors (flags) of engineer? organizations conulst of two silk flags with fringes; one ls the flag of the United States and the other that of the engineer organization. The letter is scarlet embroidered with a coat of arms similar to that of the United States, excspt that the shield and crest of the organization are substituted for those of the United States seal. Streamers with the same distinctive colors of corre- sponding service ribbons, attached to the head of the sta‘ of the engineer organization color, show battle honors (milltary campaigns) in which the unit has taken part. Many organi- zations have a coat of arms symbolizing the history of the erganization which, in some cases, dates back to the Mexican and Civil Wars. 145 APPENDIX IIT PROFICIENCY TESTS FOR ENGINEER SOLDIERS In this mechentzed war we are fighting, you have ar. in- creasingly important rele, You are trained to fight; out mare important, you are trained as a technical specialist to do all types of engineering work required to aid the advance of our troops and to stop the advance of the enemy, ‘Theoretically, each engineer unit is a team of specialists trainad ta do a certain task, Actually, the uncertainties of war require every engineer oldie: to know the fundamentals of every branch of military engineering, For example, you must know how to place a demoiition charge that will be sure to go off when you fire it. One or two of you may be detailed ta demolish an important structure. You must not jail. In fast-moving war, you may find yourself manning a §7-mm antitank aun ora caliber .50 machine gun when you are not a regular member of the crew, You must be profictent in all measures of individual protection and security. You must know your engineering and your combat principles. The proficiency tests that follow give you a chance to check up on what you have been taught, to review the things you must know, and to record your progress toward the ENGINE! SOLDIER standard set for you, Carry this book with you during duty hours, As soon as you feel qualified to answer the questions or perform the tasks of a test, see your nearest company officer. He will conduct a test as soon as practicable. If you pass, he will initial the question or demonstration and record his name. ‘The development of your abilities as an engineer soldier has an important hearing on your progress in the Army. Cueck List No, 1—Generat 1. What is the name and rank of your battalion com- mander? ae 2. What Is the name and rank of your company com- Mander? 3. What is the name and rank of your platoon commander? 4. What are the names and ranks of the other company commanders in the battalion? 5. What clothing and equipment co you carry in your combat pack, roll, barracks bag? 6. Are the data on your identification tags correct? ave the tags tied as they are? 7. What information will you give the enemy, if captured? 8. Using your mess gear, demonstrate how to prepare cof- fee. rocon. stew, boiled potatoes, fried eges, and bacon? 9. Under what clreumstances do you lay aside your rifle when working? 10, a, How would you draw your pay if you were separated from your unit? b. What entries must be made in your Soldier's Pay Card (W. D., A. G. O, Form 28, p, 2), before you can do so? why Creek List No. 2—Unit organization and equipment 1, What bridge equipment does a combat battalion carry in the flela? 2. How many reconnaissance boats are there in a combat company? 3, a, What pneumatic tools are there with the compressor truck? b, How many of these tools may be used at the same time? ¢, How and for what purpose are they used? 4, Name tools carried in your squad pioneer, carpenter, and demolition chests. 5. What quantities of the following expendables are ordi- narlly carried with the squad sets: explosives, fuze, caps, rope, wire, sandbags? 6, Demonstrate how to place tools in proper places in squad boxes. ‘11, What transportation 1s assigned to your unlt? 8. What is the strength of your company? 8. What is the strength of your battalion? Crck List No. 3—Bridges, ized and floating 1. Define following terms applied to bridges: Abutment: Suspension Approach Floor beams ‘Truss I-beams Girder Reinforcing Fier 2. Identify following parts of ponton, assault, and recon~ naissance boats: Valve Capstan Balk fastener Bow Paddle Cleat Oar BulkheadPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 Gunvwale Stern 3. Know how to carry, launch, and paddle an assault boat silently, Know how infantry are loaded. 4, Know how to carry, launch, and paddle a reconnaissance boat. 5. Know how to carry, launch, and row a ponton boat, 6, Know how to repair a rubber boat, ‘7. Know how to carry balk and chess. &. Know parts of abutment of any bridge and their relation to each other. 9, Identify the following parts of the standard timber and trostie bridget Cap ‘Treads sil Bracing Post Span Bent Abutment sill Stringer End dam Curb Approach Footing Roadway Floor 10. Know how to strengthen an existing bridge. 11. Identify the following parts of Noating bridges: Balk ‘Trestle Chess Raft Siderail Abutment sill Siderail clamp 44g Ponton Holdfast Bay Hinge span Pneumatic float 12. Know what working parties are required for construc- tion of a footbridge and duties of cach, 13, Know what maintenance is required on a ponton bridge, 14, Know the regulations for trafic using a ponton bridge. 15, Know how to construct a float using rifies and shelter halves. 16, Know how to construct a raft using 55-gallon gasoline dvums, 3-inch planks, and %-inch rope, Cuecx List No. ¢—Camouflage 1. Know the purpose of camouflage, 2, Know types of observation against which camouflage is required, 3. Know how and with what to camouflage the following: a. Yourself. d@. Your truck. B, Your foxhole, e. Your mac! c. Your tent, position, 4. Know how to garish a camouflage net with natural or artificial materials, 5. Know five precautions to take to preserve camouflage Ciscipline in a bivouac area, 6. Know how to use shadows morning; in the afternoon, 7, Know how to break up shadows cast by military in- stallacions and equipment, 8. Know what camouflage measures should be taken on a march; at a halt. 9. Know how to use natural materials in locating your shelter tent. 10. Know why new tracks must not be formed around a military installation, e-eun to hide a truck in the Cueck List No. 5—Demolitions 1, Know safety rules for using gunpowder, dynamite, nitro- starch, TNT, primacord, eaps. 3. Know precautions to be taken before and during firing of a charge. 86 ENGINEER SOLDIER 3, Know precautions to be taken in event of s misfire. 4. Know how to prepare and light safety fuze, using safety match; fuze lighter, 5, How long does it take to burn 1 foot of safety fuze? 6 feet? Test, 6, Know how to prepare a cap and safety [uze for firin 1. Know difference between time fuze ond primacord. 8. Know how to prepare primacord for detonation, 9, Know how to join two pieces of primacard; demonstrate. 10. Know how to make a primer using nonelecwrie cap and fuze; electric cap; detonating cord, AL. Know how to make a series connection of electrical caps. 2, 13, u 1B. Know how to prepare a wire splice correetly, Know how to test a circuit by use of the galvonometer. Know cap capacity of the exploders. ‘Know how to fix a demolition charge to— 6. A rail, c. A girder. %. Apost or tree (internal 4. A concrete beam, or external), e, An I-beam. 14. Know effect and value of tamping and how to obtain it. Al. Know proper method of placing and firing underwater charges. 18. Know how to handle standard firing devices. 19. Know how to lay and arm an antitank mine. 20. Know three methods of removing an activated enemy antitank mine, (CHECK List No. 6.—Bnoineer reconnoissance 1, Estimate height of building or tree (within 15 percent error) 2, Measure height of building or tree (within 10 percent error) by comparing shadow cast by object with length of your own shadow, 3. Measure gradient of a road vith a clinometer. 4. On a map point out places to look for— Sand Quarry Gravel ‘Water Timber 150 5. Know what reconnaissance information is necded about— Roads Water supply Bridges Power and communi- Obstacles and mine fleids cation lines, Stream crossines 6. Know what reconnaissance information to send, to whom. when ta send it, and where it should be sent. Crack List No. '.—Field fortifications ond obstacles 4, What Ls the minimum clearance required in a one-man standing type of fox hole for protection against tanks passing directly over the fox hole? 2. What are the approximate dimensions of a— One-man fox hole (standing? ‘Two-man fox hole (standing) 3. Know how +o distribute spoil when digging trenches and fortifications, 4. What thickness of loose earth is proof against small- arms fire? 5, Know how to build a wall revetment. 8. Know how a double-apron fence is constructed. 7. Know the fastenings for barhed wire on screw pickets 8. Know how to cut 2 path through wire fence with wire cutters.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol, 4 a7 9, Know how to prepsre and place a bangalore torpedo for cutting path through wire fenee. 10. Know how to build at least two kinds of log tank obstacles. iL. Know the minfmum dimensions of antitank ditches required to stop tanks, 12, Know wha; type locations are suttable for road blocks. 13, Know how to muke a hasty emplacement for heavy machine gun, caliber .30. 14. Know how and why obstacles arc covered by fire. Know how and why they gre protected by fire, 15, Know how to install obstacles against airplanes at- tempting to land, aot Cweck List No. 8—Firsi cid—military sanitation—sec hugiene 1. Know what first-aid equipment is in your first-aid packet. 2, Demonstrate first ald you would give in case of— a. Drowning. >, Bad knife wound in arm; in neck. c. Broken leg. 4. Shook. Know best. method of preventing venereal disease, 4, Know what to do in case you contract venereal disease. 5. Know how to teke care of your feet on long marches. 6. Know how to prevent spreading your “colé.” 1, Know how to chlorinate a canteen cup of water. 8 Know another meshod of purifying a canteen cup of water In the fietd, 8. What is water discipline on the :narch? Creek Last No. S—Gas defense 1. What Is the gas alarm? 2 Know how to put on, adjust, vest, and remove a gas mask properly, 8. Know the field identification of the following mulltary gases by smell: Mustard Chiorpicrin Lewisite ‘Tear gas Chlorine Adamsite Phosgene 4. Which gases are vesicants? which are lung irritants? which make you pry? 5. What do you do when you hear the gas elarm? 6. What is the last thing you do before taking off your gas mass? 7. What first-aid measures will you take for 2 casualty by a vesicant gas? By a lung irritant gas? 6. Know how ty decouluisinale— A rifle. Personal equigment and clothing. A bridge to be prepared for demolition, 9. Know whut action should be taken if a gassed area is found. 10. Know for what purpose protective clothing is used, Cueck Lisr No. 10.—Kuots, lashings, and rigging 1, Know how to coi and uncoil rope. 2, Know how to tis the following knots and thelr uses: Bowling Fisherman's bend (an- Dowline on a bight cher knot) Square knot Round turn and two Sheep snank nal! nitenes Single sheet bend ‘Timber hitch ENGINEER SOLDIER Clove hizeh, Mooring hitch 3. Know how to whip the end e! a rope; mouse & hook, 4. Know how to make a square Jashing, 5. Know how to make a shor: splice; a long splice: an eve splice, 6. Name parts of a set of double blocks: know how to reve them. 7. Know now to make lashings for gin pole, shears, and tripod, 8 Know where to fix guys zo shears and gin pole. 9. Know mechanical advantage of various types of taczle. 10. Know precautions to provent damage to steel cable 11. What is the strength 02 rope? I-inch rope? 12, What is the strength of j2-inen steel cable? 4-inen, rable? I-inch eable. 13. Know how to make a 3-2-1 zicket soldfust. 14. Know capabilities ang characteristics of chain; chain holst; chain ratehet hoict. CxEox List No. 11—Map reading Know how to determine grid coordinates vf a point indicated cna map. 2, Know haw to orient « map wilt and without a compass. 3. Given two points on a map. know how to scale shortest Fond distance hetween them, in miles, 58 4. Given two points on a contour map, know how to de- termine their relative heights. $8. He able to identify on a contour map— ‘Hill Saddle Steep slope Cut Streams Ful Ridge lines Marsh 6. Be able to identify on a map— Railroad line ‘Bridges Highway Chureh, Trail Schoo! Crossroad, Fence Road junction ‘Telegraph lines Woods Buildings 7. Be able to identify on en aerial photograph— Roads ‘Houses ‘Woods Fieids 8, What is che difference between magnetic, trie, and erid north? 9, Be abte to determine north by pass; by north star and dipper. 10. Know how to determine azimuth from one point to ai other on map; on ground, 11. Know how to determine slope and visibility from ca: tour map. eh and sun; by com= Cnect Lier No. 12. Physical conditioning 1. Da 26 push-uns, 2. Run 360 yards in 45 seconds, 3. Carry a man of approvimately your own weight 75 yards in 20 seconds, 4, Alternately run 10 yards and erawl 10 yards to cover ‘70 yards in 20 seconds. 6. In full ficid cquipmen:, march 4 miles in 30 minutes. 6, Run the battalion obstacle course in seconds. 7..Tn full field equipuuent, run 200 yards lo Cring point and score at least three hits out of five rounds on « silhouctte Target th 1 minute at a range of 200 yards. 8, In full fleld equipment march 20 miles in 14 hours,POOR MAN®S JAMES BONE Vole 9. Demonstrate how to atintk a sentry from tehind and kill him sttently, 10. Demonstrate how to fight with a knife, 11, Demonstrate how to disarm 2 man armed with a rifle, pistol, knife, 12. Demonstrate at least four paralyzing blows, 15, Jump off in deep water, straighten gut, swim 0 yards, ‘Swim 25 yards im full umform, Curce List No. 13—Rouds 1. What is the most important thing to remember in all road constructzon? 2. What is the width of a ong-lane road? Of & two-lane road? 4 83 3. Know characteristics of a road made with: Earth, Gravel Wire -nesty Macadam Sandaags Bituminous material Corduroy Concrete Plank tread 4. Know following items of equipment and wha: they are used fer: Plow Roller Scraper Power shovel Angledozar Dragline Blade grade Rooter Scarifier 5. Know the meaning cf the following terms: Clearing ‘Shoulder Grubsing Culvert ‘Subgrade Riprap Drainage Scour Road metal Revetment Averegule Gradient Crown Ditetr Headwall 6. Know how to repair a crater in a road, 135 Cuucx List No, 14—Rough carnentry 1. Know how to lay out a right angle by the 34-5 method, 2. Know how to square abutments with eenter line of 2 bridge, 3, Using level, square, and chakline, know how to square a round timber: « cap, 4. Know how to plumb. an upright, using a level. 5. Beable, using a carpenter's square, to mark a timber for a 45° cut, 6. Drive 10 consecutive nails without bending one. Curcx List No, 15—-Tools and their use 1. now correc: use of pick and szevel, 2. Snow proper use of a gooseneck wrecking bar. 3. Know proper use of a carpenter's adz; a hatchet. 4. Know proper handling of a chopping ax; of a hand saw} a two-man saw, 5. Know how to use @ peavy correctly in handling a 12- inch log. 6. Know how to Zell a tree ma given direction 7. What is the difference between a crosscut and 2 ip saw? 8. Know how to sharpen an ax. 9. Know how te operate properly the gasoline-driven chain saw. 10. Know how to oparate properly the following com- pressed air tools; timber chain saw, rock drill, auger, circular ENGINEER SOLDIER saw, ur hammer, CuEcK List No. 16—Weanon training 1. How many rounds fill the magazine of s— a, U.S. rifle, MI. b. U.S, rifle, M1903, c. Submachine gun, caliber .45. d. Carbine. 2. Know sight picture of weapon with which you are armed. 3. With rifle with which you are armed, know how to— a, Zero rifle, b. Use sights, cc. Aim. a. Press trigger. ¢. Fill clips, and load clip inta magazine, j, Load and fire piece. g. Clean after firing. 4. Know how to load, aim, and fire following weapons: a. Heavy machine gun, caliber 30, M1918. b. Machine gun, caliber .60 HB. ¢. Antitank rifle grenade. a. Rocket launcher, 5. What 3s eflective range, maximum range, and normal rate of fire of Weapon with which you are armed? 6. Know how :o field strip and name all parts of weapon's with which you are armed. 1. How do you Identify bal! ammunition, blank ammuni- tion, tracer ammunition, armor-ptercing ammunition, dummy ammunition? 186 _ Pees — ns Bie i y ——— es ; rs Saran: : d esate . pea s oe - Pao | ol einai pal di ork é = te a a rm i Eeeeraaraa| i —— ee Sanne fe * 5 isPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND You, 4 89 VI=T CONG BOOBYTRAPS GUIDE TO SELECTED VIET CONG EQUIPMENT AND EXPLOSIVE DEVICES May 1966 Headquarters, Department of the Army Washington, D.C. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY PAMPHLET 381-11 FOREWORD ‘The purpose of this handbook is to provide United States military personnel with a com- pact source of orientation and recognition data on improvised equipment and explosive devices in use by the Viet Cong in the Republic of Vietnam. ‘The Viet Cong forces have acquired wide experience in constructing grenades, mines, fuzes, explosive charges, and other deadly weapons and detices by using commonly available materials. These devices, cunningly pleced and camouflaged, have caused many casualties. ‘The authority for retention of war trophies by any individual is governed by directives of the senior U.S. Headquarters in the area concerned, as well os by pertinent regulations. Iteme of war materiel coming into the possession of U.S. forces will be reported through intelligence channels, Evidence of errors or omissions in this handbook should be forwarded to the US. Army Foreign Science and Technology Center, Munitions Building, Washington, D.C., 20315.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 90 VIET CONG BOOBYTRAPS PAMPHLET HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY No. 381-11 Wasuincton, D.C. 27 May 1966 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EMERGENCY HANDLING GUIDANCE FOR EXPLOSIVE DEVICES_.-__.__.______ 1 GRENADES: Stick Hand Grenade___ 9 Defensive Hand Grenade. n Oftensive Hand Grenade. 3 Milk Can Hand Grenade. 15 Shaped Charge Hand Grenade_ 17 MINES: Shell Case Mine. 19 Tin Can Antipersonnel Mine. 21 Concrete Fragmentation Mine. 23 Concrete Mound Mine. 25 Betel Box Mine. 27 Turtle Mine. 29 Pineapple Fragmentation Mine. 31 Dud Shell Mine__--- 33 ‘Min Antipersonnel Mine 35 Bounding Fragmentation Mine_ 37 DH-10 Directional Mine 39 Bevelled Top Water Mine. 41 Truncated Cone Water Mine. 43 DEMOLITIONS: Small Truneated Cone-Shaped Charge 45 Large Truncated Cone-Shaped Charge. 47 Turtle Charge. 49 Cylindrical Charge. 51 Pole Charge. -- 53 Oil Drum Charge_ 55 Banglore Torped: 87 FUZES AND FIRING DEVICES: Wristwatch Firing Device— Mousetrap Firing Device. MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS: Angled Arrow Trep..--~---------------------------------------e eee eee 61POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol, 4 a1 VIET CONG BOOBYTRAPS Whip - 6 Bieycle Mine. n Cartridge Trap (Foot Breaker). 3 Spike Board Pit B Tilting Lid Spike Pit_ 7 Pivoted Spike Board... 0 Venus Flytrap (Pit) — 81 Venus Flytrap (Can) - B Sideways Ch Py Trap Bridge 87 Suspended Spikes. 89 Spike Log (Mace) _ OL Cal. i 93 Expl 95 Sodium Incendiary Device. 97 EMERGENCY HANDLING GUIDANCE FOR EXPLOSIVE DEVICES (Extracted from FM 5-31, September 1965) 1, GENERAL ‘Through knowledge of the mechanical details and techniques in the use of standard U.S. mines, grenades, and boobytrapping equipment, a soldier is ordinarily prepared to some extent for dealing with similar equipment of the enemy. However, familiarity with conventional warfare explosive devices ix uf lille or no use in guerrilla warfare. Most enemy boobytraps found 1e- cently in guerrilla-infested areas were cunningly and ingenionsly improvised end laid. Such boobytraps can rarely be neutralized, even by the most experienced specialists. 2. TECHNICIANS 4, Although engineer and infantry specialists are responsible for boobytrap detection and re- moval, men in all military orgsnizations assiguel tu combat zone missions must be trained to assist them. 5. If possible, trained engineer, infantry, or explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) units will search ont and neutralize all boobytraps in front of friendly troops—or prepare safe passage lanes. Simple boobytraps will be disarmed during attack; those more complicated will be marked by warning signs and reported for removal: ¢ Tactical units should bypass boobytrapped areas, especially villages and other inhabited Places, to be cleared by specialists later. They will neutralize boobytraps only when necessary for continued movesent or operation. 3. DETECTION Detection of boobytraps requires the most careful observation. Soldiers must discipline them. selves to be constantly on guard against the poxsibility of accidentally exploding a boobytrap, especially when moving over an area previously held by the enemy. Alll soldiers, even those not assigned primary responsibility for locating boobytraps, must be alert for any sign of them. They must always look carefully for concealed boabytraps even when performing normal ac- tivities. 4, OUTDOOR SEARCH TECHNIQUES As boobytraps are so deadly and so cunningly conceived and hidden, searchers should be suspicious of— 6. All movable and apparently valuable and useful property. 6, All disturbed ground and litter from explosive containers.S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 92 VIET CONG BOOBYTRAPS c. Marks intentionally left behind to attract or divert attention. d, Evidence of former camouflage, e. Abrupt changes or breaks in the continuity of any object, such as unnatural appearance of fences, paint, vegetation, and dust. J. Unnecessary things like nails, wite, or card that may be part of a boobytrap. g. Unusual marks that may be an enemy warning of danger. A. All obstructions, ior they are ideal spots for boobytraps. Search carefully before lifting a stone, moving a low-hanging limb, or pushing aside « broken-down wheelbarrow. £. Queer imprints or marks on a road, which may lead a curious person to danger. j. Abandoned vehicles, dugouts, weeds, machinery, bridges, gullies, defiles or abandoned, stores, Walk carefully in or around these as pressure-release devices are easily concesled under relatively emall objects. k. Areas in which boobytraps are not found immedistely. Never assume without further in- vestigation that entire areas are clear. 1. Obvious tripwires. Even though one tripwire is found attached to an object, others may be also attached. Searching must be complete. POOR MAN 5. DISARMING METHODS a. Neutralization. Neutralization, the making of « dangerous boobytrap safe to handle, in- volves two steps: (1) disarming or replacing safeties in the firing assembly, and (2) defuzing cor separating the firing assembly from the main charge and the detonator from the firing os sembly. If neutralization is not possible, the boobytrap must be destroyed. 0. Destruction in Place. A boobytrap may be destroyed in place if some damage is acceptable, as is generally the case out of doors. An operator. may initiate a boobytrap by its own mecha- nism and riggings or by a rope from a safe distance (at least 50 meters away). c. Removal of the Main Charge. Before attempting removal, careful probing around the main charge is necessary to locate and neutralize all antilift devices. To avoid casualty, the type of firing mechanism must be recognized and all safety devices must be replaced. If com- plete neutralization seems doubtful, the charge should be pulled from place by a grapnel or rope from a safe location (at least 50 meters away). After pulling the charge, the operator should wait af least 30 seconds as a safeguard against a concealed delay action fuze. d, Hand Disarming. None bat trained specialists should attempt hand disarming—unless the boobytrap's characteristics and disarming techniques are well known. Trained specialists only should inspect and destroy all unususl or complicated mechanisms. The following procedures for hand neutralization should be used for guidance only, as the exact sequence depends on the type of device and manner of placement, (1) Do not touch any part of a boobytrap without first examining it thoroughly. Locate all firing devices and their triggering mechanisms. (2) When tracing wires, look for concealed intermediate devices laid to impede searching. Do nat distur any wires while examining the boobytrap. {3) Cut loose tripwires only after careful examination of all connecting objects and after replacing all safeties. (4) Trace taut wires and disarm all connected firing devices by replacing safeties. Taut wires should be cut only after eliminating the danger at both ends. (5) Replace safeties in all mechanisms, using nails, lengths of wire, cotter pin similar objects, (6) Never use force in disarming firing devices. (7) Without disturbing the main charge, cut the detoneting cord or other leads between the disarmed firing device and the main charge. (8) Cut wires leading to an electrical detonator—one at a time. and otherPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 93 VIET CONG BOOBYTRAPS (9) When using a probe, push it gently into the ground. Stop pushing when you touch any object (it may be a pressure cap or plate). (10) Once separated, hoobytrap components should be removed to a safe storage or dis- posal area, e. Special Precautions. (1) Be very cautious in handling delay mechanisms. Danger may exist hefore the ap- pointed time because of auxiliary firing devices. All complicated and confusing de- vices should be destroyed in place or marked for treatment by specialists, (2) Wood or cardboard explosive containers, buried for long periods of time, are danger- ous to disturb. They are alsa extremely dangerous to probe if in an advanced state of decomposition. Deteriorated high explosives are especially susceptible to detonation. Thus, a boobytrap destroyed in place and in a concentrated area long exposed ta mois- ture may detonate many others simultaneously. {3) Metallic explosive containers are often dangerous to move after prolonged burial. They may also be resistant to detection because of oxidation. The explosive may become contaminated sfter a time, further increasing the danger of handling. Explosives con- taining picric scid are particularly dangerous; deterioration from contact with metal forms extremely sensitive salts which are readily detonated by handling. (4) Certain types of fuzes become extremely sensitive to disturbance after exposure to wet soil. Detonation in place is the only safe method of neutrelizing or removing such deteriorated boobytraps. SELECTED VIET CONG EQUIPMENT AND EXPLOSIVE DEVICES 8 W Stick Mand Grenade Defensive Hund Grenade GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT ‘The stick hand grenade, used excensively hy the Viet Cong, comes in several The defensive bond grenaie, of serrated cast iron, functions in the same difexentiated by Tengile of handle and aizse of {regime tion heads manner as similar U, 5. hand grenades. When the safety pin in remaved and yrenade functions by a pull sizing enclosed in the handle and sttached o the grenade thrown, the safety lever seleases the spring of the mechanical 4 copper wire costed with a mpaund, Normatly the match compound fring device which ignites the primer ond delay element uf the fuze ignites a 4second delay element, hut a number of thete grenades have heen CHARACTERISTICS fownd with a0 delay element ---- Defensive . - Mack ‘CHARACTERISTICS i cis Type - Defensive - Sin Color — lack Total weight - 1s ib Maxinsum diameter Qin Filler —. - TNT Length — S08 in Fuze delay - Approx 4 see Total weight a tb SAFETY PIN Filler ‘TNT Fuze delay Approx 4 sec SAFETY Lever CAST IRON BODY WOOD HANDLE CAST RON Boor woop CaP COVERING PULL STRING STICK HAND GREMADEPOOR MAN'S JAME BOND Vol. 4 94 VIET CONG BOOBYTRAPS Ofte GENERAL DBSCKIFTION AND COMMENT prenade in ade of expose and sheet metal crimged and woidered sean. I i normally equipped wih «tie lay fu ‘Thou grenades mont acer be diascmbled a4 8 number of than have been foun ecbytreppeds br example ley have been found with an instantaneous woe md ga tempi tn throw euch a genude, afte paling the pin, woul! ve fatal 0 the Mowe ‘The offensive tus lay) fuze, “om CHARACTERISTICS: LZ4 tere er Cry Mak ose — ta oa ae sean vm) FULL WIRE: m So pn chien Approx # ree au « Ursa r Shaped Charge Hand Ceonsde GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT. ‘The shaped charge hand gronede comsisis of « aluped charge, a cylindrical sheet ment charge container, a conical sheet motel drag, an irapact “fare mechanisny, and a wood handle with a shee! metal drag lock ond pin, When the lock pin ix removed and the grenade is thrown, a spring forces the conical drag back over the handle to stabilize the grenate's flight {drag i attached to charge container by strips of material inside the cone). When the grenade airikes, the Impact {um igniter the shaped charge, CUIARACTERISTICS Shaped charge (HEAT) Blick or olive-preen 3m 475 in Approx 1.5 Ib Cost TNT, ime of ight prac DRAG LOCK AND PIN SHAPED CHARGE WAND AUR; LZ enanae CONTAINER s 19 Shell Case Mine Milk Can Hand Grenade GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT ‘The shell cure rine hus = standard sruillery shell casing, mostly 754, 105, “The mith can hand grenade i made from a commercial powdered milk can ard 1S5-mun calibers. A variety of fuzing mechanisme can be improvised for by cutting « hele in one end and removing rmont of its contents, reflling the this mine: the mire illustrated is detonated by the potato masher grenade in: can vith cas TNT, ond instelling o pullfriction fuso from 2 stick hand seried inte the explosive charge. Inserted into the side of the easing are two grenale. Reuse the device has no booster charge, it uses (wo detonators fuze wells through which electrically ur mechanically Initiated fuses may be for more powerful ef placed, The mine, generelly wed in an antipersonnel role, is initiated byw lug on & tripvire strung across = path. CHARACTERISTICS Cae Tea eTiCe Antipersonnel Offensive ies Commercial Ibe om 35 in 18 to 26 in 60 in 10 to 15 Ib Total weight 2b NT Piller — Cast TNT 3 4 sec Fure delay Approx 4 sec (with prenade)FOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 95 VIET CONG BCOBYTRAPS FUZE WELLS CHARACTERISTICS Antipersonnel Gray 10 in Tim Height oin Total weight 13 1b Filler ‘INT Fuse delay None PULL RING ELECTRIC DETONATOR LEADS POTATO MASHER HAND GRENADE SHELL CASE SHELL CASE MIME 21 NX Tin Can Antipersonnel Mine CARRYING HANDLE AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT DETONATOR HOUSING C-} ‘The tin can mine ja constructed from a sheet metal contaizer simi tppesrance to a beer can The firing device for the explosive isan iim: provised fure with sero delay aciion. A hand grenade ime mey be uscd END View with removal of the delay element. The mine functions by CONCRETE FRAGMENTATION MINE the pull sing dovice, which when removed allows the 25 driven striker to move downward, hitting the primer and detonating Camerete Mound Mine the mine, CHARACTERISTICS CENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT Antiporconnel The concrete mound mine is constructed of explosive encesed in concrete, Gray o green M3 powibly a similar mine. of cait iron may be encountered. The meurd S shaped mine is electrically fazed and has (wu fuse well, one ot cach end Sere a ‘The irun pipe ut one end of the mine serves aa a pole socket, as well at Height -_— 5 ny being a housing for ene of the fuze wells. Electric current to activate the Total weight acral Wh detonator it provided by 4 battery pack or hand held generator, Filler —. - NT ~ None CHARACTERISTICS Antipersonsel Cray 55 Win 13 Ib ‘INT None NY TH ca Concrete Fragmentation Mine aps otal 7 Betel Box Mine CENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT The concrete fragmentation mine in coniructed of explosive ensaned in drically shaped conctete with a flat side ior stable emplacement, A 2- GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT inch-diameter pipe on one end of mine head serves as a carrying handle The betel box mine ts constrected of concrete and explosive. Ite one fuze and detonater housing, The two awivels on top of the mine are sed to tie it Well is located on the top wt the center of the wime Used is ciiicr ne sone te an object. The mine's electrical detoncior usually is uctivated remotely by Personnel or un antivehicular role, the mine is exploded by an electrical means of « battery pack of hand-held generator, detwnater,POOR MAN'S - 4 96 VIET CONG BOOBYTRAPS coanscrensnis eanacTenisis qt Antipersonnel/ Antipersonnel ee tae ia Maximum diameter Sin Mer TNT Melinite/TNT 7 “nawote CAST IRON BODY PINEAPPLE FRAGMENTATION MIE 3 Dud Shell Mine : GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT GENERAL DESCRIPTION AXD COMMENT The turtle mine, constimted of concrete with explosive inside, is used primarily a+ a demlitic for mechanical fuze (wi mechanical fez, clurge lane bs hr 0 chen es ates seta pee al ted wiilizes ® ig the explosive for an electrical detonator. Hatteries or a han 0 sual found along read oc trails, Ite effcctiveness against armored vehicles Tope -— F and perecanel varies with the type and size of projectile used. cae os CHARACTERISTICS Maximum dianetcr an 1 Sim end vlew is nemleirculard berth — vo Type -. ancl Overall weight — Bi Color Varies antivohicular Fier —— = : = INT Maximum diameter — Varies Lonath — - Varies Total weight Varies Filler Usually TNT be acu. wrt an at Pineopple Fragmentation Mine ERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT ‘cast iron and is further identified by surface serra! The mine han a sheped mine ennateunted of ina and a carrying handle. ingle fare well located in one end of the body, Wt is fused ‘with an electrical detonator which is activated by current from baneriea or a wand-held generator.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 36 Mia Antlpersonnel Mine GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT The min antipersonnel mine, made of cast iron resembles a sick hand gremde with @ very short handle, The word, “Min,” is often found cart inte the body. The handle houses » pullfriction, delaytype furs. A mg om a tripwire attached to the pull wire of the friction fuzo will, by extracting. the pull wire, ignite the delay elemem. CHARACTERISTICS Antipersennel to black Total weight Filler Fuze delay . 204 ac PULL WIRE INSIDE HERE MIN ANTIPERSOMNEL MINE a7 mentation Mine Bounding GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT. ‘The bounding {ragnientaticn mine is improvised from US. M2 bounding. maine pr Mi8 trip-lare mine cases. A wooden cylinder slightly amailer in dlismeter than the mine e180 i hollowed out so that a atanlard grenade (re: goently the US. M26) can fit laside, The wooden eylinder with inelosed grenade is thea fitted ints the mine cue und the gronsde’s safely pin ie extracted When the mire is initiated electrically, either by a hattery pack for a hand generator, the cylirdor and geenade are propelled upward. As the wooden cylinder with grenade Iraves the case, tie handle flies off and inves the fuze train of the grea Tye - Cohe Olivedrat or gray Maximam dismeter — 25 ia Heigl ia Total weight Sl Filler —_ Grenade (TNT) Fuze delay iw & sce {geenade) 37 VIET CONG BOOBYTRAFS 39 DH-10 Directional Mine GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT: ‘The DH-10 directional fragmentation mine is primarily an antipersonnel mine which slo can be weed ageinat thinskinecd vehicles or similar items The concave fruni or fragmentation face of the mine contains approximately 450 half-inch steel fragments embedded ia a matrin, and is backed up by cast TNT. Designed for electrical detonation, the mine ia previded with adjustable frame eo that it can be placed on various types of surlaces and simed in any direction. ‘The single faze well is centered on the convex (back) side of the mine, CHARACTERISTICS ro mean race ‘OF MIME prromaror wits ae pmecrionat Mint a1 Buvelled Top Water Mine GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT Bevelled top water mines are found in large quantities in the Mekong River tnd its tributaries They are placed al depths compatible vith the dralt of the boats plying the parvewlar waterway, The mine is constructed of sheet metal rolled into a conical shape; the seams are soldered or riveted, ‘The electrical fuze is Incated in a (use well in the bottom of the mine. A fot ton chamber is im the end opposite the fuze well. Batteries or a handheld Reneralor prides the current, CHARACTERISTICS Antibeat Black Total weight Filler —POOR MAN*S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 BR --__FLOTATION CHAMBER ELECTRIC DETONATOR HERE REVELLED TOP WATER MINE 43 ‘Truncated Cone Water Mine GENERAL DESCHIPTION AND COMMENT ections riveted together: the explosive section with elecirical fuze (small end) and the flotation chamber. When a vessel approaches, the psitioned by the Viet Cong on the shore by means of ropes. Once positioned, the mine is detonated by using a battery pack or a hand generator CHARACTERISTICS Type —- - Raunt Color : Black Maximum diameter — 7 in Height 25 in Total weight —-- 83 Ib Filler TNT Small Truncated Cone-Shaped Charge CENERAT, DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT The emall truncated cone-shaped charge Ib encased in sheet metal plates fiveled lagetber. A pallfriction fuze in the small end usually initiates the explosive charge; it contsins a delay element which allows, the Vier Cong. saboteur to leave the vicinity before the explosion, Some charges huve ako been found with electrical detonators and some «ith bookytraps in the fuxe mechaniem. CHARACTERISTICS, Calor Maxim i Bis WD ia Height ae in Toul weight tote Tb Fike TNT oe ben Approx 9 see (pull-frietion) 98 VIET CONG mis eee BOOBYTRAPS at Large Truncated Cone-Shaped Charge GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT: The lage iraneuted cone-shaped charge is encveed in heavy-gage sheet metal with welded seams, Ite {ure is 4 pullrelure or pulbriaion device of unknewn construction, which iy initiated when a nearby Viet Cong tugs on the pull wire, ‘This charge is also found tw he sceasionully fared for electrical initiation. CHARACTERISTICS Color -. -- Unpainted or black Maximum diameter — in Height Nin Total weight 22th Filer — WT Tarte Charge CENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT The turtle charee is encated in four piecen of sheet metal riveted ta ether ond conted with a black waterproofing eampoand. This charge cen be initiated cither electrically u mechanically (with of without a deley ele ment). Either type of fre would be located in the fuse well on the side of the charge and vould be initiated hy a nearby Viet Cong.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 93 VIET CONG BOOBYTRAPS CHARACTERISTICS. cote ra Leak ‘npn din win mn Hei Sip6 in "Toa wig xb ; Filler " ~ - — Pictio acid (meliskte} or TNT URE FUE wearer rxrasive mance POU cRaLer 56 fuze we O51 Drum Charge GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT ‘The oll dram charge is made by partially filing a standard U.S. 5-pellon vit or Tubricant drum with explosive and installing @ wristwatch firing device {nee page 43) in the bottom end. The specimen shown on the eppoaite page actually hae ino firing devices to inaure that the charge will explode even if one fuze mallunctions, CHARACTERISTICS Calor _ Olive drab Muximar diameter Din Height = Bin Total weight - Approx 25 Ib Filler Varies Wari CHUREE 51 Cylindrical Charge GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT The cylindrical charge, although normally encased in sheet meta! as ill tated. can alec be made from antillery and mortar projectile shipping con lwiners, The dimensions and weight vary considerably. The cherge is nor mally fired lactrically by 2 nearby Viee Cong using batiories ox a handheld generator, The weapon could ala be fired by pull-rieticn, delay-type firing devices, chanical, oF CHARACTERISTICS Vavies Vusies Varies St 25 1b TNT. poteedum chloeate, o4 homemade explosi 37 8, yilore Torpedo GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT The Bangalore torpede is g ine fled wil explosive ard initiated by « fae, Ths epecinee,dhaneeeed 4s one of the beter made itm and hus « fuze well in one cok Then neat crumpucat CMU gemmonly encountered Bangalore vorpedoes are much cruder in appestanee. 33 They may be found with any type of fuze, eee CHARACTERISTICS GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT Color Black or vlivedrab quantity of explosive wrapped in waterproof Maximem Zin ated by a piece of time fuze crimped to «Total weight - Varies ae me tuna tor Flee - TNT or picrte acid The pole charge comsists uf material tauch ata piece of tarps: footdong pole, The explesive is ronelectrie detonator. Pole charges are generally used daring essaulis for Ceatroying barbed wire entanglements and bunkers CHanacrEnianics Cole Marinas diane ooh tle Pere bu ies Tir Normally potunhun short ase delay VarleePOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 59 Chemical Pause 4 GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT ‘The chemical fuze ia used for sabotage, It can be attached to any mine or demolition charge. The fuze is initiated by breaking the corrosive liquid ial; the corrosive aclution then gradually corzodes the wire which restrains the firing pia. When the wite has weakened sufficiently, the firing pin ts released and ctrikes the primer, detonating, the charge. The delay time pre: vided by this fuse vories with tempersture and wire diameter, (CHARACTERISTICS Type -. cses--- Delay Diameter 05 in Length Sin oo Fure delay Varies 20 to 88 min ROSIVE LIOUID srema. rsd unica rant 6 Preanure-Electrle Firing Device GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT The pressure-electric Fring device comsists of a wood frame: 4 movable, springloaded wooden preanure piece atteched to a bolt; and a longth of double-strand electric wirr. One strand of elecisic vire is attacked to the boit; the eecond strand thhare) is fastened to the frame, When eome outside force Cie. a perion stepping on the device) pushes the pressure piece down #0 that the head of the bolt contacts the hare strand of wire, the circuit is completed through the electrical detonator which then fires the device CHARACTERISTICS Type Nondelay Length Approx 4.5 in ‘Width Approx 1.5 Height Approx 4 in Operating Varies widely facerate comract nour Missmrautctaie nits sever 100 VIET CONG 83 Wristwatch Ming Device BOOBY TRAPS ENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT ‘The wristwatch firing device is uted to provide 4 delay between the time fan explosive charge (bomb or mined ced and the lime it explodes. The delay period can range from a few minutes to 12 hours according ta how the watch ie altered and set Either the minute hand (if the desiced delay ix in hours) of the hour hand (if the desired delny in in minutes) ie broken of One electric lead is connected to the stem ar ease of the watch and the second Yead is connected to 4 screw passing Uirough a hole in the watch crystal ‘The watch runs for a preset interval until it id touches the fad an electrical detonator ex. remaining h 65 Mousetrap Firing Device GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT ‘The mousetrap firing device, as its name indicates, consite of an ordin mousetrap, arranged w that the yoke, when tripped, will drive a Bring pia (nail) into a peccummion primes, This fing device has been frequently used on Viet Cong improvised guns. Its turure use will probably be confined to boohytrap or antipersennel mina installations, er Angled Arrow Trap, GENERAL, DESCRIFTION AND COMMENT ‘The angled arrow rap ia inade of a piece of bursbow (about lemeter long fastened to a board, a steel arrow, a atreag robber hand, a tripwire, and a atch mechanism, The device is placed in a eamoufluged pit. the bottom of which in slozed in such a way that a peren ipping the wire will be struck in the thorax hy the arrow,POOR MAN'S CAMES BOND Vol. 101 VIET CONG BOOBYTRAPS 73 Cartridge Trap (Foot Breaker) GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT The cartridge trap consists of a cartridge set imo & piece of bamboo fastened {o a boart and installed fc a comoufloged pit, A rail driven through the bot tam of the bembco serves as « fring pin. The weight of x man stepping oa the upper end of the cartridge forces the nail into the cartridge to initiat: the primers the butle, ie then provelled vpward through the man’ font. 7% s CAMOUFLAGED BAMBOO SLAT 69. Whip GENERAL, DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT CARTRIDGE The whip consists of 2 leng (green bambco, supported by 4 sevice of post, and three or four harbed-point arrows, The hambee pole is bent and held in am are position by a eatch device. When a itipwite placed nerose a tail or path is pulled, it releases the extch device, and the bamboo pole hhurls the arrows alung the peth at about chest height, WOODEN BOARD CARTRIDGE TRAP (FOOT BREAKER) 5 Sptke Board Pit GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT ‘The spike board pt ie simply & amall pit the bottom of which is lined ‘with boards through which spikes have been driven. The top of the pit it camouflaged. A porn stepping on the camoufage material falls into tbe pit and impalen his foot or feet on the spikes. ‘These pits vr n Rieyele Mine GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT The bicycle mine is made frum an ordinary bleycle by filing part of the tubular frame with explosive, installing aa electrical detonator ia this ex Flcsive, and comecting the detonator to batteries and m wristwatch Gring device (see nage 62) in ihe headlight housing. The bicycle explodes hen, after a preset time interval, the wristwatch hand touches an electric contact and the circuit rhrough the detonator is completed. This mine can varied iy connecting the detonator directly to the headlamp pover generator it the bicyele is moved, the detonatar to cause the N¢ generator sends an electrie current through poston, Tilting Lid Spike Pir GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT. ‘The tilting lid pit is substantially the same type of trap ox the epike board pit described on page 73. The major differences ie much larger (about 13 fect square hy & feet deep! and hee The bid be supparted in the middie hy an axle; when Incked in potition it is strong enough to support a ruan's welght. Whina the lid in not locked, it pivots whea 4 mun steps on it and the man drops into the pil onto the hueds with spikes that caver the bottom. ‘The lid, which is counterbalanced, then swings back to ite original position Mecause sf the it's depth, the wally are WERT Thre op th Voards nr Wogy to prevent bay 8. tterreay wes éPOOR MAN’S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 102 VIET CONG BOO3YTRAPS BARBED SPiKes METAL CAN Sideways Clash GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT. The sideways closing trap, another veriety of the spike trap, consists of two wood strips, euch etudded with barbed apikes, sliding along x pair of guide rods asi! sprung tegether by two large rubber bands cut trom an ftutomobile inner tube, A wooden prop keeps the spikestudded word strips apart and streichee the ruber buns, The device is placed in the tep of @ pit (about 4 feet deep) and carmutlaed Ax a man steps on this deviee, he dislodges the prop, whereupon the rubber bands, a longer stretched taut clamp the spike bis legs, thdamen, and chest until he stops falling, A variation of this device consists of a length of genen bamboo split lengthwise, instead af word strips, with apikes along each the split GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT sed sith foot pit, Whom a peamum steps on stration), the bueed with driven spikes: pivots drops into the it, che spike board strikes bim pike board the treadle Ghown in the about an axle, As the vi pe acound hie, The spikes al ai Venus Flytrs AL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT The Venus Atrap (pit) co Yepping barbs emplaced mer # pit on sions of such deviess vary; the one i inches, The baths are angled downward astempt to extract a leg execcdingly ditfe these fiyteaps, he should cautiously hend the barbs dewn or eat them before pull bis ieg out ists of a rectangular framework with over- Hoe poddie. ‘The dimen approximately 8 by 22 the pit, thus making any TH a person stipe into one of Trap Bridge GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT The trap bridg: is» wooden bridge Loobytrapped by hrvugh the planks aod camouflaying she cut with mud. Barbed nid anderneath the bridge and along the adjacent banks; anyone cross the sidge causes it to collayee and he ur they will be impaled on these vibes ™ BRIDGE FLOCA 15. CUT AT THE sutoLe AND COVERED WITH MUD Venus Flytrap (Can) CENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT The Venus fipeap (ean) in a variation of the Venus Ayteap (pit) described fon page 81, The Gytrap illustrated is constructed of « metal continer. AR Individual trapped In one of these devices should cut off or bend the bara downward before making am atlempt lo withdraw his leg.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 88 Suspended Spikes 4 GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT ‘The suspended spikes device, also known as the Tiger Trap, consixe of sn Winch-square beard with spikes, [t is weighted with bricks and aus pended fram the branch of 4 tree overhanging a path. A tripyire stretched acroas the path beneath the spike beard, when pulled, frees the desice to fall on someone Below, SUSPENDED SPICES 1 Spike Log (Mace) GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT ike log is ppprosimately B to 10 feet long and studded with spikes. It ia often leit in roadside ditches where it in hidden ia the grass. In anuther ‘emplacement, called the Mace, the spike log ia euspended from a tree branch in wch 4 way that, when a tripvire is pulled, the leg swings down slong the path oF trait—-impating anyone in ite way. GENERAL DESCHIPTION AND COMMENT ‘The caliber .22 fountain pen is actually « weapon which fires 8 22-c rimbire eartridge. It in esed by Viet Cong agents for assassinations. Mlusiration shows the pen in the uncocked posit cocked, the round stud (past of the firing pin) will be located im the notch the Felt end of the slot in the cap. If the stud is pushed out ef the notch, «© compressed epring will drive the fring pin into the cartridge, causing it ve Bre, ber The When the device is Thia device san he saried as a sigarelte: lighter, COCKING stUD 103 VIET CONG GPo_eeseereeeee, CAL. 22 FOUNTAIN PEM 95 Explosive Fountain Pen BOOBYTRAPS =» GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT The explosive fountain yen is ancther type of boobytrap of harassing de vice, When the cap is unscrewed and removed fram the barrel of the pen, twa friction fures function and both cap aad barrel explode in the hands 0! the person holding the pea, 7 Sodium Incendiary Device GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND COMMENT ‘The sodium incendiary device is constructed of twa abect metal hemispheres welded together and contsining sodium suspenced in rlike substince ‘Tue body has two holes in its outer surface, A wax and paper cavering over the holes watcrpreufs the Hem when in storage. When the deviee is placed, the wex caver ty removed, allowing water to conteet the sodium and thereby creating heat and Game. ‘This device is often emplaced in boat bilges and in punticularly effcetive in any axea with oll or gas secpage. CRARACTERISTICS Type oa ane Incendiary Color _ Black Diameter 13 in Weight 15 Filler _ Sodium MOLE COVERED WITH WAX SODIUM FILLER LOWER HEMISPHERE SODIUM INCENDIARY DEVICEPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 104 SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK SPECIAL ‘FORCES HANDBOOK ST 31-180 JANUARY 1965 ‘THE SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK IL Patrol Leader*s Order us Mi Patrol Warning Order ne IV, Troop Leading Procedure as This bendbook contams use jul mjormalion jor the 4; forces man and ia designed 0 a2tist you in the performance Tha Guerrilla Base ne of your datias Organization of a Raid Force mr 48 cunently Conduct of a Raid nw taught a: the Special Warfare School and is derived rom me- arial intended [or Seboot use. prepared jor resident insirection CHAPTER 9. ‘at the Special Warfare Sctool. DEMOLITIONS, aud recommendations for changes or corrections 1. Introduction m1 lied directly to the Commandant, U.S. Army Principal Explosives of the World m2 Special Warfare School, Fors Bragg, North Carolina, ATTENTION: Divector of lastructice. Baste Demolition Formulas m3 M1 Rall cuts m4 Hasty Derallment Charge os ‘TABLE OF CONTEKTS ie a eee $-5-2 and 10-2-1 Doraidmeat Systeme mT Junction Destruction CHAPTER 1. GENERAL, ee a5 1. Mixaion of Special Forces mh Charge sizes 10 Ml, Unconventional Warfare ae UI. Cratering Techniques m1 UL, Mission of Guerrilla Forces fH IV. Improvised Deviees 12 Organization of SFG and SFOB Oyea Loop mi 1V. Compositionof Operational Dotuchments is Chotherpia mie ¥. Advanced Techalques m-16 CHAPTER 2. TACTICS, Sadéte Charge |. Entimate of situation Met Diamond charge 12 Rubton Charge Sample of Operation OrderPOOR MAN*S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 105 SPECTAL FORCES HANDBOOK ‘Staped Charge ml-12 L Communtcator’s Check List vi VL Improvised incendiaries, Exploaives, & Delay Devices m-25 1. Antennas VI-t3 VL Miscellaneous knprovised Demolitions O27 TI. World Time Zoce Map ue) ‘VOL, Chemicals m-s OX Delays m4 CHAPTER fT, FIRST AID, X. Demolition Data oss 1 sate Bie ag Xi, Target Reconaalssance Report Guide me ee — MI. Control of Bleeding VO-S CHAPTER 4. AIR OPERATIONS. IV. Pressure Points vite L Preplanned Air Resupply Operations: W-l Y. Types of Bleeding vos U. Drop Zones Wea VL. Artificial Resptration--Back Pressure Arm Lift vo-6 ML Reporting Drop Zonve ws VI. Artificial Respiration--Mouth to Mouth vu? IV, Marking Drop Zones Wv-19 Y. Reception Committers tv-18 CHAPTER 8. SURVIVAL, YL Landing Zones (Lang) tveab ee Tare ‘VIL. Reporting Landing Zones W209 en ee Vil. Landing Zonen for Rotary Wing Alreraf ve TIL, When Requetting Native Assistance vm-1 DG Landing Zones (Water) v-3t ae aT Table: Fixed and Rotary Wing Aircraft Capsbillttes W-41 Water om CHAPTER 5. WEAPONS, VL Food vm U.S. Rifle Cal. 30 MoI va vn. Fire va-i9 AR-L5 (M=16) Rifle .223 Vel VIR. Cooking vm-19 Carbine, Cal 30, M1 & M2 V2 TH Health ‘Va-21 Piatol Cal 45, M1911 and MISLIAL ves ‘HAPTER 9. MISCELLANEOUS, Thompson Submachine Oun, MIAL Cal 45, vs Submachine Gun, M-3 v-8 Tables Browning Automatic Rifle M1918 AZ v6 1. Guerrilla Training Aime Wt Browning Machine Gun Cal .30 MIS19A6 v-T Ne Training Plan Lx-T Browning Machine Oun Cal .$0, M2, KB v8 1), Legal Status of Guerrillas Lx STmam Recolllese Rifle M1BAL ae) IV. For Successful Employment of Guerrilla Warfare 1-8 Rocket Launcher, 3.5 ach M20A1BI vu V. Records of Guerrillas rq mortar, Comm, M-19 Vis VL Guide to Assessment of the Ares 1X9 Mortar, 81mm, M-29 vous Mortar, 4.2", M=30 vel CHAPTER 1 10Saum Howitcey M101 ves 15mm Howitser, Mild or MIMAL vr 1 improvised Ranges ves GENERAL IL Target Construction yeas 1 MISSION OF SPECIAL FORCE! ML 1,000 Inch Rangy Zero vee & To plan and cosduet unconventional warfare operations in areas not usder TV, 26 Motor Range Zero vo38 friendly coutrol. % Wind Formele eee b. To organize, equip, train, and direct mdigenous forces in the conduct of YL Worm Formula v-aT ‘usrrilla warfare. VU. Wind Velocity Chart veat ce. To train, And axatet Indigenousforces in the conduct of counterin- surgeocy und counterguerrtlls operations in support of U.S, cold war objective CHAPTER 6. COMMUNICATION, 4. To perform such cther special (orces missions as may be directed or as Phonatic Alphubst and Numbara ven muy be Inherent to or essestlal to the primary mission of guerrilla varfure. Prowords and Prosigus Vi-a IL UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE 13 COMPOSED OF THE INTERRELATED FIELDS OF: Operating Sipuaia vis Ground-Air Emergency Code vier a. Guerrillas vartere.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 106 SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK b. Evasion and eecepe. XAD OF ES Det scr E-6 ¢. Subversion against hostite states. QUT DEL SP e-5 I MISSIONS OF GUERRILLA FORCES: ‘Operational Detachment co a. Prtmanry: ca {i} Interdit enemy Unes of communication. a 82 (2) Interdict ansmy installations and contarsofwar produstion, and oca~ 3 duct other offensive operations in support of conventional military operations. % YREV MED SP 2D Supporting Tanke: ADH SUPY INTEL SCT E-8 1) Intelligence, OF sor E-8 SUPPLY Sct E-7 a ASST SUPPLY ScT E-6 Pareroioniest 1 WMS LDR E-7 BV UPNS LDR z-7 (8) Evasion and secepe. we i oat Da 5 () Sabrersion against hostile states, peat Bs wap OP SUTY E-7 ‘BAD OPR (4) E-S €. Operations! Detachment co Le col £ x0 Major BE sus E-9 Es P aL Captate eh 7 ks 5 BA bat 82 Captain ee ide 5 Gafeate Be : sa Captain . z q ‘ADM SUPV E-6 bad ee i i |é oP SGT £8 ide SUPELY SGT E-8 3 i 5 ASST SUPFLY SOT +7 z ode 3AD OP SURV Eel 5 RAD OF (4) E-S Z RAD REPAIRMAN Ens i re TACTICS ESTIMATE OF THE SITUATION 1. MISSION: Mluston aaoigned and analyste thereof to Include sequence of task(s) to be performed and the purpont 2. SITUATION AND COURSES OF ACTION: 1s. Contiderations affecting possible courses of action. asst §2 ast) ‘Tans (1) Charactertatics of the aren of operation: weather, terrain, other, i i | | rane eLpK (2) Relative combatpower:enemy situation and friendly altuatios, et b. Enemy capabilities. IV. COMPOSITLOW OF OPERATIONAL DETACIOENTS : c. Own courses of rctton: Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How as ap- 4, Operational Decachwent Ai propriate. POSITION RANK/GRADE 3. ANALYSIS: co Captain a, Select mnemy capabilities. x0 Le. oF scr EB b. List wavantages and dteadvantegos. INTEL ScT E-? LT WPNS LOR £7 (2) Courae of action ¥9 enemy capabilities, AV WeNS IDR B-7 1 sP E-? (2) Course of action vs enemy capabilities. ASST. MED SP E-6 RAD OP SUV E-7 4. COMPARISONPOOR MAN'S CAMES BOND Vol. 4 a. Rovlew and summary of acvantages and disadvantages. b. Determinaiton of elgnifionnt advantages and disadvantages, 5, RECOMMENDATION/DECISION: Formal statement of the courte of action recommended/sdopted. 11 OPERATION ORDER Task Organization: Includes the task aubtivisions or tactical components comprising the command and reflects the unlt of organization for combat. A. SITUATION: a Enemy Forces: situation, capabilities, trdiestions. 1. Friendly Forces: missions andlocationsof higher adjacent, supporting and reinforcing waits, ©. Attachmests and Detachments: units attachedto or detacted trom the tunit lamiing the order, for the oparalionconcerned. Effective time of attachment or detachment ts Indicated when other thin ths time of the order. 2. MISSION: Based on the order of the next higher headquarters and the commander’s analysis of his mission, this paragraph contains a clear, concise statement of tasic(s) to be eccompliched by the unit ismuing the order and tte purpose. 3. EXECUTION: & Concept of Operations. Tactical mission of unt. ¢. Coordinating struction: Tactical Instructions and details of coordisa- Yon applicable to two or more elements of the command, 4. ADMINISTRATION AND LOGISTICS: Matter concerning supply, traasportation, service, labor, medical evaru- ation and howpitaitzation, parsooael, civil affairs and miscellansous, $. COMMAND AND SIGNAL: 8. Signal instructions and information. 1, Command post and location of the commander. ANNEXES: &. Operation overlay. 1b. Fire support plan, DISTRIBUTION: Ml, PATROL LEADERS ORDER 1. SITUATION: = Enemy forcess Woather, terrain, | atrengih. mntification, location, activity, 1 Frieadly Forces: Missioa of next higher unit, location and planned sctions of unite on right and Left, fire support available for patrol, mission and routes of other patrole. . Attachments and Detachments. 2. MISSION: What the patrol fe going to accomplish? 2. EXECUTION: (Subparagraph for each subordinate unit.) = Concept of operation. 2. Specific duties of slementa, teams, and individuals. ¢. Coordinating instructlo Q) Time of departure and retura. 107 SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK (2) Formatioa and arder of movement, (3) Route anc alternate route of rotum. (A) [dentification techaiques used when departing and remtering the frlendly ares (0). (9). Rallying points and action at rallying potots. (6) Leccation aod sctions at miselon expport sites, (Actions on enemy contact, (8) Actions at danger areas. (8) Actions at objective. 13 (10) Nebearsals and inspections, (12) Debriefing, 4. ADMINISTRATION ND LOGSTICa: a Rattons, ‘Arms and amaunition, 0, Uniform and equipment (Ratewhich member will catry and usd) 4. Mathod of bundling wounded aed prisoners, 5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL: Sigal. (1) Signals to be used within the patrol. @) Communtoatica with higher headquirters--adio call signa, prina- Fy mod alternate frequnctes, Hmea to report and spectal code to be used. (3) Challenge and password. %. Command: (2) Chala of command. (2) Location of petrol leader andassistant patrol leader information. Il, PATROL WARNING ORDER “The pateol wifning order should consist of the ollawing items of information. & Atrief statement of the enemy and friendly sttustion. ‘Mission of the patrol. © General tastroctior m4 (1) General and special organization. @) Ualform and equipment common to all, to include identification end camouflage measures, (3) Weapons, ammuntiton, and equipment each member will carry. (4) Who will accompany patrol leader on reconnuldanca end whe will supervise patrol members’ preparation during patrol leader's sbsence. (8) lastructions for cbtalning rations, water, weapons, ammusition snd equipment. (6) The chain of command. () A tine schedule for the patrol's guidance, At a minicum, Include meal times and the time, place, and uniform for receiving the patrol leader's order.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 108 SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK IV, TROOP LEADING PROCEDURE 1, Begin planning: DegcTION OF MOVENENT 4 Study terrain from map, aketeh on aerial photo for: (2) Critical terrain foatures, ‘ercuniry THAN “A @) Observation and Holds of fire. (@) Cover and concaximent. cownann ELEMENT (4) Obstacles (8) Avenues of approach, b. Make quick estimate of situation (thorough as tme permite), fe. Make preliminary plan. 2. Arrange for: 4, Movement of unlt (where, when, how). >. Reconmalssasce (select routs, schedule, persons totake along, use of subordinate u-3 ©. laeue of order fnotity subordinate leaders of time and place}. 4. Coordination (adjacent and supporting units). peroron rea 3. Make recomalssance (axanine the ground-sea 1a above, if neccesary cunt , 5 plan). teu rene 4, Complete plan (receive recommandations, complete estimates, change preliminary plan as necessary, prepare order). secon ren -e- 5. Issue order (toclude orientation on terrain if possible), 6. supervise. an example of the organization for sovenent of « raid force, ut ‘THE CUERRILLA RASE ALTERNATE AREAS ‘TYPICAL AxeUsR POSTION wacom WY . oY” sareygiol CY ao sract comma By macntet ou, MOYES, VOTAR, Ot socet sears weer REO rt See”POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 109 CONDUCT OF RAID arranarton over at wari, me RALLY Pour CHAPTER 3 DEMOLITIONS L INTRODUCTION: The following information pertaining to feld engineering and demolitions 1s intended to supplement, Wut not to replace, that contained in FM 5-25, "Explosives and Demolitions,” and FM 5-34 "Engineer Field Data." ‘Those field manuals, GTA §-14, The Demolition Card and GTA 5-21, The bine Card, are courentent referesces Uist should be obtaised and used Ia conjunction with this section of the hunsbook. 1 TABLE L. PRINCIPAL EXPLOSIVES OF THE WORLU ——————— cvewonrre TeTHYLATE soa nrTOL em | Fem | DE TTTnaTe eee eMMonitM “TOLITE TRNALLZUND- sHEXOGENC SCHURR SPLASTIC AMM NITHATE, composition | syperourre | TANMONAL SConb TEX ® on coe. NITRATE DrAMBONND od OCHNIDERITE, SKAMNESITE | _ ‘*Compounded with other explosives **Not known whether tits m-2 demolition explosive oF 2 donating cord, SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOKPOOR MAN'S JAMES 3 TABLE Tl, BASIC DEMOLITION FORMULAS "STEEL, STRUCTURAL; PosA. toy P= D? tay woe LEC PD? any OGL RRs Pep? (tn) PRESoUNE: Pear (my BREACHING, P=RKc ch {Add 10 pervont if Leas than 96 pounds) C= Tamping tactor for breaching (ove demo card ‘ORDINARY EARTH, Poor mascary ‘ale, food timber 8 earth peastrction AM yabae Lesa than 3 3105 aw More than 7 Len than 9 Qowerer vill wt ev! 3105 Falaforcing ates) Ste 7 ‘ALL VALUES OND Vol. 4 110 SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK than the length of the flred wheelbase may not result in derailment. foot gap Technique. World War ll experience and related tests have estatlinted that a charge eulficlent to remove 20 fest of rail will result In positive derailment of locomotive under most operational situations. The most effective cut 11 on the outside rail of « curve. Where twoor more tracks parsl- Tol, derailment should te made in such « manner that a train, when wrecked Founding « curve on the inside track, will obstruct all tracks. When derailment ta attempted on a straight atrotch of a multiple track Ins, attack abould always be made on an inside rail. Note that In all cases only one of the two ralle of « track 19 attacked. keoth fm 396 eerie otnary formate NOTE: "Wien metre weighs and earirea ire us, niin feeealig Goma et prea free b. The Derallment Charge requires three quarter pounds of plastic -explo- troy elther C3, C4 or their equivalent, to cut the standard rafl (80 Tbe. per yard). ‘One-third of the standard jstue plastic demolition block 1s 1 convenient unit of measure. Aseriesofthres,quarter-poundcharges x arrunged on the wed of the Fail an diagrammed in figure 1. The eeries of chargos should pot bridge « fiah- plate, One charge 1s placed directly overeach tle on the selected 20 feet of rai ‘Thia will result in removing all rall, at least partially broaking tho ties directly under the rail, and creating some minor cratering of the roadbed ballast. Standard center tle spacing 1a 22 1/2Ixches; however, variations run from 18 inches on up to 3 fect. Lacking specific information on the tle spacing, the distance between prepared charges Is bared on 18 inch measurement which results Jn placing 16 of tha three quarter pound charges for each deraliment series on a continuous detonating cord main line. The detonating cord main Line lo which the Individual charges are attuched {1 23 feet ia length to provide approximately a foot tall at elther end for quick attachment of a firing system. A triple roll knot for each thre quirter pound charge a fixedor the main line at dlagrammed in figure 2. Thoseknots aroazranged roughly on 18 Inch center to coincide with the antl pated tie spacing. They are arranged to Insure a snug continuous contact with the main line but looas enough to alide; thus making itpoenible to make on target adjustments for variations in tle epsotng. The ladividual three quarter pound Kr RAE (m) (Add 10 percent if en an 72.8 RQ ‘ALL VALUES AM raleoe Lams tna 1 LtLs ASe2 Mare than 2 charges are firmly molded urcundesch triple roll knot, They must be sufficiently wrapped to withstand the necesmary roughhandling in bringing them on target and to aleo Insure that the charge and knot will elide as an integral unit. m4 vase than 1 tls Ager ‘PeAmount of TNT, lo pounas, reyaired for un axtarnal charge. For relative af fectivenees of otter axtarnal charges, nee Tatle IA, 2. Tale THA Cretetone of Bovine ‘gee Sentae eee eee Me3A, TT, RAIL CUTS. While single rall cute have = harassing or nilsance valio, we will usually be concerned with culs designed to derail atrain, In order to ingure the deraliment of 2 modern locomotive itis necessary to remove a length of rail equal to the Iangth of the fied whoel tase of the locomotive, The welght of « locomotive 1# counterbalanced In such « way that the removal of rail lees m nk ow wis 3 2 rye g | 2 | | ~ be ite 8 2 aise i i gpke ; pee 3 Figure 1 Hasty derailment ohare.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 34-1, Deratiment synem. athealt 9 oetactonee In pace. ‘Te enarges goer every narens us. Lb seen etary Figure t m7 111 SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK & Ftring Systems. (1) Adtandard electric firing systemnts beat for continuous and Immedi~ ate control over iritiatingthe charge. A standard ronelectric systema may also be used and timed fo insure that the charge explodes junt tn froct of the train; bow= r, both these eystema require the presence ofan agent at the scene of opera tien, (2) AU the military booky-trup firing devices can be used to initiate the charge through the movement of the oncoming triln. Home made firing devic employing the mechanical principles of the miittary {ssue booby-traps can be employed, An electrical tlasting cap systems may de activated with a flashlight battery used a9 a simple, fleld-Improrisd awitchthat is closed by the movement of the train. Ih all cases the firing system ia eet up to initiate the charge ! Immediately infront ofthe oncoming locomotire, not under the locomotive. Eighty pound or lese rail (9 inches or lees in neigit) takes 1/7 pound wo cul, Over 00 pound rail (over Sinches in helgh’) takes 1 pound to cut. Lunstign Destruction 1 Pound Explosive (Found txetosive Figure 6 Figure? (with a jumper wire, provide apathfor the electrical current passing through moat rails, The wire that Ienormally between railt will be broken by thie maaual duuplacement.) 4. Only plastic explonive should be wrod, been developed for bre concrete targets from 1 through & feet inthicnese. For maximum #ffect, the charge should be placed « distance equal to the thieimess of the urget above the base (or above the ground level), Charges placed at the base of 4 slab will atili work but tn study they produced eratert 23 Percent smaller than those oliced abore tha ground. ther CO or C4. Information haxPOOR MAN*®S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 A charge should be constructed tobeasclose (o equare as possible to yield ‘optimum results. Charges snould be primed eltberfrom one corner or from the ris feuact rear center. Clove contact with the target Ik required fc D> not deviate irom ine eharge thickresn insteatad below. Cs 2 mad when possible to fuctlitate securing bacharge is place. It i le neceasscy to cat the Blocks ext tem with care oo that the deanity of the expionier 18 at alfectes. TARLE TL, CHARGE SIZES CONCRETE TRICKSESS CHARGE S17E EX FEET) (METERS (USE Ct BLOCKS, (CHARGE THICKNESS 2 : 1 Block «2 ‘ 1 Bioek, ' 1 Block 2% 1 Bioek oss Sa aa " 2 Backs (4 2 Blocks amie 2 Blocks sore: Using the standard breaching tectaigue with an untazmped charge Wore the ground would require 124 ba of TST t breich a 4 foct wall. Caine te above ‘wchaigus, It would require 50 Ibe of C4. For a T foot target the standage metiod wees $17 UL, CRATERING + produces #36) fechnique fas been developed Irsed if time ard matersaie sraliiile. Tre ca: the standize 42-pound rng charge, cr 20 19 1 pounds 0! C4 (Sepecting to some extent or the dept: Depihof the ‘otes shauld be 4 or 5 feet. ind diameter of the bore helen. vue Saree ‘UOKS Luxe Tats pure} Critering Technique m-1 The Line of two charges above should beprimed to be detonated simultane- ously. The line of thtes charges stould all be primed to detonate simultaneously atter the correct celay, The line of three charges should be detonated from one to two seconds alter the first twocharges detonate. ‘The delay can te achieved in x variely of ways, but two separate elecirical firing systems are probably the easiest. An expedient method of quickly sinking the hore holes themselves {4 ta set up five 15 pound shaped charges (M2A3) over the desired locations, They should be provided with an tmprorised 30 loch standoff and all be detonated to~ gether The wffent af the delay tn thi ring operation 1s 29 bagin to mary large amcunt of earth around the first two charges, and then before it can fall all SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK back into the hole, the secondline of charges displaces It entirely. The resulting teardrop shaped crater Is very steep sided on the blunt: end (the end having the three delay charges). TV, Improvised Devices. & Bangalore torpedce, if available, can be extremely effectise if employed in an antipersonnel role. Best results ere obtained If the Bangslore 1s planted upright In the ground so thal the fragmentation effect will radiate out in 360 degrees. b, ‘The fragmentation hand grenade isa versatile weayon tha; lends itseif to a wide variety of booby trapping actions, One of the simplest booby traps 1s the Grenade-in-a-can, The shipping container or can Is affixed to a tree or other permanent object. The grenade, with pull ring removed is placed in the can 69 that the arming lever If held dows by the can. A string oF wire ts thea 90 placed that the victim will pull the grenade from the can, reteasing the lever and detonating the grenade, ¢. Lmproriaing electrical booby trap firing devices. Each of the following simple bocby traps can be used tn conjunction with a wide varlety of casus producing charges, from the 3.$ Inch rocket, fired by expedient electrical means, to the bangalore torpedo primed to be detonated tn an aittpersoanel role, 4. Open loop. The open loop arrangement shown ts the ONLY break in an otherwise complete electrical elrcult. Awide variety of actions of the partot the victim could result in pulling the two bere ends of the wire together, U2 Figure 10 Open Loop Noe0es ect day pull on the che wedge and complete Figure IL Clothespin fe: Expedient finng of 1.5-inen Racket. The following tachaique a one methed ‘or firing the rocket electrical'y. Eithsrthe cardboard ahippiag container oF 4 V-shaped wooden trough may be used as an expedient lanncher, with the trough betag preferred if available, m-13 (1) The rocket la prepared ior electrical firing by looating the two wire a the noxtle and fin assembly that ary coated with clear plastic. (The other reen, red, and biue wires are disregarded). After scraping the enda of tha clear plastic wires, to provide a good contest for splioing into the firing wire, the connection te mags and preferably taped. Experience has indicated that the Falling splice 1s the preferabte splice to be used without any adverse effect on reoket acoursey. (2) The bare-riding safety band 1s removed and the rooket Is plied on the trough eo that the bore-riding safety will face a alde of the trougt during Oring. The shorting clip is removed, the rocket {9 almed, an electrical power source 18 provided and the rocket Ie fired. (3) Obviously resutts comparable to tose obtained by using the launcher should mot be expected. As with all expedient demolition work, trial ané error ‘experimentation Is stressed. Aa experienced Gemolitionist canrelisbly Mt a 8S ellen drum, a relatively amall target, op to a range of 40 to 8 yurdéa In an fantitank role, satisfactory results could be expected xpto 150 yards. The rocket {firing can be oontralied by the operator, or can be affected by a wide rartety of ‘slectrical booby trapping tachaiqean. This expedient use of the rocket uf course Leeds Itself equally wall to employment in an aniipersoanel role,POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 (4) Power sources can br p 10-cap blasting machine or any of the fol lowing dry eal batteries: BA-317/U, BA-270/U, BA-279/U or combinations of the BA-90/U. (B) Safety precautions should include all of those nssoclated wtih sleotri- coal firing as outlined in FM 5-25, Explosives and Demolitions. Although It would be an extremely rare occurrence, we should operate on the assumption that the rocket may blow up on the Launching elte and take «propriate precautions to Prevent injury from puch as socident. T-14 |. Expedvent fring of 3.3 rocket sovelecuically. (1) Remove all sires {rom fin aseemby. (2) Hemure ine pinatic cons (rom fin assembly. (3) Place matetheads oF atherrurningmatertal In contact with the ends of the micks of propellant (0 Tape matches around end of ture. (>) Wace fave flush against perforated dinc,and among matchhesce nthe antale. (4) Herve the Raresrullygafets Innd and place the bore-riéiag safety pin mn depresaed peonsvin againat sider of :mprorised firing platform. => Eps Figure 13 Weis V. ADVANCED TECHNIQUES. Charges constructed employing advanced tech- niques generally produce more positive results while using less explosive than, required by conventional or standard formulas. Disadrantiges of advanced tech- nique charges are that they usually require more lime to construct and once constracted they are usually more fragile than conventional charges, Following are rules of thumb for rarlous charges and the targeis they are destgned to destroy. 4 Siddle Charge. This charge ca be used to cut mtld steel cylindrical targets up 10 8 inches in diameter. Dimeneions are 2s follows: The short axe of the charge 19 equal to one-hal! the circumference. (Note that pretiously published dimensions called ‘or three times thebase, rather than twice the base.) ‘Thickness of the charge Is 1/3 block of C3.cr C4 fer targets up 10 6 inches tn diameter: use cne-hal! block ihicknesafor targets from 6 to 8 inches in diameter. Above 8 Inches in diameter, or for aUloyo! steel shafta, use the diamond charge. Prime the charge from the apex of the triangle, and the target 1s cut at a point directly under the short buse by cross-iractura. Neither the saddle nor diamond will produce reliable results against non-solld targets, such 29 gun barrela. ‘Trese charges benefit trom prepackaging oF wrapping, providing that no more than one thickneas of the wrapping materiul 1s between the charge and the target to be cut. Heavy wrapping paper or aluminum foll are excelent, and parachute cloth may be used if nothing else {a available. (See figure 14.) 1), Diamoné Charge. This charge can be used to cut nara or alley steel cy~ Undriea! targets of any s1ze that would conceivably be encountered. It ha reliably been used, for instance, agunst a destroyer propeller shat of 17 inch diumeter. Dimensions are ap follows: The long axis of the diamond charge SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK of the target, and the points should Just touch on the far side. The short axis in equal io one-half the clrcum/erence. Thickzess of the charge is 1/3 thickness of a block of C3 orC4. To prime the charge. both points of the short axis must be primed for stmultinecus detonation. This can be Accomplished electrically oF by use of equal lengths of detonating cord, with ‘cap erimped on the endthat teinserted into the charge. As detonation is initiated In exch point of the diamond and moves toward the center, the detonating waves meet at the exact center of the charge, are deflected downward, and cut the shaft cleanly at that point, The diamond charge la more time consumag to construct, and requires both more care and more materiale to prime. Translerring the charge dimensions to = template or cardboard or even cloth permits relatively easy charge construction (working directly on the target is extremely diffical!). ‘The completed wrapped charge is then transferred to the target and taped or tied tm place, insuring that maximum close contact Ie achieved. The templaie techalque should be used for both the saddle and diamond charges. eis THICKNESS fenoox puasme,ve To 6 IN. iN DIAMETER £ BLOCK PLASTIC, WER, IN ANDLP TO" IN. ENO VIEW SIDE VIEW BASE = | CROUMFERENCE OF TARGET TOP VIEW Figure 14 Saddle ctarge m1? TS OF DETONATION |-eHoT an TOP VIEW SIDE VIEW EXPLOSIVE THICKNESS «4 BLOCK OF PLASTIC EXPLOSNE, END VIEWPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vole 4 POINTS OF DETONATION Figure 18 Dimond Charge me18 4G. Ribbon Charge. To cet flat or nce-oylindrical ateel targets the ribbon charges produce excellent results al a considerable savings Ia explosive, Di- mensions are'as follows: the thickness ofthe charge {v equal to the thicksese of the target lo be cet. (Note: sever ovastruct a obarge legs thas 1/2 toh tidok.) ‘Widths of tha ribhon 1a equal Lo twioe the thickness of the target. Length of tha charge ts equal lo the length of the desired oul. Prima from an andy and for Faletively iia chargea, build up the end to be primed. Bulld up corsers if the charge (+ destgned fo cul « target owh as an I-beam. Tamplng ls unnecessary with the ritiboa charge. Aframe can be coustructed out of stiff cardboard oF ply- ‘wood to give rigltity to the charge aad to facilitate bundling, carrying, and em- placing it, The ritboa charge is affective only agaiust targets up te 2 inches thick, which effectively ascounta for tha great majorityof Cat steel targets likely to be anonentared. J mcwess oF wroers pol worse 3 tes “CAN OeSimeD LENGTHY Tereeies 4, Panto Explonive, Excellent resulta have boon obtained in outting railrond Falla and other atee! targeta by using improvised paste exploaive, An example of Pants offootivences follows: the standard steel cuitingforeaula, Pa 1/8 A, ylolos an anawer of 660 grams of oxplosire required to out a rail PO Ib/yard. Eighty krams of paste explosive ware astuslly used, and this charge removed more then 1 (oot af the track. ©. Shaped Charges, if available, manufactured shaped charges will always Give renults far superior to those produced by any improvised shiped charges. The angie of the cavity of an {mprorised shaped charge should be between 30 and 50 degrees, Standoff should be from 1 to 2 times the diameter of the cone. Hight of the explotive, measured from the basa of the cone abould be twice the height of the cone. Esact oester priming and tightly packed CA Le Important. Trial and error exportmentation in determining optimam stand-off Ia necessary. Apolnt worth mentioning in preparing bellow-bottomed bottles for shaped charge 12 18 to hold the bottle upright when beraing the string soaked vith gasoline. ‘As the fame goee out submerge tte bottle, neck firat, in waters aad if properly Gone, the bottle will break olsanly where the string was burned. Hemispharionl cavitien will produce more surtaoe damage on the target but leas penetration. A true cone with an angie of approrimately 45 degrees will produce more pene ‘tration, which wltimately Ie the desired resulta. (See Ngure 11.) f. Platter Charge. Theplatter charge has bees developed to breach volatile fuel containers and Ignite thelr contents, from distamoes up to 5 yards depending on the size of thetarget, Theplattar can alsa employed to destroy amall electri- eal transformers or other similarly “soft targets, againtrom a distasce Platters do not have tobe rouadoraonatara althoagh « round, oonoave plat tor 1s undoubtedly best, (The oonouve aide of the platter faces the target, and the axplaaiva goes onthe revere, or gouresaide,) First; square or rovtengular platters are permissible with steel betagthe best material. Platter size prefer- ably sheuld be botwoon Mto6 poundsyand weight of explosive slanld approximately equal platter weight. Thoasplosive shouldbe aatiormly packed behind the platter vd tt cust be primed trum waxct rear unter, (Build ap the CA in the unter of ‘the oharge If neveasary to fasure detonation.) A container 1s completely unneo- ‘cseury for (he platar Charge OS LOBE Af #O%6 Way Li found to beld the plasilo 114 SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK firmly to tha pintter) tape is ncoeptable, The ringe Le scrasthing in the nelghbor- hood of 28 to 80 yards, With prectiog, « good Gemolitioalst oan hit « 68 gallon drum, a relatively emall targel af 20 yards ®t pervest of the tims, The iargret ginsa or ceramic platters do not give results upproaating those of steal. 1-20 & Improvised Claymoreor Improvised Grapeshot Charge. One of the most effective antipersomel charge that canbe Lmprovined in the fleld requires the use Of CA and only a few other widely availible materials. A contalner such as a mumber 10 can ts excellent, although virtually aay elzed can or container could obviously te wed, The ratio of projectiles ideally ehould be emall pleces of steel although other objects can beused. Iron, brass, and stones can be used but, for the more fragile items, reduce the wel ght of explosive and add a few inches of Dulfer material, either earth or leaves, between the explosire azd the projectiles. To prepare the change, place the projectiles inthe container. Wext place a layer of thick cloth, felt, cardboard, wood, or some silmilar material orer the nrojec- tiles. Whenever in doubt about the amount of explosive touse, use a lighter rather than a heavier charge, Agnintrisland error experimentation 1s extremely important in arriving at thebest chargeloading. The effectiveness of the finished Product in thia case makes all such efforts extremely worthwhile, Pack the C4 uniformly behind the separator diac, prims from exact reur center, and alm the charge towsrd the center of thedeatredtargetares. We obtain excellent resulta, in clapersion, penetration, and range, by ubing expended .65 caliber slugs. ‘The mous problem to guard against Ls the tendency to overcharge. A relatively small ‘amount of C4 12 allthat is necessary to propel the projectiles: anything moze will pulverize them, 3. Soap Dish. An excellent charge for both rupturing and sguting the con tents of rolatile fuel containers 1s the soap dish which, In contrast to the platter charge, must be placed direclly on the target. Using a ttandard GI soap dis, ‘Sonttiners up to 109 gallons can berellably attacked. Charge proportions are as follows: Equal parts by volume of plastic explosive and thermate mix are placed in the container to be used, ways Insuring that the Incendiary mix !8 placed ‘Against the target, The mix can be composed of x number of compounds, among which are: thred parts potassium chlorate and wo parte sugar, oF two parts aluminum powder to three parts of ferric oxide, In Lieu o! these Improvised in- cendlary mixes, the contents trom thermate gronades cin be used or military Symamite may be used as the explosive and match heads as the incendiary, As a Tule of thumb, a thin clgar box (from at inch and a ball to an'inch and three quarters thick) Loaded us specified above with one-half C4 to one-half inceadlary ‘Huix will reliably rupture and {nite volatile fuel containers of up to 1,000 gallon Gapanity. A charge of approximately tvice the eine will successfully attack dontainers of up to 6,000 gallon oapacity, To prime the charres always insure that the cap te tmerted intathe explostveand nol the Incendiary mix. Holding the charge in place may be acoumplished bytheuse of magnets oF adhesive. Always Inaure that the charge is placed below the fuel level in the container. De21 Figure 11 Shaped Charge 1-STANDOFF-1 to 2 times diameter of cone 2-CONE ANGLE-30" to 50” 3-EXPLOSIVE DEPTH-1 times hel ght of cone 4-DETONATED REAR DEAD CENTER $. Opposed Charge. (Also calledthe “oountertorce!' or ‘Year mi!" charge.) Within its Limitations, whieh are quite restrictive, the opponed charge offere dramatic savings in explosives for destreying reinforced concrete targets. The rule of thumd for construction imas follows: for sach foot of target thickness, up to a maximum of 4 feet, use 1 pound of Cis for fractions of a foot, go to the next higher pound. Divide the total amount of C4 exactly (0 half, placing one hall of the charge on each side of the target, diametrically opposite exch other. (This ‘brings up one Limitation, the requirement to Lave two sides of the target acces allie.) Prime the two charges to detonate arantly simultaneously, and the targot Will be destroyed as the shock wares mset in the center of the target and, Ls eMfect, canse tt te virtually oxplode from within, 1 will be ouied that the chars mize has been reduces by ene-halfthe aru ~alled for in previous publications, Tile charge fwonyl _“eccvs 48d Pell... —csinet targete Hhat ure approxmatalyPOOR MAN"S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 square and oot muoh much larger than 4 feet square. (See figure 12) 1. Improvised Cratering Charge. Ammostum aitrate fertilizer Is a matertal that Us readily avallanio in many paria of tba world. With AN . and one other simple tngrediont we have the ability lo ‘Hatlor make’! cratering charges to practically any size oF configuration. A rule of thumb for the eonstreatios of an Improvised orateriag charge 1a ea follows: to exch 26 pouads of ammonium al- trae fertiliser, which should be tha prilled or pelleted variety, add approximately 22 1 quartof diesel fuel,motor oll, oF gassline, The motor ail may be dralned from A crankcase, which will not Impair the effectiveness of the charge. Allow the charge to soak for! Four,prime with pound of TNT, er ita equivalent, tamp well im an approariate borehole, anddetonale. ‘The results cbtalnable with this charge compare very favorably with the manfactured varlets. The prilled Ammonium Nitrate fertilizer should be of a bird having at least 33 1/3 percert nitrogen content and care should be exercised tosce thet the fertilizer used Le not damp. Olvinusty tt cannot he left for extended times in a borthole or water vill reduce the cffretiveness of the charge. When difficulty ts encountered in prodveing « lorehole diameter that (9 capable of accommisdating the bulk ofthe manufantured 40 pound cratering charge, B 1/4 by 17 Inches, excellent results can be obtained by pouring and tamping the Improvised AN cratering charge Into the available =pacr. PETONATING CORD LENGHTS OF CORD+ Ws) BE EQUAL) Figure 18 1-23 & Improvised Ammonlum Nitrate Satchel Charge, While the cratering charge referred to earlier ts undeniably » goodone, tt tm really only suitable for cratering use. A more manageable charge can be producod from AN, using wax as the second iagredieat, rather than ofl. The procedure for making this charge ts merely to melt ordinary parafin and atir in AN pellets, inmuring that the wax 1s thoroughly mixed with the AN while #tillhot, Before the mixture hardens add = one-half pound block of TNT, or its equivalent, as primer. 4 number 10 can makes a good container for this charge although practically aaything romy be used. The addition of suitable shrapnel material and « tandle fo the exterlor of the charge makes an excellent expedient satcbelchargetht Is more manageatle then the AN andoil mixture and much esa susceptible to moisture. In fact, thie charge can be stored for extended periods without regerdto humidity and without lose of effectiveness. 1. Dust initiator. The employmentof'a small laltisior charge to make use of explosive energy provided ata larget site Le an sconomieal means of destroying certain types of targets. Animprorised dust initiutor charge can be constructed as follows; To make the standard 1 pound clarge use half explosive and half incendiary mix. The explosive may booither powdered TNT (obtained by crushing the TNT In a cantas bag cr C3. Ct dove not properly mlx with the Incendiary and will not produce the desired result. The incendiary mix may be two parts of aluminum powder to tiree paris of ferric oxide; magnosium powder may be used to lieu of sluminum powder. If used vith powdered TNT, the to should be thor= oughly mixed. If used with C3, the incendiary mix should be thoroughly mixed throughout the half-pound of explosive. Thedustinithitor requires a “surround” Which t merely the addition of a ruitable, finely divided (dust) material or « olatile fuel such as gasoline. The DI works best in an Inclosed space; and such 115 SPECIAL FORCES 'HANDBOOK targets as boxcar, warehouses, and other relatively windowless structures are eat sulted to an attack by this means, A rule of thumb for ile employment ts thet Uree’to fire pounds of cover or surround should be provided for each 1.000 ‘unto feet of target. The L pound DI charge wit! ellectivaly disperse and detorate up to 49 pounds of cover charge. The effect of the wurround as it le firet scattered and then detonated by the long-lasting flame of the Dl's explosion te to increase the internal explottve pressure from 500 to 900 porceat over the effect of the DI being detonated withoit @ surround. [ated with gasoline the optimum remults are ofained by only ustcg 3 gallons of the fuel. The addition of more gasoline ‘wot only does mot produce better resalts, the fuel usually will not sven be detonated, A largenumber of dust materiale can be used as a surround, laclucing cou dust, cooon, bulk powdered coffee, confectioners sugar, tapioca, and powdered ‘soap. A good expediat DI ohargeoan alas be produced by packaging the contsate oftwo thermate grenades around atiek of military dynamite, (Note thal this ts fost the DI charge to which a surround omust be added.) ma ‘VL DMPROVISED INCENDIARIES, EXPLOSIVES AND DELAY DEVICES, As agenert! rule improvised 18 and Incendlaries are much more dangorous to haadle thas cosven- tHooal explosives. Such mixtures as the chlorate-sager mix mentioxed below foun be ignited or detonated by a single spark, axcensive heat, or merely by tha trlction generated ty slirring or mixing the Ingredients together. The danger ta hasdllag theee items cannot te over emphasized. A. Chlorate-Sugar Mix. Thie mixture cen be either an incendiary or az ex- plosive. Sugar ia the compion granulated tousehold variety. Either potamstum chlorate or sodium chlorate may be used; potassium fe preferred. Proporions un be equal parts by rolume,or Sparts of chlorate fo 2 parte of sugar preferred. Mix i: oF on anos-sparking murface. Unsonfised, the mix ts 4n incendiary. Con- fined in 1 Ughtly capped length of pipe it will explode when a spark is tntroduced, Such a pipe bomb wil produce camualtien, but will not be mutable for breaching oF cutting task, Concentrated sulfuric actd will ignite thie feat burning ia- cmdlury mixture, Placing the acid int gelatin capsule, balloon, cr other suliable contaloer will ;provide « delay, (length of which depends on how long it takes the aslo to eat through the container). b, Potasstum Permanganate And Sugar. Another fast burning, firet fire mix ts obtained by mixing potassium permanganate, # parts, tb one part rugar. It ia comewhat hotter than the chlorate sugar mux, and can be tgnited by the aduition of « few drope of glycerine. c. Sawdust and Wax. An effectireand long buralng incendiary can be pro daeed by adding molten wax or tar to aawdut. The advantage of thie facendlary fo that 18 componsats are traly universally avaliable. 4. Maichheads, Aquaatity of matchhesds ct trom common mefety matches will make either a fast burning Incendiary ory f confined, en exploaive. A langth of pips filledwithmatchhesds andcappedard taxed makes an effective antipersca- nel bomb, Again extreme custion must be exercised in handling of matchbeads 1s T-28 Dulk—a single spark will detonate or lgaite them, 8. Unprovised Napalm, To elther gasolingor Kerosene add finely cut soup chips. Pure SOAP must bs used, not detergents. Worklag tn the open, use x double botler with the bottom portion filled approx 3/4 full of water. Heat until fel comes to a boll and then simmers. Stir constantly until the dealred covsia- tency ts reached: Remember that t will thicken further oa cooling, Trial and error experimentation will determine proper amounts for beat reaults._ £. Improvised Thermite Grenade, Themala burning ageat, the thermite, te composed of 3 parta of iron oxide fo 2 parte of aluminum powder; A cermmie flower pot makes x good container for the thormlte. A potsaslam chlorate and suger firet fire mix of S parte chlorate aid 2 parts sugar 18 placed in a paper ube nunning down through the thermite, Wien the chlorate 1s Ignited, it ta turn ignites the thermite, which can be used to attack mild steel. The thermite mix urna at approx.4,000 degrees, 1. Molded Brick Incendlartes, Proportions are parts aluminum powder, 4 parts water azd 5 parts plaster of paris. Ml the aluminim and plaster ihor~POOR MAN*’S .TAMES BOND Vol. 4 oughly together, thea add the water aad stir vigorously. Pour the resulting mix into a mold, let harden, and dry for 2 to § weeks. While they are difficult to tgaite, a dry mix of 3 parts of oxida and 2 parts of alum!mum powder abould be. used Thesebricks burnwithintense heat and are sultable for melting mild ateel. 2 CAAB An eentiary. Most plastic explosives, including C3 and C4 can be used as an incendiary. They are easy to tgaite and bure with « bot fume of Yong durstion, 1. Sulfuric Acid can be unedto ignite chlorate and sugar. An expedieat mottod of obtaining sulfurto acid ie as follows: Drain the Ligild from one or more wet cell batteries, place it in a plass, pottery or ceramic container, and eat It, As the Liquid comes to a Doll it will begin to emit a dease white smoke, Remove the remaining Liquid from theheat, allowto cool, and place It in a tightly stoppered glass bottle. Test the acid before each operational use. J. Fire bottle, Fill a glass bottle about one-fifth fo one-fourth full with oulfurio acid, Fill the remainder with gasoline, herosene, or a combination of both, Adi water to potassium chlorate and sugur mlx, and soak rage tsi the mix. ‘Wrap the Fags around the hottie, teinplace, and allow dry. When throws, the Rottle will break, the sold will ignite the chlorate sugar saturated rage, which in turn will Ignite the fuel. ‘Theraatte, i" any ize can withaticks tied or ‘aped idea and cut small hole tn bortom. Cover botesm with paper. Place round stick wrapped in paperin middle of e1n, Fill bottom of oun 1/4inch with meg- nesium. Over this piace mxtura of 3 te oxide and 2 parts abumi- Remove stock end fill hole with mixture 3 parts potassium chlorate and | part augur. On bop of thts place paper big containing chlor- ste-ougar mixture, Place fuze In top, tamp with dirt or clay. Figure 19 FLU bottle with eapalm, jelly gus or 2. Molotov Cocktail, 2102 ratio mixture of gua and oul. Use wick of rag or cotton dipped im wax. Light before throwing. Figure 20 Satobel Charge. Fill ¢ 10 can with mixture of ammonium altrate and malled was, atirring Vigorowly to insure » complete mix. Primewith amall amount of C4 or TNT be- ‘Add a rope handle for conysnleat improvised satchel fore mixture hardens. eharge. eat 4. Improvised Bick Powde: (1) Materials required Percentby Wt. Parts by Vol. Potaattum Nitrate ™ 2 Powdered Charcoal 16 3 Sulpber 10 2 (2) Procedure. (4) Diesolve potasatumaitr a ‘weight of water to one part nitrate. (©) Ia « second container, dry mix,the powdered charcoal and sul~ 116 inwaterusinga ratio of thres parte SPECIAL Bher by stirring with a wooden stick or rotating in a tighlly closed container. FORCES HANDBOOK {0 Add » few drops ot potassiumnitrate solulion to the dry mixture and blend to obtain a thoroughly wet paste. Then add the rest of the solution and ati, {¢) Pour the mixture into sshallow dish or pan and allow ts stand ‘until {t evaporates to a peste-like consisiency. Mix the pasts thoroughly with « ‘wooden stick to assure uniformity and set aside for further drying. {@) When the mixture {s nearly dried, granulate by forcing through « Plece of wire screening. The granules are thes spread thinly und allowed to dry. e. Improvised Fuse. (1) String Fuse- (Hot) 3/4 cup water, 1 teaspoon potassium chlorate-toil 90 minutes, (2) String Fuse-2cek In gasoline und dry, Burns slowly, (3) Strlag Puse-{Cold)3/4cupwater, Z teaspoons poleseium nitraie. 1-28 n ed (1) 1.8 parts potunetam mitrate oF andium nitrate, 18 pasta charcoal, | part nulpbur foo detonaiar, al fe) ‘pare ugar, Coetain Is 4 Land pipe 0 de: Cd TISCLATTon MENGES a2 TO? BD POTASSTIM cnLouaTE Pigere 1 Types af Delays — e ducan ber bh Flame Muminator. (1) FAIL container 3 Inches trom top w/‘thickened fuel and seal tightly. (2) Put three wrape det cord ontop onside of rim puck with dist or mud. (2) Wrap grenade with det cord aniplare next to container. Tle to main dot cord Line, Sor Tee Figure 22POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vo. A. Munch Flare (Burne for 90 minutes, lights dia $0 Mate: Q) Remere creas bars from metal mm moriar ean. @) Punch 3 3/8**bolesineach side 1/2 way betwoen top and bottom. @) Punch bole not stgyar than 1/8" In bottom of fmm mortar metal sbell container. (© Temporastly U1 bales, (10 comainer 3/4full w/thickened fuel, apply heary grease to caps and acfix tignuy. ®) Place 61 containers capa down fn 60 mortar container, wedge ght with stones, etc, mien fil 60mm = mortar ran with Lafekened fuel up 1 holes, (6) Retore plage from 1/8" holes la bottom of Bimm shell container, () The illumination handgrende berween fi mm cane juat abore tere! of 60 mm can, Run trip wire from grenade pin uI-s0 DRIED SEED TIMER Atime delay device forelectrtcal fisingetreults can be made using the pria~ ciple of expansion of dried seeds. MATERIAL REQUTRED: Dried peas, beans or other dehwitrated seeds Wide mouth giana jar with ronmetal cep ‘Two screws or tolta ‘Thin metal plate Hand drill Serewiriver PROCEDURE! 1. Determine the rate of rise of the dried seeds selected. Thie-la necesaury t determine delay time of the time t. Piece « sample of thedled seeds in the Jar and cover with water. by Meanure thé time it tukes forthe seeds to nee a given height, Most driec seeds increase SOF in’ } to 2 Pours, 2. Cul a die from thin metal plate. Diao sould ft loosely Inside the jar. NOTE W metal ts panied, runty oF otherwise costed, It mest be scraped or sanded 0 obtain a clean metal surface. 4. Drill tvo holes Jn the cup of the jar tout 2 tiches apart, Diameter of bolew ‘sould be wach that screws or bolts will thread tightly into them. Ifthe Jar nas a metal cap oF no cep, a plece of wood 01 plastic (NOT METAL) can be ued as = st tnnoemuemaranme | Ng ven shaw mnergnmans boat one In. (2 1/2 em) into ther. anens -y 2. Pow driea wee into Ue container. The Tevel will depend upon the previous ly measured rise time and the desired delay Place the metal disc inthe Jar on 23 ole anode, How 79 vse: 117 SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK Coneeeting Wires 2. AMtach connecting wires trom te frtag etrenitio a nee nerent oatbecup. see) Deved Seete Expansion of the seeds will reive the metal diac un) 1 coniacis tht Rerwws and cloaee te etreuit CARDBOARD CYLINDER, k. Tin Can Grenade, Tin cin, jar or almilar cvntainer. Bolts, nuts, metal scrap, ete. Commercial or improvised Black Powder. Commercial or improvised fuse cord, Cardboard or heary paper and tape. Procedus 1. Tape cardtoard or heivy paper inioe cylinder approximately 1/2 the diameter of the tin can or other container, 2, Insert the fuse into one ond of this cylinder, pack tightly with back powder and tape the enda clo. 3. Insert the cylinder into the can ab town in Figure 23 and ourround with tolts, nuts, meta) scrap and/or atones. Closa the can with a lid which has a hole in the center for the fuse to pens through. if the container used has.no id, It may be closed with « plece of wood, metil oF cardhoard of the required sise taped In place. mess ‘Wu. CHEMICALS Sremicat Symbol source Potasstum Permanganate KMNO4 Drug Store, Hospital, Gym Potassium Chilorate KCLO, Drug Store, Hospital, Gym Potassinm Nitrite KNOg Fertilizer, Explosive Mgfr Sodium Nitrate NANO Fertilizer, Glass Mgfr Ammonium Nitrate (NHYNOg Fertilizer, Explosive Mgfr Forrie Oxide Fe20y Har are or puint storePOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 118 SPECIAL FORCES HANDEOOK Powdered Aluminum = AL Paint store, electric, auto Cratering. Magnesium ME Auio Mgtr, Stachine, Chemical Glycerine Cglg(OMy Drug Store, Soup, Candle Mefr Sulphurte Acid HS, Garage, Machine Stop, Hospital Sodium Chlorate NeClOy —_-Matoh, Explosive Ngfr, Plant Sulphur 8 Drug Store, Match Mgfr TX Delays. Cigarette (In match book or tox) Candle (surrounded by inflammable material) Spark (from sbort circuited electrical wires) Sulphuric Acid (sugar chlorate mixture) Mitrete Acid (sugar chlorate mixture) Glycerine (sugar permangate mixture) Water Delay (soe diagram) Watch Delay (see diagram) X. DEMOLITION DATA arise ‘Figure iT Plicement of charges for hasty road crater. m3? Bridge Abutmmt Destruction. 4 PARALLEL CRCUITS Figure 28 Charges placed tn OU lene In thicknews. (The 4 relnforoed concrete abutment 5 “=~ BREACHN EEE sae 20 FT OR LESS IN HEIGH ‘ap, USE BREACHING CHARGES ON REAR FACE ONLY Figure 25. Common series circuit Figure 29 Placement of charges behind concrete abuiment more than 3 fet thiex. m3 m-8SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK BLACQGNT OF URGES O RAIIGES (coNTTINED) POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 119 Mgure "M0 ~ parte of fixed bridge Ne 1 Ti cur Sires a PT ease 1 susrenceo sean i INA testnoy ony Tis | "POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 PASO OF OMIT TP Mk DROIT 120 onto aa Temmon wince SITUATION MAP SKETCH {INCLUOE PRINCIPAL TERRAIN FEAT= JURES;IMMEDIATE @VENUES OF APPROACH; OBSERIATION AND COVER, MAP COCRDINATES). DRY CREEK BED PROVIDES COVERED APPROACH FOR FOOT TROOPS, SCATTERED TREES, | FEW CLUMPS BRUSH. x A I\VZ COORDNATES BOULDER COVERED HILL ‘COMMANDING BRIOGE AND APPROACH. Figure 41 m4 Xd. TARGET RECONNAISSANCE REPORT GUIDE. Target: —_s Location: ee ‘Times Obeerveds ee General Deseriptioa: pm Proposed Action: ee SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK Route: To and from target areas, appronch and withdrawal routes, rallying Points. mission support sites, cucte alten and final assembly ares may be elected. Requirements: (Determine availability before recon} Explosives: Equipment: Personnel: Time: Remarks Vousual feataren of alter Ouard system, Labor and tims estimate required for bypase or repel: Sketches: (On reverse side) ‘Situation map sketch (overhead view): Magoatic north, principal terrain concealment, svenuce of spprosch to target, direction ofenemy, ste. Line drawing of target (¢ide orangle view): Critical over-all dimensions and placement of charges. Cross sections of members to be cut (cut-away rlew): exact dimensions. m-45 CHAPTER 4 AIR OPERATIONS L_PREPLANNED AIR RESUPPLY OPERATIONS: & Automatic ly Plan. This plan provides for initial automatic ree Placement of essential equipment and suyplies, primartly communications equip- ment, immediately after infiltration. {1) Pretnfiltration planning includes: D2 selection, DZ markings, drop time and date, and supplies to be dropped. (2) Immediately ier infiltration provide for replacement of essential ‘equipment and supplies, particularly communtestions equipment. (Si) The automatic remupply plan maybe received aa planned, modified, oF may be cancelled after Inilitration, once contact lt esiablished with the SFOB. (4) If the detachment falls to contact the SFOB after infiltration, the drop As executed as preplanned, 2, Emergency Resupply Flan, This plan provides for emergency replacement, of supplies and equipment essential to individual survival, communications, and combat throughout the time that the detachment {» In the operational ares, @) Preteititration planning Includes: provisional DZ selection to be con- firmed afer infiltration, DZ markings, drop date and time based upon the emer- gency, and supplies to be dropped. (2) Aner inflitration te completedand communications established with the SPOR, te emergency D2 location (which Is known only to the special forces detachment members) Is either conirmed oF a new location 1s designated. (3) Tho preplanned emergency resupply droptenormally executed after the detachment misses a specified, consseutiremumber of scheduled commanica- tloas contacts, 0. DROP ZONES: & General. The seloctionof 2 DZ must satisfy the requirements of both the alrorew and the rooypticn committee. The aircrew must be able to locate and Adeatity the DZ. The reception committee selects « site that fe accossible, Teasooably secure, and permits aife delivery of incoming perscneel and/or aupplies. wa Ae conatderatons, (1) Destratie terraia features. [a) Thegeneral area surrounding tht ste must be relativily free from ‘obstacles which may toterfere with safe MightPOOR MAN*S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 (0) Flt or rolling terrain te desirable; hewevyr, tn mountetnows oF Nily country, sites selected at higher elevations auch ax Level platamne exn be used. 6) Small valleys oF pockets completely surrounded by hills are diffi cult fo locate and should act scrmally be used, (0 torderto asiordthe tr support ualt flexibalty in eetecting the TP, ft 1a dunrable ut he alrcraft be able to approach the target site from any threction, {e) There should bean open approach gaadrant of st leest 909 to allow the sircrew « choice when determining thatr approach track from the IP. Ce mediam alreraft, provides: pu eich side of the site iL Jevelrarningradies of 3 miles, (§ kilometers) por LS Mlemetera for bg wireraf (Figare 2). Figare 1 ez (@ Bining ground or billsof more than 1,090 feet (908 meters} elera— tHoa above the aurface of the atte should sormally be at least 10 miles from DZ, for night operations, In exceptionally mountainous arexs deviations {rom thie requremest may be made, Any devistion will be noted in the DZ report. @) Deriations from the afprementioned mintmum distances cause the aircraft to fly at higher than deairable altitudes when executing the drop. (2) Weather in drop areas, The prevailing weather conditions in the area must be considered. Ground fogs, mista, haze, smoke, and lowhunging cloud conditions may interfere with tiaual algnala and DZ markings, Excessive winds alsa hinder operations, (9) Obstactes. Dueto the iow altitudes at which operational drops are con- ducted, conmideration must ba given to aavigational cbatacles in azceas of 300 feet (90 meters) atove the level of the DZ and within « radius of 5 miles (8 Kilometers), If such obstacles exist and ure sot shown on the Lisued mape, they must be reported. (4) Enemy afr defenses. Drop aites should be located 20 a8 to preclude the aircraft flying over or near enemy aif Installations when making the final approach to the D2. ¢. Ground Considerations. (1) Shape and size, (a) The most destratie shapefor 1DZ ts square or round. This per- mite 1 wider choice of aircraft approach directions than ia normully the case with rectangular-shaped altes, (%) The required length of « DZ depends psimarily oa the number of unita lo be dropped asd the length of their dispersion pattern, 1, Dispersion occurs when two of more personnel or container? ented consecultvely {roman alreraft inflight. The long axts of the landing gattern {a usually parallel to the direction of ‘ight (Figure 2). -3 -E_ Diaperaton to compited using the rue-of-thamb ioremitas 1/2 creed of uroraft nots} x extt ime (evcondals dieparsion (matare). Bit time ts {he elapeed time between the axits of the firat and last Itemb. ‘The length of the dlepersice patters represents the absolute 121 SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK Length of dtepertion pattarns in metars equals 1/2nircraft speed (in knots) times exit Uma (1a seconde}; Figure 2. Computation of Dispersion Mperaonaal are to be droped, of ot least 100 meters 1s added lo vash ood of the DZ alte. safety factor (©) The width of rectangular-ehiped DZ's abouldallow for minor er ore in computation of wind drift. (@ The use of 02's monvuring lesothan 300 x 200 metare should be ves arvided. (2) Surtace. (a) The eurfaeofthe DZ shouldbe reascasbly level and free from ob- structions such us rocks, trees, fences, etc. Tundra and pustures are types of terrain which are ideal for both personnel ard cargo reception. (4) Personnel D2’e located at comparatively high elevations (6,000 foot (L840 meters) or higher) should, where possible, utilize eoft sxow or grise~ landa, duo to the increased rate of parachute deaceat. (©) Svampe and low marshy ground, normally leas deairable in the summer, apd paddy flelds when dry often make good drvp soxes. (@ Personnel and cargo ean be received ou water DZ'a, A, Minimum depths for reveptionof perecusel ls 4 feet and ar rapgementa must be made for raptd plolup. 2 The parfeos of the waler mast be olvar of floating debris or moored craft, and thare should be oo protruding boulders, ledgee, or pilings, 3. Tho water must also be olearof underwater obstructions to « depth of 4 toot. 4. Water reveption points ptould not benear shallows or whare oarreate are awit. S Minimum safe water temperature ts 60°F. (10°C), (0) Sepply drop sones may, tn general, utilize any of the following trpee of vurtacer: L. Bartaose containing gravel or mali stones no larger thas « man’s fet, 2. Agrioultural ground, although in theimtarest of security, tt ls inadvisable to ase cultivated fleliie, 2. Sites containing brush oF even tell tresas however, marking of the DZ and the recovery of coatalners 18 more diffoult. ws 4 Marsh, evamp, oF water sites, provided the depth of water oF fFomth of vegetation will not result tn lose of containers. @) Ground Security. The baste considerations for ground security are that the DZ be: (4) Locuted to permit maximam freedom trom enemy interference, () Lolated or tn a sparsely populated ares. (©) Accessible to'the reception committes by concealed approach and withdrawal routes.POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 ( Aduicent to areas multablefor thaceching of eupplise und éiapotl- ton of serial delivery equipment. ML REPORTING DROF ZONES: ‘4s. Drop Zona Date. The minimem drop zone data which is reported includes: 1) Codename, Extracted trom the SOI, also, indicate Lf primary or alter- nate DZ, @) Location, Complete miittary grid coordinates of the cester of the DZ. ®) Open Quadrant, Measured trom center of DZ, reparted as 1 sariea of ‘magneti2 azimuths. The open quadrant indicates acceptable alraraft approaches (Figure 3), W) ‘Track. Magnetic azimuth of required or recommended alroraf sp prouches (Figure 3} (. Obstacles. Those that are over 300 feet (10 meters) in elevation shore te level of the Dz, within a radius of'5 miles (8 lometers) and which are 204 thowa cn the Issued maps. Obstacles are reported by description, magnetic azimuth, and distance from the center of the DZ (Figure 4). (8) Reference point. A lancmark shown on the issued maps, reported by tame, magnetic aximith and distance from the center of the DZ (Figure 4), Used with (2) above tn plotting the DZ location, Sette es (se Te pilot « view of ‘Opes quadrants abore would be reported as: OPEN 130 bp 270 AND 330 to 012 DEG Figure 3 Computation of Open Quadrant Wet {N Date/time drop requested. ) Noms requested. Extracted from the catalog supply system, b, Additional ems. Inepectalsituations, addition) ttems may be required, 8g, asiditional reference points, tavigational check potnta in the ricialty of the DZ, epecial recognition and authentication means, Sub-paragraphs (7) and (8) above are Included oaly when requesting « resupply muasion in conjunction with the reporting of the DZ, ©. Azimuths, Aztmuths are reported a» magnetic and in three dt the exception of the alreraft track, all azimuths are mensured from the center of the DZ. Appropriaia abbreviations ara asad. 122 SPECIAL FORCES HANDEOOK {oustactz) qurnYicx ror) Reporting obstacles and reference pointe v8 4. Initial Pointe (IP's). It te desirable to reconcile the requasied stroraft track with an identifiable landmark that may be uted by the atrcrew us an Initial polat ((P). The DP, located at a dlatance of § t 15 miles (8-24 kilometers} from the D2, {a the final aarigational chockpotnt prior to reaching the target. Upon reaching the 12, the pilot tune to a predstarmined magretic heeding thut take Aim over the DZ within 4 certain number of minutes (Figure 5}. The following features constitute suitable [P'a: Pipure 4, Rees tates eee th eee Wve (1) Consttines, A constline withbresking surf fe easily distinguished at ight. Moutha of rivers cver 50 yarde wide, sharp uprisings, and inlets are excellent guides ‘or both day and night. @) Hivers and cinals. Weodedbanks recuce re‘lections, but rivers more than $0 yarda wide are vistble from the alr, Canale ure easily reooglzatle from thelr s:raight banks and uniform width. Small streams are not dlecernitle at aight. @) Lakes, Lakes at leastone-hait mile (1 kilometer) square give good ght reflection. (8) Forest and woodlands. Forested areas at least one-half mile square with clewrly defined boundaries of unmisiakatle share. () Major roads und Highways. Straight stretches of main roads with one or more tule: For night recognition, dark surfaced roads wre ot deotrable as IP's although whea the ruacs are wel, reflection from moonlight @ namie,POOR MAN*S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 IV. MARKING DROP ZONES: Purpose, The parpoas of DZ markings {s to Idestify the sits for the alr crew and t indicate the point over which the personnel and/cr cargo thould be released (release potat). The procedures for marking 02's are determined prior to infiltration and are tneluded tn the SOL. &, Equipment (The marking of D2’ at night during clasdestine operations will normally be only by flashlights, Flashlighte maswactured in the country are eustly procured by the guerrillas, give alequate directioral lighting when properly held, and ure not incriminating when found by the security forces on the person of a memter of the realsiance force. In rare instances other poneible lighting devices swh as flares, Sarepots, fuses, or small wood fires may be wed. (2 For caylight operations 2 satisfactory method i» the use of terued Panel Marcing Set AP-80 or VS-16. If lamued panele are not available, sheets, stripe of colored cloth or other aubstitutes may be iesued as long as there La sharp contrast with the background. Smoke salgnuls, either emoke grenade or Wao simple smudge fires, prestty aeniat ine alrorew {8 siping a DZ markings om the approach rua. {Tea use of toctrontchomung derices permits ihe conduct of recertion operancea during conditions of low visibility. Such deticee normally ate sted 1b comunctioe with viaual marking systems. ©. Compuiation of Release Point, The release point must be determined 10 tneare delivery of personnal and/or cargo within the unable Linste f the DZ. Computation of the relener poist invcives ihe flloving fectors (Pigure ¢). Forvart tnrov = 100 metare crnteaees te 3 #8 Figure « W-n @) Perecasel from low velocity cargo drope. (a) Dispersioe. Dispersion in the lengthot the pattern formed by the ‘ent of the parachutiala and/or cargo coniassere (Figure 2. The desired point of impact for the first parachutist /contalner depends spon the calculated dispersion. (%) Wind drift. Tee is inenorizcotal austance traveled from the point of exit to the point of lasding as 4 result ef wind conditions. The releuse point s located un epproprite distance upwind from tha deatred Impact paint, To determine the amount of drift, use the following formulas: 1. For personnel using the T-L0 parachute: Drift (meters) 2 alt!- tude (undred of feat) x wind relocity (knota) x 4.1 (constant factor). 2 For all other lowveloetty parachute drops: Same as 1 above, however, substitute 4 constant factor of 1.6 for 4 NOTE: Where ne mechanical wind velocity todicator im available, the approx imate velocity can be determined by dropping bite of peper, Leaves, dry grass, or dust from the stoulder and pointing to the dry place where they land. The 123 SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK estimated angle ts degrees formed by the arm with the body, divided by 4, equals wind velocity. (0) Forward throw. Tals is the borisontal distance trareled by the parachatist ot oarge container between the point of axit ant the opening of the parachute, Ths fictor, combined with resctlontimect persoanel in the airezaft, iw compensated for by moving the release point an additional 100 metera in the direction of the alrerat approach (Figure 6). High veloetty and tree-drope, Dueto thelr rapid rate of descent, high velocity and free-drop lowde sre not materially affected by wiad conditions, Othermise, the factora of dispersion and forward throw are generully similar to those for personnel and low velocity drops and are compensated for ia the same manaer. AL Methods of Ralease Point Marking, There are two methsds for marting the DZ release point. The principal difference between the two is tha mathod of Providing identification. The marking systems described below are designed Primarily for operational drops executed at an absolute altimda of 600 fest (155 matere). ‘Training jumps executed at an absolute altitase of 1,250 feat (383 meters) require « modification of the marking systema. 1-12 1. Trainiog jumpe conducted at an absolute altitude of 1,250 feet (368 maters) require the use of a flank panel or ight placed 200 metera to the left of the release polst markings. The configuration of present cargo and troop carrying alreraft preveate the pilot from seeing the markings afer approaching within approximately one (1) mileofthe DZ wHile flying at 1,250 feet (385 metsrs) ateclute altitude, From this polst on, the pilot must depend on fiying the proper truck in order fo pass over the release point. The flask marker serves to indicate when the aircraft 1a over the release polat snd the exact moment the drop should be executed. Cperitional dropa executed at 600 feet (165 meters) adaclute altitude do sot require the flask panel because the pilot does not lose sight of the markings aa ha approachas the DZ: [See Figure 7} 2. Operational perecanel drops or scpply dropawithin a GWOA will sor~ mally be executed at altitudes between 600-800 feet for personel anc 400-600 feet for supplies. Raleuse point markings are differect numbers of Lights with different configurations for each 24-bour period. The exact sumber of lights and the exact configuration 1s determined by the detachment SOl. (See Figure #) Ives = —s Aten 03 * x ok markers 30m apart If tours perenne * uum * A oparaitonal altndes meee 1.250 est place caurary 230 apart Fe (extdines of the uumbar. ‘Atwayt use toe funk panel x tha Lo. iat cua cathe rhpetotRalese Polat, feo, ttpouatate to placert on that rue. Piguet, Meaode of releese point martang rv-14POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. Deter Hea oF panel Matto of 1115 Figure 9. Pluosment of DZ Markings * Fiscement of Markings. 1. Markings must be clearly vislble tothe pilct of the approuching alr- 4 aq i 5 t 8 124 SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK craft. Asa guide, markings must have aclesrance of at least 500 yurde (450 meters) from « 190-foot ($0 mater) mark (Figure 9). 2. Additionally, precautionp must be taken to insure that the markings can be seen only from the direction of the aircraft approach. Flasblights may be ‘equipped with simple hoods or shields and aimed toward the Qight path. Tires Or improvised flures are screened on three aides oF placed in pita with sien sloping toward the direction of aircraft approach. was 2, Whee panete are uaed ior Gaylign martingy of D2"s, hey are position od ah as angts of epprocimatety (5° fromthe harizodal o present the waximum feuriace towerd the appronching Wreral (Figure 10), (Datiecive Coafguration, wot seccasarity a ener) 2a dey ‘Govereace Point) Figure 19, Otetucles and Reference Polat 4 Area 22} We1t V. RECEPTION COMMITTEES: + General, A reception committes | formed to control the drop sone or tanding area. ‘The reception committes can be anyone who is capable of per- forming the following duties. A permanent committee for each unit provides the dest results, ellmiaating the need to cross train every one to be capable of us misston, However, training in depth abould be accomplished to insure that losses of key personnel will not adversely. affect the operation of the group a8 = whole. Q) Prorids security for tha reception operation. (2) Emplace DZ markings and air ground identifestion equpment, (3) Maintats surveillance of the site prior to and following the reception (6) Recover and dispose of incoming personnel and/er cargo. (®) Proride for dispatch of persontel and/or cargo tn evacuation eperi= Hons, (8) Provide for sterilization of the site twhen secrecy 1s possible asd de atrable caly). e. Composition, The reception committee is normally organized Inio fivePOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 ‘The composition and functions of the five parties are as follows: Q) Command party. (@) Cootrols and coordinaies the actions ofall receptica committee components, (©) Includes the reception committee lesser (RCL) and communications personnel, conslating of messengers and radio operators. (©) Provides medical support, to include Littar bearers, during person= net Crope. (2) Marking perty. (a) Operates the reception aite marking system, using one man for ‘each marker. a (b} The marking party must bewell rehearsed. Improperly placed or improperly operated markings may c1use an aborting of the mission. (S) Security party, (@) Insures that unfriendly elements do not interfere with the conduct of the operation. @) Conslete normally of laner and outer security sles 1. The inne security element {2 poaittoned n the immediate i= otnity of the alte and ts prepared to fight delaying or holding actions. 2. The outer security element consists of cutpeste established along upproschea to the area. They may prepare ambushes and roid blocks to preveut cusuy woveniet ward the site. (c)_ The security party maybe aspplemented by auxiliaries. Thase ara generally ceed 1 malstain survelllance of enemy actirities and keep the eecurity party Informed of hostile movements, (@) Provides march security for moves between the reception site and tthe destination of the cargo oF infiltrated personnel. (4) Recovery party. {a) Recovers cargo and asrial delivery equipment from the DZ. Un- leads ureraft of landing craft. (%) For nerial delivery operations the recoreryparty should consist of at least one man for cach parachuttel or cargo container. For such operations, the recovery party [a umually dtaperaed along tha length of the anticipated impact arte, The members spot each parachute a1 il deeceads and move to the Landing point, They thea recover all parsohule equipment ind cargo, moving to a pre- determined sssembly arex with the infiltrated paraonnal or equipment. (©) The recovtry partyle sormally responaible for sterilicitg the re- eption alse to insure that all traces of the oparation are'removed when secrecy 14 possible apd dosired, (8) Transport party. (4) Moves Items received to distribution points or caches. () May oonstet of part, oF all, of the members comprising the com- mand, marking, and recovery parties, rve19 VI. LANDING ZONES (LAND) & Goneral. The samo gororal conslderat:ons applicable to D2 selections apply to the selection of L.2'e, However,alte size, approach foaturee and security are far more Important. b. Selection (2) Desirable terrain fextures: (a) Lats should be located in flat or rolling terrain. (&) Level plateaunof suffictentalze can be ased. Due to decreas density, landings at higher elevations require Incr 125 SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK (€) Unen ereabte means of Uanapertation chan pach animale and © Franeyore teviy securing seact ising Pagers 1. Orpeatnaion af 82 Rampinn 1-20 I the LY te located in terrain above 4,000 feet (1,220 maters) and/or arose with 4 very high temperature the minimum lengths whould be {noreased as followa: 2, Ada 10 percent 10 minimums for eack 1,000 feet (305 meters) 2. Add 10 percent to minimum forthe altitude for temperatarss over 90°F, Add 20 percent for temperatures over 100°, (380c). (0) Pockete or small valleys completely surrounded by billa are utual- Iy unsuitable for land:ng operations by fixed-wing airoreft. {@ Although undesirable, sites with only « alngle approach oan be used. I 1s mandatory when using much sites that: AL takeoffs and landings are meds upwind, 2 There te auffiotont olearunceat oither end of the LZ to permit 4 Ierel 180 turn to olther side within a radius of $ miles (6 kilometers) for medium aircraft (1 mile for ight alrorafty. Ive2t (2) Weather, Prevailing weather inthe landing urea should be fevorabl a particular, there must be a detarminaticn of wind direction und velocity, and ‘of conditions restricting visibility such 42 ground fog, hare, or low-hasging cloud formations, (9) Size, TherequiredsizeofLZ's varies according to the aircraft used. Sele operations require the following minimum dimensions (Figures 12 and 13). () Medium aircraft. 9,000 feat (620 meters) in length and 109 feet (20 motors) In width (280 feet or 45 metera at night). (%) Light alrerait, 1,000 feet (905 meters) in length and 40 feet (15 motors) in width (150 feet or 45 meters at night). () In addition tothe basic runway dimensions, azd to provide 4 sufety factor, these extra olearances are required. 1. Acleared surfacecapable of supporting the alreraft, extending from each end of the runway, and equal to 10 percent of the runway length. 2 A B0-foot (A$ meter) strip extending along both ald runway and cleared to withla three feet of the ground. Wea of thePOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 ALLOWABLE Crome 6 Ken 24 xen crown | tm (WOT: Maca evaiiabe for 6a) operon mbit neler ip an! maatone, CTR: We availa Sor day operon east posaia for Lghen ane mintooo ‘T5110 00 foot 10 mars), Figure 13. Lasdiag soos (and) ght airerah abt operations}. 1-4 H Surface. (t) The suriace of the LZ tmustbe level and free of obs:ructions such as ditotes, deep ruts, logs, feaces, hedges, low shrubbery, rocke larger than man's fist or gress over 1 1/2 feet in eight. (0) The eub-sctl-must be firm to a depth of 2 feet. () A eurtace-contalning gravel and small stones, cr thin Layers of loous sund over m firm layer of eub-aoll in asceptable. Plowed fields or flelde containing crops over 11/2 feet in helght should nct be used. (@ Ae with D2" surfazen that are not desirable in summer may de ideal tm winter, Ibe with « thickness of 2 feet (61 centimeters) vill support a medium alroraf. Unless the alreraft {8 equipped for anow larding, encw in excess of 4 inches (11 centimeters) must be packed or remored trom the landing SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK (©) The surface gradient of the L.Z should sot exceed 2 percent (8 Approach and takeoff clearance. The approach aad takootf clearances are based on the giide-climb charscteristics of the alreraft, For medium air Graf the glide-climb ration im 1 to 40; that ts, 2 foot of guia or loos of altitude for erery 40 feet of horizontal distance traveled. The raticn for Ught aircraft te L to 20, As a further precaution, any obstructions in approtch and departure lanes must conform to the following specifications (Figure 14). (9) 4m obstruction higher thaa ¢ feet (2 meters) is wot parm or ntar elther ead of the £.2. (0 A0-foot (18meters) obstruction may not be nearer than 2,000 feet {810 meters) for «medium wretaf, oF 1,000 feet (908 meters) for Light aircraft. (0) 4 S00-foot (155 meter) obstruction may not be nearer than 4 miles {617 kilometers) for medium airoraft or 2 miles (906 meters) for light aircraft. (@) Wiis of 1,000 (805 meters) fest or more abows L2 altibade may aot be nearer than dmilea {13 kilometers) trom the landing sone for medium alroraft. W-38 ible ut cine asm ciiet matte 1:20 (o) The hnighia of the obstacles are computed from the level of the landing strip. Where land falls away fromthe LZ, objects of considerable haight ‘may be 1guored provided they do not cut the line of ascent oF descent. This con- dition exisia more ofien in mountainous tarrain where plateaus are selected for Lz © Marking. (1) For night operations Lights are used for marking LZ's during day- Ughi,pansls are used. Whew Casnlights are used, they should be hand-held for directional control and guidance, (The patternouilining the Limite ofths rmway constats of five or seven, marker stations (Figures 11 and 12). Stations "4 aad 3"! mark the downwind end of tha LZ and are positioned to provide for the saisty factors previously mentioned. Thess stations represent the initial point at which the alreraft should touch the gromd. Station +1" indicates the very last polat at which the aircraft ‘04n touck down and complete 1 safe landing.POOR MAN'S .TAMES BOND Vol. 4 @) A signal station manned by tha RCL (a memter of the operational de- tachment) is incorporated tito ight ataiioa “B" at the ayprosch on downwind ead of the L2 (Figures 11 andiz). For night operations, (tbe sisual light operations.) a distinctive pazel or colored smoke, located approximately 15 meters te the left of station “'B" (RCL), js used for renopaltion. Content of Ogee, Q) The LZ markings are normally dleplayed2 minutes before the arrival tims Indtoated in the mission confirmation mossige. ‘The markings romain Played for « period of 4 minutes or until the alrcraft completes Landing roll after touchdown. (2) Westification 16 accomplished by: (0) The alroraf arriving at the proper time on prearranged track. (%) ‘The reception committer leader flashing or displaying the proper code atgeal. (8) Lanting direction is tnticated by: 1-17 () The RCL signal control light (otation'*B") and markar "A" which, ‘are always on the approach or downwind end of the runway. @) The row of markers whicharsalwaye on the left side of the Lunt fag alreran. (4) Tho pilot usually attempts to landetraigtt-in on the initial approach. ‘When this 16 not possible, 1 modified landing patters ts flown wing a minimum of altttade for epourity rewsons. Twominutesbetore target time the RCL cases all Uights of the 1.2 pattara to ba turned on and simed lke « pletol in the direction of the aircraft's approach track. TheRCl (station '“B") also flashes the code of ‘the day continously with tha green controt Light in the direction of expected alr- eraR approsch. Upon arrival in the aren (withis 16° to either side of the approuch track and below 1,500 foot (440 meters), tha LZ marking pereoanel follow the aircraft with all lighta when it arrives in the area. When the RCL delermincs that the aircraf ie on ite Onal approsch, be will couse flashing tha code of the day and alm 1 solid light In the direction of the landing aircraft. The wolld ight provides a more positive petiern pere- poctive for tha pilot during lending. Ma “go around” is required, all ighte follow the alroraM until ft le om the ground. All ighls contime fe follow the aircraft during touchdown and anti! it passea each re- apectire Light station, (8) Landings are not normally made under the following eoaations = (@ Lack of or improper identification received trom the 2. (An abort signal given ty the RCL, e. extinguished. cansing the LZ Ughte to be (0) Any extating condition that,in the opiaton of the pilot, makes It un= ‘nafs to tand, (@) Afterthe alreraft passes the RCL position at touchdown and complete te landing roll and m right turn, the RCL takes a position midway between Stations ‘AU and “BY and shines a eolid ight in the dtrection of the taxiing alr- ‘aft. This {a the guide Light for the pilot who will taxt the alreraft back to take= tf ponition. The RCL controle the aircraft with his Ught. ¥ the RCL deaires the alreraft to contisue to tax, be will flash a solld Light tn the direotica of the wrersn. afer off-loading ind/or vo-Iading 18 complete and the aircraft 1 ready for (akeotf, the RCL moves touvuntage point forward and to tbs Isft of tse vv-28 Pilot, eanses the 1.2 ghia tobe tilumninatad, and Mashea bis Light toward the nose of the atroraft as the signal for takeoff. The RCL exercises caution so that his ight does not blind the pilot. (7) Toeliminste confusion and insure expeditious handling, personnel and/ ‘OF cargo to be evacusted walt for unloading of incoming personnel and/or cargo. {8 When all evacuating personnel ars loadedand members of the recep- tion vommittee are cleur of the aircraft, the pilot ia given a go signal by the RCL. LZ markings are removed 8 soon as the alreraft is airborne. 127 SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK VIL REPORTING LANDING ZONES ‘Toe minimum LZ data required is: & Code Name, Extracted from SOL. b. Location Complete military grid coordinates of ceater of LZ. © Long Axia, Magnetic azimuth of long axis of runway. It also Indicates Probsble direction of Landing approncli based on prevailing vinds. 4 Description. Type of surface, lengtt, and vidth of ninety. 4 Opes Quadrant, Messured from center of LZ and reported us series of magnetic azimuths, Open Quadrant Indicaies acceptable aircraft approaches, & Track Magnetic axtmuth of desired alreraft approach. f Obstacles. Reported by description, magnetic aztmuth, anddistance trom center of L2. 1. Reference Puint, Reported same as obstacles. 4, Dele, Time mission requested. } Rems Requested, ems to be evacuited. v.28 ‘VIL, LANDING ZONEA FOR ROTART-WING AIRCRAFT: © Geers. 0) Withta thetr rungo imitations, bellcopters provise an exvellent means Of eregeation. Their advantagee tnotute the ability to: a) Ascend and descend almost veritoslly. (t) Lalld on relatively mmall plots of ground. (0) Hover searty motionless. and tala on or diasharge personnel and urge without landing. (8) Fly safely and efficlently af low altitudes, @ Some unfavorable characteristics of balioopters re: (a) They compromise secracy by engineand rotor notse and by dust. (t) The difficulty--sometimas imposathility—o! operating when!cing and/or high, gusty wisds previil. (©) Tha reduction of Lftng ability during changes of atmospheric con- ditions. (2) Por the maximum effective useofhelicoptars. LZ's should bs located to have landings and takectis into the wind. (4) During aight operations, helicopters usually must land to transfer per- sonnel and/or carps. (9) Adecrease in vormal alx deastty Limits the helloopter payload anf re- ures lengthened running distances for landingand takeot!. Alr density ta large Ay determined by altitude and temperature. Low altitudes and moderste to low temperatures result in increased air donaty. > Sine, Under ideal conditions, and provided the necesaury clearance for the 1-30POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol. 4 rotors exists, « hellcopter can Land on « plot of ground slightly larger than the spread of 18 landing gear. For aight operations, however, « safety factor 1 al- Towed with the following criteria ass gu! () An aren of 50 meters in dameter cleared to the ground. Q) Anares beyond this, surrounding ite cleared area, 20 meters wide and cleared fo withia 3 feet of the grounc. @) The completed LZ 1s thus 2 mislmum of 90 metere is diameter (Figure 18). DIRECTION OF APPROACH Figure 18. Landing Zone for Rotary-Wing Atroraft. v3 Surface. (2) The surface should be relatively level and free of cbstrections such as rocks, tops. tall grass, ditches, and fences. (2) Tee maximum ground slops permitted Ia 15 percent. (8) ‘The ground must be Oro esough to eupport the aircraft. (A) Reavy dust oF lo08e snow conditions Interfere with the vision of the pict just before toucbéown. Ths elfectcanbe reduced by clearing, wetting down, co using tmproviaed mats. (8) Landtag pads may be prepared on swamp or marsh areas by building platforms of locally available materiale (Figure 16). Such L2'e are sormally ‘wed for daylight operations only, The sizeof theclearingtor thia type of LZ ts the mame as b abore, with the following additional requirements for the platform: igre 1. Examples of platform landing coves for rotary-wing alreraft Tv-32 128 SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK WLLL Rawding Hat ree ereit @ siete Laallag Precevere, Lead LZ IX. LANDING ZONES (WATER) © Criteria for eslection of water LZ'e; (1) Size, For medium umphibious or seuplane-typa aircraft, the required Tength 1a 4,000 feet (1,220 meters) witha minimum Width of 1,500 feet (450 meters). For Light alreraft, the required length Je 1,000 feet (618 meters) loag and 560 feet (155 metara) vide. Aawith lard L'a, and additional safe are: equal to 10 percent of the airstrip length {a required oa each end, (Figure 18) (2) Surface, Mintmumwater depth ie 6 fest (2 metars), The entire land= ing zone must’ be free of obstructions fuck as boulders, rook ledges, shoule, walariogged boats, or sunken pilings within 6 feetof the surface, and the surface must be cleared of all floating objects vuch as logy, debris, or moored craft. (3) Wind. (a) Wind velocity must not exceed 20 knots for sheltered water or 10 koots in semi-sbeltared water. (@) In a wind of Bknotsor lesa, the landing heading may vary wp to 16 degrees from the wind direction, Where the suriace winds exceed 0 knots the ‘aircraft must lead into the wind. No landing may be made in winds is excezs of 20 knots. If « downwind landing or takecff ts absolulaly required, tus Is made directly downwind. (©) Suriace swells must not exceed 1 foot in batght and the windware fot more than 3 feet. ‘The combination of ewall and windwave must not exceed 3 feat in beight when all evells and windwaves are In phase. (A) Tide. ‘Tha state of thetide should have no bearing on the suitability of he Landing aren, (®) Wetar/air temperature. Dus to the danger of loing, water and alr ‘temperatures must conform to the following minimums: Mr temperature Sat water... eas 9 260R, (299C) Preah waler.. . +o “98°F, [62°C.) Brackish water » vee 238R, 2%)POOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vole 4 LANDING ZONE (WATER) MEDNM AIRCRAFT 1,800 tat (480 wasters as = eo oF soon 1000 wrcRarn NOTE: Masters A.B, and C are valle Ligne. RCL. bao @ Baking green clgal onde Lig. Mga Lt. Lecting Zoe (water) median aircraft paige operations) Wv-38 (©) Approach and takeoff clearances. Water Lending xones require ap- prosch/taksoff clearances identical te thse of land Li's and are based on the fe. Marking and ide water landing zones, (1) Depending upon visibility, Sights or panels may be used to mark water Lis. (2) The normal method of merkingwater LZ's Ia to align three marker Stations along the left euge of the landing strip. Station A" 1a positioned at tre downwind end of the strip and indicates the desired tourhdown paint. Station “Bt marks the Last point at which the aircraft cun touch down and complete a safe Station tending. Siation "3" hs also the location of the KCL and the pickup polnt. “CM marks the upwindextremeofihe landing aren, At night, atutiona und "C" are marked by white Lights, The RCL signal light {2 green. Q) Analternate method istoose a single marker station, marked at night with @ steady light In addition to the signal of recognition Light. This station |= located to allow a clear approach and takeoff in uny direction. The pilot responsible for selecting the tanding track and may touchdown on any track 1,000 {vet (205 meters) from the marker station. Following pickup, the alrcraft fuxly buck to the 2,000-foot (610 meters) clrcle in preparation for taxeotf, (Figure 10). G. Cougaet of erations (yr water Li's: ) Bofore the landing operation, the LZ 1s eurefully cleared ef all float ny debris. Also, the marker stations areproperly aligned and anchored to pre- vent drifting. In deep or rough waler, improvived sea anchors may be used. (2) ‘The procedure for divplaylngthe LL markings and Identifeation Le the same 48 for operations on Land Lé’s. (9) Personnel and/or cargo to be evacuated are positioned In the RCL Boat. Following thelunding run, the alzcrafl turns to the left and taxis back to the Yiclalty of the RCL boat to make the plekup, The RCL indicates his position by shining the signal light In the direction of the alreraft and continues fo shine hie Hight anti the pickup Is completed. Care must be taken not to blind the aircrew with this light and It ahauld not he aimed directly Into the cockpit, Wv-36 129 SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK (SIDE ViEW) wet w/ TE mater with ne Meettan (oF submerged sbatualen be 00 1 —— 9,0» ——____| ences ea eee rope ne 71300 2 igars 1h, Ose Mele water ining nous lh. West (@ Toa RCL boat remaine stationery during pickup operations. The air ‘ora taxis to wittin 00 to 100 feat (15 oF 30 metars) of the RCL boat, playing oat 8 draglina from the left Tear door. The drigline le appraximataly 150 foot (65 motors) tn length und bas thros life jackets attsohed; one clove to the ireraft, second at maldpoint, andthe thirdontha extreme end of the line. The life jackets Ihave small markar lights attaohed during aight operations. The alroraft taxia to ‘the lait around the RCL boat, bringing the dragiine close exough to be secured. ‘The RCL fastens the Line to the boat. Due io the danger of swamping the craft, te RCL does pot attempt to pull on the line, Members of the atrorew pull the boat to the door of the aircraft, Stould the boat pass the aircraft door and continous toward the frost of the uiroraft, ali parsonpal in the bout must abasdoa immediately to avoid being bit by the propeller. @) After pickup, the alrcrew!a givenany Information that will aid in the taceofl Following thia, the HCL boat moves a safe distance from the aircraft and sipuals the pilot ‘all clear.’* At this time, JATO bottles may be used for Positive takeoff power. The inetallation of JATO bottles {e ime conmuming and ould not be done unless absolutely necessary, (®) Belicopters can land in water without the use of special flotation equipment provided: (3) The water depth does not exceed 18 inches. @) ‘There ts a firm bottom much as gravel or wand, (7) Landing pads canbs preparedon mountains or bilisides by cutting and filling. Cantion must be arercised to insure thare [2 adequate clearance for the relars. @. Approash/Tarsott. Q) There should be atlesstonepath of approach to the LZ measuring 75 metere In width, @ A rotary wing aircraft 1a coesisered to have a climb ratio of 1:5 ‘Figure 2). @) Tekeoff and departure from the LZ may be slong the same path used for the approaoly however, 4 separsie departure path as free trom obstaoles ns the approach path Ls desired (Fipare 20), WsPOOR MAN'S JAMES BOND Vol, 4 130 SPECIAL FORCES HANDBOOK (he capantittive af any alrere®. Increase In texparstare, bumidity and altitude, ‘will Georvase perthemanoe, Desired range wil sect ual Ined which will deter ‘mine mumber ef troops or amount of ourfo that oan be ourzied. Tv-41 CHAPTER 5S Figure 20. Appronehing Tateoff Clearances for Rotary-Wing Aircrat. WEAP On s W-39 @) L2'e for rotary-wing drorafi are marted to: (a) Provide identification of the receptive committee. () Indieate direction of wind and/or required direction of approsch. (0) Deiineate the touchtown arse. @) Equipment asd techniques of marking are similar to those used with fixed-wing DZ'e, lights or flarou at alght, smoke und panels in daylight, 9) As acceptable method of marking isthe “1 aystem. ‘Tale ened four Figure 1 US, Rifle Calibor .30 M-1 urker sutions (Figure 21). 1, Ctaracteristicn: 2. Data: & Alrocoled a. Maximum sffective range (800 yds) Semt-axtomatio b. Maximum range (3480 yds) ©. Gas operated © Clip capactty (8 rde) Shoulder weapon ® Clip touted Figure 2 Colt AR-18, Cal .223 (Redes! gnated M-16 Rife) 1. Characteristics: 2, Data: 4. Gas operated 4. Maxiroum range (2833 yds) bi Atrccolee , Maximum etfective range (500 yes) ¢. Semi of fully automatic 4. Shoulder weapon ©. Maguire fed pe fe [oe Poe Pete ts Pe Te vet