2, MARCH 1998
297
I. INTRODUCTION
Manuscript received July 26, 1996; revised May 21, 1997. Recommended
by Associate Editor, D. A. Torrey.
The authors are with the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South
Korea.
Publisher Item Identifier S 0885-8993(98)01949-8.
where
(3)
and 2/3 is a scaling factor. From (2) and (3), the coordinate
transformation from the axis to axis is obtained as
298
u(t).
(12)
follows:
where the modulation index
(4)
For example, when the voltage source is a balanced threeand angular frequency
phase voltage with the magnitude
, the space voltage representation of the voltage source is
a vector of length
rotating with constant angular speed
. The voltage-source inverter (VSI) is shown in Fig. 2. The
switching function for switch
is defined
as
when switch
is on
when switch
is off.
or
( or
In the PWM inverter with voltage link, either
, , or ) is conducting, and only one of them is allowed
to conduct in any moment, i.e.,
(5)
(6)
(7)
In the PWM inverter, the space vector
follows:
is represented as
(8)
Substituting switching function, one or zero, of each phase
into (8), the following discrete space vectors are obtained:
(9)
(10)
The available space voltage vectors according to eight switch
states are shown in Fig. 3(a). Among these space voltage
vectors,
is the zero voltage vector, and it has two switching
patterns
(0 0 0) and
(1 1 1). To obtain the required
is defined as
(13)
299
(a)
(b)
Fig. 3. Space vectors and voltage components of the VSI: (a) space vectors and (b) voltage components.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 4. Principle of the switching frequency reduction: (a) derivative vectors of the current error in Region I, (b) ioa and space vectors when the HCC does
not use the region information, and (c) ioa and space vectors when the HCC uses the region information.
300
(a)
(b)
Fig. 5. SVM-based HCC: (a) block diagram of the proposed current controller and (b) relation of voltage vectors and line-current errors.
(a)
(b)
Fig. 6. Operation of the region detector: (a) waveforms of the line current and (b) region determined by the region detector.
301
TABLE I
SWITCHING TABLE FOR THE PROPOSED CURRENT CONTROLLER
302
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 8. Space vectors and region generated by current controllers: (a) space vectors by the HCC, (b) space vectors by the SVM HCC, and (c) region
generated by the SVM HCC.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 9. Waveforms of the line currents by the HCC and SVM HCC: (a) ioa by the HCC with the outer band, (b) ioa by the HCC with the inner
band, and (c) ioa by the SVM HCC.
303
(a)
Fig. 10.
S1 , S3 ,
(b)
and
S5 :
where
[mH]
[mH]
[mH]
304
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 11. Number of switchings when the peak output current is 30 A: (a) for the peak emf voltage 10 V, (b) peak emf voltage 50 V, (c) peak emf
voltage 100 V, and (d) peak emf voltage 150 V.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 12. Dynamic characteristics of the SVM HCC: (a) step response of the current ioa at fo 60 Hz, (b) waveform of the current command ica at fo = 60
Hz, (c) step response of the current ioa at fo = 0:033 Hz, and (d) waveform of the current command ica at fo = 0:033 Hz.
305
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 13.
(d)
Gate signals and waveform of the line current by the HCC: (a)
S1 ,
(b)
S3 ,
(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(e)
(e)
(f)
(f)
(g)
(g)
Fig. 14. Waveforms by the SVM HCC in the case of S (!o ) = 1: (a)
(b) Bbo , (c) Bco , (d) S1 , (e) S3 , (f) S5 , and (g) ioa .
Bao ,
(c)
S5 ,
Fig. 15. Waveforms by the SVM HCC in the case of S (!o ) = 0: (a)
(b) Bbo , (c) Bco , (d) S1 , (e) S3 , (f) S5 , and (g) ioa .
Bao ,
detector of the output voltage vector. The case that the line
current hits the outer band occurs only two times every period
per phase. Except this case, the line current remains always
306
(a)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(e)
(f)
(d)
Fig. 16. Waveforms by the HCC in pulse-dropping region: (a)
(c) S5 , and (d) ioa .
S1 , (b) S3 ,
(g)
in the inner band. In the case of the HCC with the outer
as shown in Fig. 9(a) has a larger
band, the line current
ripple than that of the SVM HCC. Fig. 9(b) and (c) shows
the line-current waveforms generated by the HCC and the
proposed current controller with the same inner hysteresis
band, respectively. In simulation results of Figs. 8 and 9, an
external three-phase inductance of 5 mH is included to show
detail current waveforms and switchings of space vectors. The
and
by the HCC are happened on
switchings of
all regions as shown in Fig. 10(a). However, the switchings
and
by the SVM HCC are similar to those
of
of the SVM technique as shown in Fig. 10(b). Fig. 11 shows
the number of switchings for the SVM HCC and HCC with
the same inner band. The number of switchings or switching
frequency generated from the SVM HCC is significantly
reduced compared to the HCC in various kinds of emf voltage.
The test results of the presented SVM HCC are shown
in Figs. 1217. Fig. 12 shows good step responses of the
proposed current controller. Fig. 12(a) and (b) shows the
waveforms of the line current and current command with 60Hz output frequency and Fig. 12(c) and (d) shows the current
waveforms in case of 0.033-Hz output frequency. Figs. 1315
show gate signals and the line-current waveform generated
from the HCC and SVM HCC with the same inner hysteresis
band, respectively. One can see that the proposed algorithm
reduces dramatically the number of switchings compared with
Bao ,
307
Tae-Woo Kim was born in Pusan, Korea, on February 8, 1972. He received the B.S. degree from the
Pusan National University, Pusan, Korea, in 1995
and the M.S. degree in electronic and electrical
engineering from the Pohang University of Science
and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea, in
1997. He is currently working toward the Ph.D.
degree at POSTECH.
His current research interests include motor drives
and microprocessor applications.