MECHANICS SL

1.

A car of mass 1000 kg accelerates on a straight, flat, horizontal road with an acceleration
2
a = 0.3 m s .
The driving force F on the car is opposed by a resistive force of 500 N.

The net (resultant) force on the car is

A.

200 N.

B.

300 N.

C.

500 N.

D.

800 N.
(Total 1 mark)

2.

A tennis ball of mass m moving horizontally with speed u strikes a vertical tennis racket. The ball bounces back with a
horizontal speed v.

The magnitude of the change in momentum of the ball is

A.

m(u + v).

B.

m(u v).

C.

m(v u).

D.

zero.
(Total 1 mark)

3.

A brother and sister take the same time to run up a set of steps. The sister has a greater mass than her brother. Which of
the following is correct?
Has done the most work
Has developed the greatest power
A.

brother

brother

B.

brother

sister

C.

sister

brother

D.

sister

sister
(Total 1 mark)

4.

A nuclear power station produces 10 GW of electrical power. The power generated by the nuclear reactions in the core
of the reactor is 25 GW. The efficiency of the power station is
A.

15 %.

B.

35 %.

C.

40 %.

D.

60 %.
(Total 1 mark)

5.

This question is about motion in a magnetic field.

An electron, that has been accelerated from rest by a potential difference of 250 V, enters a region of magnetic field of
strength 0.12 T that is directed into the plane of the page.

(a)

The electrons path while in the region of magnetic field is a quarter circle. Show that the
(i)

speed of the electron after acceleration is 9.4 10 m s .

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

radius of the path is 4.5 10 m.

...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

The diagram below shows the momentum of the electron as it enters and leaves the region of magnetic field.
24
The magnitude of the initial momentum and of the final momentum is 8.6 10 N s.

(i)

On the diagram above, draw an arrow to indicate the vector representing the change in the momentum of
the electron.

(1)

(ii)

Show that the magnitude of the change in the momentum of the electron is
23
1.2 10 Ns.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

The time the electron spends in the region of magnetic field is 7.4 10
Estimate the magnitude of the average force on the electron.

11

s.

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...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

6.

This question is about circular motion.

A ball of mass 0.25 kg is attached to a string and is made to rotate with constant speed v along a horizontal circle of
radius r = 0.33 m. The string is attached to the ceiling and makes an angle of 30 with the vertical.

(a)

(i)

On the diagram above, draw and label arrows to represent the forces on the ball in the position shown.
(2)

(ii)

State and explain whether the ball is in equilibrium.

...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Determine the speed of rotation of the ball.

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(3)
(Total 7 marks)

7.

This question is about mechanics and thermal physics.

The graph shows the variation with time t of the speed v of a ball of mass 0.50 kg, that has been released from rest
above the Earths surface.

The force of air resistance is not negligible. Assume that the acceleration of free fall is
2
g = 9.81 m s .
(a)

State, without any calculations, how the graph could be used to determine the distance fallen.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

(i)

In the space below, draw and label arrows to represent the forces on the ball at
2.0 s.

(1)

(ii)

Use the graph opposite to show that the acceleration of the ball at 2.0 s is approximately 4 m s .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

Calculate the magnitude of the force of air resistance on the ball at 2.0 s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iv)

State and explain whether the air resistance on the ball at t = 5.0 s is smaller than, equal to or greater than
the air resistance at t = 2.0 s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

After 10 s the ball has fallen 190 m.

(i)

Show that the sum of the potential and kinetic energies of the ball has decreased by 780 J.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

The specific heat capacity of the ball is 480 J kg

ball.

K . Estimate the increase in the temperature of the

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

State an assumption made in the estimate in (c)(ii).

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...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 14 marks)

8.

The graph shows the variation with time t of the acceleration a of an object.

Which of the following is the change in velocity of the object in the time interval 0 to 4 s?
A.

8 m s

C.

+4 m s

B.

4 m s

D.

+8 m s

(Total 1 mark)

9.

A stone attached to a string is moving in a horizontal circle. The constant speed of the stone is v.
The diagram below shows the stone in two different positions, X and Y.

Which of the following shows the direction of the change of velocity of the stone when moving from position X to
position Y?

(Total 1 mark)

10.

This question is about kinematics.

Lucy stands on the edge of a vertical cliff and throws a stone vertically upwards.

The stone leaves her hand with a speed of 15 m s at the instant her hand is 80 m above the surface of the sea. Air
2
resistance is negligible and the acceleration of free fall is 10 m s .
(a)

Calculate the maximum height reached by the stone as measured from the point where it is thrown.
......................................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Determine the time for the stone to reach the surface of the sea after leaving Lucys hand.
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(3)
(Total 5 marks)

11.

This question is about power and efficiency.

A bus is travelling at a constant speed of 6.2 m s along a section of road that is inclined at an angle of 6.0 to the
horizontal.

(a)

(i)

The bus is represented by the black dot shown below. Draw a labelled sketch to represent the forces
acting on the bus.

(4)

(ii)

State the value of the rate of change of momentum of the bus.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

The total output power of the engine of the bus is 70 kW and the efficiency of the engine is 35 %. Calculate the
input power to the engine.
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(2)

(c)

The mass of the bus is 8.5 10 kg. Determine the rate of increase of gravitational potential energy of the bus.
......................................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)

Using your answer to (c) and the data in (b), estimate the magnitude of the resistive forces acting on the bus.
......................................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................................
(3)

(e)

The engine of the bus suddenly stops working.

(i)

Determine the magnitude of the net force opposing the motion of the bus at the instant at which the
engine stops.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii)

Discuss, with reference to the air resistance, the change in the net force as the bus slows down.
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(2)

12.

This question is about forces.

An athlete trains by dragging a heavy load across a rough horizontal surface.

The athlete exerts a force of magnitude F on the load at an angle of 25 to the horizontal.
(a)

Once the load is moving at a steady speed, the average horizontal frictional force acting on the load is 470 N.
Calculate the average value of F that will enable the load to move at constant speed.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

The load is moved a horizontal distance of 2.5 km in 1.2 hours.

Calculate
(i)

the work done on the load by the force F.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

the minimum average power required to move the load.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

The athlete pulls the load uphill at the same speed as in part (a).
Explain, in terms of energy changes, why the minimum average power required is greater than in (b)(ii).
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(Total 8 marks)

13.

This question is about kicking a football.

A ball is suspended from a ceiling by a string of length 7.5 m. The ball is kicked horizontally and rises to a maximum
height of 6.0 m.

(a)

Assuming that the air resistance is negligible, show that the initial speed of the ball is 11 m s .
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

The mass of the ball is 0.55 kg and the impact time of the kickers foot with the ball is 150 ms. Estimate the
average force exerted on the ball by the kick.
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......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

(i)

Explain why the tension in the string increases immediately after the ball is kicked.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(ii)

Calculate the tension in the string immediately after the ball is kicked. Assume that the string is vertical.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 10 marks)

14.

This question is about circular motion and global warming.

(a)

A car is travelling at constant speed of 18 m s around a horizontal bend in the road.

3
The mass of the car is 1.5 10 kg and the bend forms part of a circle of radius
3
2.0 10 m.
(i)

State why the car is accelerating.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Determine the frictional force between the tyres of the car and the surface of the road that produces the
acceleration.

...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

It is suggested that the use of fossil fuels to power cars has led to an enhancement of the greenhouse effect.
(i)

State the reason for this suggestion.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

Outline one mechanism by which the enhanced greenhouse effect may lead to an increase in global
warming.
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...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

15.

This question is about momentum, energy and power.

(a)

In his Principia Mathematica Newton expressed his third law of motion as to every action there is always
opposed an equal reaction. State what Newton meant by this law.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

A book is released from rest and falls towards the surface of Earth. Discuss how the conservation of momentum
applies to the Earth-book system.
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(3)

(c)

A large swinging ball is used to drive a horizontal iron spike into a vertical wall. The centre of the ball falls
through a vertical height of 1.6 m before striking the spike in the position shown.

The mass of the ball is 3.5 kg and the mass of the spike is 0.80 kg. Immediately after striking the spike, the ball
and spike move together. Show that the
(i)

speed of the ball on striking the spike is 5.6 m s .

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

energy dissipated as a result of the collision is about 10 J.

...........................................................................................................................
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...........................................................................................................................
(4)

(d)

As a result of the ball striking the spike, the spike is driven a distance 7.3 10
assuming it to be constant, the friction force F between the spike and wall.

m into the wall. Calculate,

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)

(e)

The machine that is used to raise the ball has a useful power output of 18 W. Calculate how long it takes for the
machine to raise the ball through a height of 1.6 m.
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......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)

16.

In 1997 a high-speed car of mass 1.1 10 kg achieved the world land speed record. The car accelerated uniformly in
two stages as shown in the table. The car started from rest.
1
Time / s
Speed attained at end of stage / m s
Stage 1

0.0 4.0

44

Stage 2

4.0 12

280

Use the data to calculate the

(a)

average acceleration of the car in stage 1.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

average net force required to accelerate the car in stage 2.

......................................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

total distance travelled by the car in 12 s.

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......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

17.

This question is about a simple pendulum.

(a)

A pendulum consists of a bob suspended by a light inextensible string from a rigid support. The pendulum bob
is moved to one side and then released. The sketch graph shows how the displacement of the pendulum bob
undergoing simple harmonic motion varies with time over one time period.

On the sketch graph above,

(i)

label with the letter A a point at which the acceleration of the pendulum bob is a maximum.
(1)

(ii)

label with the letter V a point at which the speed of the pendulum bob is a maximum.
(1)

(b)

Explain why the magnitude of the tension in the string at the midpoint of the oscillation is greater than the
weight of the pendulum bob.
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......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

The pendulum bob is moved to one side until its centre is 25 mm above its rest position and then released.

(i)

Show that the speed of the pendulum bob at the midpoint of the oscillation is 0.70 m s .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

The mass of the pendulum bob is 0.057 kg. The centre of the pendulum bob is 0.80 m below the support.
Calculate the magnitude of the tension in the string when the pendulum bob is vertically below the point
of suspension.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)

The point of suspension of the pendulum bob is moved from side to side with a small amplitude and at a
variable driving frequency f.

For each value of the driving frequency a steady constant amplitude A is reached. The oscillations of the
pendulum bob are lightly damped.
(i)

On the axes below, sketch a graph to show the variation of A with f.

(2)

(ii)

Explain, with reference to the graph in (d)(i), what is meant by resonance.

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...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(e)

The pendulum bob is now immersed in water and the variable frequency driving force in (d) is again applied.
Suggest the effect this immersion of the pendulum bob will have on the shape of your graph in (d)(i).
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......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 16 marks)

18.

This question is about collisions.

(a)

State the principle of conservation of momentum.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

In an experiment, an air-rifle pellet is fired into a block of modelling clay that rests on a table.

(not to scale)
The air-rifle pellet remains inside the clay block after the impact.
As a result of the collision, the clay block slides along the table in a straight line and comes to rest. Further data
relating to the experiment are given below.
Mass of air-rifle pellet
Mass of clay block
Velocity of impact of air-rifle pellet
Stopping distance of clay block
(i)

= 2.0 g
= 56 g
1
= 140 m s
= 2.8 m

Show that the initial speed of the clay block after the air-rifle pellet strikes it is
1
4.8 m s .
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Calculate the average frictional force that the surface of the table exerts on the clay block whilst the clay
block is moving.
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...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)

(c)

Discuss the energy transformations that occur in the clay block and the air-rifle pellet from the moment the airrifle pellet strikes the block until the clay block comes to rest.
......................................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)

The clay block is dropped from rest from the edge of the table and falls vertically to the ground. The table is
0.85 m above the ground. Calculate the speed with which the clay block strikes the ground.

......................................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

19.

This question is about impulse.

(a)

A net force of magnitude F acts on a body. Define the impulse I of the force.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

A ball of mass 0.0750 kg is travelling horizontally with a speed of 2.20 m s . It strikes a vertical wall and
rebounds horizontally.

Due to the collision with the wall, 20 % of the balls initial kinetic energy is dissipated.
(i)

Show that the ball rebounds from the wall with a speed of 1.97 m s .
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...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Show that the impulse given to the ball by the wall is 0.313 N s.
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...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

The ball strikes the wall at time t = 0 and leaves the wall at time t = T.
The sketch graph shows how the force F that the wall exerts on the ball is assumed to vary with time t.

The time T is measured electronically to equal 0.0894 s.

Use the impulse given in (b)(ii) to estimate the average value of F.
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......................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 9 marks)

20.

This question is about motion of a ball falling in oil.

(a)

Distinguish between average speed and instantaneous speed.

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

A small steel ball of mass M is dropped from rest into a long vertical tube that contains oil.
The sketch graph shows how the speed v of the ball varies with time t.

Explain how you would use the graph to find the average speed of the ball between t = 0 and t = t1.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

The gradient of the graph at t = t1 is k. Deduce an expression in terms of k, M and g, the acceleration of free fall,
for the magnitude of the frictional force F acting on the ball at t = t1.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)

State and explain the magnitude of the frictional force acting on the ball at t = t2.
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(3)
(Total 11 marks)

21.

This question is about dynamics and energy.

A bullet of mass 32 g is fired from a gun. The graph shows the variation of the force F on the bullet with time t as it
travels along the barrel of the gun.

The bullet is fired at time t = 0 and the length of the barrel is 0.70 m.
(a)

State and explain why it is inappropriate to use the equation s = ut +

bullet.

1
2

at 2

to calculate the acceleration of the

......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

Use the graph to

(i)

determine the average acceleration of the bullet during the final 2.0 ms of the graph.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

show that the change in momentum of the bullet, as the bullet travels along the length of the barrel, is
approximately 9 N s.
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...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(c)

Use the answer in (b)(ii) to calculate the

(i)

speed of the bullet as it leaves the barrel.

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...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

average power delivered to the bullet.

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...........................................................................................................................
(3)

(d)

Use Newtons third law to explain why a gun will recoil when a bullet is fired.
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(3)
(Total 15 marks)

22.

This question is about force and energies.

(a)

A system consists of a bicycle and cyclist travelling at a constant velocity along a horizontal road.

(i)

State the value of the net force acting on the cyclist.

...........................................................................................................................
(1)

(ii)

On the diagram draw labelled arrows to represent the vertical forces acting on the bicycle.
(2)

(iii)

With reference to the horizontal forces acting on the system, explain why the system is travelling at

constant velocity.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(b)

The total resistive force acting on the system is 40 N and its speed is 8.0 m s . Calculate the useful power
output of the cyclist.
......................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................
(1)

(c)

The cyclist stops pedalling and the system comes to rest. The total mass of the system is 70 kg.
(i)

Calculate the magnitude of the initial acceleration of the system.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Estimate the distance taken by the system to come to rest from the time the cyclist stops pedalling.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)

(iii)

State and explain one reason why your answer to (c)(ii) is only an estimate.
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...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

23.

Mechanical power
(a)

Define power.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)

(b)

A car is travelling with constant speed v along a horizontal straight road. There is a total resistive force F acting
on the car.
Deduce that the power P to overcome the force F is P = Fv.
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...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)

(c)

A car drives up a straight incline that is 4.8 km long. The total height of the incline is 0.30 km.

The car moves up the incline at a steady speed of 16 m s . During the climb, the average friction force acting
2
4
on the car is 5.0 10 N. The total weight of the car and the driver is 1.2 10 N.
(i)

Determine the time it takes the car to travel from the bottom to the top of the incline.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(ii)

Determine the work done against the gravitational force in travelling from the bottom to the top of the
incline.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)

(iii)

Using your answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii), calculate a value for the minimum power output of the car engine
needed to move the car from the bottom to the top of the incline.
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.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)

(d)

From the top of the incline, the road continues downwards in a straight line. At the point where the road starts to
go downwards, the driver of the car in (c), stops the car to look at the view. In continuing his journey, the driver
decides to save fuel. He switches off the engine and allows the car to move freely down the hill. The car
descends a height of 0.30 km in a distance of 6.4 km before levelling out.

The average resistive force acting on the car is 5.0 10 N.

Estimate
(i)

the acceleration of the car down the incline.

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.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................
(5)

(ii)

the speed of the car at the bottom of the incline.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)

(e)

In fact, for the last few hundred metres of its journey down the hill, the car travels at constant speed. State the
value of the frictional force acting on the car whilst it is moving at constant speed.
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 18 marks)

MARKSCHEME
1.
B[1]
5.

(a)

(i)

2.

A[1]

3.

D[1]

4.

C[1]

2eV
m ;

v=

2 1.6 10 19 250

(ii)

9.1 10
v=
6
1
= 9.4 10 m s
v2
evB = m r ;

31

9.1 10 31 9.4 10 6

(b)

(i)

19
r = 1.6 10 0.12
4
= 4.5 10 m
vector as shown;

2
1

(iii)

[8.6 10 24 ] 2 [8.6 10 24 ] 2

;
p =
23
= 1.2 10 N s
p 1.2 10 23

11

t
7
.
5

10
=16 1013 N;
F

(i)

[1] each for correct arrow and (any reasonable) labelling;

(ii)

1
[7]

6.

(a)

Award [1 max] for arrows in correct direction but not

starting at the ball.

(ii)

(b)

no;
because the two forces on the ball can never cancel out /
there is a net force on the ball / the ball moves in a circle /
the ball has acceleration/it is changing direction;
Award [0] for correct answer with no or wrong argument.
mg

cos 30 = 2.832 N;

mv 2
r = T sin 30;
Tr sin 30

m
v=
or
T cos 30 =mg;
T sin 30 = mg;
mv 2
T sin 30 = r ;

v=

2.832 0.33 sin 30

0.25

( gr tan 30 9.81 0.33 tan 30 )

= 1.4 m s ;

= 1.4 m s ;

3
[7]

7.

(a)
(b)

the area under the curve;

(i)
arrows as shown, with up arrow shorter;

(ii)

(iii)
(iv)

(c)

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

1
1

Do not accept gravity.

drawing of tangent to curve at t = 2.0 s;
2
calculation of slope of tangent in range 3.64.4 m s ;
Award [0] for calculations without a tangent but do not
be particular about size of triangle.
calculation of F = ma = 0.50 4 = 2N
R(= mg ma = 0.50 9.81 0.50 4) 3N;
the acceleration is decreasing;
and so R is greater;
or
air resistance forces increase with speed;
since speed at 5.0 s is greater so is resistance force;
loss of potential energy is mgh = 0.50 9.81 190 = 932 J;
1
1
2
2
gain in kinetic energy is 2 mv = 2 0.50 25 = 156 J;
loss of mechanical energy is 932156;
780J
mc = 780 J;
780

= 0.5 480 3K / 3 C;
all the lost energy went into heating just the ball / no energy
transferred to surroundings / the ball was heated uniformly;

2
1
[14]

8.
10.

D[1]
(a)

9.
v2
h = 2g ;
225

= 20 11m;

D[1]

(b)

Award [1 max] for 91 m or 91.25 m (candidate adds cliff height incorrectly).

time to reach maximum height = 1.5 s;
time to fall 91 m = 4.3 s;
total time = 5.8 s;
Answer can be alternatively expressed as 3.0 (to return to hand)
+ 2.8 (to fall 80 m).
or
1
2
use of s = ut + 2 at ;
2

80 = 15t + 5t or 80 = 15t 5t ;
t = 5.8s;
[5]

11.

(a)

(i)

(ii)
(b)
(c)

(d)

(e)

identification of normal reaction/N and weight/W;

identification of friction and driving force;
correct directions of all four forces;
correct relative lengths; (friction = driving force and N W but
N must not be longer than W) (judge by eye)

zero;

output power
70

0.35
input power = efficiency
= 200 kW;
Award [2] for a bald correct answer.
height gained in 1 s = (6.2 sin 6 =) 0.648 (m);
3
rate of change of PE = 8.5 10 9.81 0.648;
4
= 5.4 10 W;
4
4
4
power used to overcome friction = (7 10 5.4 10 =) 1.6 10 (W);
(allow ECF from (c))
p 1.6 10 4

v
6.2 ;

F=
= 2.6 kN;
3
(i)
component of weight down slope = 8.5 10 9.81 sin 6;
3
3
net force = 2.6 10 + 8.5 10 9.81 sin 6
= 11 kN;
Watch for ECF from (d).
(ii) air resistance decreases as speed drops;
so net force decreases;

3
4

2
2
[17]

12.

(a)
(b)

(c)

F cos 25 = 470;
520 N;
(i)
work done 470 2500;
1.2 MJ;
Award [1 max] for power of 10 error.
1.2 10 6
(ii) 1.2 60 60 ;
270 W;
Allow correct solution from power = F v.
work still done against friction ;

2
2

work done raising load vertically / increase in gravitational potential energy;

2
[8]

13.

(a)

attempt to equate gpe and ke;

v = 9.8 6.0 2 ;

(b)
(c)

11 m s
2
1
Award [0] for use of v = 2as. Allow use of g = 10 N kg
mv
F = t ;
40 N ;
(i)
ball accelerates towards centre of circular path / OWTTE;
therefore force towards centre / upwards;
that adds to tension;
mv 2 0.55 11 2

r
7.5

8.9 N;
(ii) F =
weight = (mg = 0.55 0.98) = 5.4N;
total = 14N;
1
Allow use of g = 10 N kg .

2
3

3
[10]

14.

(a)

(i)

(ii)

the velocity direction is changing/the friction force between

tyres and road produces a centripetal force on the car;
mv 2
recognize to use F = r ;
1.5 10 3 18 2

(b)

(i)
(ii)

2.0 10 3
240 N;
=
releases extra carbon dioxide/greenhouse gases into the atmosphere;
reduces the ice/snow cover;
this decreases the albedo;
leading to an increase in rate of thermal energy absorption
by the atmosphere;
or
increases temperature of the sea;
reduces the solubility of carbon dioxide in the sea;
so increases amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere;
To award [3] a description of a mechanism must be present.
Award [2 max] for a description of the enhanced greenhouse effect.

2
1

[7]

15.

(a)

(c)

when a force acts on a body an equal and opposite force acts

on another body / in the interaction between two bodies A
and B, the force that A exerts on B is equal and opposite to
the force that B exerts on A;
forces on Earth and book are equal and opposite / no external
force acts on the system;
changes in momentum of Earth and book are equal and opposite /
net force on Earth-book system is zero;
hence momentum of Earth-book system stays the same/is always
zero and so is conserved;
(i)
v = 2 9.8 1.6 ;

(d)

= 5.6 m s
(ii) calculation of speed of ball and spike 3.5 5.6 = 4.3V;
3.5 5.6

4.3
4.6 m s1;
V=
1
1
2
2
KE before = 2 [3.5 5.6 ] KE after = 2 [4.3 4.56 ];
energy dissipated = 54.88 44.70 ;
= 10 J
Accept 9.4 J if 4.6 used for V.
KE
F= s ;

(b)

3
1

KE = 0.50 4.3 4.6 = 45 (J);

45

2
6.2 102 N;
F = 7.3 10
or
v2
a = 2s ;
2

(e)

a = 1.45 10 m s ;
2
2
F = ma = 4.3 1.45 10 = 6.2 10 N;
work
time = power ;
work = (3.5 1.6 9.8 =) 55(J);
55

time = 18 3.1s;

3
[15]

16.

(a)
(b)

(c)

11 m s ;
v = 236;
236

29.5(m s2);
a=
4
5
(F = 1.1 10 29.5) = 3.2 10 N;
Award [2 max] for omission of initial speed (answer is 390 kN).
phase 1 distance 88 m / phase 2 distance 1296 m;
total 1400 m;
Watch for significant figure penalty in this question (1384 m).
1
2
Award [1 max] for 2 at substituted correctly for first phase, if
no distances evaluated and answer incorrect.
Award [1 max] for correct addition of incorrect phase 1 and/or 2 distance(s).

3
2

[6]

17.

(a)

(b)
(c)

(d)

(i)

one A correctly shown;

(ii)

one V correctly shown;

pendulum bob accelerates towards centre of circular path / OWTTE;

therefore force upwards;
that adds to tension produced by the weight;
(i)
evidence shown of equating kinetic energy and gravitational
potential energy;
( 2 9.8 0.025)
v=
;
1
= 0.70 m s
2
2
Allow g = 10 m s answer 0.71 m s .
v 2 0.7 2

r
0.8
2

(ii) centripetal acceleration

= 0.61 (m s )
2
net acceleration = (9.81 + 0.61 =) 10.4 (m s ) or T mg = m 0.61;
tension= (ma =) 0.59 N;
2
Allow g = 10 m s answer 0.60 N.
(i)

(e)

one maximum shown and curve broadly similar to example above;

amplitude falls on each side as shown;
(ii) resonance is where driving frequency equals/close to natural
frequency; the frequency at the maximum amplitude of the graph;
lower amplitude everywhere on graph;
with a much broader resonance peak;
maximum moves to left on graph;
Award [2] for a sketch graph.

2
2
2 max
[16]

18.

(a)

(b)

the total momentum of a system is constant;

provided external force does not act;
or
the momentum of an isolated/closed system;
is constant;
Award [1] for momentum before collision equals collision afterwards.
3
(i)
initial momentum = 2.0 10 140;
2.0 10 3 140
2
3
final speed = 5.6 10 2.0 10 ;
1
= 4.8 m s
Watch for incorrect mass values in equation.

(ii)

(c)

(d)

1
2
initial kinetic energy of pellet + clay block = 2 mv ;
2
0.5 0.058 4.8 (= 0.67 J);
work done
force = distance travelled ;
= 0.24 N;
or
use of appropriate kinematic equation with consistent sign
u2 v2
2s ;
usage e.g. a =
4.8
a = 2 2.8 ;

0.058 4.8 2
2 2.8 ;
F=
= 0.24 N;
kinetic energy of pellet is transferred to kinetic energy of clay block;
and internal energy of pellet and clay block;
clay block loses kinetic energy as thermal energy/heat;
2 gs
v=
;
1
= 4.1 m s ;
2
2
Allow g = 10 m s answer 4.1 m s

2
[13]

19.

(a)
(b)

I = Ft where t is the time for which the force acts/the change in momentum;
2
(i)
initial KE = (1/2 0.075 2.20 ) = 0.182 J;
2 0.8 0.182

0.075
;
rebound speed =
= 1.97 m s

(ii)
(c)

p = 0.075 2.20 + 0.075 1.97;

= 0.313Ns
= impulse;
some recognition that area under graph = impulse;
1
Fmax T
2
= 0.313;
Fmax = 7.00N;
1
average force = 2 Fmax = 3.50 N;

or
impulse = Favet;
impulse
t ;
Fave =

0.313
0
= .0894 ;
= 3.50 N;
Award [3 max] if the candidate just writes impulse = Ft and not Favet.
[9]

20.

(a)
(b)

(c)
(d)

average speed is the distance travelled divided by the time taken;

instantaneous speed is the rate of change of distance at a given instant (in time);
find the area under the graph between t = 0 and t = t1;
this equals the distance travelled (by the ball);
this distance
t1
average speed =
;

final speed
speed at t
2
2
Award [0] for
or
acceleration = k;
application of Newton 2 e.g. net force on ball = Mg F = kM;
F = M(g k);
net force=Mg F;
acceleration is zero therefore net force is zero;
frictional force equals the weight/Mg;

3
3
[11]

21.

(a)
(b)

(c)

equation is for constant acceleration;

force varies and so acceleration changes;
(i)
average force = 2100 N;
2100

4
2
acceleration = 0.0320 = 6.6 10 m s
(ii) uses area under the line;
1 square is equivalent to 0.125Ns;
area is 68 72 squares;
(to give momentum change 8.5 9.0Ns)
(i)
use of p = mv;
8.8

1
v = 0.032 280 m s ;
Allow value for momentum change from (b)(ii).
change in kinetic energy
time taken
(ii) use of power =
;
1
2
change in kinetic energy = 2 0.032 280 ;

1300

5 10 3 = power = 0.26 MW;

or
p2
use of E = 2m ;

8. 8 2
2 0.032 ;

(d)

power = 0.24 MW;

Award [0] for solution from P = Fv.
N3 states that action and reaction are equal and opposite;
so force on gun and force on bullet are action and reaction pair;
so force on gun is opposite direction to bullet/backwards;

3
[15]

22.

(a)

(b)
(c)

(i)
(ii)

zero;

correct position and labelling of

weight/gravity force/mg;
two reactions drawn as shown;
force downwards on pedals;
Ignore any other vertical forces and all horizontal forces.
The total upward vector lengths should approximately
equal the downward vector lengths.
(iii) drag force = thrust/forward force/driving force;
net force=zero therefore acceleration is zero;
320W ;
40

(i)
acceleration = 70
2

= 0.57 m s ;
(ii)

(iii)

2 max

2
1

1
2
use of Fs = 2 mv ;
56m;
or
2
2
v = u + 2as equivalent seen and substituted correctly;
56m;
sensible physical reason e.g. air resistance / bearing friction/
brakes effectiveness varies with speed;
attempt at explanation:
e.g. air resistance drops as speed drops, underestimate /
distance travelled will be further;

2
[12]

23.

Mechanical power
(a) the rate of working / work time;
If equation is given, then symbols must be defined.
(b)

(c)

W F d

;
t
t
d
v
t therefore, P Fv ;
d
t ;
v
(i)
4800
300 s ;
= 16

(ii)
(iii)

W = mgh = 1.2 10 300 = 3.6 10 J;

3
2
work done against friction = 4.8 10 5.0 10 ;

2
1

total work done = 2.4 10 + 3.6 10 ;

6
total work done = P t = 6.0 10 ;

6.0 10 6
20 kW ;
300
to give
0.30
0.047 ;
sin = 6.4
P

(d)

(i)

weight down the plane = W sin = 1.2 10 0.047 = 5.6 10 N;

2
2
net force on car F = 5.6 10 5.0 10 = 60 N;

F
;
m

60
1.2 10
(ii)

5.0 10 2 m s 2 ;
5

v = 2as = 2 5.0 10
1

(e)

to give v = 25 m s ;
2
5.6 10 N;

6.4 10 ;
2
1
[18]