MMAE: 501
Engineering Analysis I
Kevin W. Cassel
Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering Department
Illinois Institute of Technology
10 West 32nd Street
Chicago, IL 60616
cassel@iit.edu
Problem
Problem # 1:
Problem # 2:
Problem # 3:
Problem # 4:
Problem # 5:
Problem # 6:
Problem # 7:
Reference
Hilderbrand, Chapter 1, Problem 10
Hilderbrand, Chapter 1, Problem 21
Jeffrey, Section 1.7, Problem 9
Jeffrey, Section 1.7, Problem 10
Jeffrey, Section 3.3, Problem 16
Jeffrey, Section 3.7, Problem 8
Jeffrey, Section 3.8, Problem 9
Problem # 1
Problem:
Prove that
|AB| = |A||B|
when A and B are general square 2 2 matrices.
Solution:
Let us consider two matrices A and B where
a
a12
b
A = 11
and B = 11
a21 a22
b21
b12
.
b22
We have
|A| = (a11 a22 a12 a21 ),
(1)
(2)
b12
a b + a12 b21
= 11 11
b22
a21 b11 + a22 b21
a11 b12 + a12 b22
.
a21 b12 + a22 b22
Taking determinant of AB
|AB| = a11 b11 a21 b12 + a11 b11 a22 b22 + a12 b21 a21 b12
+a12 b21 a22 b22 a11 b12 a21 b11 a11 b12 a22 b21
a12 b22 a21 b11 a12 b22 a22 b21 .
Canceling the like terms we get
|AB| = a11 b11 a22 b22 a11 b12 a22 b21
+a12 b21 a21 b12 a12 b22 a21 b11
= a11 a22 (b11 b22 b12 b21 ) a12 a21 (b11 b22 b12 b21 )
= (a11 a22 a12 a21 )(b11 b22 b12 b21 ).
Substituting from (1) and (2)
|AB| = |A||B|.
Problem # 2
Problem:
Determine the elements of AT , Adj(A),
1
A= 2
1
2
and A1 when
2 1
1 0 .
0 1
Solution:
Transpose of A is obtained by interchanging the rows and columns. Hence
1 2 1
T
A = 2 1 0 .
1 0 1
To find Adj(A) we first find the co-factor matrix of A
+(1)
(2)
+(1)
1 2
+(2)
(2) = 2 2
C = (2)
+(1) (2) +(3)
1 2
1
Adj(A) = CT = 2
1
1
2 .
3
1
2 .
3
2
2
2
Inverse of A:
|A| = 1(1 0) 2(2 0) + 1(0 + 1) = 1 4 + 1 = 2.
|A| =
6 0
A is invertible.
A1
2
1
Adj(A) = 1
=
|A|
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
.
3
2
Problem # 3
Problem:
A matrix is said to be transposed if its first row is written as its first column,
its second row is written as its second column. . . , and its last row is written as
its last column. If the determinant is |A|, the determinant of AT , the transpose
of matrix A, is denoted by |AT |. For A 3 3, write out the cofactor expansion
of A using
|A| = a11 C11 + a12 C12 + a13 C13
and reorder the terms to show that
|A| = |AT |.
Solution:
Let
a11
A = a21
a31
a12
a22
a32
a13
a23 .
a33
Problem # 4
Problem:
Use Gaussian elimination to solve the system of linear equations
a11 x1 + a12 x2 = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 = b2
for x1 and x2 , in which not both b1 and b2 are zero, and show that the solution
can be written in the form
x1 =
D1
|A|
and x2 =
D2
,
|A|
provided
|A| =
6 0,
= 1
Solution:
a11 x1 + a12 x2 = b1 ,
(3)
a21 x1 + a22 x2 = b2 .
(4)
x2 =
b1 a21 b2 a11
b2 a11 b1 a21
=
.
a12 a21 a11 a22
a11 a22 a12 a21
a11
a21
a12
,
a22
b1 a22 b2 a12
.
a11 a22 a21 a12
Also,
b1 a12
= b1 a22 b2 a12 ,
D1 =
b2 a22
a
b
D2 = 11 1 = b2 a11 b1 a21 .
a21 b2
Substituting |A|, D1 , and D2 in solution of x1 and x2 by elimination
x1 =
D1
,
|A|
D2
.
|A|
x2 =
1
7
5
,
3
= 1
b2 = 1,
b1 = 3,
1
D2 =
7
3
5
= 9 + 5 = 4,
D1 =
1 3
3
= 1 21 = 22,
1
|A| = 3 35 = 38,
4
2
=
,
38
19
x2 =
22
11
=
.
38
19
4
P () = 1
1
1
1 ,
2
x1 =
Problem # 5
Problem:
Let P () be given by
where is a parameter. Expand the determinant to find the form of the polynomial P () and use the result to find for what values of the determinant
vanishes.
Solution:
4
P () = 1
1
1
1
2
= (4 )[(2 ) + 2] 0 + (2 )
= (4 )(2 + 2 + 2) 2
= 8 + 42 + 8 + 22 3 2 2
= 3 + 62 11 + 6.
Equating to zero
P () = 0
3 + 62 11 + 6 = 0.
( 1)[2 + 5 6] = 0,
( 1)[2 + 2 + 3 6] = 0,
( 1)[( 2) + 3( 2)] = 0,
( 1)( 2)( 3) = 0,
= 1, 2, 3.
Problem # 6
Problem:
Use the given form of the matrix A to find the solution set of the associated
homogeneous linear system of equations Ax = 0.
1 4 1 0
2 1 3 1
A=
5 6 7 2 .
2 1 0 1
Solution:
1
2
A=
5
2
4
1
6
1
Ax = 0,
1 0
x1
x2
3 1
, x = .
x3
7 2
0 1
x4
6
1
2
5
2
4
1
6
1
1
3
7
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
1
2
1
1
4
1 0 0
0 7
1
1 0
0 14 2 2 0
0 7 2 1 0
Multiply Row 2 by 2 and add to Row 3,
multiply Row 2 by 1 and add to Row 4
1 4
1
0 7 1
0 0
0
0 0 3
0
1
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
From the above matrix we find that the rank is 3 and r < n. This indicates
that the given set of equations has infinite solutions, i.e. x4 can take on any
value, let us say k:
x4 = k,
x3 = 0,
7x2 + x3 + x4 = 0
7x2 + k = 0
x1 + 4x2 + x3 = 0
4k
x1 = .
7
x2 =
k
,
7
Problem # 7
Problem:
Write down a system of equations with an appropriate number of unknowns
x1 , x2 , . . . corresponding to the augmented matrix. Find the solution set if the
equations are consistent, or state if the equations are inconsistent.
1 2 1 4
1 1 2 0
2 1 1 4 .
0 3 5 1
Solution:
1
1
2
0
2
1
1
3
1
2
1
5
1 2
1
0 1 1
0 3 1
0 3
5
4
0
.
4
1
4
4
.
4
1
1 2
1
4
0 1 1
4
0 0 4
8
0 0
8 11
11
The above matrix gives two solutions for x3 , i.e. x3 =
and x3 = 2, which
8
is not possible. Hence, the equations are inconsistent.