Compacting Concrete
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Self compacting concrete (SCC), which flows under its own weight and completely
fill the formwork, even in the presence of dense reinforcement, without the need of any
vibration, whilst maintaining homogeneity.
It is highly workable concrete that can flow under its own weight through restricted
sections without segregation and bleeding. Such concrete should have a relatively low yield
value to ensure high flow ability, a moderate viscosity to resist segregation and bleeding, and
must maintain its homogeneity during transportation, placing and curing to ensure adequate
structural performance and long term durability. The successful development of SCC must
ensure a good balance between deformability and stability.
Researchers have set some guidelines for mixture proportioning of SCC, which include
Reducing the volume ratio of aggregate to cementitious material.
Increasing the paste volume and water-cement ratio (w/c).
Carefully controlling the maximum coarse aggregate particle size and total
volume.
Using various superplasticizers /viscosity enhancing admixtures (VEA).
For SCC, it is generally necessary to use superplasticizers in order to obtain high
mobility. Adding a large volume of powdered material or viscosity modifying admixture can
eliminate segregation. The powdered materials that can be added are fly ash, silica fume,
lime stone powder, glass filler and quartzite filler.
Since, self-compactibility is largely affected by the characteristics of materials and
the mix proportions, it becomes necessary to evolve a procedure for mix design of SCC.
Okamura and Ozawa have proposed a mix proportioning system for SCC . In this system, the
coarse aggregate and fine aggregate contents are fixed and self-compactibility is to be
achieved by adjusting the water /powder ratio and super plasticizer dosage. The coarse
aggregate content in concrete is generally fixed at 50 percent of the total solid volume, the
fine aggregate content is fixed at 40 percent of the mortar volume and the water /powder ratio
Dept of Civil Engineering, GCE, Ramanagaram
is assumed to be 0.9-1.0 by volume depending on the properties of the powder and the super
plasticizer dosage. The required water /powder ratio is determined by conducting a number
of trials. One of the limitations of SCC is that there is no established mix design procedure
yet.
The prototype of self compacting concrete was first completed in 1988 using
materials already on the market as shown in fig.1.1
high durability concrete. Therefore, the authors have changed the term for the proposed
concrete to self- compacting high performance concrete.
Chapter 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Self-compacting concrete extends the possibility of use of various mineral byproducts during manufacturing and with the densification of the matrix, mechanical behavior,
as measured by compressive, tensile and shear strength, is increased. On the other hand, the
use superplasticizers or high range water reducers, improves the stiffening, unwanted air
entrainment and flowing ability of concrete. Practically, all types of constructions are
possible with this concrete. The use of SCC not only shortens the construction period but also
ensures quality and durability of concrete. This non-vibrated concrete allows faster
placement and less finishing time, leading to improved productivity. In the following, a brief
review of the papers found in the literature about self-compacting concrete and some of the
projects carried out with this type of concrete is presented.
Hajime Okamura [1] attempted for a new type of concrete which can be compacted
into every corner of the formwork purely by means of its own weight was proposed by
Okamura. In 1986, he started a research project on the flowing ability and workability of this
special type of concrete, later called self-compacting concrete. The self-compactability of
this concrete can be largely affected by the characteristics of materials and the mix
proportions. In his study, Okamura had fixed the coarse aggregate content to 50% of the solid
volume and the fine aggregate content to 40% of the mortar volume, so that selfcompactability could be achieved easily by adjusting the water cement ratio and
superplasticizer dosage only. A model formwork comprised of two vertical sections (towers)
at each end of a horizontal trough, was used by Professor Okamura to observe how well selfcompacting concrete could flow through obstacles.
Binu Sukumar et. al. [2] found out that self-compacting concrete (SCC) demands
large amount of powder content and fines for its cohesiveness and ability to flow without
bleeding and segregation. In the present investigation, part of this powder is replaced with
high volume fly ash based on a rational mix design method developed by the authors.
Because of high fly ash content, it is essential to study the development of strength at early
ages of curing which may prove to be a significant factor for the removal of formwork. Rate
Dept of Civil Engineering, GCE, Ramanagaram
flow in the range of 333 mm to 815 mm, L-box ratio ranging from 0 to 1 and flow time
ranging from 1.8 s to no flow (stucked). Out of twenty five different mixes, five mixes were
found to satisfy the ducers and applicators of specialist building products (EFNARC) guide
for making self compacting concrete. The compressive strengths developed by the self
compacting concrete mixes with bagasse ash at 28 days were comparable to the control
concrete. Cost analysis showed that the cost of ingredients of specific self compacting
concrete mix is 35.63% less than that of control concrete, both having compressive strength
above 34 MPa. Low cost SCC can be made, by incorporating some percentage of bagasse ash
along with the main ingredients of concrete (cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate)
and superplasticizer for flowability.
In fresh state, some of the mix results values were out of the EFNARC range and
therefore before casting the concrete, the properties of freshly mixed concrete must be
checked for SCC. The utilization of bagasse ash in SCC solves the problem of its disposal
thus keeping the enviroment free from pollution.
Amir Juma et. al. [5] investigated on self-compacting concrete, also referred to as
self-consolidating concrete, is able to flow and consolidate under its own weight and is deaerated almost completely while flowing in the formwork. It is cohesive enough to fill the
spaces of almost any size and shape without segregation or bleeding. This makes SCC
particularly useful wherever placing is difficult, such as in heavily-reinforced concrete
members or in complicated work forms.
The objectives of this research were to make a synergic effect of Rice husk Ash
(RHA) and Sugar cane bagasse ash(SCBA) incorporated in self compaction concrete in order
to increase in strength and a better bonding between aggregate and cement paste, . The mix
design used for making the concrete specimens was based on previous research work from
literature. The water cement ratios varied from 0.3 to 0.75 while the rest of the components
were kept the same, except the chemical admixtures, which were adjusted for obtaining the
self- compactability of the concrete.
All SCC mixtures exhibited greater vaules in compressive strength after being tested,
the compressive strength was around 40% greater. In addition, the SCC had a good
rheological properties as per the requirements from European standards from economical
Dept of Civil Engineering, GCE, Ramanagaram
point of view the pozzolanic replacements were cheap and sustainable. In the experiments
cement was replaced with 0%, 2.5%, 5% of both blended mixture of rice husk ash and sugar
cane bagasse ash. This was possible due to the use of mineral and chemical admixtures,
which usually improve the bonding between aggregate and cement paste, thus increasing the
strength of concrete.
Dr. R. Sri Ravindrarajah et. al. [6] worked on self-compacting concrete having
enhanced ability to flow is known to have increased segregation and bleeding potential. Any
attempt to increase the stability of fresh concrete (cohesiveness) requires using increase
amount of fine materials in the mixes. This paper reports an investigation into the
development of self-compacting concrete with reduced segregation potential. The selfcompacted concrete mix having satisfied the criterion recognized by the differential height
method is modified in many ways to increase the fine particle content by replacing partially
the fine and coarse aggregates by low-calcium fly ash. The systematic experimental approach
showed that partial replacement of coarse and fine aggregate could produce self-compacting
concrete with low segregation potential as assessed by the V-Funnel test. The paper reports
the results of bleeding test and strength development with age. The results showed that fly
ash could be used successfully in producing self-compacting high-strength concrete with
reduced segregation potential. In addition, fly ash in self-compacting concrete helps to
improve later age strength beyond 28 days.
Shazim Ali Memon et. al. [7] defined Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) by two
primary properties: Deformability and Segregation resistance. Deformability or flowability is
the ability of SCC to flow or deform under its own weight (with or without obstructions).
Segregation resistance or stability is the ability to remain homogeneous while doing so. High
range water reducing admixtures are utilized to develop sufficient deformability. At the same
time, segregation resistance is ensured, which is accomplished either by introducing a
chemical viscosity modifying admixture (VMA) or by increasing the amount of fines in the
concrete. These viscosity modifying admixtures are very expensive and the main cause of
increase in the cost of SCC. Therefore, for producing low cost SCC, it is prudent to look at
the alternates to help reducing the SSC cost. This research is aimed at evaluating the usage of
Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as viscosity modifying agent in SCC, and to study the relative costs of
the materials used in SCC.
Dept of Civil Engineering, GCE, Ramanagaram
In this research, the main variables are the proportion of RHA, dosage of
superplasticizer for flow ability and water/binder ratio. The parameters kept constant are the
amount of cement, water, fine and coarse aggregate contents.
Test results substantiate the feasibility to develop low cost SCC using RHA. In the
fresh state of concrete, the different mixes of concrete have slump flow in the range of 595
795 mm, L-box ratio ranging from 0 (stucked) to 1 and flow time ranging from 2.2 to 29.3 s.
Out of nine mixes, four mixes were found to satisfy the requirements suggested by European
federation of national trade associations representing producers and applicators of specialist
building products (EFNARC) guide for making SCC. The compressive strengths developed
by the SCC mixes with RHA were comparable to the control concrete. Cost analysis showed
that the cost of ingredients of specific SCC mix is 42.47% less than that of control concrete.
Low cost SCC can be made, by incorporating some percentage of RHA along with the main
ingredients of concrete (cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate) and superplasticizer for
flowability. To some extent, the utilization of RHA in SCC solves the problem of its disposal
thus keeping the environment free from pollution. In future research, scientific investigation
should be carried out to endorse the results.
Muhammad Ali Shaikh et. al. [8] stated Self Compacting Concrete as the concrete
requiring a very little or no vibration to fill the form homogeneously. Self Compacting
Concrete (SCC) is defined by two primary properties: Ability to flow or deform under its
own weight (with or without obstructions) and the ability to remain homogeneous while
doing so. Flowability is achieved by utilizing high range water reducing admixtures and
segregation resistance is ensured by introducing a chemical viscosity modifying admixture
(VMA) or increasing the amount of fines in the concrete. The study explores the use of Rice
Husk Ash (RHA) to increase the amount of fines and hence achieve self-compactibility in an
economical way, suitable for Pakistani construction industry.
The study focuses on comparison of fresh properties of SCC containing varying
amounts of RHA with that containing commercially available viscosity modifying admixture.
The comparison is done at different dosages of superplasticizer keeping cement, water,
coarse aggregate, and fine aggregate contents constant.
10
Test results substantiate the feasibility to develop low cost SCC using RHA. Cost
analysis showed that the cost of ingredients of specific SCC mix is 42.47 percent less than
that of control concrete.
Asma Abd Elhameed Hussein et. al. [9] showed that Agricultural and industrial byproducts are commonly used in concrete production as cement replacement materials CRMs
or as admixtures to enhance both fresh and hardened properties of concrete as well as to save
the environment from the negative effects caused by their disposal. Sugarcane bagasse ash is
one of the promising CRMs, it is used as a partial replacement of cement for producing
concrete; properties of such concrete depend on the chemical composition, fineness, specific
surface area and burning temperature of SCBA. Approximately 1500 Million tons of
sugarcane are annually produced over all the world which leave about 40-45 % bagasse after
juice crushing for sugar industry giving an average annual production of 675 Million tons of
bagasse as a waste material. This paper presents a review on the uses of sugarcane bagasse
ash in concrete. From review it can be concluded that SCBA can be used as a pozzolanic
material in concrete due to its high silica content.
P. Kolanjinathan et. al. [10] attempted for a highly fluid concrete mixture with no
segregation and can compact under its self weight. The use of SCC is spreading all over the
world, but it is in infant stage in India. SCC requires considerably more fines content as
compared to traditional concrete to achieve self compactability. Looking at the potential of
cementitious constituents in fly ash and availability in abundance in million tonnes as a by
product of the thermal power plant demanding environmental solution, large volumes of fly
ash, partially in substitution for cement and partially as filler, can be employed in SCC. The
concrete grade for the study was chosen as M25 and mix for the normal concrete of this was
designed by IS code method. In self compacting concrete, equivalent mix was chosen as per
literature in reference. Self Compacting Concrete mix with selected superplacticizers and
VMA with 40% fly ash content in total powder content were prepared and their properties in
the fresh state viz, passing ability, filling ability and segregation resistance were studied for
the assessment of the self compactability. Axial load carrying capacity of reinforced concrete
column specimens and reinforced SCC column specimens were studied. Reinforced SCC
columns and RCC columns have similar load-deformation characteristics and strength.
Reinforced SCC columns have better crack control ability than RCC columns.
Dept of Civil Engineering, GCE, Ramanagaram
11
R. Srinivasan et. al. [11] carried investigation on the utilization of industrial and
agricultural waste produced by industrial processes has been the focus of waste reduction
research for economical, environmental, and technical reasons. Sugar-cane bagasse is a
fibrous waste-product of the sugar refining industry, along with ethanol vapor. This waste
product (Sugar-cane Bagasse ash) is already causing serious environmental pollution, which
calls for urgent ways of handling the waste. Bagasse ash mainly contains aluminum ion and
silica. In this paper, Bagasse ash has been chemically and physically characterized, and
partially replaced in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 15% and 25% by weight of cement in concrete.
Fresh concrete tests like compaction factor test and slump cone test were undertaken was
well as hardened concrete tests like compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural
strength and modulus of elasticity at the age of seven and 28 days was obtained. The result
shows that the strength of concrete increased as percentage of bagasse ash replacement
increased.
M. Abdullahi [12] study presents the behaviour of wood ash / OPC concrete.
Chemical analysis of wood ash, bulk density, sieve analysis and specific gravity of wood ash
and aggregates, consistency, setting time and slump test of the fresh paste were conducted to
determine the suitability of the materials for concrete making. Mix ratio of 1:2:4 and
percentage replacement level of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 percents of cement by wood ash were
used. 150mm150mm cubes were cast, cured and crushed at 28 and 60 days to determine
their compressive strength. Test result indicates that the wood ash is slightly pozzolanic,
water demand increases as the ash content increases and the setting time of the paste
increases as the ash content increases. Compressive strength of wood ash / OPC concrete it
increases with age at curing with optimum replacement of cement by wood ash of 20%.
Pravin V Domke et. al. [13] made efforts to utilize local natural waste and byproducts materials as supplementary cementing materials to improve the properties of cement
concrete as well as the use of these materials leads to the proper disposal of natural waste
results in the less impact on environment in order to reduce the loss due to improper disposal
of the waste. RHA is a byproduct of paddy industry obtained by controlled burning of rice
husk and is a highly reactive pozzolanic material. On the other hand coir (coconut fiber) has
excellent physical and mechanical properties and can be utilized more effectively in the
development of composite materials. The detailed experimental investigation done to study
Dept of Civil Engineering, GCE, Ramanagaram
12
the effect of partial replacement of cement with RHA on cement concrete as well as the
addition on natural fibers to from certain percentage of RHA to overcome the decreasing
strength of concrete . It is observed that though the strength of RHA concrete goes on
decreasing after the 12.5% addition of RHA, the composition of 15% RHA + COIR gives
maximum strength results as well as shows the potential to be used as useful material for
different building materials such as wall panels, paving blocks etc.
Ahmed Fathi Mohamed et. al. [14] showed Slump flow is the main characteristic to
investigate the flow ability or deformation of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) mix, in fact
this test includes two parameters to study, firstly the horizontal diameter of mix and secondly
the time required for mix to reach the 500 mm diameter. This paper studied the effect of two
different ratio of aggregate on the slump flow test for 10-SCC mix of constant cement
content and different dosage of water and super plasticizer, there is no mineral admixture was
used to develop the SCC mix while the binder was cement only, also the paper showed the
result of compressive strength of SCC mix at early ages. The results showed that the high
slump flow and compressive strength can be obtained with lower amount of coarse aggregate
compared with the higher amount of fine aggregate.
Celso Yoji Kawabata et. al. [15] studied on rice husk ash (RHA) and broiler bed ash
from rice husk (BBA), two agricultural waste materials, have been assessed for use as partial
cement replacement materials for application in lightweight concrete. Physical and chemical
characteristics of RHA and BBA were first analyzed. Three similar types of lightweight
concrete were produced, a control type in which the binder was just CEMI cement (CTL) and
two other types with 10% cement replacement with, respectively, RHA and BBA. All types
of similar lightweight concrete were prepared to present the same workability by adjusting
the amount of superplasticizer. Properties of concrete investigated were compressive and
flexural strength at different ages, absorption by capillarity, resistivity and resistance to
chloride ion penetration (CTH method) and accelerated carbonation. Test results obtained for
10% cement replacement level in lightweight concrete indicate that although the addition of
BBA conducted to lower performance in terms of the degradation indicative tests, RHA led
to the enhancement of mechanical properties, especially early strength and also fast ageing
related results, further contributing to sustainable construction with energy saver lightweight
concrete. The use of RHA, a raw material which derives from agro industrial waste, therefore
Dept of Civil Engineering, GCE, Ramanagaram
13
14
15
Chapter 3
16
Test methods
Filling ability
1.
2.
3.
4.
Passing ability
5. L-box
6. U-box
7. Fill-box
8. J-ring
9. GTM test
10. V-funnel at T5minutes
Segregation
resistance
Slump flow
T50cm slump flow
V-funnel
Orimet
17
reinforcement without blocking, but may give some indication of resistance to segregation. It
can be argued that the completely free flow, unrestrained by any boundaries, is not
representative of what happens in practice in concrete construction, but the test can be
profitably be used to assess the consistency of supply of ready-mixed concrete to a site from
load to load.
Mould in the shape of a truncated cone with the internal dimensions 200 mm diameter
at the base, 100 mm diameter at the top and a height of 300 mm,
Base plate of a stiff non absorbing material, at least 700mm square, marked with a
circle marking the central location for the slump cone, and a further concentric circle
of 500mm Diameter
Trowel
Scoop
Ruler
Stopwatch (optional).
18
Procedure:
Place base plate on level stable ground and the slumpcone centrally on the base plate
and hold down firmly.
Fill the cone with the scoop. Do not tamp, simply strike off the concrete level with the
top of the cone with the trowel.
Remove any surplus concrete from around the base of the cone.
Raise the cone vertically and allow the concrete to flow out freely.
Simultaneously, start the stopwatch and record the time taken for the concrete to
reach the 500mm spread circle. (This is the T50 time).
Calculate the average of the two measured diameters. (This is the slump flow in mm).
Note any border of mortar or cement paste without coarse aggregate at the edge of the
pool of concrete.
Interpretation of result:
The higher the slump flow (SF) value, the greater its ability to fill formwork under its
own weight. A value of at least 650mm is required for SCC. There is no generally accepted
advice on what are reasonable tolerances about a specified value, though 50mm, as with
the related flow table test, might be appropriate.
The T50 time is a secondary indication of flow. A lower time indicates greater flow
ability. The Brite EuRam research suggested that a time of 3-7 seconds is acceptable for civil
engineering applications, and 2-5 seconds for housing applications. In case of severe
segregation most coarse aggregate will remain in the centre of the pool of concrete and
mortar and cement paste at the concrete periphery. In case of minor segregation a border of
mortar without coarse aggregate can occur at the edge of the pool of concrete. If none of
these phenomena appear it is no assurance that segregation will not occur since this is a time
related aspect that can occur after a longer period. Slump cone Flow table units: mm.
19
20
Equipment:
V-funnel
Bucket ( 12 litre )
Trowel
Scoop
Stopwatch
Keep the trap door open to allow any surplus water to drain.
Fill the apparatus completely with concrete without compacting or tamping , simply
strike off the concrete level with the top with the trowel.
Open within 10 sec after filling the trap door and allow the concrete to flow out under
gravity.
Start the stopwatch when the trap door is opened, and record the time for the
discharge to complete (the flow time). This is taken to be when light is seen from
above through the funnel.
Close the trap door and refill the V-funnel immediately after measuring the flow time.
Fill the apparatus completely with concrete without compacting or tapping, simply
strike off the concrete level with the top with the trowel.
Open the trap door 5 minutes after the second fill of the funnel and allow the concrete
to flow out under gravity.
21
Simultaneously start the stopwatch when the trap door is opened, and record the time
for the discharge to complete (the flow time at T 5 minutes). This is taken to be when
light is seen from above through the funnel.
Interpretation of result:
This test measures the ease of flow of the concrete; shorter flow times indicate greater
flow ability. For SCC a flow time of 10 seconds is considered appropriate. The inverted cone
shape restricts flow, and prolonged flow times may give some indication of the susceptibility
of the mix to blocking. After 5 minutes of settling, segregation of concrete will show a less
continuous flow with an increase in flow time.
22
Assessment of test:
This is a widely used test, suitable for laboratory, and perhaps site use. It assesses
filling and passing ability of SCC, and serious lack of stability (segregation) can be detected
visually. Segregation may also be detected by subsequently sawing and inspecting sections of
the concrete in the horizontal section. Unfortunately there is no agreement on materials,
dimensions, or reinforcing bar arrangement, so it is difficult to compare test results. There is
no evidence of what effect the wall of the apparatus and the consequent wall effect might
have on the concrete flow, but this arrangement does, to some extent, replicate what happens
to concrete on site when it is confined within formwork. Two operators are required if times
are measured, and a degree of operator error is inevitable.
Equipments:
Trowel
Scoop
Stopwatch
23
Procedure:
Set the apparatus level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can open freely
and then close it.
Moisten the inside surfaces of the apparatus, remove any surplus water
Fill the vertical section of the apparatus with the concrete sample.
Lift the sliding gate and allow the concrete to flow out into the horizontal section.
Simultaneously, start the stopwatch and record the times taken for the concrete to
reach the 200 and 400 mm marks.
When the concrete stops flowing, the distances H1 and H2 are measured.
Interpretation of result:
If the concrete flows as freely as water, at rest it will be horizontal, so H2/H1 = 1.
Therefore the nearer this test value, the blocking ratio, is to unity, the better the flow of the
concrete. The EU research team suggested a minimum acceptable value of 0.8. T20 and T40
times can give some indication of ease of flow, but no suitable values have been generally
agreed. Obvious blocking of coarse aggregate behind the reinforcing bars can be detected
visually.
24
20 liter of concrete then the gate lifted and concrete flows upwards into the other section. The
height of the concrete in both sections is measured.
Note: An alternative design of box to this, but built on the same principle is recommended by
the Japan Society of Civil Engineers.
Assessment of test:
This is a simple test to conduct, but the equipment may be difficult to construct. It
provides a good direct assessment of filling ability this is literally what the concrete has to
do modified by an unmeasured requirement for passing ability. The 35mm gap between the
sections of reinforcement may be considered too close. The question remains open of what
filling height less than 30 cm. is still acceptable.
Trowel
Scoop
Stopwatch
25
Procedure:
Set the apparatus level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can open freely
and then close it.
Moisten the inside surfaces of the apparatus, remove any surplus water
Fill the one compartment of the apparatus with the concrete sample.
Lift the sliding gate and allow the concrete to flow out into the other compartment.
After the concrete has come to rest, measure the height of the concrete in the
compartment that has been filled, in two places and calculate the mean (H1). Measure
also the height in the other compartment (H2)
Interpretation of result:
If the concrete flows as freely as water, at rest it will be horizontal, so H1 - H2 = 0.
Therefore the nearer this test value, the filling height, is to zero, the better the flow and
passing ability of the concrete.
26
27
Equipments:
Mould, without foot pieces, in the shape of a truncated cone with the internal
dimensions 200 mm diameter at the base, 100 mm diameter at the top and a height of
300 mm.
Base plate of a stiff non-absorbing material, at least 700mm square, marked with a
circle
Showing the central location for the slump cone, and a further concentric circle of
500mm diameter.
Trowel
Scoop
Ruler
J-Ring a rectangular section (30mm x 25mm) open steel ring, drilled vertically with
holes. In the holes can be screwed threaded sections of reinforcement bar (length
100mm, diameter 10mm, spacing 48 +/- 2mm)
28
Place the J Ring centrally on the base-plate and the slump-cone centrally inside it and
hold down firmly.
Fill the cone with the scoop. Do not tamp, simply strike off the concrete level with the
top of the cone with the trowel.
Remove any surplus concrete from around the base of the cone.
Raise the cone vertically and allow the concrete to flow out freely.
Measure the difference in height between the concrete just inside the bars and that
just outside the bars.
Calculate the average of the difference in height at four locations (in mm).
Note any border of mortar or cement paste without coarse aggregate at the edge of the
pool of concrete.
Interpretation of result:
It should be appreciated that although these combinations of tests measure flow and
passing ability, the results are not independent. The measured flow is certainly affected by
the degree to which the concrete movement is blocked by the reinforcing bars. The extent of
blocking is much less affected by the flow characteristics, and we can say that clearly, the
greater the difference in height, the less the passing ability of the concrete. Blocking and/or
segregation can also be detected visually, often more reliably than by calculation.
Note: The results of the J-Ring are influenced by the combination method selected
and results obtained with different combinations will not be comparable.
29
Assessment of test:
This is a test that is difficult to perform on site due to the complex structure of the
apparatus and large weight of the concrete. It gives a good impression of the self compacting
characteristics of the concrete. Even a concrete mix with a high filling ability will perform
poorly if the passing ability and segregation resistance are poor.
Equipment:
Ruler
Stopwatch
Set the apparatus level on firm ground, ensure that the sliding gate can open freely
and then close it.
Moisten the inside surface of the apparatus, remove any surplus water, fill the
apparatus with the concrete sample.
Fill the container by adding each 5 seconds one scoop with 1.5 to 2 liters of fresh
concrete into the funnel until the concrete has just covered the first top obstacle.
30
Measure after the concrete has come to rest, the height at the side at which the
container has filled on two places and calculate the average (H1). Do this also on
opposite side (H2).
Methods
Unit
Maximum
mm
650
800
sec
J-ring
mm
10
V-funnel
sec
12
sec
+3
L-box
(h2/h1)
0.8
1.0
U-box
(h2-h1)
30
Fill-box
90
100
15
10
Orimet
sec
31
Chapter 4
MIX DESIGN
4.1 EFNARC Proposals
4.1.1 Initial mix composition:
In designing the mix it is most useful to consider the relative proportions of the key
components by volume rather than by mass.
Indicative typical ranges of proportions and quantities in order to obtain selfcompactability are given below. Further modifications will be necessary to meet strength and
other performance requirements.
Water/powder ratio by volume of 0.80 to 1.10.
Total powder content - 160 to 240 litres (400-600 kg) per cubic meter.
Coarse aggregate content normally 28 to 35 per cent by volume of the mix.
Water: cement ratio is selected based on requirements in EN 206. Typically water
content does not exceed 200 litre/m3.
The sand content balances the volume of the other constituents.
Generally, it is advisable to design conservatively to ensure that the concrete is
capable of maintaining its specified fresh properties despite anticipated variations in raw
material quality. Some variation in aggregate moisture content should also be expected and
allowed for at mix design stage. Normally, viscosity-modifying admixtures are a useful tool
for compensating for the fluctuations due to any variations of the sand grading and the
moisture content of the aggregates.
32
: 20Mpa
: 20mm
3. Degree of workability
: Good
5. Type of exposure
: Severe
3. Specific gravities of
Coarse aggregate
: 2.70
Fine aggregate
: 2.65
4. Grading of aggregates
33
= Standard deviation.
Adjustment required in
water content
Adjustment required in
sand content
-2.0%
+3%
3%
-2%
Total
Therefore required sand content as percentage of total aggregate by volume = 35-2.0 = 33%.
Estimated water content for 100 mm slump = 186 + 6
100
Dept of Civil Engineering, GCE, Ramanagaram
x 186
34
= 197.16 liters.
As superplasticizer is used, the slump can be increased.
0.40
Cement content
Where ,
V = Absolute volume of fresh concrete, which is equal to gross (m3) minus the volume of
entrapped air.
W = Mass of water (kg) per m3 of concrete.
C = Mass of cement (kg) per m3 of concrete.
Sc = Specific gravity of cement.
p = Ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate by absolute volume.
fa,ca = Total masses of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate (kg) per m3of concrete
respectively,
Sfa,,Sca = Specific gravities of saturated surface dry fine aggregate and coarse aggregate
respectively.
Dept of Civil Engineering, GCE, Ramanagaram
35
V = 1 2/100
V= 0.98
0.98= [197.16+ (394.32/3.15) + fa/ (0.332.65)]1/1000]
Fine aggregate, fa = 575.12 kg/m3.
0.98= [197.16+ (394.32/3.15) ca/ ((1-0.33)2.65)1/1000]
Coarse aggregate, ca = 1189.8 kg/m3
The mix proportion per cubic meter of concrete then becomes
water
cement
1189.80 kg
0.5
3.02
1.46
= 394.32
Fine aggregate
= 575.12
Coarse aggregate
= 1189.8
cement
811.9 kg
0.5
2.05
2.41
36
: 30Mpa
: 20mm
3. Degree of workability
: Good
5. Type of exposure
: Severe
3. Specific gravities of
Coarse aggregate
: 2.70
Fine aggregate
: 2.65
4. Grading of aggregates
= standard deviation.
37
-2.0%
0
-2%
3%
Total
x 186
= 197.16 litres.
As superplasticizer is used, the slump can be increased.
0.40
Cement content
38
Where,
V = absolute volume of fresh concrete, which is equal to gross (m3) minus the volume of
entrapped air.
W = Mass of water (kg) per m3 of concrete.
C = Mass of cement (kg) per m3 of concrete.
Sc = specific gravity of cement.
P = Ratio of fine aggregate to total aggregate by absolute volume.
fa , ca = Total masses of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate (kg) per m3of concrete
respectively.
Sfa ,Sca = Specific gravities of saturated surface dry fine aggregate and coarse aggregate
respectively.
V = 1 2/100
V= 0.98
0.98= [197.16+ (438.13/3.15) + fa / (0.332.65)]1/1000]
Fine aggregate, fa = 562.96 kg/m3.
0.98= [197.16+ (438.13/3.15) + ca/ ((1-0.33)2.65)1/1000]
Coarse aggregate , ca = 1142.98 kg/m3.
Dept of Civil Engineering, GCE, Ramanagaram
39
cement
562.96 kg
1142.98 kg
1.29
2.60
= 438.13
Fine aggregate
= 562.96
Coarse aggregate
= 1142.98
cement
784.74 kg
0.5
2.05
2.41
40
Cement
3
kg/m
SCBA
Quarry
Fine
Coarse
replacement
dust,
aggregate,
aggregate,
levels kg/m ,
kg/m
kg/m
kg/m
Water,
kg/m3
(%)
M1-0
394.32
0(0)
M1-5
374.60
19.72(5)
MI-10
354.88
39.44(10)
M1-15
335.16
59.16(15)
M1-20
315.45
78.86(20)
285.9
667.1
811.9
197.16
Water,
Cement
SCBA
Quarry
Fine
Coarse
designation
kg/m3
replacement
dust,
aggregate,
aggregate,
levels kg/m ,
kg/m
kg/m
kg/m
kg/m3
(%)
M2-0
438.13
0(0)
M2-5
416.23
21.9(5)
M2-10
394.33
43.80(10)
M2-15
372.41
65.72(15)
M2-20
350.51
87.62(20)
276.36
644.84
784.74
197.16
41
Chapter 5
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME
5.1 Objectives:
The aim of this experimental investigation is to incorporate agrowaste i.e Sugarcane
Bagasse Ash in self compacting concrete.
To know the optimum replacement percentage of cement by sugarcane bagasse ash.
Use of waste in a useful manner.
To provide economical construction material.
Provide safeguard to the environment by utilizing waste properly.
42
7 days : 37 N/mm2.
14 days : 54 N/mm2.
43
Weight of
Cumulative
Cumulative %
Size
aggregate
retained in gms
in gms
% of
Remarks
passing
retained
10 mm
100
4.75 mm
100
2.36 mm
10
10
99
1.18 mm
197.5
207.5
20.75
79.25
600
371.0
578.5
57.85
42.15
300
353.0
931.5
93.15
6.85
150
68.5
1000.0
100.0
Zone II
Result
Fineness modulus
2.72
Specific gravity
2.648
1690
44
Result
Fineness modulus
2.70
Specific gravity
2.68
1790
45
Weight of
Cumulative
Cumulative %
% of
Size
Aggregate
weight retained
of weight
passing
retained in gms
in gms
retained
20mm
100
16mm
1240
1240
12.40
87.60
12.5mm
8260
9500
95.00
5.00
10mm
290
9790
97.90
2.10
8mm
120
9910
99.10
0.8
6.3mm
40
9950
99.50
0.5
4.75mm
20
9970
99.70
0.3
pan
30
10000
Result
Fineness modulus
5.03
Specific gravity
2.70
1460
46
CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETERS
NO
1.
REQUIREMENT
70.0
35.0
5.0
2.75
Max
5
1.5
Max
6
12.0
47
Silica as SiO2
33.20 %
30.36 %
16.35 %
67.80 %
Calcium as CaO
1.18
3.12 %
4.53
1.39 %
Iron as Fe2O3
0.14 %
8.14 %
2.84
0.18 %
Sodium as Na2O
2.69 %
2.68 %
1.98
1.36 %
Potassium as K2O
1.20 %
6.58 %
2.76
1.66 %
Aluminium as Al2O3
0.08 %
0.20 %
12.00 %
0.06 %
Magnesium as MgO
0.72 %
2.20 %
2.89
0.89 %
34.62 %
19.81 %
22.12 %
at 9000C
48
Result
colour
Blackish Grey
Specific gravity
2.04
451
5.2.6 Water
As per IS 456:2000, water used for both mixing and curing should be free from
injurious amount of deleterious materials, suspended solids and organic materials. Portable
water (tap water) from municipal water supply network system is generally considered
satisfactory for mixing and curing concrete.
49
5.2.7.2 Advantages
Elimination of vibration and reduced labour cost in placing.
Marked increase in early & ultimate strengths.
Higher Elastic modulus.
Improved adhesion to reinforcing and stressing steel.
Better resistance to carbonation and other aggressive atmospheric conditions.
Lower permeability-increased durability.
Reduced shrinkage and creep.
5.2.7.3 Description
Glenium B233 has a different chemical structure from the traditional superplasticisers. It
consists of a carboxylic ether polymer with long side chains. At the beginning of the mixing
process it initiates the same electrostatic dispersion mechanism as the traditional
superplasticisers, but the side chains linked to the polymer backbone generates a steric
hindrance which greatly stabilises the cement particles' ability to separate and disperse. Steric
hindrance provides a physical barrier (alongside the electrostatic barrier) between the cement
grains. With this process, flowable concrete with greatly reduced water content is obtained.
The product shall have specific gravity of 1.08 & solid contents not less than 30% by
weight. The product shall comply with ASTM C494 Type F and shall be free of
lignosulphonates, naphthalene salts and melamine formaldehyde when subjected to IR
Spectra. It is a ready-to-use liquid which is dispensed into the concrete together with the
mixing water. The plasticising effect and water reduction are higher if the admixture is added
to the damp concrete after 50 to 70% of the mixing water has been added. The addition of
Glenium B233 to dry aggregate or cement is not recommended.
5.2.7.4 Workability
Glenium B233 ensures that rheoplastic concrete remains workable in excess of 45
minutes at +25C. Workability loss is dependent on temperature, and on the type of cement,
the nature of aggregates, the method of transport and initial workability.
50
Aspect
Relative Density
pH
>6
51
T5 minutes
(sec)
(h2/h1)
(sec)
1
M1 -0
660
15
12
0.81
MI- 5
675
13
11
0.85
M1-10
505
M1-15
435
M1-20
315
T5 minutes
(sec)
(h2/h1)
(sec)
1
M2- 0
705
13
10
0.8
M2 -5
635
14
12
0.66
M2- 10
490
M2-15
380
M2-20
285
52
5.4 Specimens
The specimens are classified into 2 groups,
1. Control specimen:
Cubes of 150 mm 150 mm 150 mm size.
Cylinder of 150 mm diameter 300 mm length.
Prism of 100 mm 100 mm 500 mm size.
2. Test specimens- standard beams:
Set of beams tested for SCC concrete of grade M20 for its different SCBA ash
replacement percentages of span 700mm, effective span 600mm, width 150mm, depth 150
mm. a nominal reinforcement of 2 nos of 10mm HYSD bars 600mm length at both top and
bottom and 6mm mild steel stirupps at 125mm c/c is being provided.
53
should be roughly levelled to the specified dimensions, and the finishing should then be
applied at an appropriate time before the concrete stiffens, the top surface is smoothened and
kept for a period of 24 hours. The specimens are removed from moulds with care to avoid
damage of its edges. Specimens were assigned before they are subjected for curing.
5.4.1.3 Curing of concrete specimens
SCC tends to dry faster than conventional concrete because there is little or no bleed
water at the surface. Initial curing should therefore be commenced as soon as practicable
after placing in order to minimise the risk of shrinkage cracking. The specimens casted are
effectively cured in the curing tank with sufficient water in the tank. The specimens were
cured for 28 days.
54
55
Mix
No of
Unit
designation
cubes
weight,
kgs
Compressive
load, tons
Compressive
Average
strength,
Compressive
N/mm2
strength, N/mm2
8320
53
23.51
8290
58
25.73
8100
61
26.18
8100
54
24.04
8140
55
24.48
8090
49
21.82
7700
46
20.42
7720
43
19.16
7690
39
17.31
7720
31
13.71
7670
28
12.45
7710
27
12.35
7660
21
9.30
7650
19
8.44
7630
18
8.00
M1-0
3
M1-5
M1-10
M1-15
M1-20
25.14
23.45
18.96
12.84
8.58
56
Mix
No of
Unit
designation
cubes
weight,
kgs
M1-0
M1-5
M1-10
M1-15
M1-20
Compressive
Average
strength,
Compressive
N/mm2
strength, N/mm2
8350
70
31.1
8250
69
30.6
8320
68
30.2
8050
76
33.70
8080
78
34.61
8120
75
33.33
7800
64
28.42
7680
63
28.00
7720
61
27.11
7760
44
19.55
7710
46
20.44
7675
45
19.11
7400
43
18.12
7350
41
18.28
7420
39
17.34
30.63
33.88
27.84
19.70
17.92
57
Mix
No of
Unit
designation
cubes
weight,
kgs
M2-0
M2-5
M2-10
M2-15
M2-20
Compressive
Average
strength,
Compressive
N/mm
8480
64
28.40
8400
65
28.82
8420
64
28.40
8000
62
27.50
7980
64
28.43
8040
59
26.21
7950
53
23.50
7990
50
22.25
7910
44
19.58
7850
42
18.60
7790
38
16.92
7870
33
14.64
7700
30
13.33
7620
27
12.00
7730
24
10.74
strength, N/mm2
28.54
27.38
21.77
16.72
12.02
58
No of
Unit
designation
cubes
weight,
Compressive
kgs
load, tons
8420
89
39.52
8300
92
40.80
8370
88
39.11
8250
90
40.00
8220
88
39.12
8190
87
38.88
7900
63
28.00
7950
59
26.22
7875
60
26.60
7580
53
23.56
7650.
58
25.72
7630
56
24.80
7310
39
17.30
7400
40
17.72
7350
41
18.23
M2-0
M2-5
M2-10
M2-15
M2-20
Compressive
Average
strength,
Compressive
N/mm2
strength, N/mm2
39.81
39.30
26.94
24.69
17.65
59
SP =
2P = 0.637P
DL
DL
where,
P = breaking load.
D= diameter of specimen.
L= length of the specimen.
The split tensile strength values of M20 & M30 grade SCC are tabulated below in the
tables 5.11 and 5.12
60
Mix
No of
Unit
designation
cubes
weight,
kgs
M1-0
M1-5
M1-10
M1-15
M1-20
Average Split
strength,
tensile strength,
N/mm
13000
23
3.25
12975
22
3.11
12900
20
2.83
12500
19
2.68
12550
18
2.54
12480
19
2.68
12200
16
2.26
12175
15
2.12
12150
15
2.12
11750
14
1.98
11710
15
2.12
11720
16
2.06
11650
11
1.55
11580
10
1.42
11620
1.27
Split tensile
N/mm2
3.06
2.63
2.17
2.05
1.74
61
Mix
No of
Unit
designation
cubes
weight,
kgs
M2-0
M2-5
M2-10
M2-15
M2-20
Compressive
Load, tons
Split tensile
Average Split
strength,
tensile strength,
N/mm2
N/mm2
12950
24
3.40
12960
25
3.53
12925
22
3.12
12650
19
2.69
12625
20
2.83
12620
21
2.97
12500
17
2.41
12450
18
2.54
12525
17
2.41
12150
11
1.56
12100
12
1.70
12125
12
1.69
11900
11
1.52
11875
10
1.42
11875
1.13
3.35
2.83
2.45
1.65
1.35
62
63
No of
Unit
designation
cubes
weight,
kgs
M1-0
M1-5
M1-10
M1-15
M1-20
Flexural
strength,
2
N/mm
12120
14.00
2.1
12050
13.50
2.02
12080
13.00
1.95
12000
12.5
1.87
12020
12.5
1.87
12025
13.00
1.95
11150
11.00
1.65
11180
10.50
1.57
11090
10.25
1.53
11040
10.50
1.57
11070
10.00
1.50
11025
9.75
1.46
10990
9.00
1.35
10950
8.00
1.20
10875
7.50
1.12
Average Flexural
strength, N/mm2
2.02
1.90
1.58
1.51
1.23
64
No of
Unit
designation
cubes
weight,
kgs
M2-0
M2-5
M2-10
M2-15
M2-20
Crushing
Load, KN
Flexural
strength,
2
N/mm
12510
16.00
2.4
12450
17.00
2.55
12400
16.50
2.47
12410
14.50
2.17
12350
13.50
2.02
12320
10.00
2.1
12100
13.00
1.95
12050
12.50
1.87
12020
11.00
1.65
11800
9.75
1.46
11750
9.00
1.35
11690
8.50
1.27
11525
7.00
1.05
11540
8.00
1.20
11480
7.50
1.27
Average Flexural
strength, N/mm2
2.47
2.10
1.82
1.36
1.17
65
66
5.96 = W 0.6
6
W = 59.6 KN.
Provide 6mm bars @ 180 mm c/c.
67
Beam no 2
Load(KN) Deflection
(mm)
Beam no 3
Load(KN) Deflection
(mm)
(mm)
0.24
0.18
0.16
10
0.36
10
0.32
10
0.37
15
0.73
15
0.67
15
0.69
20
0.93
20
0.84
20
0.82
25
1.02
25
0.98
25
1.08
30
1.20
30
1.15
30
1.17
35
1.34
35
1.27
35
1.29
40
1.43
40
1.39
40
1.42
45
1.55
45
1.57
45
1.59
50
1.63
47.5*
1.68
49.2*
1.72
52*
1.75
50
1.70
50
1.92
55
2.21
55
2.06
55
2.36
60
3.10
60
3.80
60
3.66
65
4.30
65
4.21
65
4.42
70
5.94
70
6.92
70
5.97
75
7.60
73**
8.32
75
7.42
78**
9.94
75.5**
9.28
68
Beam no 2
Load(KN) Deflection
(mm)
Beam no 3
Load(KN) Deflection
(mm)
(mm)
0.10
0.12
0.18
10
0.95
10
1.10
10
1.21
15
1.35
15
1.39
15
1.46
20
1.58
20
1.60
20
1.67
25
2.19
25
2.28
25
2.17
30
2.56
30
2.45
30
2.39
35
2.69
35
2.76
35
2.65
40
2.93
40
2.99
40
2.85
45
3.09
45
3.31
45
3.18
50
3.63
50
3.53
50
3.46
55
3.79
55
3.82
55
3.73
59*
3.91
60
4.09
58*
3.82
60
4.12
61*
4.17
60
3.88
65
4.35
65
4.37
65
4.18
70
4.70
70
4.74
70
4.56
75
5.90
75
5.20
75
4.95
80
6.94
80
5.40
80
5.12
85
7.32
85
6.70
85
6.32
85.5**
8.11
88**
6.85
87**
7.87
69
Table 5.17 M20 grade SCC beams with 10% Bagasse ash
Beam no 1
Load(KN) Deflection
Beam no 2
Load(KN) Deflection
(mm)
Beam no 3
Load(KN) Deflection
(mm)
(mm)
0.08
0.12
0.14
10
0.15
10
0.18
10
0.16
15
0.20
15
0.22
15
0.25
20
0.41
20
0.35
20
0.33
25
0.64
25
0.65
25
0.56
30
1.05
30
0.96
30
0.89
34*
1.36
35
1.28
32*
1.42
35
1.52
37*
1.63
35
1.98
40
2.05
40
2.17
40
2.92
45
4.00
45
3.88
45
4.65
47.5**
5.23
48**
4.12
46**
6.06
70
Table 5.18 M20 grade SCC beams with 15% Bagasse ash
Beam no 1
Load(KN) Deflection
Beam no 2
Load(KN) Deflection
(mm)
Beam no 3
Load(KN) Deflection
(mm)
(mm)
0.12
0.17
10
0.36
10
0.43
10
0.28
15
0.59
15
0.55
15
0.52
20
0.86
20
0.77
20
0.75
25
1.21
25
1.36
25
1.25
29*
1.33
28.5*
1.59
30
1.42
30
1.79
30
1.96
31*
2.83.
35
2.58
35
3.12
35
3.22
35.5**
4.88
39**
5.11
37**
4.27
71
Table 5.19 M20 grade SCC beams with 20% Bagasse ash replacement
Beam no 1
Load(KN) Deflection
Beam no 2
Load(KN) Deflection
(mm)
Beam no 3
Load(KN) Deflection
(mm)
(mm)
0.13
0.17
0.16
10
0.72
10
0.63
10
0.59
15
1.92
15
1.65
15
1.88
20
3.29
20
1.95
20
2.08
24*
4.44
25
3.84
22*
3.90
25
5.32
26*
4.55
24**
6.54
25.5**
6.92
28**
5.72
72
Chapter 6
73
Figure 6.2 compressive strength of M20 grade scc at 7 days and 28 days
74
Figure 6.3 compressive strength of M30 grade SCC at 7 days and 28 days
From graphs 6.2 and 6.3 , it is found that the bagasse acts in different ways for M20
and M30 grade SCC mixes. Initially in 7 days, there was drastic decrease in strength of SCC
mix with pozzolona than the coventional SCC mix without pozzolana due to lower heat of
hydration and there was considerable increase in strength at 28 days due to increase in heat of
hydration in the SCC mix with pozzolona.
In M20 grade SCC, we can see improvement in the compressive strength by 10.6% at 5%
cement replacement and upto 10% cement replacement by bagasse ash, it attains nominal
M20 grade strength.
In M30 grade SCC mix, the strength goes on decreasing with increase in replacement
of cement by bagasse ash as it contains higher amount of silica due to high replacement of
cement which causes reduction in hydration of cement as it results in higher water
requirement which is unavailable for hydration of cement. But still upto 5% cement
replacement by bagasse ash can be done in M30 grade SCC which gives M30 grade nominal
strength.
Hence by this, we can say cement replacement by bagasse ash can give good results
with lower grades of concrete upto 10% replacement levels.
Dept of Civil Engineering, GCE, Ramanagaram
75
Figure 6.4 Split tensile strength of M20 and M30 grade SCC
From the tables 5.11 & 5.12 and graph 6.4 , we noted the decrease in split tensile of
SCC with higher levels of cement replacement by bagasse ash at 28 days. This indicates that
bagasse ash is susceptible for lower tensile stresses.
76
77
Figure 6.6 Load Vs deflection curves for M20 grade beams with 0% Bagasse ash
Figure 6.7 Load Vs deflection curves for M20 grade beams with 5% Bagasse ash
78
Figure 6.8 Load Vs deflection curves for M20 grade beams with 10% Bagasse ash
Figure 6.9 Load Vs deflection curves for M20 grade beams with 15% Bagasse ash
79
Figure 6.10 Load Vs deflection curves of M20 grade beams with 20% Bagasse ash
From the tables 6.15 to 6.19, the defection was noted to the corresponding loadings
applied on a reinforced M20 grade SCC beams, the initial crack load and ultimate crack loads
were also noted. The 5% replacement of cement by bagasse ash gave good results with an
increase of 12.8% in loading capacity than SCC beam without replacement, where as with
higher replacement levels, it accounted for the early rupture of beams, it reduced 38.46 %,
50% and 64.1% with 10, 15 and 20% cement replacement levels respectively. This indicates
that upto 5% cement replacement is possible in M20 grade SCC beams. In graph 6.6 to 6.10,
load Vs deflection is plotted, only the 0% cement replacement SCC beams took better
resistance to vibration or abrasion.
From modulus of rupture point of view, the SCC beam with 5% cement replacement
by bagasse ash can yield better results comapared to 0% cement replacement.
The SCC beams with bagasse ash is not having good resistance to vibrations or it is
not an abrasion resistant.
80
Chapter 7
7.1 Conclusions
1. The workability of SCC containing Bagasse ash content increases which is due to the
higher water demand of SCBA compared to conventional SCC.
2. Higher replacement of cement of SCBA resulted in longer setting time of SCC mix.
3. The density of concrete decreases with increase in SCBA content which lead to light
weight concrete with agro waste.
4. The results shows that SCBA blended in SCC has significantly higher compressive
strength upto 10% replacement in M20 concrete and 5% replacement in M30 concrete. This
shows that it is not suitable for higher grades of concrete.
5. The split tensile and flexural strength of the concrete has decreased with addition of
SCBA.
6. It is not an abrasion resistant in the rupture point of view.
7. The loss of ignition obtained was 27%, this shows that SCBA contain appreciable amount
of unburnt carbon which reduces its pozzolanic activity.
8. Addition of SCBA as pozzolanic material will enhance the property of concrete, reduces
the cost of concrete production, reduces the problem of its disposal and save the environment
from the negative effects associated with the disposal of SCBA.
9. From economic point of view, the percentage of cement replacement saves money.
10. The possibility of developing low cost SCC using bagasse ash is feasible with lower
grades of concrete.
81
82