atus
Electric Apparatus
any
i
p
m
o
ng C
er Griffin
e
Paul
G
n
i
g
n
E Lance
Lewand
L
e
l
b
o
D
Doble Engineering Company
Confidential Notice
Doble Engineering (Doble) hereby grants the recipient (you) the
right to retain this presentation and materials included within (the
Presentation) for private reference. No other rights, title, or
yc make
ghtsatoncopy,
interest, including, but not limited to, the rights
p
use of, distribute, transmit, display or perform
m in public (or to
oany
C
refo
rmat
third parties), edit, translate,, or reformat
portion of the
g
n
i
r
e
Presentation are herebynoreotherwise
granted and shall remain
otherwis
i
g
ved
by
Do
expressly reserv
reserved
Doble.
You
acknowledge
and agree that
n
E
e
l
such limited
license
is expressly conditioned upon your
mited
lice
Dobof the terms herein. You further agree that, in the
acceptance
ance
event of your breach, Doble will suffer irreparable damage and
injury for which there is no adequate remedy at law. As such,
Doble, in addition to any other rights and remedies available,
shall be entitled to seek injunction by a tribunal of competent
jurisdiction restricting you from committing or continuing any
breach of these terms.
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
The amount
unt
in
the oil
o is
e
l
b
o
often <1%
%Dof the total
ny
a
p
Com
100X
ny
a
p
om
C
g
nPoints
i
r
Leaks, Through
h Weak
Po
of Transformer
e
e
n
i
ng
E
e
l
Transformer
nsforme
Dob Preservation System
Ineffective dryers - breathing conservators
Ruptured bladder/diaphragm - sealed conservators
Lid Gasket
0
- 2
Cooler Gaskets
and Valves
1
2
Maintain Pressure
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
Bushing Gaskets
Cooler Plugs
Valves
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
States of Water
Dissolved Water
Water in solution interspersed between hydrocarbon molecules
Emulsified Water
C
g
n
i
Free Water
er
e
n
i
Water that is not in solutio
solution
ng and is in high enough concentration to
E
e
l t and separate from the oil.
form water
ater droplets
dropl
Dob
Trapped Water
Bound Water
Water held in polar oil/paper degradation byproducts
Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009
Surface Tension
Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
DRY
Y
Tank Steel
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
Unpainted
ny
a
p
Com
Painted
States of Water
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
Free Water
Dissolved Water
Emulsified Water
ny
a
p
om
C
P g H 2 Ongineering
E
ppm , wt / wt
e
l
b
gDooil
Solubility
Solubility (100% Saturation) of water in oil is defined as
the amount of dissolved water an oil can hold at a
specific temperature
y
Solubility changes significantly with
ith temperature
tempera
pan
om
C
ng the ability of the oil
i
n temperature,
temperat
As the oil increases in
r
e
e
oEincreases
increas
to hold water also
ngin
le
b
o
D solubility of water in oil at 10qC is 36
For example,
mple
ppm, whereas at 90qC the solubility is 592 ppm
Oil (ppm)
22
36
55
83
ng
i
121
r
e
ine 173
g
n
E
242
331
446
592
772
Silicone (ppm)
88
125
174
ny
a
p
Com 237
316
414
534
678
850
1052
1287
80
O il (ppm )
1000
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
Silicone (ppm )
100
10
1 00 C
50 C
0 C
1
2.5
2.75
3.25
3.5
3.75
E
e
l
b
Do
Similar to Doble data with 12% aromatic content and 0.01 Acidity
E. S. Mladenov, St. G. Staykov, and G. St. Cholakov
IEEE Electrical Insulation Mag. Vol 25, No.1 Jan/Feb 2009
Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009
2
6
12
700
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
20
40
60
Temperature, C
80
100
120
Acidity, mg KOH/g
0.01
800
0.05
0.1
700
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
20
40
60
Temperature, C
80
100
120
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine a
g
Concentration
tr
ration
at T1
n
E
e
l
x 100%
Dob
Solubility at T1
what is measured
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
To
Do
ny
a
p
Com
For Example
An oil sample was taken from a
transformer at 85qC and tested for water
content and the result was 30pppm
ny
a
om
C
ng saturation, 30
i
r
e
To determine theinrelative
e
g
n
ppm would
be
divided by the solubility
b
eE div
e
l
b
o
level attD8
85qC which is 517 ppm multiplied
by 100 (30 ppm/517 ppm x 100)
Relative Saturation = 5.8%
Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009
Water Content
30 ppm
E
e
l
b
DoLLow RS
Temperature,
rature, 50C
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Water Content
Com
30 ppm
Temperature, 0C
High RS
Visual Appearance is
Cloudy
Sampling of Dielectric
c nL
Liquids
y
a
p
om
for Water Content
ten
t
C
ng
ri
e
e
ngin
E
le
b
o
D
Key Points
A specimen that is representative of the bulk liquid
insulation
When to sample - Ideal
le
b
Where
eD
toosample
sa
an
p
m
ofor Sampling
ASTM D 923: Standard Pract
Practice
ice
C
g
rin
Electrical Insulating
g Liquids
e
e
ngin
E
IEC 60475:
475:bMethod
Me
le tho of Sampling Liquid Dielectrics
o
D
Containers
Plastic - there are
no acceptable plastic
containers
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
om
C
ove e
l and catch oil
Close valve, remove
drain
ng plug
i
r
e
gin
nadapters
Install bushing
(brass, iron) to hose barb
ushin
ng
ada
E
e
l
b
Do
Flush at least 2 to 4 liters of oil through valve
Then take sample
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
Adapter
E
e
l
b
o
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
ny
a
p
Bottles - fill to about 1
1 of
o Ctop
an seal
om and
g
rin
e
e
Cans, Steell Cylinders
Cylinde
- fill to overflowing and
ngin
E
e
seal Dobl
Syringes
Flush to wet barrel and plunger
Remove gas bubbles immediately and then fill
Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009
Sampling QC Procedure
Special QC Procedures
Use of portable water sensor such as DOMINO
Drain Valve
le
b
o
D
ng
i
r
e
in e
g
n
E
ny
a
p
Com
Water Sensor Manifold
Water Sensor
Experiment
17 Transformers
nd 13kV
Voltage levels 115kV, 23kv and
ny
a
p
pmCotomfree H2O
Prior test indicated 10ppm
ng
i
r
Units previouslyy tested
e
ine
g
n
(1 to 12
months
2 mon
ths
pr
E prior)
e
l
b
Do
2 Valves
es
Tested again 6 months later on 5 transformers
Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009
ppm water
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1
3 4
6 7
Domino
Lab ppm
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Sample #
Quarts
Volume of drained
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
E
e
l
b
Do
1
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
6
ny
a
p
Com
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Sample #
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
40
30
20
10
10/01/2004
04/08/2005
0
1
Transformer
vs.
ppm - water
50
2
1.5
1
0.5
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
10/01/2004
04/08/2005
0
1
Transformer
p
m
o
Reason for Undertaking
ingring C
eecalculate relative saturation
n
i
Part of method
d used
to
g
En of paper
e
l
con
t
and water
content
Dob
Doble recommends taking top oil
Standards differ in their approach
ny
a
p
Top oil versus bottom oil
om
C
ng
i
Tank versus drain valve
alve
r
e
ine
Convection
ion cooling
c Eng versus pumped cooling
le
b
o
D m
Different
manufacturers
rent
0
-
1
2
ny
a
p
om
C
Reading taken on tank
ng
i
r
e
directly behind valve
e
in
g
n
E
e
l
Reading taken on valve
b
Do
body before and after
Gauges
ges an
and Plugs
sampling
Valve
Temperature Averages, C
Averages
Top
Oil
All XFMRs
43.82
Oil
Bottom
XFMR Sample
Tank
31.54
'
T-B
12.28
ny
a
p
Com
33.79
2
21 00
g21.00
n
i
r
ee
n
i
g
Pumps Offf 57.53
43.50
4
En
e
l
ob 60.00 53.42 49.14
DOn
Pumps
ps
O
13.53
Largest '
73.0
31.7
41.8
Smallest '
41.0
44.4
-3.4
No Pumps
40.45
26.92
92
'
B-Oil
+2.25
-5.92
14.03
6.58
-4.28
75
Temperature,
65
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
Pumped Co
Cooled Unit
55
45
35
25
Convection Cooled units
15
Top Oil
Sample
Top Oil
Oil Sample
'
ny
a
p
om 18.83
C
No Pumps
39.83
21.00
21
00
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
Pumps On e E
60.00
49.14
10.86
l
b
Do
ny
a
p
30 ppm
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
55.7C
E
e
l
b
62.7C
Do
68.2C
68.2
9.53% RS
9
2.01% water in paper
60.0C
12.36% RS
2.62% water in paper
Valve
Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
Importance of Water in
nny
pa
m
o
Transformers ng C
ri
e
e
ngin
E
le
b
o
D
H2O
nyof
Susceptibility to high relative saturation
o
a
p
m
o
C water
n ofgfree
free
wa
water in oil and formation
rin
e
e
Ability to overload
oad
ngin
E
le water vapor bubbles evolve
b
o
Temperature
perature
D
Dielectric Strength
Substantially lowered when:
Water content of paper/pressboard is 2 to 4% or higher
ny
a
p
lectric
g
Relative Saturation of liquid dielectric
than
omis greater
C
50%
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
40
36
32
28
24
20
16
12
le
b
o
D
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
ny
a
p
Com
8
4
0
0
12 16 20
24 28
32 36
40 44 48
52 56
60
40
36
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Water Content, % RS @ 22 C
50
45
40
35
30
25
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
20
15
10
50
40
30
20
10
Temperature, Deg. C
%RS
Relative Saturation, %
90
80
Temp.
70
70
60
50
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
40
30
20
ny
a
p
Com
10
60
50
40
Temperature, Degree C
80
30
20
10
20
40
60
80
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
Elapsed Time, Hours
90
%RS
90
80
Temp.
80
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
70
60
50
40
30
20
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
10
0
0
20
40
60
80
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
Temperature, Degree C
100
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
100
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
RS, %
E
e
l
T, C
Dob
80
60
40
H2O, ppm
20
0
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
100
80
60
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
20
0
205
235
265
295
325
RS, %
T, C
H2O, ppm
100
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
80
60
40
20
0
325
375
425
475
525
575
625
Bubble Evolution
Primarily Influenced by Water Content of Paper
n
Emergency Loading to Hot-Spot
ot Temperature
Tempera
mpa
o
C
g
rin in
Operate Below
Water
i Paper Content
e
e
n
i
g
180qC ble En
<0.5%
o
D
140 qC
2.0%
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
2%
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
3%
E
e
l
b
Do
ny
a
p
Com
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
0.5%
1.0%
Time
C
g
n
i
Relative humidityy =neer
ngi
E
vapor
or pressure/equilibrium
pres
sure/e
vapor pressure
e
l
b
o temperature expressed as a percentage
giv
at aD
given
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
Water Equilibration
Water in Gas Space and Oil
Relative humidity = Relative saturation
on if Isothermal
ny
a
p
m
Water in gas space can be
corre
with
ocorrelated
C
g
in
rCu
water in paper (Piper
Curves),
new
Piper
e
e
n
i
Eng
equilibrium
curves
riumble
curves
Do
Water in Paper
%
0.50%
5.0%
Vapor Pressure, mm Hg
1.00%
100
1.50%
2.00%
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
2.50%
3.00%
1.0%
10
3.50%
4.00%
0.5%
4.50%
5.00%
0.1
0.01
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Temperature, C
in
ercontent
Concentration
n of water
co
in the dielectric liquid
e
n
i
g
n
E
in ppm
temperature - prefer top oil
m withleinsulation
insulat
b
temp. Do
Or direct measure of RS corrected to top oil
temperature
Type of insulating liquid - mineral oil, silicone, ester...
Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009
n insulation has
athe
Adequately warm - the ideal is that
p
m
ole
C
mer ifor
at
least 3 days with a
been at 50qC or warmer
g
n
r
ee or operating temperature
reasonably steady
teady
load
n
i
g
En
Rapidly
dly dropping
drop i temperatures over-estimates water
in paper
e as does use of equilibrium curves at low
temperatures
30 to 50qC not reliable but provides sense of
dryness, above 50qC good, above 60qC excellent
Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009
ny
pa characteristics
If too high need to determine
e solubility
c
m
o
C
aturation
Can use relative saturation
ring measurement
ee
Silicone
ngin
E
le
b
o
Midel 7131
D synthetic ester
Cooper Envirotemp FR3
ABB Biotemp
Dielectric Systems Eco Fluid (Eco-SYN)
Do
RS2=(RS1)(Sol1)/(Sol2n) y
pa
m
o
gC
n
i
r
e top oil temp.
eat
RS2=Relative saturation
turation
n
i
g
En
RS =Relative
tive saturation
sa
at measured temp.
1
Mineral Oil
T1=80C
an
p
m
o
C
g
rin30
24
23
e
e
n
i
ng
E
e
3
l 34
Dob
13
10
15
20
Mineral Oil
Aged
FR3
T1=40C Mineral Oil T1=80C
T1=80
=80C
y
42
50
41
12
21
30
35
9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
40
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
2.00
110
1.00
120
115
0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
30
35
4.50
40
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
1.00
110
115
0.50
120
0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
30
35
4.50
40
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
1.00
110
115
0.50
120
0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
30
35
40
45
2.50
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
2.00
1.50
1.00
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
0.50
110
115
120
0.00
0
10
15
20
25
30
10.00
35
40
9.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
2.00
110
115
1.00
120
0.00
0
15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240
Water in Oil Content (ppm)
5.00
35
40
4.50
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
1.00
110
0.50
115
120
0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
4.50
35
40
4.00
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
50
55
3.50
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
0
1.50
105
110
115
1.00
120
0.50
0.00
0
15
30
45
60
75
90 105 120 135 150 165 180 195 210 225 240
Water in Oil Content (ppm)
2.50
2.00
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
ny
a
p
Com
50
55
60
65
70
75
1.50
80
85
90
95
00
1.00
100
105
110
0.50
115
120
0.00
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
30
9.00
40
35
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
2.00
110
1.00
120
115
0.00
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
4.50
35
40
4.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
50
1.50
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
4.50
35
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
4.00
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
1.50
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
2.50
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
55
2.00
60
65
70
75
1.50
80
85
90
95
0
1.00
100
105
110
115
0.50
120
0.00
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
30
9.00
40
35
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
2.00
110
1.00
120
115
0.00
0
250
500
750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000
Water in Oil Content (ppm)
4.50
35
40
4.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
50
1.50
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
4.50
35
40
4.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
1.50
0
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
250
500
750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000
Water in Oil Content (ppm)
2.50
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
55
2.00
60
65
70
75
1.50
80
85
90
95
0
1.00
100
105
110
115
0.50
120
0.00
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
30
9.00
40
35
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
2.00
110
1.00
120
115
0.00
0
150
300
450
600
750
900
1050
1200
1350
1500
4.50
35
40
4.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
0
1.50
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
4.50
35
40
4.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
1.50
0
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2.50
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
55
2.00
60
65
70
75
1.50
80
85
90
95
0
1.00
100
105
110
115
0.50
120
0.00
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
30
9.00
40
35
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
2.00
110
1.00
120
115
0.00
0
150
300
450
600
750
900
1050
1200
1350
1500
4.50
35
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
4.00
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
1.50
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
4.50
35
40
4.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
1.50
50
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
2.50
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
55
2.00
60
65
70
75
1.50
80
85
90
95
0
1.00
100
105
110
115
0.50
120
0.00
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
30
9.00
40
35
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
2.00
110
1.00
120
115
0.00
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
4.50
35
40
4.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
50
1.50
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
2.50
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
55
2.00
60
65
70
75
1.50
80
85
90
95
0
1.00
100
105
110
115
0.50
120
0.00
0
10
15
20
25
4.50
35
40
4.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
0
1.50
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
ny
a
p
RS2 = RS1*SolT1/SolT2 where RS2
RS2
th RS at the
oismthe
C
g
rinme
measured temp, SolT1 is the
desired temp., RS1 is atethe
e
n
i
g
En
solubilityy at the
measured
temp and SolT2 is at the
meas
e
l
b
Do
desired temp.
tem
Log S o
1567
7.0895
K
30
9.00
40
35
45
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
2.00
110
1.00
120
115
0.00
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
30
35
6.00
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
Water
ter Content in Paper, %
5.50
5.00
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
2
1.50
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
1.00
0.50
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
0.00
Water in Oil Content (RS)
4.50
35
40
4.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
3.50
55
60
65
3.00
70
75
2.50
80
85
90
2.00
95
100
1.50
0
105
110
1.00
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
30
35
4.00
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
50
1.50
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
1.00
120
0.50
0.00
0
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
2.50
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
55
2.00
60
65
70
75
1.50
80
85
90
95
1.00
00
100
105
110
115
120
0.50
0.00
0
10
15
20
2.50
40
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
45
50
55
2.00
60
65
70
75
1.50
80
85
90
95
1.00
0
100
105
110
115
0.50
120
0.00
0
10
ng
i
r
e
Use change in temperature
temperatu
to redistribute moisture
ine
g
n
n oilband
an
dEpaper
pa
between
e
l
o
D
70
Relative Saturation
Water Content, ppm
12
60
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
10
50
40
30
Hours
133
137
129
125
121
117
113
109
105
97
101
93
89
85
81
77
73
65
69
57
61
53
45
49
37
41
33
29
25
21
17
10
13
20
Temperature, Degrees C
Bottom Oil
10
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
0
1
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
56
61
66
71
76
81
86
91
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
Oil gine
Paper
n
E
e
l
b
Do
Interface
1.9
1.8
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
Do
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
1
11
16 21 26 31 36 41
46 51 56 61 66
71 76 81 86 91
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
Moisture Distribution
L ocation
T em perature
B ottom oil
N on-C onductor
B ottom oil
W rapped
conductor
T op oil
le
b
uctor
N on-conductor
o
D
T op oil
W rapped
conductor
H ottest spot
60
W ater in O il
10 ppm
W ater in O il
30 ppm
1.4
2.4
ny
a
p
75
0.9
om
C
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
75
0.9
E
1.6
1.6
90
0.5
1.0
98
0.4
0.7
ny
a
p
At higher temp, moisture migration
gration
om is quicker and
C
ngiis high
the solubility of water
ater e
inrioil
ine
g
n
E water remains mostly in the oil
During
down,
g coolled
own
b
and for
long timesolubility also decreases
orDao lo
Excessive waterHigh RSlow dielectric
breakdown voltage
Condensation Possible
Water in Electric Apparatus - Doble Insulating Materials Tutorial Oct. 2009
ny
a
p
Wetter transformers (> 1.5% in paper)
om
C
ring
atureecycle
Those that temperature
e
ngin cycle quicker and to greater
E
Those that temperature
tem
mperat
le
b
o
extremes
mes
D
E
e
l
b
Do
ny
a
p
om
C
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
E
e
l
b
mperatur
3. As the temperature
Do
h water
increases, the
ny
a
p
Com
H
O
E
e
l
b
Do
ng
i
r
e
e
ngin
ny
a
p
Com
30C
1.5% Water
2.5 ppm Water
E
e
l
b
Do
ny
a
p
m
O g Co
rin
e
e
95C
n
i
g
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H
|1.5% Water
70 ppm Water
H
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ng
i
r
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ine
g
n
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e
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Do
ny
a
p
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|1.5% Water
70 ppm
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ny
a
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Limits for Water in
ng Transfo
Transformers
om
C
rin
e
e
ngin
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le
b
o
D
ny
a
p
Between 30 and 50qC Top Oil
om
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ng
i
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e
ine Oil
g
Greater than
n 50qC
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Top
n
E
e
l
b
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ng
i
r
e
ine
g
n
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e
l
b
Do
Dob
30 ppm max.
d 20 ppm max.
py
max.
d 25
nppm
a
p
3 ppm max.
Com35
No free water
<50% Saturation in
dry climates
<50% Saturation
under cool
conditions
80
an
p
m
o
C
g
5% RS
Excellent
Ex
rin
e
e
5 to 10% RSEngin
Good
e
obl RS
11 to
Okay possibly wet
oD20%
21 to 30% RS
>30% RS
Wet
Extremely Wet
80
ny
a
p
5% RS
Excellent
Excellent
om
C
g
nGood
i
r
G
5 to 10% RS
Okay
e
e
n
i
g
11 to 20% RSle En
Probably Wet
b
Do
>20% RS
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80
80
Dob
Excellent
Good y
an
p
*Okay
m
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*Wet
Very Wet
nyaand the
s quicker
At higher temp, moisture migration is
a
p
gh Com
solubility of water in oil is high
ng
i
r
e
During cool down,
mostly in the oil and for
wn, water
rem
ineremains
g
n
eso
olubility
a long timesolubility
E also decreases
e
l
b
DowaterHigh RSlow dielectric breakdown
siv
Excessive
voltage
Condensation Possible
Hottest
Top Oil
Temp, C
Equil.
Water in
Oil at
2.0%
water
er in
paper
Equil.
Water in
Oil at
1.0%
water in
paper
ny
a
p
m
28
20
100
0 ng C
43o
123
i
r
ee
n
i
g
11
.5
11.5
0
18
52
En 80
e
l
b
Do
Equil.
Water in
Oil at
3.0%
water in
paper
225
95
-20
4.0
60
20
37
-40
1.2
40
2.5
6.9
13