CHAPTER 11: SETS

Definition of Sets: A sets is a collection of things or items which are well-defined and have
common properties or features.
Set Notation:
Item
Universal Set
Subset

Symbols

Empty Set

or

AB

Example
The universal set
Set A is a subset of Set B
The empty set or

A=B
Set A is equal to Set B
Equal Sets
x A
x is an element in Set A
Elements of a set
A
The complement of set A
Complement of a set
The intersection of Set A and Set B
A B
Intersection of two sets
The union of Set A and Set B
A B
Union of two sets
n(A)
The number of elements in Set A
Number of elements in a set
Skills assessed

List the elements in a set that fulfills a certain description.

Use the Venn diagram to illustrate sets.

Use the concept of subset, universal set and the complement of a set.

Perform operations involving two or more sets: intersection and union.

List the elements for A B, A B, P Q, P Q etc.

Determine the outcome of combined operations on sets and represent it in a Venn diagram.

Solve problems involving combined operations on sets.

Solving strategy
List down all the elements in the universal set, .
Mark or circle elements in different sets P, Q and R by using a different colour for each set.
To list the elements in a set, just identify the elements with the same colour.
For questions involving n(P Q), count the elements which belongs to both Set P and Set Q.
For questions involving n(P Q), count the elements which belongs to either Set P or Set Q.
Common Mistakes

of elements in the set.

Students do not list down all the elements

Students find the elements in the set while the question asked for the number
Students fail to extract information from a problem and to solve it using sets.

11.1: UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF SET.

=> The number of elements in set A is written as n(A)
=> A null or empty set has no elements in it. The symbol for a null set is or

=> If two sets, P and Q, contain exactly the same elements, then set P is equal to set Q, P Q
Sets

EXAMPLES

EXERCISES

List the elements and state the

number of elements
A = {factors of 18}
Solution
A = {1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18}
n(A) = 6

List the elements and state the

number of elements
A = {factors of 20}
Solution
A=
n(A) =

List the elements and state the

number of elements
P = {consonants in the word STUDENTS}
Solution
P = {S, T, D, N, T}
n(P) = 5

List the elements and state the

number of elements
P = {vowels in the word UNIVERSAL}
Solution
P=
n(P) =

List the elements and state the

number of elements
P = {prime factors of 14}
Solution
P = 2, 7

List the elements and state the

number of elements
P = { prime factors of 21}
Solution
P=
n(P) =

List the elements and state the

number of elements
P = {x : x is an integer, -2 x 4 }
Solution
P = {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
n(P) = 7

List the elements and state the

number of elements
P = {x : x is an integer, -3 x 3 }
Solution
P=
n(P) =

Given the sets P ={1, 2, 4, r, 8} and

Q = {20, 21, 22, 23}.
If P = Q, find the value of r.
Solution
P = {1, 2, r, 8}
Q = {1, 2, 4, 8}
r=4

Given the sets R ={2, 4, m, 8} and

T = {1 2, 2 2, 3 2, 4 2}.
If R= T, find the value of m.
Solution
R=
T=
m=

n(P) = 2

Sets

11.2 (a)

SUBSETS.

Definition:
If each element of set A is a member of set B, then set A is a subset of set B.
Symbol:
A B.
Venn diagram

B
A

A B
1

EXAMPLES
Given that
A = {p, q}
B = {m, n, o, p, q}
What is the relation between set A and B?

EXERCISE
Given that
X = { 4, 5}
Y = {3, 4, 5, 6, 7}
What is the relation between set X and Y?

Answer:

Answer:

Each element in set A is a member of set B.

Each element in set _____ is a member of

Set _________ .

Venn diagram.
Draw the Venn Diagram.

From the Venn Diagram below, what is the

relation between set P,Q,R and S?

From the Venn Diagram below, what is the

relation between set P, Q,R and S?

P
Q

P
S

S
R

Answer:

Sets

Answer:

11.2 (b) UNIVERSAL SET

Definition: a set which includes all the sets in a discussion.
Symbol :
COMPLEMENT OF A SET.
Definition: Complement of set A is a set in the universal set which contains all the elements not
found in A.
Symbol : A
A
Venn Diagram
.

.
1

EXAMPLES
Given that = {11,12,20}
A= {prime numbers}
List all elements in set , A and set A. Then
draw a Venn diagram for the sets.
Answer :
=
A=
A=

a
b
d

EXERCISE
Given that = {11,12,20}
B = {odd numbers}
List all elements in set , B and B. Then draw
a Venn diagram for the sets.
Answer :
=
B=
B=

k j
e
g

h
i

List the elements of the following sets

=
n()=
P=
n(P)=
P=
n(P)=
Q=
n(Q)=
Q=
n(Q)=
R=
n(R)=
R=
n(R)=

Sets

10
6
11 7
12

3 1 2
4

List the elements of the following sets

=
n()=
A=
n(A)=
A=
n(A)=
B=
n(B)=
B=
n(B)=
C=
n(C)=
C=
n(C)=

11.3

OPERATION ON SETS.

11.3 (a) INTERSECTION OF SETS.

Definition :
Symbol

The intersection of sets A and B is the set of elements which are common to both
A and B.

: A B

The following Venn diagrams show three examples of the intersection of sets.

2.

Sets

EXAMPLES
It is given that
A= {w, x, y, z}
B = {u, v, w, x}
A B=
Draw a Venn diagram to represent the sets
given.

EXCERCISES
It is given that
A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {4, 5, 6, 7}
A B=
Complete the Venn diagram below.

It is given that
A= {p, q, r, s, t}
B = {r, s ,t ,u ,v}
C = {p ,s, t, u ,x}

It is given that
P= {a, b, c, d, e, f}
Q = {d, e ,f ,g ,h}
R = {a ,d, e, h , i}

Draw a Venn diagram to represent the sets

given.

Draw a Venn diagram to represent the sets

given.

EXAMPLES
Shade the region that represents X Y Z
for the following Venn diagrams
i)

EXCERCISES
Shade the region that represents X Y Z
for the following Venn diagrams

i)

ii)
Z
X

ii)

iii)

iii)

Find the complement of ( M N )' for each

of the following sets.
={a, e, i, o, u}
M={a, e, o, u}
N= {i, o, u}

5.

Find the complement of ( M N )' for each

of the following sets.
a) ={2, 4, 6, 8, 10,12}
M={4, 8, 12}
N= {4, 6, 12}

Shade the region that represents the

complement of the following sets.
a)

Shade the region that represents the

complement of the following sets.
a)

()

()

b)

b)

B
B

()

()
A

c)

( A B C )'
C

Sets

( A B C )'

c)
C

11.3(b)

UNION OF SETS.

Definition: The union of sets A and B is the set of all elements which belong to A or B or both A
and B.
Symbol : A B

The following Venn diagrams show three examples of the union of sets.

B
B

A B

A B

EXAMPLES

=A
EXCERCISE

Given that
A= {w, x, y, z}
B = {u, v, w, x}
A B =
( A B) ' =

Given that
A= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {4, 5, 6, 7}
A B =
( A B) ' =

Shade the region that represents X Y Z

for the following Venn diagrams
i)

Shade the region that represents the complement

of the following sets.
a)

ii)

b)

()

iii)
X

c)

()

X
Sets

( A B C )'

Y
Z

EXAMPLES

EXCERCISES

It is given that
It is given that
={2,4,6,8,10,12}

={a, e, i, o, u}

M={4,8,12}

M={a, e}

N= {4, 6}

N= { u}
Find
i) ( M N ) = {a, e,, u}

Find
i)

ii) ( M N )' = {i, o}

(M N ) =

ii) ( M N )' =

Shade the region that represents the complement

of the following sets.

Shade the region that represents the

complement of the following sets.

a)
a)

b)
b)

c)

c)

()

()

A
()

BB

Sets

( A B C )'
8

()

( A B C )'
C

11.3(c)

COMBINED OPERATIONS ON SETS.

EXAMPLES

Sets

EXCERCISES

a c
b
d

k j
e
g

h
i

List the elements of a set

P ={j, k}

n(P)= 2

P= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i}

n(P)= 9

Q = {a, b, c, d, e}

n(Q)= 5

Q= {f, g, h, i, j, k}

n(Q)= 6

R = { e, f, g}

n(R)= 3

R= {a, b, c, d, h, i, j, k}

n(R)= 8

P Q={}

n( P Q)= 0

Q R={e}

n( Q R)= 1

P R={}

n( P R)= 0

P R={e,f,g}

n( P R)= 3

Q R= {f,g}

n( Q R)= 2

R Q={a,b,c,d}

n( R Q)= 4

Q R={a,b,c,d,e,f,g}

n( Q R)= 7

Q P={a,b,c,d,e,k,j}

n( Q P)= 6

(Q R)={k,j,h,i}

n[(Q R)]=4

(Q P)={f,g,h,i}

n[(Q P)]=4

P Q={f,g,h,i}

n( P Q)=4

Sets

Given that = X

R
P

List the elements of a set

= {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k} n()= 11

(P Q R)={h,i}

3 1 2
4

10
6
11 7
12

n()=

P=

n(P)=

P=

n(P)=

Q=

n(Q)=

Q=

n(Q)=

R=

n(R)=

R=

n(R)=

P Q=

n( P Q)=

Q R=

n( Q R)=

P R=

n( P R)=

P R=

n( P R)=

Q R=

n( Q R)=

R Q=

n( R Q)=

Q R=

n( Q R)=

Q P=

n [(P Q R)]=2

EXAMPLES
Y Z Shade the region

10

n( Q P)=

(Q R)=

n[(Q R)]=

(Q P)=

n[(Q P)]=

P Q=

n( P Q)=

(P Q R)=

n [(P Q R)]=

EXCERCISES
Given that = X Y Z Shade the region

for the operation on the following sets.

for the operation on the following sets.

a) (X Y)

a) (Y Z)

b) (X Y)

b) (Z Y)
Y

X
X

c) (X Y)

c) (Z Y)

X
X

Z
X

Y
Y

d)

X Y Z
X

e)

d)

X Y Z

e)

Sets

X Y Z

Z
X

Z Y X

11

QUESTIONS BASED ON THE SPM FORMAT (Paper 1)

1.

EXAMPLES
Given that the universal set P Q R ,
P Q and Q R , the Venn diagram
that represents these relationships is

EXCERCISES
Given that the universal set P Q R ,
R Q and Q P , the Venn diagram that
represents these relationships is

A.

A.

B.

B.

C.

D.

P
B

Q
D

Diagram shows a Venn diagram with the

universal set P Q R .

Q
A

R
B

Considering the four regions, A, B, C and D,

which of these represents the set
P R Q' ?

Considering the four regions, A, B, C and D,

which of these represents the set P R Q' ?

Answer : B

Answer :

EXAMPLES
Sets

Diagram shows a Venn diagram with the

universal set P Q R .

Q
R

D.

C.

EXCERCISES

12

Diagram is a Venn diagram which shows the

elements of sets P, Q and R.

P
n

r
s

Diagram is a Venn diagram which shows the

universal set, , and sets P, Q and R.

p
n

If the universal set P Q R , then set

Q is
A. {r ,s}
B. {n, t}
C. {m, r, s}
D. {n, p, q, t}
4

p
m

Diagram is a Venn diagram which shows the

elements of sets P, Q and R.

r
s

If the universal set P Q R , then set R

is
A. {m ,n}
B. {m, n, p, q}
C. {t ,r, s}
D. {m ,n , p , q ,t}
Diagram is a Venn diagram which shows the
universal set, , and sets P, Q and R.

The shaded region in the Venn diagram

represents the set
A. P Q '
B
P R'
C. P ' R
D. R Q '

The shaded region in the Venn diagram

represents the set
A. P Q '
B P R'
C. P ' R
R Q'
D.

EXAMPLES
Sets

EXCERCISES

13

Given the universal set, = {x : 10 x

20, x is an integer},
P = {16,18,20}
Q = { x : x is prime number} and
R = {x : x is a multiple of 3}
The elements of the set ( P R ) Q ' .
A. {15, 18}
B. {12, 18, 20}
C. {12, 15, 16, 18, 20}
D. {10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20}

Given the universal set, = {x : 5 x 25, x

is an integer},
P = {12,16,18,20,25}
Q = { x : x is prime number} and
R = {x : x is a multiple of 5}
The elements of the set ( P R ) Q ' .
A. {15, 18, 19}
B. {12, 18, 20, 25}
C. {12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 25}
D. {10, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 25}

6.
Q

5
2
1

3
1

Diagram shows the number of elements in

sets P, Q and R. Find n(Q R )'
A. 5
B. 6
C. 8
D. 12

Diagram shows the number of elements in sets

P, Q and R. Find n(Q R )'
A 5
B 6
C. 8
D. 12

7.

Q
2

Diagram shows the number of elements in

sets P, Q and R. Find n( P R )' .
A. 4
B. 6
C. 8
D. 11

Sets

1
3

14

Diagram shows the number of elements in sets

P, Q and R. Find n( P Q )' .
A. 4
B. 7
C. 8
D. 11

EXAMPLES

EXCERCISES

8.

P
1
Q

3
1

2
2
4

1
R

x
1

A.
B.
C.
D.

Diagram shows the number of elements in

sets P, Q and R. Given that = P Q R.
and n(P) = n(Q R) Find the value of x.

Diagram shows the number of elements in sets

P, Q and R. Given that = P Q R. and
n(R) = n(P Q) Find the value of x.

3
5
6
8

A.
B.
C.
D.

3
5
7
9

P
2

y1
Q

3
x1

2
4

43

5x

Sets

32
x1 3

2
54

R
3

4x

Diagram shows the number of elements in

sets P, Q and R. Given that = P Q R.
n()=30 and n(P) = n(R). Find the value of
x + y.
A.
B.
C.
D.

42

y1

5
7
8
10

Diagram shows the number of elements in sets

P, Q and R. Given that = P Q R.
n()=25 and n(P) = n(R). Find the value of
x + y.
A.
B.
C.
D.

15

5
7
8
10

10.

In the Venn diagram, given that

= {x: x is an integer}

A = {x : x is a multiple of 5}

II I III

B = {x : x is a multiple of 7}
Number 49 should be in the area
A.
B.

I
II

C.
D.

IV
III
IV

11. The Venn diagram shows the relationship

between set M,N and K. Which of the
following is true?.
A.
B.
C.
D.

M N=K
M N=K
M K=K
K N=M

M
K

12. Given = { x : 1 x 30 and x is an integer}

P = { x : x is multiple of 6}
and Q = { x : x is number which contain the digit 2}.
Find P Q.
A.
{12, 18, 24}
B.
{12, 24}
C.
{12, 18, 24,32}
D.
{2, 12, 24}
E
13.

F
G

Diagram shows a Venn diagram

with the universal set = E F G.
Considering the four regions, A, B ,C and D,
which of these represents the set
E F G ?

B C

14. Diagram shows a Venn diagram with the universal set = {Year Five pupils},
set M =
{ pupils who read a Malay language newspaper} and R= { pupils who read a English
language newspaper}. Given that n(M) = 80, n (R) = 104, n(M R) = 12 and the
number of pupils who do not read either newspaper is 4, find the total number of Year Five
pupils.

Sets

A.

172

C.

196

B.

176

D.

200

16

15.

The diagram above shows a Venn diagram with

universal set , set P and set Q. The shaded
region represents
P Q
P Q

A
B

16.

C
D

P
Q

P Q
P Q

Given universal set = A B C,

set A = {K,E, D, A, H},
set B = {P, E, R, L, I, S} and
set C = {S, E, L, A, N, G, O, R}.
Find n[(A C) B]
A
B

17.

6
7

8
9

.Diagram shows a Venn Diagram with universal the

set = {Form 4 Ibnu Sina students },

set P = {students who pass the Mathematics Paper 1}
and set Q = { students who pass the Mathematics Paper 2}
Given n(P) = 30, n(Q) = 22, n(P Q) = 20 and the
number of students who fail both papers is 8, find the
total number of students in Form Four Ibnu Sina.
A
B

18.

C
D

38
40

C
D

Q
P

41
44

. The Venn diagram in diagram shows all the elements in the sets L, M and N.

The
elements of
set M are

Sets

17

{ 1, 8 }

{ 3, 7 }

{ 1, 3, 7, 8 }

{ 1, 2, 3, 7, 8 }

the

19.

The Venn diagram in diagram shows the number of elements in sets J, K and L.
The universal set J K L .

If n( J K ) 20 find the value of y.

20.

11

16

In the Venn diagram , the universal set,

= {Form 4 students} and the sets
A = {Students who like basket ball}
B= {Students who like badminton}

Given that n( A) 60 , n( B ) 84 , n( A B) 16 and 6 of them dislike playing any

games. Find the total of form four students.

Sets

128

134

144

148

18

Sets

19

Past Year SPM Questions

Paper 1
November 2003
Given that the universal set J K L , J K and K L , the Venn
diagram that represents these relationships is

A.

B.

D.
J

C.

Diagram 13 shows a Venn diagram with the universal set E F G .

2.

F
G

E
A

Diagram 13

Considering the four regions, A, B, C and D, which of these represents the set
E F G' ?
Diagram 14 shows a Venn diagram with the universal set = { Year Five pupils},
set M = {Pupils who read a Malay language newspaper} and R = { Pupils who read
an English language newspaper }.

3.

Given that n(M) = 80, n(R) = 104,

n(M R) = 12 and the number of pupils who do
not read either newspaper is 4, find the total
number of Year Five pupils.
A 172
C 196
B 176
D 200

Diagram 14

Sets

20

July 2004
It is given that the universal set E F G , set E = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 16},
set F = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}, and set G = {2, 4, 14},
Which Venn diagram shows the relation between set E, F and G?

4.

A.

B.

B.

D.

5.

F
G

It is given that the universal set = { x : 1 x 12, x is an integer},

set P ={x ; x is an odd number} and set Q={x ; x is a prime number}.
The elements of the set P Q are
A. 1, 3, 5, 7
B. 3, 5, 7

C.
D.

1,2, 9
1, 9.

November 2004
6.

Diagram 13 is a Venn diagram which shows the elements of set P, Q and R.

P
5

R
3

1
2

If the universal set P Q R , then set Q is

A {1, 2}
C {1, 2, 5}
B {3, 6}
D {3, 4, 6}

Sets

21

Diagram 13

Diagram 14 is a Venn diagram which shows the universal , set P and set Q.

7.

Q
Diagram 14

The shaded region in the Venn diagram represents the set

A.
B.
C.
D.
8.

P Q
P Q
P Q
P Q

It is given that the universal set = { x : 1 x 12, x is an integer},

Set P = {2 ,3 ,7 ,9}, set Q = {x ; x is a prime number} and
Set R = {x : x is multiple of 4},
The elements of the set (P R)
A. 5, 11
B. 1, 5, 11

Q are

C.
D.

2, 3, 11
2, 3, 9.

July 2005
9. Given that M = {4, 6}, list all the subsets of M.
A.
{4}, {6}
B.
, {4}, {6}
C.
{4}, {6}, {4, 6}
D.
, {4}, {6}, {4, 6}
10. Diagram 13 is a Venn diagram which shows the elements of universal set ,
set P and set Q.

Q
P
5

1
3

2
4

Sets

22

Diagram 13

List all the elements of set P.

A.
B.
C.
D.
11.

{5, 6}
{7, 8}
(1, 2, 3, 4}
{5, 6, 7, 8}

It is given that P = {3, 4,5, 6, 7}, Q = {6, 8, 10, 14}, R = {10, 16, 20} and
universal set P Q R. .
Which of these Venn diagrams shows the relation between set P, Q and R?

A.

C.

B.

D.

November 2005.
12. Which of the following Venn diagrams represents set R S such that the
universal set R S ?
R

A.

C.

B.

Sets

D.

23

13. Diagram 13 is a Venn diagram with the universal set P Q R .

Q
A

Diagram 13

Which of the region, A, B, C or D, represents the set P'Q 'R? ?

14. Diagram 14 is a Venn diagram which shows the elements of set R, set S and set T.
R

S
3

x-4
8

1
Diagram 14

x-3

It is given that the universal set R S T , and n(S) = n(S

Find the value of x.
A. 5
C.
10
B. 6
D.
11

T).

July 2006
15. Diagram 11 is a Venn diagram showing the sets M, N and P such that the universal set

M NP

M
N

Diagram 11
The shaded region represents the set
A
B
C
D
Sets

M N P
M N P
M N ' P
M ' N P
24

16. Diagram 12 is an incomplete Venn diagram showing the number of elements in sets P, Q
and R.
P

Q
6

4
3

7
2

DIAGRAM 12

It is given that the universal set, P Q R and n R 11 .

Find n P Q R .
A
B
C
D

5
6
12
17

November 2006
17. It is given that the universal set, x :19 x 31, x is an integer and set

R x : x is a number such that the sum of its two digits is an even number . Find set R ' .
A
B
C
D

{ 20, 22, 24, 26, 28 }

{ 21, 23, 25, 27, 29 }
{ 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29 }
{ 21, 23, 25, 27, 29, 30 }

18. Diagram 13 is a Venn diagram showing the universal set , set P and set Q.

Sets

25

Diagram 13

The region P Q ' is equivalent to the region

A
P Q'
B
P Q'
C
P ' Q '
D
P ' Q '
19. Table 2 shows data obtained from a survey of 100 television viewers. Diagram 14 is a Venn diagram
that represents part of the information in Table 2.
Programmes watched
News
Sports
News and Sports only
News and Entertainment only
News only
Sports only

Number of
viewers
55
61
12
5
25
28

TABLE 2

12

News

28
Sports

11 13
17Entertainment
19

DIAGRAM 14

Find the number of viewers who watched sports or news and also entertainment programmes.
A
B
C
D

26
39
47
51

June 2007
20. It is given that the universal set, = { x : 5 x 13 , x is an integer }and set

P = { x : x is a prime number }.
List all the elements of set P ' .
A
B
C
D

{ 6, 8, 9, 10, 12 }
{ 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 }
{ 6, 8, 10, 12 }
{ 5, 7, 11, 13 }

21. Diagram 15 is a Venn diagram showing set P and set S. It is given that
Sets

26

P = { hockey player }, S = { badminton layers } and the universal set , P S .

P

Diagram 15
If n ( P ) = 27, n ( S ) = 36 and n ( P S ) 8 , find n ( P S ) .
A
B
C
D

71
63
55
47

Nov 2007
22. List all the subsets of set X = { m , n }
A
B
C
D

{m}
{m}
{m}
{m}

,
,
,
,

{n}
{n}, { }
{n}, { m,n}
{n}, { m,n},{ }

23. Diagram 14 is a Venn diagram showing the universal set , = { Form Five students }, set

L = { Students who play badminton } and set M = { Students who play tennis }

Diagram 14
Given n ( ) = 60, n (L ) = 25, n ( M ) = 12 and n ( L P ) 8 , find the number of
students who do not play the two games.
A
B
C
D

Sets

15
23
31
52

27

24. Given the universal set, P Q , set P = { 0 , 1, 2 } and set Q = { 2, 3, 4, 5 }, find the
value of n ( ).
A
B
C
D

7
6
5
4

Jun 2008
25. Diagram 12 shows a Venn diagram with the universal set, , set T and set S.

S
1

5
4

2
6

Diagram 12
List all the elements of set S' .
A
B
C
D

{ 1, 4 }
{ 3, 7 }
{ 1, 4, 5 }
{ 1, 3, 4, 7 }

26. Diagram 13 shows a Venn diagram with universal set , = { Form Five students }, set P =

{ Members of Science Society } , set Q = { Members of Mathematics Society } and set R =

{ Members of Geography Society }.

Diagram 13
It is given that n (P ) = 82, n (Q ) = 90, n (R ) = 40 and n ( P Q ) 24 . The number of
Form Five students who are not a member of any of the three societies is 35.
Find the total number of Form Five students.
A
B
C
Sets

271
236
223

28

188

27. Diagram 14 is a Venn diagram showing the number of elements in sets P , Q and R.

P
R

Q
1
2

Diagram 14
It is given that the universal set, P Q R . Find n ( P ( Q R ) )
A
B
C
D

5
6
10
17

28. Diagram 13 is a Venn diagram showing the elements of the universal set, , set T and set U.

U
l
p

k
m

n
q

Diagram 13
List all the elements of set U' .
A
B
C
D

{q}
{l,p}
{l,p,q }
{l,p,q,n}

Nov 2008
29. Diagram 14 shows a Venn diagram with the universal set , R S
Sets

29

Diagram 14
Given that, n (R ) = 95, n (S ) = 78 and n ( R S ) 25 , find n ( ).
A
B
C
D

123
148
173
198

30. Diagram 15 is a Venn diagram showing the number of students in sets G, M and S. It is

given that set G = { Geography Society Members } , set M = { Mathematics Society

Members }, set S = { Science Society Members } and universal set, G M S .
G

M
x

7
2x

4
6
S
Diagram 15

If the number of students who join both the Science Society and the Mathematics Society
is 8, find the number of students who join only two societies.
A
B
C
D

13
15
16
18

ANSWERS
Chapter 11 Sets
Sets

30

3.1:

UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF SET.

1.
A={1,2,4,5,10,20}
n(A) = 6

2.
P={A,E,I,U}
n(P) = 4

3.
P={3,7}
n(P) = 2

3.2 (a) SUBSET

3.3.a

X
3

3.3(b)

n()=
1 = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}
=
12 {11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20}
A = B{3,4,5,6,7}
n(A)=
= {11,13,15,17,19}
5 B= {12,14,16, 18 ,20}
A= {1,2,8,9,10,11,12}
n(A)= 7
B = {1,2,3,4}
n(B)=
4
B
B= {5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}
n(B)=
11 17
8
13
C = {8,9}
n(C)=
12 14
15 19
2
16
C= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10,11,12} n(C)=
18 20
10

UNION OF SETS.

A B = {4,5}

1
2

INTERSECTION OF SETS.

1.

A B = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

B
.4
.5

1
2

6
7

P
b
c

f
e
a d
u
i

.4
.5

6
7

3
2

5.
m=6

3.2 (b) UNIVERSAL SET

R P
2
X Y
QS
P
All Selemens
in set X is a member of
Q P
set Y.

4.
P={-3,-2,-1,0, 1,2,3}
n(P) = 7

Q
g

i
X

h
Z

i)

ii)
Z

X
Y

Y
Sets

31
Y

Y
Z

ii)

iii)
Z

iii)

4.
5

( M N ) = {4,12}
( M N )' = {2,6,8,10}
a)

( M N ) = {4,6,8,12}
( M N )' = {2,10}

3
4

A
Z

a)

b)

A
B

b)

c)

c)

A
B

3.3(c)
1

COMBINED OPERATIONS ON SETS.

10
11
12

5
6
7

3 1 2
4

2a)

Z
P

9
b)

List the element of set

= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}

n()= 12

P ={8,9}

n(P)=2

P= {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10,11,12}

n(P)=10

Y
X

c)

Sets

Q ={3,4,5,6,7}

n(Q)=5

Q={1,2,8,9,10,11,12}

n(Q)=7

R = {1,2,3,4}

n(R)=4

R= {5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}

n(R)=8

32

P Q={}

n( P Q)= 0

Q R= {3,4}

n( Q R)=2

P R= {}

n( P R)=0

P R={1,2,3,4}

n( P R)=4

Q R= {1,2}

n( Q R)=2

R Q= {5,6,7}

n( R Q)=3

Q R={1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

n( Q R)=7

Q P= {3,4,5,6,7,8,9}

n( Q P)=7

(Q R)={8,9,10,11,12}

n[(Q R)]=5

(Q P)= {1,2,10,11,12}

n[(Q P)]=5

P Q= {1,2,10,11,12}

n( P Q)=5

(P Q R)= {10,11,12}

d)

e)
Z
Y

n [(P Q R)]=3

SPM FORMAT QUESTIONS

1. B
6. A
11. C
16. B

2.
7.
12
17

C
B
B
B

3.
8.
13
18

B
C
C
C

4. C
9. A
14 B
19 B

5. D
10 C
15 C
20. B

SPM PAST YEARS QUESTIONS (SETS)

2003.
2004.
2004J
2005
2005J
2006J
2006
2007J
2007
2008J
2008

Sets

1.
4.
7.
9.
12
15
17
20
22
25
28

D
C
B
D
D
B
D
A
D
D
C

2. C
5. C
8. D
10. C
13. D
16 D
18 C
21 C
23 C
26 D
29 B

33

3. B
6. A
11. C
14 B
19
22
24
27
30

A
D
B
B
C