11
Work quickly.
Work simply.
Work accurately.
StructurePoints Productivity Suite of powerful software tools
for reinforced concrete analysis & design
Analysis, design
& investigation of
reinforced concrete
beams & one-way
slab systems
Analysis, design
& investigation of
reinforced concrete
beams & slab systems
CI_9-14
CONNECTING LEGACIES
OF INNOVATION UNDER
ONE BRAND.
MASTER BUILDERS
SOLUTIONS.
Get
Certified
Since 1980, ACI has tested over
400,000 concrete technicians,
inspectors, supervisors, and
craftsmen in 20 different
certification programs.
When you have a need for
qualified concrete professionals
specify ACI Certification.
Ci
Concrete
international
The Magazine of the Concrete Community
29
38
45
Ensuring the historic site at the John F. Kennedy Space Center will
continue to make history
by Richard E. Weyers, Alberto A. Sags, and Jerzy Z. Zemajtis
ALSO FEATURING
25
15
20
25
68
Concrete Q&A
46
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | NOVEMBER 2015
Ci
November
Concrete international
PUBLISHER
39
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
Rex C. Donahey, PE
(Rex.Donahey@concrete.org)
departments
ENGINEERING EDITOR
W. Agata Pyc
(Agata.Pyc@concrete.org)
MANAGING EDITOR
10 On the Move
Keith A. Tosolt
(Keith.Tosolt@concrete.org)
11 News
16 Chapter Reports
EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
Lacey J. Stachel
(Lacey.Stachel@concrete.org)
24 Education Seminars
44 Whats New, Whats Coming
ADVERTISING
Todd Eckman
Network Media Partners, Inc.
(teckman@networkmediapartners.com)
PUBLISHING SERVICES
MANAGER
Barry M. Bergin
EDITORS
Presidents Memo
54 Industry Focus
At the University of Toronto, laboratory
staff and research assistants participated in a project to construct and load
to failure a specimen representing a
strip cut from a 13 ft (4 m) thick slab.
Engineers from around the globe were
invited to provide predictions of the
shear response of such thick slabs.
For more on the research, see the
article on p. 29.
GRAPHIC DESIGNERS
67 Bulletin Board
67 Advertisers Index
EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
Angela R. Matthews
Copyright 2015 American Concrete Institute. Printed in the United States of America. All correspondence should be directed to the
headquarters office: 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331. Telephone: +1.248.848.3700. Facsimile (FAX): +1.248.848.3701.
Concrete International (US ISSN 0162-4075) is published monthly by the American Concrete Institute, 38800 Country Club Drive,
Farmington Hills, MI 48331. Periodicals postage paid at Farmington, MI, and at additional mailing offices. Concrete
International has title registration with the U.S. Patent Trademark Office. Subscription rates: $166 per year (U.S. and
possessions); $175 (elsewhere) payable in advance: single copy price is $27.00 for nonmembers, $20.00 for ACI members,
both prepaid. POSTMASTER: send address changes to Concrete International, 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI
48331. The Institute is not responsible for the statements or opinions expressed in its publications. Institute publications are not
able to, nor intended to supplant individual training, responsibility, or judgment of the user, or the supplier, of the information
presented. Permission is granted by the American Concrete Institute for libraries and other users registered with the Copyright
Clearance Center (CCC) to photocopy any article herein for the fee of $3.00 per transaction. Payments marked ISSN 0162-4075/97
should be sent directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 21 Congress St., Salem, MA. 01970. Copying done for other than personal
or internal reference use without the express permission of the American Concrete Institute is prohibited. Requests for special
permission or bulk copying should be addressed to the Publisher, Concrete International, American Concrete Institute. Canadian
GST #126213149RT
IN
Ci
Concordancies
President
Directors
Sharon L. Wood
Dean A. Browning
JoAnn P. Browning
Cesar A. Constantino
Alejandro Durn-Herrera
Augusto H. Holmberg
Kimberly Kayler
Past President
Board Members
James K. Wight
Anne M. Ellis
William E. Rushing Jr.
Vice Presidents
Technical Activities
Committee
Cary S. Kopczynski
Kevin A. MacDonald
Fred Meyer
Michael M. Sprinkel
Roberto Stark
David M. Suchorski
Ronald Burg
chair
chair
Frances T. Griffith
secretary
chair
George R. Wargo
staff liaison
staff liaison
Matthew R. Senecal
Kathryn A. Amelio
John W. Nehasil
Michael C. Brown
JoAnn P. Browning
Catherine E. French
Fred R. Goodwin
Larry Kahn
Neven Krstulovic-Opara
Kimberly E. Kurtis
Tracy D. Marcotte
Jan Olek
Michael S. Stenko
Andrew W. Taylor
Eldon G. Tipping
Cesar A. Constantino
Alejandro Durn-Herrera
Joe Hug
Antonio Nanni
Ronald L. OKane
William D. Palmer Jr.
Lawrence L. Sutter
Lawrence H. Taber
Scott Tarr
Ronald Vaughn
David W. Whitmore
Khaled W. Awad
Roger J. Becker
William Ciggelakis
Alejandro Durn-Herrera
J. Mitchell Englestead
Brian Green
Augusto H. Holmberg
Joe Hug
Warren E. McPherson Jr.
Thomas L. Rozsits
Xiomara Sapon
Michael M. Sprinkel
Pericles C. Stivaros
David M. Suchorski
Janet White
Human Resources:
Certification:
Information Systems:
Chapter Activities:
Engineering:
Member/Customer Services:
Event Services:
Professional Development:
Publishing Services:
ann.daugherty@acifoundation.org
aci.certification@concrete.org
support@concrete.org
john.conn@concrete.org
diane.baloh@concrete.org
techinq@concrete.org
acimemberservices@concrete.org
conventions@concrete.org
donna.halstead@concrete.org
lori.purdom@concrete.org
claire.hiltz@concrete.org
barry.bergin@concrete.org
Sustaining Members
See pages 8-9 for a list of ACIs Sustaining Members.
To learn more about our sustaining members, go to the ACI website at
www.concrete.org/membership/sustainingmembers.aspx.
#ACIatWOC
President's
Memo
International Cooperation
is the Goal
Kleinfelder
Services
American Society of Concrete
Contractors
Ashford Formula
Meadow Burke
W. R. Meadows, Inc.
Barrier-1 Inc.
Metromont Corporation
BASF Corporation
MTL
Multiquip Inc.
BCS
Municipal Testing
Pacific Structures
CHRYSO, Inc.
CTLGroup
Dayton Superior
Committee
Sika Corp.
STRUCTURAL
Tekna Chem
Wacker Neuson
To learn more about our sustaining members, visit our website at www.concrete.org/sustainingmembers
On the
Move
Simpson Gumpertz & Heger has recently promoted the
following individuals to the indicated positions: ACI member
Pedro J. Sifre, Senior Principal, has more than 30 years of
experience as a structural engineer. His experience includes
new design and renovation of structures for a variety of
building types, including institutional, high-rise, industrial,
and residential buildings; Wen H. Tong, Senior Principal, has
over 30 years of experience in seismic structural dynamic
analysis and evaluation of seismic capacities of building
structures and equipment for commercial nuclear power
plants, DOE facilities, refineries, and hospitals; Kevin Poulin,
Principal, has 20 years of experience as a structural designer
of projects that range from renovation of existing buildings
and design of new buildings to structural peer reviews and
feasibility studies; John M. Porter, Associate Principal, has
16 years of structural engineering experience designing new
structures and assessing existing structures. His work includes
performing condition assessments of existing structures,
developing rehabilitation programs to repair deterioration and
distress, and helping owners prioritize future repair and
maintenance needs; and ACI member Mauro J. Scali,
Director of Petrography, is a licensed geologist and concrete
petrographer with more than 30 years of experience in the
evaluation, testing, and repair of concrete, masonry, stone,
and stucco. He is a member of ACI Committees 201,
Durability of Concrete; 232, Fly Ash in Concrete; and 233,
Ground Slag in Concrete.
Dewberry promoted ACI member David Hieber to Senior
Associate. He has more than 15 years of experience in the
analysis, design, and management of highway bridges,
pedestrian bridges, retaining walls, and other associated
highway structures. Hieber received his bachelors and
masters degrees in civil engineering from the Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA,
and the University of Washington, Seattle, WA, respectively.
He is a member of the Engineering Consultant Leadership
Committee of Virginia Transportation Construction Alliance
and the American Council of Engineering Companies of
Advertise in
Ci
Hieber
Babcock
Carino
News
New ACI/ICRI Guide to Benefit the Repair Industry
11
News
extending the useful life of existing installationsa key factor
in producing a sustainable environment.
Order the Guide to the Code for Evaluation, Repair, and
Rehabilitation of Concrete Buildings at www.concrete.org.
12
Tholen
Senecal
Hiltz
News
Rick Layton, an active ASTM member, has been appointed
Chair of E60.07. Layton is affiliated with many organizations
dedicated to water standards and code development. Already,
he has overseen the creation of major water-related standards
dealing with residential wastewater, rainwater quality, and
building-water stewardship and reclamation.
ASTM welcomes participation in the development of its
standards. Become a member at www.astm.org/JOIN.
rt
Smao
rs,
s
n
e
S art
Sm ces!
Choi
5.0 REUSABLE
So advanced,
its almost automatic
Easiest to Comply
with ASTM F2170
10 Times FASTER
Lowest Cost/test
Simplest to Use
13
News
employ energy-efficient lighting and ventilation systems,
guidance systems that help drivers find parking faster, idlereduction technologies, electric vehicle charging stations, car
sharing, bicycle parking, and storm-water management practices.
Green Garage Certification is a program of the nonprofit
Green Parking Council. For copies of Green Garage Certification at a Glance, the Elements of Green Garage Certification,
the free Green Garage Certification Program Guide, and to
purchase the Green Garage Certification Standard, visit
www.greenparkingcouncil.org/certification.
14
Knowledge to Practice:
15
Chapter
Reports
New Jersey Chapter ACI Awards Student
Chapter $20,000 Grant for Ready Mixed
90-Minute Rule Research
16
Chapter Reports
To learn more about the Iraq Chapter ACI, visit
www.aci-iraq.com.
In August, the Arizona Chapter ACI welcomed approximately 60 attendees to its annual Market Forecast to kick off
its 2015-2016 membership meetings. The luncheon was held
at the DoubleTree Suites Hotel in Phoenix, AZ. The group
represented concrete suppliers, product representatives,
concrete contractors, general contractors, engineers, and
testing labs. The chapter hosts eight lunch meetings throughout
the year with the Market Forecast as the first topic.
We like to start our year off with a market forecast
because we feel it gives an overview of what to expect in the
coming year, explains Beth Britt, Executive Director of the
Arizona Chapter ACI. Our meeting topics try to focus on
current local market issues, and sometimes knowing which
sector of the market will be strong helps us all prepare
accordingly. Of course, we all know working in this industry
is anything but predictable.
17
Chapter Reports
18
Chapter Reports
the unbelievable
Concrete Mixer at the
Georgia Aquarium.
The Robert
Kuhlman ($5000) and
LaGrit Sam Morris
($2500) Memorial
Scholarships are
awarded each fall to
Georgia college
students enrolled in a
concrete-related
program. The Student
Chapter at Kennesaw
State University,
Kennesaw, GA, is very active and holds an annual Battering
Ram competition to test the students concrete design and
fabrication abilities.
ACI certification is very strong in Georgia, as the Chapter
hosts more than 500 certification exam sessions annually in
almost all of ACI Field Tech, Lab Tech, Craftsman, and
Inspector Programs. Wilson is the Certification Committee
Chairman and can attest to the number of dedicated people
involved in ACI Certification and what it means to the quality
of concrete produced in Georgia.
To learn more about the Georgia Chapter ACI, visit
www.aci-ga.org.
The 2015 Georgia Chapter ACI President, Angela San
Martin, and the rest of the Board of Directors would like to
thank all of the Georgia members for a memorable first 50 years
and look forward to another prosperous 50.
www.flyash.com
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | NOVEMBER 2015
19
20
Castle Rock
Construction Company
Taylor
Carrasquillo
Goodwin
21
ACI University
Award
Buffenbarger
Maxemow
Hover
Stringer
Harn
23
Convenience
Cost-effectiveness
Realize savings by eliminating the high costs associated with employee travel and lodging. We bring the seminar to your door!
Expert instructors
State-of-the-art publications
Fees
Contact
24
Topics
ACI 318-14 Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete
ACI/PCA 318-11 Building Code Requirements for
Structural Concrete
ACI/PCA Simplified Design of Concrete Buildings of
Moderate Size and Height
Anchorage to Concrete
Basics of Concrete Materials and Testing
Code Requirements for Nuclear Safety-Related
Concrete Structures
Concrete Repair Basics
Construction of Concrete Slabs-on-Ground
Design of Concrete Slabs-on-Ground
Environmental Engineering ConcreteDesign and Details
Physical TesterBasics of Cement Testing
Portland Cement Concrete Overlays: State of the Technology
Reinforced Concrete Design
Repair of Concrete Bridges, Parking Decks, and Other
Transportation Structures
Repair of Concrete Workshop
Seismic and Wind Design Considerations for
Concrete Buildings
Seismic Design of Liquid-Containing Concrete Structures
Troubleshooting Concrete Construction
Troubleshooting Concrete Floor Problems
Troubleshooting Concrete Forming and Shoring
Circle Point
25
Golden Park-N-Ride
26
Starz Encore
Ci
Read
online cover-to-cover
A flip-book version of the entire current issue of CI is available to ACI members by
logging in at www.concreteinternational.com.
Access the flip book by clicking on the link on the CI home page.
27
Free
Educational Resources
CLICK
HERE
ALWAYS OPEN!
Youll never have to wait for
ACIs Online Bookstore to
open. Our collection of over
400 standards, technical
reports, special publications,
and industry favorites is
always openwaiting for you!
Additionally, you can download
many of ACIs publications
immediately!
www.concrete.org
28
Specimen Design
17ft 6in.
(5.33 m)
(a)
6 m thick slab
4m
thick
wall
(b)
Fig. 1: Examples of very thick slabs: (a) mat foundation for a high-rise
building; and (b) intake structure for hydroelectric powerhouse (Note:
1 m = 3 ft)
Ci
29
d = 151.2 in.
d = 3840 mm
800
V, kN
26
.1
P =150.6 kip
= 670 kN
100
Vc =
130.4
kip
1 + 1500x
50
self-weight
400
V + M/(0.9d)
x =
566x103
CSA +
AASH
TO (Eq
. (2))
Failure
600
x=
= 0.656%
2f
19
x=
V, kip
t (
3)
.69
ft
(2)
6 ft
x=
150
13.2
d = 151.2 in.
200
1000
2000
23 ft 0 in.
3000 4000
M, kip-ft
200
39 ft 4 in.
5000
6000
0
7000
Fig. 3: Shear strength predictions based on ACI 318-14 (Eq. (1)) and
CSA/AASHTO Standards (Eq. (2)) (Note: 1 in. = 25 mm; 1 ft = 0.30 m)
30
SI units
(1a)
(1b)
(670 kN). This value is 24% and 27% of the flexural failure
and the ACI predicted shear failure values of P, respectively.
For the MCFT-based method (ignoring the detrimental
effect of the large spacing of the shear reinforcement), the
predicted shear capacity of the west shear span is Vc + Vs =
193 + 109 = 302 kip (1340 kN), where Vs is given by Eq. (3)
(3)
Note that when the distance between the loading plate and the
support plate is less than 2d, the critical section is taken3 halfway along the shear span. Also note that this predicted shear
capacity for the west shear span is about 3.5 times the MCFT
predicted shear capacity of the critical east shear span. As
previously discussed, it is assumed that the specified minimum
quantity of appropriately spaced shear reinforcement will
eliminate the size effect in shear, causing a large increase in Vc.
The spacing, s, of the shear reinforcement in the west shear
span was 59 in. (1500 mm). While this is only 0.39d, it
considerably exceeded the traditional 24 in. (610 mm)
maximum spacing limit.1 The CSA code5 allows this spacing
limit to be exceeded if sx in Eq. (2) is set equal to (s 12) in.
Changing sx from 12 to 47 in. (305 to 1190 mm) reduces the
predicted shear capacity of the west shear span to 129 + 115 =
244 kip (1084 kN), which is still about 2.9 times the predicted
shear capacity of the east shear span. So for very thick slabs,
even widely spaced minimum shear reinforcement is
predicted to greatly increase shear capacity. The point load
required to fail the west shear span is thus predicted to be
334 kip (1485 kN), which is 2.22 times the load predicted to
fail the east shear span.
31
(a)
(4)
Ignoring the detrimental effect of the
large spacing of the shear reinforcement, the ACI predicted shear capacity
of the west shear span is Vc + Vs = 240
+ 90 = 330 kip (1470 kN). At the
critical section halfway along the short
west shear span, the shear due to
self-weight is 33 kip (146 kN), leaving
297 kip (1320 kN) to resist the shear
due to P. Thus, the ACI Code-predicted
point load to cause a failure in the west
shear span is 470 kip (2090 kN), which
is 83% of the ACI-predicted load to
cause failure of the east shear span. The
ACI expressions predict failure in the
wrong shear span because for very thick
slabs, they greatly underestimate the
increase in shear capacity caused by
adding minimum shear reinforcement.
(b)
(c)
(d)
684 kip
1.54 in.
435 kip
0.37 in.
472 kip
1.04 in.
848 kip
0.94 in.
723 kip
5.50 in.
2 2
402 kip
1.44 in.
300
258 kip
1.46 in.
200
Prague
Toronto
P = 154 kip = 685 kN
= 0.47 in. = 12 mm
exp
exp
100
Observed Failure
Brescia
Experimental
0.0
0.1
0.2
American
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
European
Other
0.8
0.9
1.0
University
1.1
Industry
33
the load-deformation predictions met the demanding requirements that the predicted failure load is within 10% of the
experimental value and the four predicted deformations are
within 20% of the experimental values. These predictions
were submitted by ervenka and Sajdlova from a consulting
firm in Prague, Czech Republic; Conforti and Facconi of the
University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; and Bentz from the
University of Toronto. The first two predictions were made
using nonlinear finite element models, while the third used a
650
600
Pexp = 486 kip = 2162 kN
exp = 1.55 in. = 39.3 mm
550
500
11
10
450
9
400
350
300
250
2 2
7
Experimental
200
150
P
100
Observed Failure
50
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
(a)
(b)
Fig. 8: Diagonal cracking of west span (east span repaired with external reinforcement):
(a) Load Stage 9 at P = 394 kip (1750 kN), diagonal crack widths up to 4.0 mm (0.157 in.); and
(b) Load Stage 11 at failure load, P = 486 kip (2162 kN)
34
Traditional-Sized Specimen
M, kNm
15
20
10
12
CS
A+
10
AA
SH
TO
bw = 6.89 in.
))
40
30
1.5 in.
1.5 in.
x = 21.4 in.
1.5 in.
65 in.
20
21
.4
in.
Failure
Vexp = 10.7 kip
= 47.4 kN
. (2
(3
V, kip
As = 0.456 in.2
w= 0.649%
fy = 66.4 ksi
fc' = 6500 psi
ag = 0.55 in.
30
50
(Eq
Failure
V = 9.7 kip
= 43.1 kN
d = 10.4 in.
25
Failure
V = 11.5 kip
= 51.2 kN
x=
M/
V
V, kN
10
self-weight
50
100
150
M, kip-ft
200
250
0
300
35
36
thick slabs with shear spans long enough to negate direct strut
action, safe designs can be ensured by providing at least
minimum shear reinforcement.
Acknowledgments
This project would not have been possible without the assistance of many
experienced engineers, technicians, and research assistants. The 95
engineers from 17 different countries who took the time and had the
courage to answer the challenge of predicting the shear capacity of the very
thick slab made it possible to evaluate the current state of the art. Headed
Reinforcement Corporation (HRC) was kind enough to donate the
headed reinforcement and the couplers, while Dufferin Construction, an
operating division of Holcim Canada, generously donated the large
quantity of concrete. In addition, Aluma Systems supplied and erected
the formwork, Amherst Group did the concrete pumping, and Ontario
Cutting and Coring assisted with the demolition of the tested specimen.
The enthusiasm and skill of the laboratory staff and of the research
assistants made it possible to complete this complex project in the limited
time available. Many of them are shown in the cover photograph. Finally,
the long-term support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research
Council of Canada (NSERC) is greatly appreciated.
References
1. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary, American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 519 pp.
2. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications and Commentary,
sixth edition, American Association of State Highway Transportation
Officials, Washington, DC, 2012, 1264 pp.
3. ACI-ASCE Committee 326, Shear and Diagonal Tension, ACI
Journal Proceedings, V. 59, No. 1, 2, and 3, Jan., Feb., and Mar. 1962,
pp. 1-30, 277-334, and 352-396, respectively, and discussion and closure,
Oct. 1962, pp. 1323-1349.
4. Vecchio, F.J., and Collins, M.P., The Modified Compression-Field
Theory for Reinforced Concrete Elements Subjected to Shear, ACI
Journal Proceedings, V. 83, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 1986, pp. 219-231.
5. CSA A23.3-14 - Design of Concrete Structures, Canadian Standards
Association, Mississauga, ON, Canada, 2014, 290 pp.
6. fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 (MC2010),
International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib), Ernst & Sohn,
Lausanne, Switzerland, 2013, 402 pp.
7. EN 1992-1-1:2004, Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures
Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings, European Committee for
Standardization, CEN, Brussels, Belgium, 2004, 225 pp.
8. AS 3600-2009: Concrete Structures, Standards Australia, Sydney,
Australia, 2009, 206 pp.
9. Response-2000, available for download at www.ecf.utoronto.
ca/~bentz/r2k.htm.
10. Mihaylov, B.I.; Bentz, E.C.; and Collins, M.P., Two-Parameter
Kinematic Theory for Shear Behavior of Deep Beams, ACI Structural
Journal, V. 110, No. 3, May-June 2013, pp. 447-455.
11. Uzel, A.; Podgorniak, B.; Bentz, E.C.; and Collins, M.P., Design
of Large Footings for One-Way Shear, ACI Structural Journal, V. 108,
No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2011, pp. 131-138.
12. Sherwood, E.G.; Bentz, E.C.; and Collins, M.P., Effect of Aggregate
37
to be fulfilled for a 100-year service life according to thencurrent European concrete standards. To obtain greater
durability and service life of the structures, the owner would
have preferred having all contracts based on the DURACON
(Durability Design of Concrete Structures) Model.1,2 This
model provides for probability-based durability design,
performance-based concrete quality control, quality assurance
with documentation of achieved construction quality, and
condition assessment during operation of concrete structures
in severe environments (Fig. 4). While application of the
DURACON Model became an option in the final contract, the
contract still required documentation of the achieved construction
quality based on the DURACON procedures.
The project was carried out by two different contractors.
One of them (Contractor A) applied the DURACON Model as
a basis for the contract. This contractor was in charge of the
first four parts of the project, mainly including the solid
concrete bottom slabs with perimeter concrete walls exposed
to the tidal and splash zones. The experience obtained from
the durability design and concrete quality assurance of these
concrete structures has been reported in a previous article.3
The other contractor (Contractor B) applied the prescriptive-
38
Specified Durability
(a)
(b)
Fig. 3: Large concrete caissons were: (a) prefabricated in dry docks;
and (b) moved into position and submerged in water up to 20 m
(66 ft) deep
39
Table 1:
Part of
project
Bottom slab, %
External walls, %
Open deck, %
0.24
2.1
0.13
0.92
0.02
NA
0.64
0.002
NA
0.01
<0.001
NA
41
Table 2:
Bottom slab, %
External walls, %
15
11 to 13
NA
Open deck, %
14
1.3
NA
NA
NA
4.5
No quality control measurements for the bottom slab were carried out
In-place quality
42
Table 3:
Part of
project
Bottom slab,
%
External walls,
%
Open deck,
%
<0.001
<0.001
0.02
<0.001
<0.001
NA
<0.001
<0.001
NA
NA
<0.001
<0.001
70
25
35
30
NA
20
0.6
NA
NA
NA
1.2
No quality control measurements for the bottom slab were carried out
Potential quality
Concluding Remarks
Table 4:
Bottom slab, %
External walls, %
Open deck,
%
0.002
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
NA
<0.001
<0.001
NA
<0.001
<0.001
NA
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.05
NA
0.5
0.01
NA
NA
NA
0.5
No quality control measurements for the bottom slab were carried out
References
1. NAHE, Durable Concrete Harbor Structures - Part 1: Recommended
Specifications for New Concrete Harbor Structures, Part 2: Practical
Guidelines for Durability Design and Concrete Quality Assurance,
Norwegian Association for Harbor Engineers (NAHE), TEKNA, Oslo,
Norway, 2004. (in Norwegian)
2. Gjrv, O.E., Durability Design of Concrete Structures in Severe
Environments, second edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2014, 254 pp.
3. Gjrv, O.E., Durability Design and Quality Assurance of Concrete
Infrastructure, Concrete International, V. 32, No. 9, Sept. 2010, pp. 29-36.
4. AASHTO TP 64-03, Predicting Chloride Penetration of Hydraulic
Cement Concrete by the Rapid Migration Procedure, American Association
of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 2003.
Selected for reader interest by the editors.
43
Whats
New
Report on Design and Construction of Steel
Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Elevated Slabs
ACI 544.6R-15
Winter2015
Coming
Whats
Upcoming Themes
44
Condition Assessment of
Launch Pad 39B
Ensuring the historic site at the John F. Kennedy Space Center will continue to
make history
by Richard E. Weyers, Alberto A. Sags, and Jerzy Z. Zemajtis
45
through the pipe tunnels to the flumes and into the catch basins,
where it is treated prior to being released to the environment.
The crawler pads, pipe tunnels, and the high-pressure gas
bays are exposed to windblown ocean water and carbon
dioxide (CO2), particularly the high-pressure gas bays, which
are open and face the Atlantic Ocean. The catacombs are
closed with the lower walls exposed to groundwater and the
ceilings exposed to launch water. The crawler pads and pipe
tunnels are directly exposed to the launch water. As shown in
Table 1, the catacomb groundwater ionic content is significantly
lower than seawater. The level of chloride, sulfate, and
magnesium are relatively low enough not to be aggressive
agents to steel-reinforced concrete. In contrast, the neutral pH
could be mildly aggressive to noncarbonated portland cement
concrete that has a pH of 13.
The launch water in the holding pond is the result of the
mixing of the various water streams flowing off the launch
pad through the piping tunnels into the holding pond. The
ignition exhaust of the solid rocket boosters increased the
chloride content of the holding pond water to about one order
of magnitude higher than that of the groundwater, but to a
level still much lower than that of seawater. However, the pH
of 2 of the holding pond water is very low, making it a very
aggressive concrete corrosive agent.
The pH of the launch water was measured on the launch
pads immediately after a launch. The range of the 12 measurements was 1 to 6. Even considering the relative short contact
periods and small number of exposures, the launch water
would corrode the concrete surfaces of the crawler pad and
pipe tunnels from an extremely corrosive agent at a pH of 1 to
a mildly corrosive agent at a pH of 6.
Concrete
Table 1:
Catacomb groundwater and holding pond water
test results
Analyte/pH
Catacomb
Holding pond
Seawater
Chloride, ppm
150 to 450
1500
20,000
Sulfate, ppm
27 to 120
110
2700
Magnesium, ppm
1.4 to 13.5
18
1400
pH
7.4 to 8.6
2.0
7.5 to 8.4
46
Table 2:
Component
Density as
recd, lb/ft3
Moisture
uptake, % by
mass
Compressive
strength, psi
HPGB
130.9
3.07
3970
ECW
133.9
3.49
3540
WCW
136.5
3.12
4880
WCC
134.0
2.52
3840
Average
133.8
3.07
4050
Coefficient of
variation, %
1.8
16.3
16.0
Reinforcing Steel
UNIVERSITY
ACI University is a global, online learning
resource, providing on-demand access to
a wide range of topics on concrete materials,
design, and construction, appealing to
everyone from testing technicians to
practicing engineers.
Easier to access
Purchase through ACI Store
Available 24/7
Certificate programs
www.ACIUniversity.com
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | NOVEMBER 2015
47
Evaluation
48
Chloride Content
Catacomb walls
49
Modeling
x = kti1/2 + d (1)
ti = ((x d)/k)2 (2)
where k is the carbonation coefficient.
With the addition of the propagation period tp, the time to
spalling ts is expressed as
51
Table 4:
1.72
0.37
2.88
1.4
distribution of value is involved.8 The
*
Assigned globally, refer to the text
projected damage for walls at age
40 years (the time of the survey) is
important because it may serve as the
basis for validation or calibration of
the model. The observed amount of
damaged area in the surveyed walls,
noted earlier, was approximately 3.5%
of the total wall surveyed area. The
alternative with d = 5 mm (0.2 in.)
projects the closest value to observationabout 4% at 40 years, suggesting
that d values of 10 and 20 mm (0.4 and
0.8 in.) may be overly conservative.
The base case gives a gradual and
nearly linear future damage projection,
Fig. 6: Corrosion damage trend projections for walls and ceilings for alternative choices of
with about twice more damage in the
the advance parameter d. Projections with d = 5 mm (0.2 in.) were closest to observations for
next 40 years than that observed at
the walls. (Note: 1 mm = 0.04 in.)
present. That relatively slow rate of
progression (about 0.12% per year) is
Modeled cases and input parameters
a consequence of the assumed broad distribution of cover
The relevant parameters for the catacomb walls and the
based on sampling of 2% of the walls. We recommended more
ceilings are listed in Table 4. Carbonation coefficients and
extensive cover surveys if there was a need to reduce uncertheir variability were obtained from the surveyed carbonation
tainty in forecasting future deterioration.
depths and the nominal structure age at the time of the surveys
The damage projection for the ceilings (adopting also
(40 years). There was little differentiation between the k results
d = 5 mm as a base case estimate) includes a rapid rise after
for walls and ceilings, but the latter exhibited significantly
an initial slow rate period. This shape reflects the distinctly
lower reinforcement cover as a group, so separate damage
narrower relative distribution of ceiling reinforcement covers
projections were calculated for walls and ceilings. Reinforcing compared to that for the walls (Table 4). Thus, even though
bar cover at the walls was found to change systematically with the average cover in the ceilings is only about 2/3 that of the
elevation, so the walls were divided into three elevation
walls, the narrower distribution in the former implies fewer
regimes, centered at 2.5, 9.5, and 22.5 ft (0.76, 2.9, and 6.9 m) instances of very low cover values than in the latter, with
elevations, corresponding to 17%, 28%, and 55% of the total
consequently lower amount of projected damage at early ages,
wall surface, respectively. ECW and WCW results were treated
including 3.7% for the 40-year age at the time of the survey.
as one group. Parameter kp was globally assigned a value of
Conversely, the faster rise (0.34% per year) starting at about
0.197 year/mm per prior findings.8,10 The value of the advance present age is a consequence of the low average cover in the
distance d was not known precisely but examination of
ceilings. Thus, the projected damage there for the next 40 years
chloride concentration profiles and carbonation patterns
is substantially greater than for the first 40 years. Comparison
suggested that d may be somewhere between 5 and 20 mm
between projected and observed present damage for the
(0.2 and 0.8 in.). Hence, alternative damage projections were
ceilings is uncertain. There was little documented corrosion
made globally parametrizing d over that range.
damage at the ceilings, but some of the half-cell potential
The resulting damage projections are shown in Fig. 6, where values were suggestive of corrosion in progress. Extensive
the results for the three wall elevation zones were combined
cracking of some ceiling areas may also be corrosion related.
as a weighted average for simplicity, given that the differentiation among elevation regimes was relatively moderate.
Implementation
The shape of the damage function for the walls reflects the
The condition assessment was based on extending the
large value of sx (cover standard deviation) relative to the
service life of Launch Pad 39B an additional 40 years. The
Parameters used for model damage projections
52
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge CTLGroup, Skokie, IL, who performed on-site
corrosion-related testing and the laboratory testing of the concrete and
reinforcing steel specimens. Appreciation is extended to Steve Laux,
John Schmitt, and Nick Pontillo of Jones Edmunds & Associates for their
assistance in procuring historical documents, site history, and guidance,
and to Rod Powers for his technical review of the report from which this
article was derived.
References
1. ASTM A615/A615M, Standard Specification for Deformed
and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement, ASTM
International, West Conshohocken, PA.
2. Angst, U.; Elsener, B.; Larsen, C.K.; and Vennesland, ., Critical
Chloride Content in Reinforced Concrete A Review, Cement and
Concrete Research, V. 39, No. 12, 2009, pp. 1122-1138.
3. Broomfield, J.P., Corrosion of Steel in Concrete: Understanding,
Investigation and Repair, second edition, Taylor and Francis, 2007, 296 pp.
4. Brown, M.C., Corrosion Protection Service Life of Epoxy Coated
Reinforcing Steel in Virginia Bridge Decks, dissertation in Civil and
Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University, Blacksburg, VA, May 2002, 269 pp.
5. ASTM C876, Standard Test Method for Half-Cell Potentials of
Uncoated Reinforcing Steel in Concrete, ASTM International, West
Conshohocken, PA, 1991.
6. Balakkumarun, S.S.G., Corrosion Testing and Modeling of
Chloride-Induced Corrosion Deterioration of Concrete Bridge Decks,
53
Industry
Focus
Ozinga Bros. Born to Build Campaign and
Super Nano Trucks Gaming App
Available Online
Under the menu for Publications at
www.concrete.org, document errata can be
searched by document number or keywords.
Call ACI Member Services at +1.248.848.3700 for
more information.
54
Products &
Practice
Hydropad Wash Rack System
Hydro Engineerings Hydropad systems are used to efficiently wash vehicles, equipment, or hardware. The systems are
platforms engineered to capture effluent and divert it to a Hydrokleen water filtration system and send filtered water back out
to the Hydroblaster washing system for nearly 100% water efficiency. Hydropad portable wash racks are also designed for
maneuverability as well as safe set-up and tear-down. Weight load capacities can reach anywhere from 2 to 70 tons
(1.8 to 63 tonnes) of equipment. A single Hydropads dimensions are 8 x 20 ft (2.4 x 6.1 m), and they can be linked together
to accommodate a variety of needs. Hydropads can include optional side wall panels to capture overspray. These panels
range in size from up to 6 ft (1.8 m) outdoors to 12 ft (3.7 m) high indoors and can be configured to be included on one side
of the Hydropad or on all sides.
Hydro Engineering, Inc., www.hydroblaster.com
BinMaster tilt switch, used for high-level detection of powders and bulk solids, mounts on the top of the bin and
activates an alarm when material rises and tilts the switching mechanism 15 degrees. The shaft of the tilt switch is
custom-made in lengths from 1 to 8 ft (0.3 to 2.4 m), depending on the distance from the top of the bin that an alert
should be activated. The BM-TSM is available with either a paddle or sphere mounted at the end of the shaft and can be
used in material with a bulk density of at least 15 lb/ft3 (240 kg/m3). This switch can be used as an alternative to a topmounted rotary level indicator and is suitable for a variety of solid materials. The mechanical design is rugged and
operates reliably in a wide range of temperatures and is tough enough to withstand the harshness of granules and lump
solid materials. A protective boot protects the tilt mechanism and ensures long operational life.
BinMaster, www.binmaster.com
The Hilti Breaker TE 1000-AVR features HiDrive technology which helps deliver 19 ft-lb (26 J) of
impact energy for outstanding demolition performance and productivity. It can be used for a variety of
applications, including light to medium demolition of concrete slabs and foundations and tamping
earthwork. TE 1000-AVR also features a Power Reduction Switch for up to 30% less impact for
precision work. A switched reluctance motor helps provide stable performance with power fluctuations
from generators or extension cords. The TE-SP Wave Chisel helps to avoid excessive leveraging to
unstick chisels on tough jobs. Its new wave design produces up to a 30% increase in speed during
concrete demolition by reducing friction between the chisel body and base material, leaving a wider
opening for fast debris removal.
Hilti, Inc., www.us.hilti.com
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | NOVEMBER 2015
55
Bosch GLM 30, 35, and 40 measures extend the pocketsize GLM 15 with more features and
greater accuracy. These laser measures provide greater range of 100, 120, and 135 ft (30, 37, and
41 m), repectively, with accuracy of 1/16 in. (2 mm). A simple keypad provides users the option
to select length, area, volume, and indirect measurements. The user is instantly measuring in real
time as soon as the laser measure is turned on. The measurements change instantaneously as the
user moves farther or closer to the target. Easy computation of area comes with just two clicks of
the button; volume with three clicks. Backlighting allows users to see information in dark areas.
The GLM 40 provides all the functionality of the GLM 30 and GLM 35, plus the ability to store
up to 10 measurements. The unit also comes with target cards, a hand strap, and a pouch.
Bosch, www.boschtools.com
Atlas Copcos BV30 screed weighs 28 lb (13 kg) and is available with five
blade sizes, ranging from 6 to 14 ft (2 to 4 m) long. The variety of blade sizes
provides contractors the flexibility to use the screed on both small- and large-scale
jobs. The screed is equipped with a V-shaped, rigid bottom plate that prevents the
blade from twisting to ensure stable and consistent leveling. This single-beam
vibrating screed provides a height-adjustable, foldable handle for easy operation
and transportation. It can be maneuvered by one user and consolidate concrete up
to 5 in. (127 mm) deep.
Atlas Copco, www.atlascopco.com
Cemen Techs C860 Volumetric Mixers feature a new electronic control panel. The panel allows users in the field to track the
exact flow of admixtures and water. All of the information is displayed on digital readouts, including the total volume of
concrete produced during each placement. The GPS Tracking Solution provides tracking of the mixers location and will alert
managers when and where a mixer stops, as well as how many times the mixer runs each day.
Cemen Tech, www.cementech.com
Franks Pecafil is an easy-to-use formwork system for the fast and economical construction of ground beams, pile caps, and
box-outs. Additionally, Pecafil can be used for forming ribbed slabs as well as for providing weather and dust protection. It
consists of a special steel grid with varying bar diameters and a heat shrunk polyethylene film. Pecafil is mainly used as lost
formwork, but can also be reused in certain applications.
Frank, www.maxfrank.com
56
Topcon Positioning Group released an app designed to drive the LN-100 Layout Navigator
system: MAGNET Construct. The app is built to provide productivity with LN-100W hardware.
MAGNET Construct provides optional connectivity with MAGNET Enterprise for real-time
data exchange from active project sites to and from the office within a users private company
account. MAGNET Construct is available for Android users to download for free on the Google
Play store.
Topcon Positioning Group, www.topconpositioning.com
Prepared by the Design Loads on Structures during Construction Standards Committee of the Codes and Standards Activities
Division of the Structural Engineering Institute of American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Design Loads on Structures
during Construction, ASCE/SEI 37-14, describes the minimum design requirements for construction loads, load combinations,
and load factors affecting buildings and other structures that are under construction. It addresses partially completed structures
as well as temporary support and access structures used during construction. The loads specified are suitable for use either with
strength design criteria, such as ultimate strength design and load and resistance factor design, or with allowable stress design
criteria. The loads are applicable to all conventional construction methods. Topics include: load factors and load combinations;
dead and live loads; construction loads; lateral earth pressure; and environmental loads.
ASCE Publications, www.asce.org/publications
Price: $80; 48 pp.; ISBN: 9780784413098
fib Bulletin 75 updates and amends fib Bulletin 7, Corrugated plastic ducts
for internal bonded post-tensioning, a technical report published in 2000. The
updated bulletin includes new information on the design and detailing of
concrete structures containing tendons with polymer ducts. The recommendation provides detailed test specifications for polymer materials, duct components, and duct systems. The report contains recommendations for approval
testing and attestations of conformity for polymer-duct systems.
fib, www.fib-international.org
57
Product
Showcase
Reinforcement
Anchoring System for Overhead GFRC Panels for Subway Station Retrofit
CINTEC America will supply a new anchoring system for glass fiber-reinforced
concrete (GFRC) ceiling panels for the New York City (NYC) Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) subway station platforms at the 168th and 181st Street
stations. On-site testing validated the strength and effectiveness of the anchors, which
now support the over 2000 lb (900 kg) ceiling panels firmly in place. CINTEC
anchors are typically stainless steel in various grades. They are installed in oversized
holes drilled in the structure. The anchor body and a surrounding fabric sock is
inserted in each hole, and the socks are filled with a micro-cement grout.
CINTEC America, http://cintec.com
Kodi Klip K-Klips for reinforcing bar fastening are molded from recycled polycarbonate resin, a type of thermoplastic
known for high-impact strength and heat resistance. K-Klips wont crack, break, or deform. In addition, K-Klips cant rust,
wont degrade, and wont scratch or damage epoxy-coated steel, or fiber-reinforced polymer bars. They are ideal for marine or
other harsh applications because they dont corrode or abrade. K-Klips are color-coded by size, making them easy to distinguish
and inspect. They firmly grip any cross, parallel, or vertical reinforcing bar connection joint, and they work on form spacers,
cage assemblies, and high-density mats. The uniform holding strength provided at every reinforcing bar fastening joint eliminates unwanted motion and produces stronger reinforcing bar grids and mats.
Kodi Klip, http://kodiklip.com
ITW Red Head Tapcon+ concrete screw anchor is an IBC-compliant product approved for use in cracked and uncracked
concrete and seismic zones. It can be used for applications such as drywall, railings, racking and conveyor systems, and steel
column base plates. Tapcon+ uses patented Advanced Threadform Technology to tap and engage the concrete, as well as Blue
ClimaSeal for corrosion protection. The induction hardened tip also bites into concrete. Three anchor diameters are available:
1/4, 3/8, and 1/2 in. (6, 10, and 13 mm), ranging in length from 2-1/4 to 6 in. (57 to 152 mm).
ITW Red Head, www.itwredhead.com
58
Product Showcase
CFS Fibers
BASF Corporations DiamondShield is a mesh engineered to provide crack suppression and isolation in stucco wall
systems. It is a balanced, open-grid, triaxial glass fiber mesh for use with BASF acrylic base coats as an overlay. DiamondShield is applied over new or existing stucco (portland cement plaster) systems and distributes stress across three directions,
which improves the tensile and flexural strength of stucco. The result is greater crack resistance properties for improved
building aesthetics.
BASF Corporation, www.basf.com
Grove Products, Inc., announced the new 3/16 x 1-1/2 x 2 in. (5 x 38 x 51 mm)
horseshoe shim available in orange. Shaped to fit around a bolt or anchor,
Grove Shims are easy to use for levelling and aligning dead loads. The
U-shaped shims are sized to fit around a 1/2 in. (13 mm) bolt or anchor point.
The shims are also available in a noncombustible form.
Grove Products, Inc., www.groveproductsinc.com
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | NOVEMBER 2015
59
Calls for
Papers
Symposium on Concrete Pipe and Box Culverts
Meeting: ASTM International Symposium on Concrete
Pipe and Box Culverts, December 7, 2016, in Orlando, FL;
sponsored by ASTM Committee C13, Concrete Pipe.
Solicited: Papers are invited on design and installation
new design methods, including a comparison of direct versus
indirect methods, innovations in installation methods and
equipment and comparison of innovations with historical
practices; history and development of concrete pipe and
ASTM Committee C13 standardshistory of concrete pipe
production and manufacturing methodology, development and
evolution of specifications and specifying concrete pipe
products; innovative case histories of successful installation
and uses of concrete pipe; and new technologynew design
methods, unique applications, and the use of new materials
and admixtures, such as fly ash or high-strength concrete.
Requirements: To participate in the symposium,
presenters/authors must submit the online abstract submittal
form and attach a 250- to 300-word preliminary abstract.
Visit www.astm.org/C13CFP1216 for abstract submittal.
Deadline: Abstracts are due by November 23, 2015.
Contact: Additional technical information is available
from symposium Co-Chairs John J. Meyer, Wales, WI,
+1.262.565.7795; and Josh Beakley, American Concrete Pipe
Association, Irving, TX, +1.972.506.7216.
History of Concrete
Additionally, the video includes a review of safety, equipment, and the laboratory
environment. Each chapter reviews the equipment specific to the ASTM test, the test
procedure to follow, and the calculation of the result. Helpful tips are provided throughout
to improve the technicians knowledge and technique.
Check out a preview clip on YouTube; search for ACI testing cement training
preview.
61
Bookshelf
Publications Order Form
No./Item/Price*
No./Item/Price*
No./Item/Price*
Please send me a free copy of the ACI Publications & Services Catalog
DATE
SUBTOTAL
NAME
TITLE
TOTAL
COMPANY
(U.S. Funds)
ADDRESS
CITY
STATE/PROVINCE
ZIP/POSTAL CODE
COUNTRY
PHONE
FAX
Check enclosed
ACCOUNT NUMBER
Order
Amount
Up To:
U.S. Media
(book) Mail
(3-4 weeks)
U.S.
Standard
(7-10 bus. days)
Canada &
International
Airmail
SIGNATURE
$9.00
$10.00
28%
$25 - 49.99
$10.00
$12.00
28%
CD-ROM Orders
$50.00 - 99.99
$12.00
$14.00
28%
Per Item:
$100 - 149.99
16%
28%
$150 - 199.99
Must
13%
28%
$200 - 249.99
Ship
12%
28%
$250 - 349.99
U.S.
11%
28%
$350 - 699.99
Standard
10%
28%
9%
28%
$700 - 1500
For faster service - order by telephone or fax! Phone: +1.248.848.3800; Fax: +1.248.848.3801
62
EXP. DATE
Meetings
11-15 - Building Innovation 2016 Conference & Expo,
NOVEMBER 2015
9-13 - 16th International Symposium for the Interaction
Washington, DC
www.nibs.org/?page=conference2016
Washington, DC
www.greenbuildexpo.com
www.middleeastconcrete.com
DECEMBER
JANUARY/FEBRUARY
31-5 - 2016 Mason Contractors Association of America
Convention, Las Vegas, NV
www.masoncontractors.org/convention
FEBRUARY
Conference, Miami, FL
www.2015abc.fiu.edu
JANUARY 2016
10-14 - 2016 TRB Annual Meeting, Washington, DC
www.trb.org/AnnualMeeting/AnnualMeeting.aspx
Ci
Las Vegas, NV
www.icpsc365.com
MARCH
3-5 - The Precast Show 2016, Nashville, TN
http://precast.org/theprecastshow
Event Services, ACI, 38800 Country Club Drive, Farmington Hills, MI 48331
Telephone: +1.248.848.3795 E-mail: conventions@concrete.org
www.concreteinternational.com | Ci | NOVEMBER 2015
63
Public
Discussion
ACI draft standards open for public discussion that are being processed through ACIs ANSI-approved standardization
procedures can be found at www.concrete.org/discussion. These are not yet official ACI standards.
Document number
Title
Open for
discussion
Discussion
closes
CT
Concrete Terminology
11/1/2015
12/15/2015
Proposed Standard
Concrete Terminology
The ACI Technical Activities Committee (TAC) approved processing the subject document through ACIs Standardization
Procedure in August 2014, as did the ACI Standards Board in October 2015.
Therefore, this draft document is open for public discussion from November 1, 2015, until December 15, 2015. The document appears on the ACI website, www.concrete.org/discussion.
Pertinent discussion will be available on ACIs website and announced in a future issue of Concrete International if received
no later than December 15, 2015. Comments should be e-mailed to discussion@concrete.org.
al
An ACI Manu
r
Formwork fo
te
Conc8 re
Edition
th
SP-4 (14)
Formwork for Concrete, 8th Edition, 2014, 512 pp. Order Code: SP48TH, $249.50 (ACI members $149.00)
64
Sinopsis en espaol
Control de calidad de la durabilidad del hormign
Gjrv, Odd E., Concrete International, V. 37, N. 11,
noviembre de 2015, pgs. 38-43
En 2010 se termin un nuevo complejo compuesto por una
serie de edificios comerciales y de apartamentos en la zona
portuaria de Oslo, Noruega. El complejo se construy sobre
subestructuras de hormign colocadas hasta 20 metros (66
pies) de profundidad en agua marina. El proyecto lo llevaron a cabo dos contratistas distintos. Para alcanzar la vida
til especificada de 300 aos, el primer contratista aplic el
modelo DURACON (siglas en ingls de Durability Design
of Concrete Structures, diseo de durabilidad de estructuras
de hormign) para seleccionar el grosor de la cubierta, las
proporciones de la mezcla de hormign y los materiales de refuerzo; y el segundo contratista sigui los requisitos normativos de durabilidad especificados en las normas europeas sobre
hormign vigentes en ese momento con algunos requisitos y
medidas de proteccin adicionales. Se compara el rendimiento
de los dos contratistas.
Evaluacin del estado de la rampa de lanzamiento 39B
Weyers, R.E.; Sags, A.A.; y Zemajtis, J.Z., Concrete
International, V. 37, N. 11, noviembre de 2015, pgs. 45-53
65
ADDRESS________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
TELEPHONE_________________________________________________________________ FAX_________________________________________________________________________
Categories of membership
Please select the desired category of membership and submit the appropriate dues described below.
Management
Consultant
Engineer
Architect
Contractor
Technical Specialist
Quality Control
Inspector
Craftsman
Sales & Marketing
Association
Employee
Government
Employee
Researcher
Educator
Student
Other __________
Payment
Fees
Included Subscriptions
CHECK NUMBER
Membership dues
Additional subscriptions
ACCOUNT NUMBER
66
EXPIRATION DATE
Code: CI
Bulletin
Board
PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
Connect
Advertisers
Index
CI ADVERTISING
google+
67
Concrete
Q&A
Designing Anchors and Their
Attachments for Tensile Loading
Q.
A.
68
References
1. ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary, American Concrete Institute,
Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 503 pp.
2. Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
(ASCE/SEI 7-10), American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA,
2013, 636 pp.
Sponsors
Aspen
Vail
BASF Corporation
Euclid Chemical Company
GCC of America
Grace Construction Products
Mountain Cement
CEMEX
DRP Petrography
Eastern Pennsylvania & Deleware Chapter ACI
Greater Michigan Chapter ACI
GH Phipps Construction Companies
Kumar & Associates, Inc.
LaFarge North America
Northern California/Western Nevada Chapter ACI
Restruction Corporation
Salt River Materials Group
Trinity Expanded Shale & Clay
Loveland
Breckenridge
Winter Park
AMSYSCO, Inc.
Carolinas Chapter ACI
Eldora
Beer Garden
Exhibitors
ADAPT Corporation
Aggregate Industries
ASTM International
Aslan FRP/Hughes Brothers
ATENA Cervenka Consulting
Baker Concrete Construction
BASF Corporation
Burgess Pigment Company
Buzzi Unicem USA
Colorado Ready Mixed Concrete Ass.
Composite Rebar Technologies
Concrete Dcor Magazine
Concrete Sealants, Inc.
Construction Materials Engineering Council, Inc
Decon USA Inc.
ELE International
ERICO
Euclid Chemical Company
FORNEY LP
GCC of America, Inc.
Germann Instruments, Inc.
Giatec Scientific Inc.
Grace Construction Products
Headed Reinforcement Corp. (HRC)
Holcim
Huber Engineered Materials
ITW Buildex/Red Head/Ramset
Kerneos
Kryton
Myers Associates Inc.
Nomaco
Olson Engineering, Inc
Premier CPG
Primekss Rabine
Proceq USA
QuakeWrap Inc.