Verification Manual
Last updated: 25 March 2014
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Incorporated.
Verification Manual i
Chapter2
ii STAAD Foundation
Table of Contents
Introduction
14
16
23
23
26
32
38
44
53
62
71
77
83
88
99
99
105
112
115
122
125
125
129
133
138
140
145
Chapter 3
149
157
163
169
175
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
181
4.13 ISPilecap 2
188
196
201
201
206
210
214
219
228
231
239
244
250
255
261
268
277
284
292
298
306
314
316
319
319
328
336
345
355
355
359
364
368
373
377
383
383
392
401
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
423
424
429
435
435
443
447
454
459
Verification Manual v
Chapter 3
468
481
Index
483
485
Figures
485
Tables
489
Introduction
This document is intended to use as a hand calculation reference for STAAD Foundation Advanced
V8i (SELECTseries 3) (Release 7.0) verification problems. Verification Problems can be found
under Start Page > Example > Verification.
Each section in this manual represents either specific design code (e.g., AS3600-2001) or
particular foundation type (e.g., Dead Man Anchor Guy Foundation). Hand calculation title (e.g.,
AS GEN ISO 1) indicates corresponding STAAD Foundation file name.
At end of each hand calculation a comparison table between hand calculations and program
results is provided for various output parameters like bearing pressure, overturning and sliding
factor of safety, shear force, etc.
Verification Manual 1
Chapter4
2 STAAD Foundation
Section 1
Verification Manual 3
Chapter 1
1.1 General Isolated Foundation 1
Figure 1-1: Australian code General isolated foundation
1.1.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 500/110 m2 = 4.545 m2
Assuming 2.4 m x 2.4 m x 0.400 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 2.4 x 2.4 x 0.400 x 25 KN = 57.6 KN
Weight of above soil = 2.4 x 2.4 x 0.500 x 18 KN = 51.84 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 2.4 x 2.4 x (0.500+0.400-0.200) x 9.81 KN =
39.554 KN
Load due to surcharge = 2.4 x2.4 x 10 KN =57.6 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (500+57.6 +51.84+57.6 -39.554 ) KN =
627.486 KN
Maximum pressure = 627.486 /(2.4x2.4) = 108.94 KN/ m2
108.94 KN/m2 <110 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation
Total Service load on foundation = 627.486 KN
Hence Max possible Resisting Sliding force =0.5 x 627.486 = 313.74 KN
Hence OK
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
WRT Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
Max Resisting Moment = 0.5 x 2.4 x 627.486 = 752.98 KNm
Hence OK
WRT X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
Max Resisting Moment = 0.5 x 2.4 x 627.486 = 752.98 KNm
Hence OK
1.1.4 Comparison
Table 1-1: Australian verification example 1 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure, KN/m2
108.94
108.63
Negligible
Resisting force for sliding (x),
313.74
312.87
Negligible
KN
Resisting Moment for
752.98
750.87
Negligible
Overturning (z), KNm
Resisting force for sliding (z),
313.74
312.87
Negligible
KN
Resisting Moment for
752.98
750.87
Negligible
Overturning (x), KNm
Verification Manual 5
Chapter 1
1.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
1.2.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1,500/150 m2 = 10.0 m2
Assuming 4.0 m x 4.0 m x 0.73 m footing dimension,
Tot Moment wrt Z =50 KNm
Tot Moment wrt X =50 KNm
Stress at four corners (service condition)
1 = V/A Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
2 = V/A Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 (1,792 KN) = 896
KN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 (1,792 KN)= 896
KN
Hence OK
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
Along X Direction
Overturning Moment =50 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 (4 m) (1,972 KN) = 3,584 KNm
Verification Manual 7
Chapter 1
1.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
Along Z Direction
Overturning Moment =50 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 (4 m) (1,972 KN) = 3,584 KNm
Hence FOS = 3,584/50 = 71.7 > 1.5
Hence OK
Factored Design
Axial Load = 292 KN+ 1.4(1,500 KN) = 2,392 KN
MX =1.4 x 50 =70 KNm
MZ =1.4 x 50 =70 KNm
eff
m= fc/fy =0.0555
= 0.85 - 0.007(fc - 28) = 0.871 (Take = 0.85 per Clause 8.1.2.2
K
umax
umax
umax
= 0.85 fc K
= [R
Mu < M
umax
umax
d2] =
(1 - K
umax
/2) = 3.891
5,622.7 KNm
umax
Hence OK
Verification Manual 9
Chapter 1
1.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
eff
m= fc/fy =0.0555
= 0.85 - 0.007(fc - 28) = 0.871 (Take = 0.85 per Clause 8.1.2.2
K
umax
umax
umax
= 0.85 fc K
= [R
Mu < M
umax
umax
d2] =
(1 - K
umax
/2) = 3.891
5,622.7 KNm
umax
Hence OK
max
= 0.2 fc = 5 N/mm2
Verification Manual 11
Chapter 1
1.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
Along Z Direction
Critical section for moment is at a distance, d, away from the face of column
Average Base Pressure along one edge = 142.93kN/m2
AverageBase Pressure along other edge = 156.07 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 156.07 + (142.93 - 156.07) (4 - 1.178)/4
= 146.8 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 156.07 + (142.93 - 156.07) 1.178/4=
152.2 kN/m2
Hence, the SF at the left critical section:
F = (142.93 +146.8)/2 (1.178 m) (4 m)= 682.6 kN
Shear at the right critical section:
F = (156.07 + 152.2)/2 (1.178 m) (4 m)= 726.3 kN
Critical shear is 727 kN
Developed shear stress, v = 726.3 kN (103)/[4,000 (672)] = 0.27 N/mm2
cmax
= 0.2 fc = 5 N/mm2
Punching Shear
Punching Shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5 d from the column face.
12 STAAD Foundation Advanced V8i (SELECTseries 3)
Pm = 3,888 mm
Vmax = 2,251 kN
= Vmax/(Pm d) = 2,251 kN (10)3/(3,888 mm 672 mm) = 0.862 N/mm2
v
v < c
Hence safe
1.2.4 Comparison
Table 1-2: Australian verification example 2 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Corner Pressure, KN/m2
112
111.9
None
102.6
102.6
112
111.9
102.6
896
121.32
895.6
896
895.6
None
Verification Manual 13
Chapter 1
1.3 General Combined Foundation 1
Value of
3,584
STAAD
Foundation
Result
3,582.3
3,584
727
3,582.3
726
Negligible
727
0.284
735
0.284
None
0.284
2251
1.19
0.284
2250
1.19
None
None
1,056
1,054
None
1,056
5,622
1,054
5,622
None
5,622
5,376 ea. way
5,622
5,376 ea. way
None
Reference
Result
Percent
Difference
None
1.3.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2(600)/115 m2 = 10.435 m2
Assuming 5 m x 2.8 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
(left overhang=right overhang = 1 m)
Weight of footing = 5(2.8) (0.600) (25) = 210 KN
Weight of pedestal=2(0.3)(0.3)(0.5)(25) = 2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = [5(2.8) - 2(0.3)(0.3)] 0.450 18 = 111.9 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5(2.8) (0.45 + 0.6 - 0.25) 9.81 KN = 109.9 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2 600 + 210 + 2.25 + 111.9 - 109.9) KN = 1,414.3 KN
Maximum pressure= 1,414.3 /(5 2.8) = 101.0 KN/ m2
101 KN/ m2 < 105 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
Total Service load on foundation = 1,414.3 KN
Verification Manual 15
Chapter 1
1.4 General Combined Foundation 2
max resisting Moment = 5 m 1,414.3 KN /2 =3,535.6 KNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
Overturning Moment = 0
max resisting Moment = 2.8 m 1,414.3 KN /2 = 1,980 KNm
Hence OK
1.3.4 Comparison
Table 1-3: Australian verification example 3 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure, KN/m2
101
101
None
Resisting Moment for
3,535.8
3,535
None
Overturning (Z), KNm
Resisting Moment for
1,980
1,980
None
Overturning (X), KNm
1.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = (600+550)/100 m2 = 11.5 m2
Assuming 5 m x 3 m x 0.500 m footing dimension,
(left overhang = right overhang = 1 m)
Weight of footing = 5 m 3 m 0.500 m 25 = 187.5 KN
Weight of pedestal = 2(0.3)(0.3)(0.5)(25) = 2.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (600 + 550 + 187.5 + 2.25) KN = 1,339.8 KN
Pressure from axial load = 1,339.8 KN/(5 m 3 m) = 89.3 KN/ m2
CG of foundation raft = 5/2= 2.5 m from left end
CG of load = (1 m 600 KN + 4 m 550 KN)/(600 KN+ 550 KN) = 2.435 m
Eccentricity= 2.5 - 2.435 = 0.065 m
So Moment Mz = P e = 1,150 KN (0.065 m) = 75 KNm
Zz = 3 52/6 = 12.5 m3
stress due to moment = M/Z = 75 KNm/12.5 m3 = 6 KN/m2
Stress atleft end = P/A + M/Z = 89.3 + 6 = 95.3 KN/m2
Stress at right end = P/A - M/Z = 89.3 - 6 = 83.3 KN/m2
So, Maximum stress
95.3 KN/m2 < 100 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Verification Manual 17
Chapter 1
1.4 General Combined Foundation 2
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 5 m (1,339.8 KN) /2 = 3,349.5 KNm
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 3 m (1,339.8 KN) /2 = 2,009.7 KNm
Hence OK
eff
m= fc/fy =0.0556
= 0.85 - 0.007 (fc - 28) = 0.87
take = 0.85 ( Clause 8.1.2.2)
K
umax
R
= 0.85 fc K (1 - K /2) = 0.85(25)(0.85)(0.24)(1 - 0.85 0.24/2) = 3.891
umax
u
u
2
N/mm
M
= [R
b d2] =0.80 [3.891 N/mm2 3,000 mm (444 mm)2]10-6 = 1,840
umax
umax
KNm
Muz < Mumax Hence OK
eff
m= fc/fy =0.0556
= 0.85 - 0.007 (fc - 28) = 0.87
take = 0.85 ( Clause 8.1.2.2)
umax
R
= 0.85 fc K (1 - K /2) = 0.85(25)(0.85)(0.24)(1 - 0.85 0.24/2) = 3.891
umax
u
u
2
N/mm
M
= [R
b d2] =0.80 [3.891 N/mm2 3,000 mm (444 mm)2]10-6 = 1,840
umax
umax
KNm
Muz < Mumax Hence OK
eff
m= fc/fy =0.0556
= 0.85 - 0.007 (fc - 28) = 0.87
take = 0.85 ( Clause 8.1.2.2)
K
umax
R
= 0.85 fc K (1 - K /2) = 0.85(25)(0.85)(0.24)(1 - 0.85 0.24/2) = 3.891
umax
u
u
2
N/mm
M
= [R
b d2] =0.80 [3.891 N/mm2 5,000 mm (444 mm)2]10-6 = 3,068
umax
umax
KNm
Mu < Mumax Hence OK
Verification Manual 19
Chapter 1
1.4 General Combined Foundation 2
umax
= 299.5 KN
max
= 0.2 fc = 5 N/mm2
Punching Shear
For Column One
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5 d from the column face.
Two way shear = 777.8 KN
Pm = 4 (300 mm +444 mm) = 2,976 mm
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 777.8 KN 1000/(2,976 mm 444 mm) = 0.589 N/mm2
= [0.34 (fc)] = 0.7 [0.34 (25)] = 1.19 N/mm2
c
Verification Manual 21
Chapter 1
1.4 General Combined Foundation 2
1.4.4 Comparison
Table 1-4: Australian verification example 4 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure, KN/m2
95.3
95.32
None
Governing Moment, KNm
83.3
172
83.32
167
201
201
489
1,840
512
1,840
1,840
1,840
3,068
299.5
0.328
3,068
299.4
0.328
None
None
777.8
777.8
None
713.4
1.19
713.4
1.19
None
3,349
3,349
None
2,010
2,010
None
Negligible
None
Section 2
2.1.2 Problem
A column 400 mm X 400 mm carries a dead load of 800 kN and an imposed load of 300 kN. The
safe bearing pressure is 200 kN/m2. Design a square base to resist the loads. The concrete is
grade 35 and the reinforcement is grade 460.
2.1.3 Solution
Figure 2-1: Bending section considered
Verification Manual 23
Chapter 2
2.1 General Isolated Foundation 1
Figure 2-2: One way shear section considered
Size of base
Self-weight of footing = 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.5 x 25 = 78.125 kN.
Therefore, Service load = Dead load + Imposed load + Self weight
= (800 + 300 + 78.125) kN = 1178.125 kN.
Area required = 1178.125 / 200 m2 = 5.890625 m2.
Make the base 2.5 m x 2.5 m.
Moment Steel
Ultimate load = (1.4 x 800) + (1.6 x 300) = 1600 kN.
Ultimate pressure = 1600 / (2.5 x 2.5) = 256 kNm2
The critical section YY at the column face is shown in Figure 6.1.
MYY= 256 x (2.5 / 2 - 0.4 / 2) x 2.5 x 0.525 = 352.8 kNm.
Therefore z = 0.95d,
= 1976.31 mm2.
Minimum area of steel = 0.0015 x B x d = 0.0012 x 2500 x 430 = 1625 mm2 < AS (Hence Safe)
Let us provide 10 nos. 16 mm bars, AS = 2010.62 mm2.
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 625.5 mm from the column face. The critical
perimeter is shown inFigure 6.3.
Perimeter = 1690 x 4 = 6760 mm.
Shear = 256 x (2.52 1.692) = 868.8 kN.
v = 868 x 103 / (6760 x 430) = 0.3 N / mm2 < VC (Hence Safe).
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Verification Manual 25
Chapter 2
2.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
Spacing
We provided 10 nos. 16 mm bars, AS = 2010.62 mm2.
Spacing = (2500 - 40 x 2 - 16) / (10 -1) = 267.11 mm.
2.1.4 Comparison
Table 2-1: British verification example 1 comparison
STAAD Foundation
Value of
Reference Results
Percent Difference
Result
Effective Depth
430 mm
430 mm
None
Governing Moment
352.8 KN-m
352.8 KN-m
None
Area of Steel
1976.31
1976.31
None
Shear Stress (One-Way) 0.369 N/mm2
0.369 N/mm2
None
2
2
Shear Stress (Two-Way) 0.3 N/mm
0.3 N/mm
None
2.2.2 Problem
The characteristic loads for an internal column footing in a building are given in the following
table.The proposed dimensions for the column and base are shown in Figure 6.4.The safe
bearing pressure of soil is 150 kN / m2.The materials to be used in the foundation are grade
35 concrete and grade 460 reinforcement.
Table 2-2: Table BS2.1 - Column loads
Vertical Load (kN) Moment (KN m)
Dead Load
770
78
Imposed Load
330
34
2.2.3 Solution
Self-weight of footing = 0.5 x 3.6 x 2.8 x 24 = 120.96 kN.
Total axial load = 770 + 330 + 120.96 = 1220.96 kN.
Total moment = 78 + 34 = 112 kN-m.
Base area = 2.8 x 3.6 = 10.08 m2.
Section modulus = (I / y) = (1/12)BD3/(D/2) = 6.048 m3.
Maximum pressure = 1220.96/10.08 + 112/6.048 = 139.65 kN / m2 < 150 kN / m2 (Hence Safe).
Factored axial load = (1.4 x 770) + (1.6 x 330) = 1606 kN.
Factored moment = (1.4 x 78) + (1.6 x 34) = 163.6 kN-m.
Maximum pressure = 1606/10.08 +163.6/6.048 = 186.38 kN / m2.
Minimum pressure = 1606/10.08 -163.6/6.048 = 132.28 kN / m2.
Average pressure for section X1X1 (as shown in Figure 6.5) = 159.33 kN / m2.
Moment (MY) = (159.33 x 1.175 x 3.6) x (1.175 / 2) = 395.955 kN-m.
Effective depth (d) = 500 40 10 = 450 mm.
Verification Manual 27
Chapter 2
2.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
Therefore z = 0.95d,
= 2119.475 mm2.
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 3600 x 500 / 100 = 2340 mm2 > calculated area of steel.
Provide minimum steel.
Figure 2-5: Sections considered for bending in both directions
m2.
= 0.96d
Therefore z = 0.95d,
= 3472.334 mm2.
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 2800 x 500 / 100 = 1820 mm2 <
calculated area of steel. (Hence safe)
The critical section Y 2 Y 2 at d = 430 mm from the face of the column is shown in Figure 6.6.
Average pressure for the required section = 177.78 kN / m2.
Design shear force, VU = 177.78 x 2.8 x 1.145 = 569.96 kN
Design shear stress, v =
Now, vC1 = min(0.8
=473.388 kN / m2
,5) = 4732.8 kN / m2 > v (Hence Safe)
= 429.6 kN / m2.
Let us consider 1.5 times shear enhancement.
Vce = 1.5 x 429.6 = 644.4 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Verification Manual 29
Chapter 2
2.2 General Isolated Foundation 2
Figure 2-6: Sections considered for one-way shear in both directions
Along Section X -X :
2
The critical section X2X2 at d = 450 mm from the face of the column is shown in Figure 6.6.
Average pressure for the required section = 159.33 kN / m2.
Design shear force, VU = 159.33 x 3.6 x 7.25 = 415.85 kN
Design shear stress, v =
Now, vC1 = min(0.8
=256.698 kN / m2
,5) = 4732.8 kN / m2 > v (Hence Safe)
= 409.6 kN / m2.
Let us consider 1.5 times shear enhancement.
Vce = 1.5 x 409.6 = 614.4 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Punching Shear
Figure 2-7: Section considered for punching shear
The punching shear will be calculated for an area outside the area enclosed by the rectangle at a
distance 1.5d from the column face as shown in Figure 6.7.
Total pressure under the base = 2.8 x 3.6 x 132.28 + 0.5 x 3.6 x 2.8 x (186.38 132.28) = 1606.05
kN.
Pressure under enclosed rectangle = (1.74)2 x 146.255 + 0.5 x (1.74)2 x (172.4 146.255) = 482.38
kN
Punching shear force = 1606.05 482.38 = 1123.67 kN.
Critical perimeter = 1.74 x 4 = 6.96 m.
Punching shear stress = 1123.67 / (6.96 x 0.43) = 375.46 kN / m2.
Verification Manual 31
Chapter 2
2.3 General Isolated Foundation 3
2.2.4 Comparison
Table 2-3: British verification example 2 comparison
STAAD Foundation
Value of
Reference Result
Result
Effective Depth (X-X)
430 mm
430 mm
Effective Depth (Y-Y)
450 mm
450 mm
Governing Moment (My )
395.955 KN-m
395.943 KN-m
Governing Moment (Mx)
619.862 KN-m
619.909 kN-m
Area of Steel (Along X-X)
2340.00
2340.00
Area of Steel (Along Y-Y)
3472.2334
3472.2334
2
Shear Stress (One-Way) (Y 1-Y 1) 473.388 kN/m
444.81 kN/m2
2
Shear Stress (One-Way) (X1-X1) 256.698 kN/m
256.698 kN/m2
Shear Stress (Two-Way)
375.46 kN/m2
375.44 kN/m2
Percent Difference
None
None
None
None
None
None
Negligible
None
None
2.3.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1500/120 m2 = 12.5 m2
Assuming 3.85 m x 3.85 m x 0.65 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 3.85 x 3.85 x 0.65 x 25 KN = 240.865 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1500+240.865) KN = 1740.865 KN
Maximum pressure =1740.865/(3.85x3.85)=KN/ m2 = 117.45 KN/m2 <120 KN/m2 (Hence
safe)
Ultimate pressure =1500x1.4/(3.85x3.85) KN/m2 = 141.676 KN/m2
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1740.865 = 870.43 KN
Verification Manual 33
Chapter 2
2.3 General Isolated Foundation 3
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.85 x 1740.865 = 3351.1 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1740.865 = 870.43
KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.85 x 1740.865 = 3351.1 KNm
Hence OK
eff
K=
Hence safe
eff
K=
Hence safe
= 0.971 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 3862.3 m2m
Therefore, Astx =
Along Z Direction
Z=d
= 0.971 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 3862.3 m2m
Therefore, Astz =
Percentage of steel p =
= 0.1689
umax
= 141.676 x 3.85 x
= 644.18 KN
c1
= 0.282N/mm2
= 4 N/mm2
Vc =
0.17 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.352 N/mm2
Verification Manual 35
Chapter 2
2.3 General Isolated Foundation 3
0.704 N/mm2
Vce =
So V < Vce , Hence Safe
Percentage of steel p =
= 0.1689
umax
= 141.676 x 3.85 x
= 644.18 KN
c1
= 0.282N/mm2
= 4 N/mm2
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.352 N/mm2
Vc =
Vce =
0.704 N/mm2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 891 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter A
Vmax =
= 4.3347 m2
1485.87 KN
t1
= 4 N/mm2
0.17 N/mm2
V2 =
V3 =
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.352 N/mm2
Vc =
Vm1 < Vc, Hence safe
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 35
= 110 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 35
= 110 mm
Verification Manual 37
Chapter 2
2.4 General Isolated Foundation 4
2.3.4 Comparison
Table 2-4: British verification example 3 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
594 mm
594 mm
None
2
Bearing Pressure
117.45
117.45 KN/m
None
KN/m2
Ku
0.0253
0.0252
Negligible
Governing Moment
859.26 KN-m 856.92 KN-m
Negligible
Shear Force(One-Way)
644.18 KN
642.87 KN
Negligible
Shear Force(Two-Way)
1485.87 KN
1483.64 KN
Negligible
2
2
Steel required
3862 m m
3851 m m
0.28% (
Negligible)
Resisting force for sliding 870.43 KN
870.43 KN
None
Resisting Moment for
3351.1 KNm 3351.1 KNm
None
Overturning
2.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2000/100 m2 = 20 m2
Assuming 5.3 m x 5.3 m x 0.75 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 5.3 x 5.3 x 0.75 x 25 KN = 526.687 KN
Weight of soil = 5.3 x 5.3 x 0.5 x 18 KN = 252.81 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2000+526.687+252.81) KN = 2779.5 KN
Maximum pressure = 2779.5 KN/ (5.3 m x 5.3 m) KN/ m2 = 98.9 KN/m2 <100 KN/m2
(Hence safe)
Ultimate pressure = 1.4(2000 KN) / (5.3 m x 5.3 m)KN/m2 = 99.678 KN/m2
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 2779.5 = 1389.75 KN
Hence OK
Verification Manual 39
Chapter 2
2.4 General Isolated Foundation 4
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5.3 x 2779.5 = 7365 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 2779.5 = 1389.75
KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5.3 x 2779.5 = 7365 KNm
Hence OK
eff
K=
Hence safe
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 99.68 x 5.3 x = 1651 KN-m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 692 mm
K=
Hence safe
Z=d
= 0.97 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 6351.73 m2m
Therefore, Astx =
Z=d
= 0.97 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 6351.73 m2m
Therefore, Astz =
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.173
= 955.2 KN
= 4 N/mm2
0.173 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
Verification Manual 41
Chapter 2
2.4 General Isolated Foundation 4
1 N/mm2
V3 =
= 0.354 N/mm2
Vc =
0.708 N/mm2
Vce =
Along Z Direction
Percentage of steel p =
= 0.173
umax
= 99.68 x 5.3 x
= 955.2 KN
c1
= 4 N/mm2
0.173 N/mm2
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.354 N/mm2
Vc =
Vce =
0.708 N/mm2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 1038 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 5.645 m2
Vmax =
2237.3 KN
t1
= 4 N/mm2
0.173 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.354 N/mm2
Vc =
Vm1 < Vc, Hence safe
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 16 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 32
= 165 mm
In the ZDirection
No. of 16 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 32
= 165 mm
Verification Manual 43
Chapter 2
2.5 General Isolated Foundation 5
2.4.4 Comparison
Table 2-5: British verification example 4 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
692 mm
692 mm
None
2
2
Bearing Pressure
98.9 KN/m
98.75 KN/m
Negligible
Ku
0.026
0.026
Negligible
Governing Moment
1651 KN-m
1647.74 KN-m
Negligible
Shear Force(One-Way)
955.2 KN
952.85 KN
Negligible
Shear Force(Two-Way)
2237.3 KN
2232.14 KN
Negligible
2
2
Steel required
6352 m m
6357.649 m m Negligible
Resisting force for sliding 1389.75 KN
1374.762 KN
Negligible
Resisting Moment for
7365 KNm
7148.63 KN
Negligible
Overturning
2.5.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1200/120 m2 = 10 m2
Assuming 3.65 m x 3.65 m x 0.75 m footing dimension,
Tot Moment wrt Z =80 KNm
Stress at four corners (service condition)
1 = V/A Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
2 = V/A Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
Tot Vertical Load on soil
Self wt of fdn = 3.65x 3.65x 0.75x25 = 249.8 KN
Dry wt of soil = 0
Col reaction load = 1200 KN
Tot Vertical load V =1449.8 KN
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 3.65 x 3.652/6 =8.105 m3
Verification Manual 45
Chapter 2
2.5 General Isolated Foundation 5
Zx = X.Z2/6 = 3.65 x 3.652/6 =8.105 m3
Mx=0
Mz = 80 KNm
1 = V/A Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 118.694 KN/m2
2 = V/A Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 98.953 KN/m2
3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 98.953 KN/m2
4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 118.694 KN/m2
= 118.694 KN/m2 <120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1449.8 = 724.9 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.63x 1449.8 = 2645.885 KNm
Hence OK
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1449.8 = 724.9 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =80 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.63x 1449.8 = 2645.885 KNm
Hence FOS =2645.885/80 = 33.074
Hence OK
eff
K=
Hence safe
Figure 2-9: Section considered for bending about the Z axis
K=
Hence safe
Verification Manual 47
Chapter 2
2.5 General Isolated Foundation 5
Figure 2-10: Section considered for bending about the Z axis
Z=d
= 0.983 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 2594 m2m
Therefore, Astx =
Minimum area of steel Ast
min
Along Z Direction
Z=d
= 0.97 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 2412 m2m
Therefore, Astz =
Minimum area of steel Ast
min
Percentage of steel p =
= 0.14
umax
= 0.19N/mm2
= 4 N/mm2
0.14 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.329 N/mm2
Vc =
Vce =
0.658 N/mm2
Verification Manual 49
Chapter 2
2.5 General Isolated Foundation 5
Figure 2-11: Section considered for one-way shear along X direction
Along Z Direction
Percentage of steel pt =
V
umax
= 0.141
c1
= 0.177 N/mm2
= 4 N/mm2
Vc =
0.141 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.329 N/mm2
0.658 N/mm2
Vce =
So V < Vce , Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 1038 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter A
Vmax =
968.11 KN
t1
= 4 N/mm2
Vc =
0.14 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.329 N/mm2
Verification Manual 51
Chapter 2
2.5 General Isolated Foundation 5
Figure 2-13: Section considered for punching shear
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 32
= 115 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 32
= 115 mm
2.5.4 Comparison
Table 2-6: British verification example 5 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth (mm)
692
692
None
2
Corner Pressure (KN/m )
118.69
118.69
None
98.95
98.95
98.95
98.95
Ku
118.69
0.01481
118.69
0.0146
Negligible
0.0156
646.08
0.0158
643.82
Negligible
694.84
488.69
692.8
486.65
Negligible
452.46
968.11
3558.75
456.42
961.62
3558.75
Negligible
None
3558.75
724.9
3558.75
724.898
Negligible
724.9
2645.8
724.898
2645.8
Same
2645.8
Verification Manual 53
Chapter 2
2.6 General Isolated Foundation 6
2.6.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1500 KN, Fx100 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy =
415 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 90 KN/m2.
Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
2.6.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1500/90 = 16.67 m2
Assuming 4.65 m x 4.65 m x 0.65 m footing dimension,
Tot Moment wrt Z =-0.65x100 =-65 KNm
Stress at four corners (service condition)
1 = V/A Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
2 = V/A Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
Tot Vertical Load on soil
Self wt of fdn = 4.65x 4.65x 0.65x25 = 351.37 KN
Dry wt of soil = 0
Col reaction load = 1500 KN
Tot Vertical load V = 1851.37 KN
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 4.65 x 4.652/6 =16.758 m3
Zx = X.Z2/6 = 4.65 x 4.652/6 =16.758 m3
Mx=0
Mz = -65 KNm
1 = V/A Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 81.75 KN/m2
2 = V/A Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 89.50 KN/m2
3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 89.50 KN/m2
4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 81.75 KN/m2
= 89.5 KN/m2 <90 KN/m2
Hence safe
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =100 KN
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1851.37 = 925.685 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =65
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.65x 1851.37 = 4304.43 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1851.37 = 925.685 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.65x 1851.37 = 4304.43 KNm
Hence OK
Verification Manual 55
Chapter 2
2.6 General Isolated Foundation 6
eff
K=
Hence safe
K=
Hence safe
Z=d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 4890 m2m
Therefore, Astx =
Minimum area of steel Ast
min
Along Z Direction
Z=d
= 0.97 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 4706 m2m
Therefore, Astz =
Minimum area of steel Ast
min
Verification Manual 57
Chapter 2
2.6 General Isolated Foundation 6
Percentage of steel p =
= 0.178
umax
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
0.178 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.356 N/mm2
Vc =
Vce =
0.712 N/mm2
Along Z Direction
Critical section for moment is at d dist from the face of column
Percentage of steel p =
= 0.171
umax
c1
= 4 N/mm2
0.171 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.351 N/mm2
Vc =
Vce =
0.702 N/mm2
Verification Manual 59
Chapter 2
2.6 General Isolated Foundation 6
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 1782 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter A
Vmax =
= 2.082x2.082 =4.3347 m2
1679 KN
Vc =
0.171 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.351 N/mm2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 44
= 105 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 42
= 115 mm
2.6.4 Comparison
Table 2-7: British verification example 6 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
594 mm
594 mm
None
Corner Pressure
81.75 KN/m2 81.74 KN/m2
None
89.5 KN/m2
89.5 KN/m2
89.5 KN/m2
89.5 KN/m2
81.75 KN/m2
81.74 KN/m2
Verification Manual 61
Chapter 2
2.7 General Isolated Foundation 7
Ku
0.02606
STAAD
Foundation
Result
0.026
Governing Moment
0.027
1068.71 KNm
0.0269
1065.83 KNm
Negligible
Shear Force(One-Way)
1109.62 KNm
740.36 KN
1103.31 KNm
736.98 KN
Negligible
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Steel required
714 KN
1679 KN
4890 m2m
712 KN
1677 KN
4959.354 m2m
Negligible
Negligible
4706 m2m
925.68 KN
4790.8 m2m
925.68 KN
None
925.68 KN
4304.43 KNm
925.68 KN
4304.43 KNm
None
4304.43 KNm
4304.43 KNm
Value of
Reference
Result
Percent
Difference
None
2.7.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required =1500/100 m2 = 15 m2
Assuming 4.45 m x 4.45 m x 0.65 m footing dimension,
Tot Moment wrt Z =50 KNm
Tot Moment wrt X =50 KNm
Stress at four corners (service condition)
1 = V/A Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
2 = V/A Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
Tot Vertical Load on soil
Self wt of fdn = 4.45x 4.45x 0.65x25 = 321.79 KN
Dry wt of soil =0
Col reaction load = 1500 KN
Verification Manual 63
Chapter 2
2.7 General Isolated Foundation 7
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1821.8 = 911 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =50 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.45x 1821.8 = 4053.5 KNm
Hence FOS=4053.5/50 = 81> 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1821.8 = 911 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =50 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.45x 1821.8 = 4053.5 KNm
Hence FOS=4053.5/50 = 81> 1.5
Hence OK
eff
K=
Hence safe
About X Axis
Avg Base Pressure at one edge=( 96.5149+106.047)/2 = 101.282 KN/m2
Avg Base Pressure at other edge=( 106.0473+115.5797)/2 = 110.814 KN/m2
Force creating Moment= (110.814+106.37)/2 x 2.075x4.45 = 1002.72 KN
Lever arm = (106.37+2x110.814)x2.075/3x(106.37+110.814) m
Moment = Fx LA = 1047.85 KNm
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth
d
eff
K=
Hence safe
Verification Manual 65
Chapter 2
2.7 General Isolated Foundation 7
Z=d
=<0.95d
= 0.969 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx =
= 4165 m2m
Along Z Direction
Z=d
= 0.969 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astz =
= 4165m2m
Percentage of steel p =
= 0.158
umax
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
0.158 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.342 N/mm2
Vc =
Vce =
0.684 N/mm2
Verification Manual 67
Chapter 2
2.7 General Isolated Foundation 7
Along Z Direction
Percentage of steel p =
= 0.158
umax
= 0.272 N/mm2
= 4 N/mm2
0.158 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.342 N/mm2
Vc =
Vce =
0.684 N/mm2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter A
Vmax =
= 2.082x2.082=4.335 m2
1640 KN
t1
= 4 N/mm2
Vc =
0.158 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.342 N/mm2
Verification Manual 69
Chapter 2
2.7 General Isolated Foundation 7
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 37
= 120 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 37
= 120 mm
2.7.4 Comparison
Table 2-8: British verification example 7 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
594 mm
594 mm
None
Corner Pressure
92KN/m2
92 KN/m2
None
85.2 KN/m2
85.91 KN/m2
92 KN/m2
92 KN/m2
Ku
98.81 KN/m2
0.027
98.81 KN/m2
0.0266
Governing Moment
0.027
0.0266
1047.85 KNm 1045 KNm
Negligible
Shear Force(One-Way)
Negligible
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Steel required
Resisting force for sliding
720 KN
1640 KN
12 @ 120 c/c
910.9 KN
718.71 KN
1638 KN
12 @ 118 c/c
910.8 KN
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
910.9 KN
910.8 KN
Negligible
Value of
Resisting Moment for
Overturning
4053.5 KNm
STAAD
Foundation
Result
4053.4 KNm
4053.5 KNm
4053.4 KNm
Reference
Result
Percent
Difference
Same
2.8.3 Solution
Figure 2-16: Plan and Elevation
Verification Manual 71
Chapter 2
2.8 General Combined Foundation 1
(left overhang=right overhang=1m)
Weight of footing = 5 m x 1.5 m x 0.600 x25 KN = 112.5 KN
Weight of pedestal=2x0.3x0.3x0.5x25=2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = (5 x 1.5-0.3x0.3x2 )x 0.400 x18 KN = 52.704 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5 x 1.5 x (0.4+0.6-0.2) x9.81 KN = 58.86 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x500+112.5 +2.25+52.704 -58.86) KN = 1108.6
KN
Maximum pressure= 1108.6 /(5 x1.5) = 147.82 KN/ m2
147.82 KN/ m2 <150 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure =
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5x 1108.6 = 2771.5 KNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 1.5 x 1108.6 = 831.45 KNm
Hence OK
eff
K = Mu/fc.b.d
2
eff
Hence OK
eff
K = Mu/fc.b.d
2
eff
= 0.016= <0.156
Hence OK
ux
eff
K = Mu/fc.b.d
2
eff
Hence OK
Z=d
= 0.998 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx =
= 637 m2m
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0013 x B x D = 1170 mm2 (as fy>250)
Provided area = 1170 m2m
Z=d
= 0.998 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx =
= 792 m2m
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0013 x B x D = 1170 mm2 (as fy>250)
Provided area = 1170 m2m
Verification Manual 73
Chapter 2
2.8 General Combined Foundation 1
Z=d
= 0.994 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
= 761 m2m
Therefore, Astx =
Percentage of steel p =
= 0.143
umax
= 225.68 KN
c1
= 0.276 N/mm2
= 4 N/mm2
V1 =
V2 =
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
V3 =
= 0.331 N/mm2
Vc =
Vce =
0.662 N/mm2
Punching Shear
For Column One
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 816 mm from the column face.
2 way shear= 3.24 KN
Pm=300x2+300x2=544x12=7728 mm
t1
= 4 N/mm2
t1
= 4 N/mm2
Verification Manual 75
Chapter 2
2.8 General Combined Foundation 1
Figure 2-17: Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams
2.8.4 Comparison
Table 2-9: British verification example 8 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
147.82 KN/
147.82 KN/m2 None
m2
Governing Moment
140 KN-m
135.77 KN-m
Negligible
174.9 KN-m
174.9 KN-m
Value of
Shear Force(One-Way)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (X)
168 KN-m
225.68 KN
3.24 KN
STAAD
Foundation
Result
168 KN-m
225.69 KN
3.24 KN
Negligible
None
3.24 KN
2771.5 KNm
3.24 KN
2771.5 KNm
Negligible
831.45 KNm
831.46 KNm
Negligible
Reference
Result
Percent
Difference
Verification Manual 77
Chapter 2
2.9 General Combined Foundation 2
Figure 2-18: Plan and Elevation
2.9.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x600/140 m2 = 8.57 m2
Assuming 5.9 m x 1.7 m x 0.500 m footing dimension,
(left overhang=right overhang=1.2m)
Weight of footing = 5.9 m x 1.7 m x 0.500 x25 KN = 125.375 KN
Weight of pedestal=2x0.3x0.3x0.5x25=2.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x600+125.375 +2.25) KN = 1327.63 KN
Maximum pressure from axial load= 1327.63 /(5.9 x1.7) = 132.37 KN/ m2
Total Moment=30+30 = 60 KNm
CG of load= 2.9 m
CG of raft = 2.9 m
Eccentricity =2.95-2.9 =0.05 m
So Moment= P x Eccentricity = 1200x0.05 =60 KNm
Z= 1.7 x 5.92/6= 9.863 m3
So M/Z = 6.09 KN/m2
So stress at left end= P/A + M/Z= 138.46 KN/m2
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =60 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5.9x 1327.63 = 3916.5085 KNm
So FOS = 3916.5085/60 = 65.27 >1.5
Hence OK
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 1.7 x 1327.63 = 1128.48 KNm
Hence OK
eff
K = Mu/fc.b.d
2
eff
Hence OK
eff
K = Mu/fc.b.d
2
eff
= 0.0276= <0.156
Hence OK
ux
Verification Manual 79
Chapter 2
2.9 General Combined Foundation 2
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth
d
eff
K = Mu/fc.b.d
2
eff
Hence OK
Z=d
= 0.971 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx =
= 1187 m2m
Z=d
= 0.968 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx =
= 1284.5 m2m
Z=d
= 0.99 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx =
= 1342.74 m2m
Percentage of steel p =
= 0.17
umax
= 347.24 KN
0.17 N/mm2
V1 =
V2 =
V3 =
1 N/mm2
1 N/mm2
= 0.351 N/mm2
Vc =
Vce =
0.702 N/mm2
Punching Shear
For Column One
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 666 mm from the column face.
Two way shear = 380.43 KN
Pm=300x2+300x2=444x12=6528 mm
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 380.43x1000/(6528)x544=0.131 N/mm2
Now allowable stress= V
t1
= 4 N/mm2
t1
= 4 N/mm2
Verification Manual 81
Chapter 2
2.9 General Combined Foundation 2
v < Vt1 , Hence safe
Figure 2-19: Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams
2.9.4 Comparison
Table 2-10: British verification example 9 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
138.46
138.45 KN/m2 None
KN/m2
126.28 KN/m2
126.28
KN/m2
Governing Moment
214 KN-m
212 KN-m
Negligible
231.62 KNm
Shear Force(One-Way)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Resisting Moment for Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for Overturning (X)
231.78 KNm
None
None
407.34 KN
3916.5 KNm
None
407.34 KN
3916.5 KNm
None
2.10.2 Problem
Design a rectangular base to support two columns carrying the following loads:
Column 1Dead load 310 kN, imposed load 160 kN
Column 1Dead load 310 kN, imposed load 160 kN
The columns are each 350 mm square and are spaced at 2.5 m centers. The width of the base is
not to exceed 2.0 m. the safe bearing pressure on the ground is 180 kN/m2. The materials are
grade 35 concrete and grade 460 reinforcement.
Verification Manual 83
Chapter 2
2.10 Mat Combined Foundation
Figure 2-20: Plan and Elevation
2.10.3 Solution
Let us assume the self weight of the base is 130 kN.
Total vertical load = (310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 130) = 1250 kN.
Area of base = 1250 / 160 = 7.81 m2 (considering safe base pressure as 160 kN/m2).
Length of base = 7.81/2 = 3.91 m
Let the dimension of the mat is as follows,
Width = 2 m,
Length = 4.5 m,
Depth = 0.6 m.
Hence self-weight of mat = 2 x 4.5 x 0.6 x 24 = 129.6 kN.
Hence, total vertical load = (310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 129.6) = 1249.6 kN.
Actual base pressure = 1249.6 / (2 x 4.5) = 138.84 kN/m2.
Verification Manual 85
Chapter 2
2.10 Mat Combined Foundation
Therefore z = 0.95d,
= 970.95 mm2.
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 2000 x 600 / 100 = 1560 mm2 > calculated area of steel.
Provide minimum steel.
Provide 16 bars 12 mm in diameter at 125 mm centers to give area of 1808 mm2.
Therefore z = 0.95d,
= 436.6 mm2.
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 2000 x 600 / 100 = 1560 mm2 > calculated area of steel.
Provide minimum steel as above.
V=
= 0.228 N/mm2.
= 0.39 N/mm2.
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Verification Manual 87
Chapter 2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
2.10.4 Comparison
Table 2-11: British verification example 10 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Max Bending Moment 221.7 kN-m
201.204 kN-m
9.2
(-)
Max Bending Moment 99.7 kN-m
108.94 kN-m
9.2
(+)
Area of Steal
780 mm2/m
780 mm2/m
None
Required
Base Pressure
138.84 kN/m2 136 kN/m2
2
Self-wt of footing, wt of soil and surcharge are not included for shear and moment computations
2.11.3 Solution
Design started with trial dimensions of 5.0m X 5.0m X 1.0m
Verification Manual 89
Chapter 2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
Serviceability Check
The net moments are given by:Mz =+45.89 (-300*1) +(-500*0.3) = 195.89 KNm
Mx= - 98.32 +(-200*1) (-500*0.3) = -148.32 KNm
The pressure at the four corners are given by: 1=((500+625)/25)+(6*195.89/53)- (6*148.32/53)=47.283KN/m2
2=((500+625)/25)- (6*195.89/53)- (6*148.32/53)=28.478KN/m2
3=((500+625)/25)- (6*195.89/53)+(6*148.32/53)=42.717KN/m2
4=((500+625)/25)+(6*195.89/53)+(6*148.32/53)=61.522KN/m2
which is < 120 KN/m2. Hence OK
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding:
For Sliding:
Along X- Direction
Disturbing force = -300 KN
Restoring Force = m*(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 649.685 KN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/300) =2.166 > 1.5 Hence Safe
Along Z- Direction
Disturbing force = -200 KN
Restoring Force = mu*(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 649.685 KN
Hence, FacFor Overturning:tor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/200) =3.2484 > 1.5 Hence
Safe
About X- Direction
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) = -98.32 200*
(0 +1) = -298.32 KN-m
Restoring Moment = Fy * (Width of Footing *0.5 Ozd)+ (Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing)
* Width of Footing*0.5 = 3098.425 KN-m
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3098.425/298.32) =10.386 > 1.5 Hence Safe
About Z- Direction
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) =45.89 + 300*
(0 +1) = 345.89 KN-m
Restoring Moment = Fy * (Width of Footing *0.5 Ozd)+ (Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing)
* Width of Footing*0.5 = 3398.425 KN-m
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3398.425/345.89) =9.82516 > 1.5 Hence Safe
Verification Manual 91
Chapter 2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
About X- axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge
=(22.2834+3.47792)/2 =12.8806 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge
=(17.7167+36.5221)/2 = 27.1194 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section
=27.1194- {(27.1194 12.8806)/5.0*2.05} =21.2815 KN/ m2 [2.05 =5-(5/2+0.3+0.15)]
Hence, the moment at the critical section
Mu =5.0*{21.2815 *2.05*2.05*0.5+0.5*(27.1194-21.2815)* 2.05*2.05*2/3}= 264.48
KNm
Effective depth (d) = 1000 50 20 = 930 mm
Hence safe
Therefore,
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 5000 x 1000 / 100 = 6500 mm2 > Calculated area of steel.
So, provide minimum steel = 6500 mm2
About Z- axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge
=(36.5221+22.2834)/2 =29.4027 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge
=(17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section
=29.4027- {(29.4027-10.5973)/5.0*2.65} =19.4358 KN/ m2 [2.65 =(5/2+0.3-0.15)]
Hence, the moment at the critical section
Mu =5.0*{19.4358 *2.65*2.65*0.5+0.5*(29.4027 19.4358)*2.65*2.65*2/3}= 457.874
KNm
Effective depth (d) = 1000 50 20 = 930 mm
Hence safe
Therefore,
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 5000 x 1000 / 100 = 6500 mm2 > Calculated area of steel.
So, provide minimum steel = 6500 mm2
Verification Manual 93
Chapter 2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
tributary area
Bw = 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:Average Base Pressure along one edge
=(22.2834+3.47792)/2 =12.8806 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge
=(17.7167+36.5221)/2 = 27.1194 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section
=27.1194- {(27.1194 12.8806)/5.0*1.13} =23.9014 KN/ m2 [1.13=5 -(5/2 +0.3 +0.92
+0.15)]
Hence, the one- way shear at the critical section
Vux =5.0*{23.9014*1.13+0.5*(27.1194-23.9014)*1.13}= 144.134 KN
Design shear stress, v = 144.134/(5.0 x 0.93) =30.996 kN/ m2
Now, VC1 = min(0.8 (fcu),5) N/ mm2= 4381.78 kN/ m2 > v (Hence Safe)
= 348.5494 kN/
m2
Let us consider 1.5 times shear enhancement.
Vce = 1.5 x 348.5494 = 522.824 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
tributary area
Bw = 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:Average Base Pressure along one edge
=(36.5221+22.2834)/2 =29.4027 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge
94 STAAD Foundation Advanced V8i (SELECTseries 3)
= 348.5494 kN/ m2
Let us consider 1.5 times shear enhancement.
Vce = 1.5 x 348.5494 = 522.824 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)
Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Verification Manual 95
Chapter 2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
The punching shear will be calculated for an area outside the area enclosed by the rectangle at a
distance 1.5d from the column face as shown in figure.
Total pressure under the base = 5.0 x 5.0 x 12.8806 + 0.5 x 5.0 x 5.0 x (27.1194 12.8806) = 500.00
kN.
Pressure at the critical sections:a = 27.1194 ((27.1194-12.8806)/5.0*0.955) = 24.3998 KN/m2
b = 12.8806 + ((27.1194-12.8806)/5.0*0.955) = 15.60021 KN/m2
Punching shear force = 500.00-190.962 = 309.038 kN.
Critical perimeter = 3.09 x 4 =12.36 m.
Punching shear stress = 309.038/(12.36 x 0.93)= 26.885 kN / m2.
Verification Manual 97
Chapter 2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
Hence, the punching shear stress is less than VC . Hence Safe
Hence, the moment at the critical section
Mu =5.0*{19.4358 *2.65*2.65*0.5+0.5*(29.4027 19.4358)*2.65*2.65*2/3}= 457.874
KNm
Effective depth (d) = 1000 50 20 = 930 mm
2.11.4 Comparison
Table 2-12: British verification example 13 comparisons
STAAD
Reference
Difference (Reasons thereFoundation
Result
of)
Result*
Moment about X
264.48
259.98 KNm Error due to approximation
KNm
in base pressure interpolation
Moment about Z
457.874
448.24 KNm Error due to approximation
KNm
in base pressure interpolation
Area of steel about 6500.00
6500.00
Negligible
X-X
mm2
mm2
Area of steel about 6500.00
6500.00
Negligible
2
2
Z-Z
mm
mm
Shear Stress
48.64 KN/ 46.66 KN/
Error due to approximation
m2
m2
in base pressure inter(One way) along X
polation
Shear Stress
30.996
29.28 KN/
Error due to approximation
KN/ m2
m2
in base pressure inter(One way) along Z
polation
Shear Force
309.038
305.46 KN Error due to approximation
KN
in base pressure inter(Two way)
polation
Factor of Safety
2.1656
2.167
Negligible
against Sliding (X)
Factor of Safety
3.2484
3.250
Negligible
against Sliding (Z)
Factor of Safety
10.386
10.392
Negligible
against Overturning
(X)
Factor of Safety
9.82516
9.830
Negligible
against Overturning
(Z)
Section 3
3.1.1 Reference
3.1.2 Problem
A tied column 450 mm square and reinforced with eight No. 35 bars carries an unfactored dead
load of 1300 kN and an unfactored live load of 1000 kN. Suitable soil with a factored soil bearing
pressure of 300 kN/m2 is available at a depth of 1.5 m. Design a square footing.
The compressive strength fc is 30 MPa for the column and 25 MPa for the footing. All steel has
fy =400 MPa. Unit weight of concrete and soil is 24 kN/m2 and 16 kN/m2 respectively.
Verification Manual 99
Chapter 3
3.1 CSA General Isolated Foundation 1
Figure 3-1: Plan and Elevation
3.1.3 Solution
Trial Footing Size
Calculate the initial footing size based on soil bearing capacity.
As per CSA A.23.3-04 cls. 8.3 and Annex C. the 2005 National Building Code of Canada load
combination factors must be used:
Factored Load = 1.25 DL +1.5 LL = (1.25 X 1300 kN) + (1.5 x 1000 kN) = 3,125 kN
Required area of footing: 3125/300 = 10.41 m2
Total Axial load = 3125+Self Weight of footing + weight of soil
Self Weight of footing = 3.6 x 3.6 x 0.75 x 24 = 233.28 kN
weight of soil=3.6 x 3.6 x 1.5 x 16 = 311.04 kN
For square footing, the axial force on the footing is:
3125+233.28+311.04 =3669.32 kN
So stress on soil=369.32/(3.6x3.6)=283.12 kN/m2
= 0.65, = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 690 = 621 mm
bw=3600 mm
Now allowable one-way shear capacity per CSA A23 clause 11.3.5.2
Vc =
260
(1000 + d v ) c
Along Z Direction
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
Vumax =
= 768.22 kN
= 0.65, = 1
dv = 0.9.deff=0.9 x 690=621 mm
Chapter 3
3.1 CSA General Isolated Foundation 1
bw = 3600 mm
Now allowable one-way shear capacity per CSA A23 clause 11.3.5.2
Vc =
260
(1000 + d v ) c
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 345 mm from the column face.
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (450+2x0.5x.69)2=1.2996 m2
Vmax = P r (BH - Am) = 241.126x(3.6x3.6-1.2996)=2811.63 kN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X (b + h + 2x d) = 4.56 m
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 0.8936 N/mm2
=4
=L/B =4.5/4.5 =1
Vr 1 = 1 +
2
c
0.2 f
c
s d
Vr 2 =
+ 0.2c f
b0
Vr 3 = 0.4c f
= 1.95 N / mm 2
= 2.617 N / mm 2
= 1.3 N / mm 2
Development Length
Per CS A23.3-94 clause 12.2.4
Along Z Axis
d = 1.15
k 1k 2k 3 k 4
fy
(d cs + Ktr )
Ab
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 8
d = 0.730 m
Along X Axis
d = 1.15
k 1k 2k 3 k 4
fy
(d cs + Ktr )
Ab
where
k =1
1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 8
d = 0.730 m
= 1076.66 kN-m
1 = 0.85-0.0015.fc=0.8125
s=0.85
Chapter 3
3.1 CSA General Isolated Foundation 1
= 0.62817
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
So, =0.001892
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section,
Mux =
= 1076.66 kN-m
1 = 0.85-0.0015.fc=0.8125
s=0.85
= 0.62817
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
So, =0.001892
Hence OK
eff
= 4,700 mm2
min
2
mm
eff
= 4,700 mm2
min
2
mm
min
min
2
mm
3.1.4 Comparison
Table 3-1: CSAverification example 1 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
286.45 kN/m2
283.5 kN/m2
Negligible
Governing Moment
1076.66 kN-m
1076.64 kN-m Negligible
1076.66 kN-m
768.22 kN
1076.66 kN-m
768.01 kN
Negligible
768.22 kN
2811.63 kN
1,165 kN
768.01 kN
2811.49 kN
1,165 kN
Negligible
None
1,165 kN
1,300 kN/m2
1,165 kN
1,300 kN/m2
Negligible
1834.66 kN
1837.09 kN
Negligible
1834.66 kN
6604.78 kNm
1837.09 kN
6613.4 kNm
Negligible
Ast (B)
6604.78 kNm
5,400 mm
6613.4 kNm
5,400 mm
None
Ast (T)
5,400 mm
5,400 mm
5,400 mm
5,400 mm
None
Ld (rqrd)
5,400 mm
730 mm
5,400 mm
730 mm
None
Ld (available)
730 mm
1525 mm
730 mm
1525 mm
None
1525 mm
1525 mm
Shear Force(One-Way)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Resisting Shear Force
(One-Way)
Resisting Shear Stress
(Two-Way)
Resisting force for sliding
Resisting Moment for
Overturning
Chapter 3
3.2 CSA General Isolated Foundation 2
3.2.1 Reference
3.2.2 Problem
A tied column, 500 mm square, and reinforced with eight No. 35 bars carries an unfactored dead
load of 900 kN and an unfactored live load of 800 kN. Suitable soil with a factored soil bearing
pressure of 300 kN/m2 is available at a depth of 1.5 m . Design a square footing.
The compressive strength fc is 20 MPa for the column and 20 MPa for the footing. All steel has
fy =350 MPa. Unit weight of concrete and soil is 24 kN/m2 and 16 kN/m2 respectively.
Figure 3-2: Plan and Elevation
3.2.3 Solution
Trial Footing Size
Initial footing size is based on soil bearing capacity.
As per CSA A.23.3-04 cls. 8.3 and Annex C. the 2005 National Building Code of Canada load
combination factors must be used:
Factored Load = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 X 900 kN) + (1.5 x 800 kN) = 2,325 kN
Required area of footing: 2,325 /300 = 7.75 m2
eff
umax
= 550.24 KN
= 0.65, = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 490 = 441 mm
bw = 3000 mm
Now allowable one-way shear capacity per CSA A23 clause 11.3.5.2
Vc =
260
(1000 + d v ) c
Chapter 3
3.2 CSA General Isolated Foundation 2
Along ZDirection
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
Vumax =
= 550.24 KN
= 0.65, = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 490 = 441 mm
bw = 3000 mm
Now allowable one-way shear capacity per CSA A23 clause 11.3.5.2
Vc =
260
(1000 + d v ) c
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 270 mm from the column face.
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (500+2x0.5x.54)2 = 1.0816 m2
Vmax =
=L/B =5/5 =1
Vr 1 = 1 +
2
c
0.2 f
c
s d
Vr 2 =
+ 0.2c f
b0
Vr 3 = 0.4c f
= 1.74 N / mm 2
= 2.09 N / mm 2
= 1.162 N / mm 2
Development Length
Per CS A23.3-94 clause 12.2.4
Along Z Axis
d = 1.15
k 1k 2k 3 k 4
fy
(d cs + Ktr )
Ab
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 8 for 20M and smaller bar size
d = 0.730 m
Along X Axis
d = 1.15
k 1k 2k 3 k 4
fy
(d cs + Ktr )
Ab
where
k1 = 1
k2 = 1
k3 = 1
k4 = 8 for 20M and smaller bar size
d = 0.730 m
Chapter 3
3.2 CSA General Isolated Foundation 2
Mux =
258.33 3
3 0.5
) = 605.46 kN m
1 = 0.85-0.0015.fc=0.82
s=0.85
Kr = 1
Kr =
Mu
Bd
s f y
21f c c
s f y
= 0.0346
eff
So, =0.002405
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section
Mux =
= 605.46 KN-m
1 = 0.85-0.0015.fc=0.82
s=0.85
Kr =
Mu
Bd
= 0.0346
Along X Direction(Bottom)
Astx =.B.deff= 3,896 mm2
min
2
mm
min
2
mm
min
mm2
min
mm2
3.2.4 Comparison
Table 3-2: CSA verification example 2 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
2
Bearing Pressure
296.73 KN/m
296.07 KN/m2 Negligible
Governing Moment
605.46 KN-m
605.46 KN-m
None
Shear Force(One-Way)
605.46 KN-m
550.24 KN
550.24 KN
Shear Force(Two-Way)
2045.56 KN
Resisting force for sliding 1335.3KN
1335.3KN
Resisting Moment for
Overturning
Ast (B)
605.46 KN-m
550.06 KN
Negligible
550.06 KN
2045.45 KN
1332.3 KN
Negligible
Negligible
4005.45 KNm
1332.3 KN
3996.827 KNm Negligible
4005.45 KNm
#20@220 c/c
3996.827 KNm
#20@220 c/c None
Chapter 3
3.3 CSA General Isolated Foundation 3
Ast (T)
#20@220 c/c
#20@220 c/c
STAAD
Foundation
Result
#20@220 c/c
#20@220 c/c
None
Ld (rqrd)
#20@220 c/c
714 mm
#20@220 c/c
714 mm
None
Ld (available)
714 mm
1200 mm
714 mm
1200 mm
None
1200 mm
1200 mm
Value of
Reference
Result
Percent
Difference
3.3.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1200/90 m2 = 13.33 m2
Assuming 4.3 m x 4.3 m x 0.500 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 4.3 x 4.3 x 0.500 x 25 KN = 231.125 KN
Weight of above soil = 4.3 x 4.3 x 0.450 x 18 KN = 149.77 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 4.3x4.3 x (0.500+0.450-0.300) x 9.81 KN =
117.9 KN
Load due to surcharge = 4.3x4.3 x 10 KN =184.9 KN
Chapter 3
3.3 CSA General Isolated Foundation 3
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
WRT X Direction
Overturning Moment = 0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.3 x 1647.895 = 3542.97 KNm
Hence OK
WRT Z Direction
Overturning Moment = 0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.3 x 1647.895 = 3542.97 KNm
Hence OK
3.3.4 Comparison
Table 3-3: CSA verification example 3 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
89.12 KN/
89.03 KN/ m2 Negligible
Value of
Reference
Result
m2
823.95 KN
STAAD
Foundation
Result
Percent
Difference
823.12 KN
Negligible
Negligible
823.95 KN
Negligible
823.12 KN
Negligible
Pile Data
Dia of pile= 400 mm.
Vertical capacity = 250 KN,
Horizontal capacity = 100 KN
Uplift capacity = 80 KN
Figure 3-4: Elevation and Plan, with dimension and loads
Chapter 3
3.5 CSA Pilecap Foundation 1
3.3.7 Solution
depth of pilecap= 1.5 x piledia, D=600 mm
Take D=600 mm
c/c pile distance = 3xpile dia =1200 mm. Edge diatance =350 mm
Assuming 4 pile combination,
Coordinates of piles considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
Pile No
1
2
3
4
X Coordinate (mm)
-600
-600
600
600
Z Coordinate (mm)
-600
600
600
-600
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken =1
Load factor for axial load is taken 1.25
SO, Load on pilecap = 1.25x800+54.15 x1+0.78x1= 1054.93 KN
Load on each pile =1054.93 /4=263.73 KN
Chapter 3
3.5 CSA Pilecap Foundation 1
Chapter 3
3.5 CSA Pilecap Foundation 1
Punching Shear
Figure 3-7: Two-way shear sections considered
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =231.85 mm from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1=from pile2=from pile3=from pile 4= 263.73 KN
So total punching shear Vmax= 1054.92 KN
b0=Perimeter of failure line at d/2 distance from column face=2.(Column Length+Column
Width+2d)x 2= 4x(250+463.7/2+463.7/2)=2854.88
Therefore Shear stress c= =Vmax/(b0 x d)= 797 KN/m2
Calculation of punching shear stress capacity
= 1 (Clause 8.6.5)
c = 0.6 (Clause 8.4.2)
f' = Strength of concrete (in MPa)
c
mod factor=1
Vr1=(1+2/c).0.2..c.(f'c).mod factor=1800 KN/m2 (Eqn no 13.5 Clause no 13.4.4a)
Vr2=(0.2+(s. dv)/bo)..c.(f'c).mod factor=2549 KN/m2 (Eqn no 13.6 Clause no13.4.4b)
Vr3=0.4..c.(f'c).mod factor= 1200 KN/m2 (Eqn no 13.7 Clause no 13.4.4c)
Vr=Min (Vr1,Vr2,Vr3)=1200 KN/m2
V < VResistance , Hence safe
Where
1= 0.85- 0.0015.fc>=0.67 (Clause No 10.1.7)
c = 0.6 (clause 8.4.2)
s = 0.85 (clause 8.4.3)
Solving the equation (steel area ratio = 0.165 %
Therefore, Astx = .b,d= 1450 m2m
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.2/100 x B x D = 2280 mm2
Provided area = 2280 mm2
Along Z Direction
Calculate Kr (neutral axis/depth ratio) for Actual Bending Moment
Chapter 3
3.4 CSA General Combined Foundation s1
3.3.8 Comparison
Table 3-4: CSA verification example 5 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Depth
600 mm
598 mm
Negligible
Governing Moment (wrt X 250.54 KN-m 250.54 KN-m
None
axis)
Resisting Moment (wrt Z
1906 KN-m
1933 KN-m
Negligible
axis)
Governing Moment (wrt X 250.54 KN-m 250.54 KN-m
None
axis)
Resisting Moment (wrt Z
1906 KN-m
1933 KN-m
Negligible
axis)
Shear Force(One-Way) X
274.5 KN
274.3 KN
None
Shear Resistance(One469.5 KN
471.8 KN
Negligible
Way) X
Shear Force(One-Way) Z
274.5 KN
274.3 KN
None
Shear Resistance(One469.5 KN
471.8 KN
Negligible
Way) Z
Shear stress(Two-Way)
797 KN/m2
787.6 KN/m2
None
2
Resistance Shear Stress
1200 KN/m
1200 KN/m2
None
(Two-Way)
Ld required
381 mm
381 mm
None
Ld Available (Along X)
775 mm
775 mm
None
Ld Available (Along Z)
775 mm
775 mm
None
Ast (Along X)
2280 mm2
2240 mm2
Negligible
3.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x900/120 m2 = 15 m2
Assuming 5.7 m x 3.15 m x 0.500 m footing dimension,
left overhang = right overhang = 1.1 m, C/C col dist=3500 mm
Weight of footing = 5.7 x 3.15 x0.500 x25 KN = 224.44 KN
Weight of pedestal=2x0.25x0.25x0.4x25=1.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = (5.7 x 3.15-2x0.25x0.25) x 0.500 x18 KN = 160.47 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5.7 x 3.15 x (0.500+0.500-0.200) x9.81 KN =
140.91 KN
Surcharge load = (5.7x3.15-2x0.25x0.25)x5= 89.15 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing is
(2x900+224.44 +1.25+160.47 +89.15 -140.91) KN = 2134.4 KN
Maximum pressure= 2134.4 /(5.7 x3.15) = 118.87 KN/m2
118.87 KN/ m2 <120 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Chapter 3
3.4 CSA General Combined Foundation s1
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
Total Service load on foundation = 2134.4 KN
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5.7x 2134.4 = 6083 KNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
Total Service load on foundation = 2134.4 KN
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.15x 2134.4 = 3361.7 KNm
Hence OK
3.4.4 Comparison
Table 3-5: CSA verification example 5 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
118.87
118.87 KN/m2 None
KN/m2
Resisting Moment for
6083 KNm
6083 KNm
None
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for
3361.7 KNm 3361.7 KNm
None
Overturning (X)
Section 4
4.1.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1000 KN, fc = 15 MPa, fy = 415 MPa,
Column Dimension = 400 mm X 400 mm, Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100 KN/m2, and Load Factor =
1.5.
Chapter 4
4.1 IS General Isolated Foundation 1
Figure 4-1: Plan and Elevation
4.1.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1000/10 m2 = 10 m2
Assuming 3.5 m x 3.5 m x 0.6 m footing dimension (I = 12.5 m4)
Weight of footing = 3.5 x 3.5 x 0.6 x 25 KN = 183.75 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1000 +183.75) KN = 1183.75 KN
Maximum pressure = 1183.75/(3.5 x 3.5) KN/ m2 = 96.633 KN/m2 <100 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1000 x 1.5/ (3.5 x 3.5) KN/m2 = 122.45 KN/m2
Bending moment at critical section,
Mu = 122.45 x 3.5 x 1.55 x 1.55/2 = 514.826 KN-m
Assuming 35 mm clear cover and 10 mm bar, effective depth
de = (600-35-0.5 x 10) mm = 560 mm
Ku,max =
= 0.479
x B x de = 2646.4 mm2
Ast = 0.5 x
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.135
= 424.289 KN
= 0.698 N/mm2
= 0.968 N/mm2
Note: There is no deduction for the upward force underneath the area enclosed by the
critical perimeter. This approach is conservative.
Chapter 4
4.1 IS General Isolated Foundation 1
Spacing
No. of 10 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 33.69 (34)
= 102.73 mm
4.1.4 Comparison
Table 4-1: IS verification example 1 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
560 mm
560 mm
None
Governing Moment
514.826 KN-m
514.821 KN-m
Negligible
Area of Steal
2646.40 mm2
2645.01 mm2
0.05
2
2
Shear Stress (One0.216 N/mm
0.216 N/mm
None
Way)
Shear Stress (Two0.698 N/mm2
0.700 N/mm2
0.286
Way)
4.2.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN, fc = 15 MPa, fy = 250 MPa,
Column Dimension = 500 mm x 500 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2.
Chapter 4
4.2 IS General Isolated Foundation 2
Figure 4-4: Plan and Elevation
4.2.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 600/ 120 m2 = 5 m2
Assuming 2.4 m x 2.4 m x 0.35 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 2.4 x 2.4 x 0.35 x 25 KN = 50.4 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (600+50.4) KN = 650.4 KN
Maximum pressure = 650.4 / (2.4 x 2.4) KN/ m2 = 112.92 KN/m2 <120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 600 x 1.5 /(2.4 x 2.4) KN/m2 = 156.25 KN/m2
Bending moment at critical section, Mu = 56.25 x 2.4 x 0.95 x 0.95 /2= 169.21875
KN-m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 12 mm bar, effective depth
de = (350-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 294 mm
Ku,max =
= 0.53
Ast = 0.5 x
x B x de = 2837.87 mm2
= 246 KN
= 0.3486N/mm2 <c,all
Hence safe
= 0.96 N/mm2
= 0.968 N/mm2
Hence safe
Note: There is no deduction for the upward force underneath the area enclosed by the
critical perimeter. This approach is conservative.
Chapter 4
4.2 IS General Isolated Foundation 2
Spacing
No. of 12 mm bar =
Spacing =
= 25.09 (26)
= 91.52 mm
4.2.4 Comparison
Table 4-2: IS verification example 2 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
294 mm
294 mm
None
Governing Moment
169.2187 KN-m 169.2187 KN-m
None
2
2
Area of Steel
2837.87 mm
2836.34 mm
0.05
Shear Stress (One0.3486 N/mm2 0.3486 N/mm2
None
Way)
Shear Stress (Two0.96 N/mm2
0.96 N/mm2
None
Way)
Chapter 4
4.3 IS General Isolated Foundation 3
Figure 4-6: Plan and Elevation
4.3.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2000/100 m2 = 20 m2
Assuming 4.95 m x 4.95 m x 0.700 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 4.95x4.95x0.7 x 25 KN = 428.79 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2000+428.79) KN = 2428.79 KN
Maximum pressure = 2428.79/(4.95x4.95) = 99.124 KN/ m2 <100 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure =
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 2428.79 =
1214.395 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.95 x 2428.79 = 6011.25 KNm
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section
Mux = 122.436 x 4.95 x 2.325 x 2.325 / 2 = 1638.06 KN-m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 16 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (700-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 642 mm
K=700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Chapter 4
4.3 IS General Isolated Foundation 3
Along Z Direction
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
Mu =0.87.fy .Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy /b.d.fck)
So solving equation for Ast,
Astx = 7358 m2m
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0012 x B x D = 4158 mm2 (as fy>250)
Provided area = 7358 m2m
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.2315
= 1020 KN
= 0.321 N/mm2
Along Z Direction
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.2315
= 1020 KN
= 0.321 N/mm2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 321 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 0.887 m2
Vmax =
2892 KN
4.3.4 Comparison
Table 4-3: IS verification example 3 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
99.124
99.124 KN/m2 None
2
KN/m
Governing Moment
1638.06 KN- 1638.038 KN-m None
m
Shear Force(One-Way)
1020 KN
1019 KN
Negligible
Chapter 4
4.4 IS General Isolated Foundation 4
Value of
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Resisting force for sliding
(X)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (Z)
Resisting force for sliding
(Z)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (X)
Reference
Result
2892 KN
1214.395 KN
STAAD
Foundation
Result
2891 KN
1214.397 KN
Percent
Difference
Negligible
None
None
1214.395 KN
None
1214.397 KN
None
4.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1000/110 m2 = 8.33 m2
Assuming 3.65 m x 3.65 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 3.65x3.65x0.6 x 25 KN = 199.8 KN
Surcharge= 20 KN/m2
Surcharge force=20x3.65x3.65= 266.4 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1000+266.4+199.8)= 1466.2 KN
Maximum pressure = 1466.2/(3.65x3.65)=
110 KN/m2 (Hence OK)
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
Max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation
Total Service load on foundation =1466.2 KN
Chapter 4
4.5 IS General Isolated Foundation 5
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
Max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation
Total Service load on foundation =1466.2 KN
Max Resisting force =0.5 x 1466.2 = 733.1 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.65 x 1466.2 = 2675.815 KNm
Hence OK
4.4.4 Comparison
Table 4-4: IS verification example 4 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
2
Bearing Pressure
110 KN/m
109.9 KN/m2
Negligible
Resisting Moment for
2675.815
2672.535 KNm Negligible
Overturning (x)
KNm
Resisting force for sliding
733.1 KN
732.2 KN
Negligible
(z)
Resisting Moment for
2675.815
2672.535 KNm Negligible
Overturning (z)
KNm
Resisting force for sliding
733.1 KN
732.2 KN
Negligible
(x)
4.5.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1200/110 m2 = 10.91 m2
Assuming 3.7 m x 3.7 m x 0.55 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 3.7x3.7x0.55 x 25 KN = 188.237 KN
Weight of above soil = 3.7x3.7x0.45 x 18 KN = 110.889 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1200+188.237+110.889) KN = 1499.126 KN
Maximum pressure = 1499.126/(3.7x3.7) = 109.5 KN/m2 <110 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure =
Chapter 4
4.5 IS General Isolated Foundation 5
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 1499.126 = 749.6
KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.7 x 1499.126 = 2773.383 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 1499.126 = 749.6
KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.7 x 1499.126 = 2773.383 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
Mu =0.87.fy .Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy /b.d.fck)
So solving equation for Ast,
Astx = 4120 m2m
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0012 x B x D = 2442 mm2 (as fy>250)
Provided area = 4120 m2m
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.226
= 587.7 KN
Chapter 4
4.5 IS General Isolated Foundation 5
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.226
= 587.7 KN
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 246 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 0.627 m2
Vmax =
1718 KN
4.5.4 Comparison
Table 4-5: IS verification example 5 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
2
Bearing Pressure
109.5 KN/m 109.45 KN/m2 Negligible
Governing Moment (x&Z)
702.97 KN-m 700.1 KN-m
Negligible
Shear Force(One-Way) (
587.7 KN
586 KN
Negligible
x&Z)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
1718 KN
1716.5 KN
Negligible
Resisting force for sliding
749.6 KN
749.187 KN
Negligible
(X)
Resisting Moment for
2773.4 KNm 2771.9 KNm
Negligible
Overturning (Z)
Value of
Resisting force for sliding
(Z)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (X)
749.6 KN
STAAD
Foundation
Result
749.187 KN
Negligible
2773.4 KNm
2771.9 KNm
Negligible
Reference
Result
Percent
Difference
Chapter 4
4.6 IS General Isolated Foundations 6
4.6.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2000/100 m2 = 20 m2
Assuming 4.95 m x 4.95 m x 0.700 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 4.95x4.95x0.7 x 25 KN = 428.79 KN
Weight of above soil = 4.95x4.95x0.5 x18 KN = 220.522 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 4.95x4.95x0.5 x18 KN = 240.369 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2000+428.79+220.522-240.369) KN =
2408.943 KN
Maximum pressure = 2408.943/(4.95x4.95) = 99.12 KN/m2 <100 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure =
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 2408.943 =
1204.5 KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.95 x 2408.943 = 5962 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation=0.5 x 2408.943 = 1204.5
KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.95 x 2408.943 = 5962 KNm
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section
Mux = 122.436 x 4.95 x 2.325 x 2.325 / 2 = 1638.06 KN-m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 16 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (700-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 642 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Ru = 0.36 .fck. Kumax .(1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
Chapter 4
4.6 IS General Isolated Foundations 6
Along Z Direction
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
Mu =0.87.fy .Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy /b.d.fck)
So solving equation for Ast,
Astx = 7358 m2m
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0012 x B x D = 4158 mm2 (as fy>250)
Provided area = 7358 m2m
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.2315
= 1020 KN
= 0.321 N/mm2
Along Z Direction
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.2315
= 1020 KN
= 0.321 N/mm2
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 321 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 0.887 m2
Vmax =
2892 KN
4.6.4 Comparison
Table 4-6: IS verification example 6 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
98.314
98.2832 KN/m2 None
2
KN/m
Governing Moment (x&Z)
1638.06 KN- 1634 KN-m
Negligible
m
Shear Force(One-Way) (
1020 KN
1017 KN
Negligible
x&Z)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
2892 KN
2889.7 KN
Negligible
Resisting force for sliding
1204 KN
1204 KN
None
(x)
Resisting Moment for
5962 KNm
5960 KNm
Negligible
Overturning (z)
Resisting force for sliding
1204 KN
1204 KN
None
(z)
Resisting Moment for
5962 KNm
5960 KNm
Negligible
Overturning (x)
Chapter 4
4.7 IS General Isolated Foundation 7
4.7.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1500 KN, Fz=120 KN fc = 25 MPa, fy =
415 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2.
Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Figure 4-10: Plan and Elevation
4.7.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1500/120 m2 = 12.50 m2
Assuming 3.95 m x 3.95 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 3.95x3.95x0.6 x 25 KN = 234.04 KN
Therefore, total axial load on the footing = (1500+234.04) KN = 1734.04 KN
Maximum axial pressure =P/A= 1734.04 /(3.95x3.95) = 111.138 KN/ m2
Moment due to lateral load= 120x0.6 72 KNm
Total moment (Mx=72 KNm
Zx=3.95x3.952/6 = 10.27 mm3
M/Z=7.01 KN/m2
So,
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 1734.04 = 867.02
KN
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =72 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.95 x 1734.04 = 3429.729 KNm
FOS = 47.6 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =120
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 1734.04 = 867.02
KN
FOS = 7.22 > 1.5
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.95 x 1734.04 = 3429.729 KNm
Hence OK
Chapter 4
4.7 IS General Isolated Foundation 7
About Z Axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of column; wrt x axis:
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 133.69)x0.5 = 133.69 KN/m2 (left
end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (154.73 + 154.73)x0.5 = 154.73 KN/m2
(right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 154.73 +(133.69-154.731) x
2125/3950 = 143.42 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 154.73 +(133.69-154.73) x
1825/3950 = 145.01 KN/m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section, Mu = F x LA
Where:
F = (133.69 + 143.42) x 0.5 x 1.825 x 3.95 = 1080.38 KN
LA = (143.42 +2x 133.69) x 1.825/ [3x (144.21 +144.21)] = 0.923 m
Mu (right) = 997.19 kNm
So, max moment wrt Z axis Mu (z) = 998 KNm
Chapter 4
4.7 IS General Isolated Foundation 7
Along Z Direction
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
Mu =0.87.fy .Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy /b.d.fck)
So solving equation for Ast,
Astx = 5323 m2m
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0012 x B x D = 2844 mm2 (as fy>250)
Provided area = 5323 m2m
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.236
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 154.73)x0.5 = 144.21 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (133.69 + 154.73)x0.5 = 144.21 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 144.21 +(144.21 - 144.21)
x 2667/3950 = 144.21 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 144.21 +(144.21 144.21) x 2667/3950 = 144.21 KN/m2
Hence, the SFat critical section
F = (144.21 +144.21) x0.5 x 1.283 x 3.95 = 730.84 KN
So max SFalong X axis Fux = 731 KN
Developed shear stress v = 731 x 1000 / (3950 x 542) = 0.341 N/mm2
Along Z Direction
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.2486
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (133.69 + 133.69)x0.5 = 133.69 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (154.73 + 154.73)x0.5 = 154.73 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 154.73 +(133.69 - 154.73) x
2667/3950 = 144.21 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 154.73 +(133.69 - 154.73)
x 1283/3950 = 144.21 KN/m2
Hence, the SFat critical section (left)
F = (133.69 +140.53) x0.5 x 1.283 x 3.95 = 694.84 KN
Hence, the SF at critical section (right)
F = (15473 +147.90) x0.5 x 1.283 x 3.95 = 766.83 KN
So max SFalong X axis Fux = 731 KN
Chapter 4
4.7 IS General Isolated Foundation 7
So max SF=767 KN
Developed shear stress v = 767 x 1000 / (3950 x 542) = 0.358 N/mm2
Now allowable stress= 0.359 N/mm2
v < c
Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 271 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 0.709 m2
Vmax =
2148 KN
4.7.4 Comparison
Table 4-7: IS verification example 7 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Max Bearing
104.129 KN/m2 104.129 KN/m2
None
Pressure
Min Bearing
118.148 KN
118.148 KN
None
Pressure
Governing Moment 999 KN-m
994 KN-m
Negligible
Shear Force(OneWay)
Shear Force(TwoWay)
950 KN-m
767 KN
946 KN-m
764 KN
Negligible
731 KN
2148 KN
728 KN
2146 KN
Negligible
Chapter 4
4.8 IS Toolkit Combined 1
4.8.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 400 KN each column., fc = 25 MPa, fy =
415 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm. and C/C column
distance=3000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS
against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Figure 4-12: Plan and Elevation
4.8.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x400/120 m2 = 6.67 m2
Assuming 5.75 m x 1.35 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
(left overhang = right overhang = 1.375 m)
Weight of footing = 5.75 m x 1.35 m x 0.600 x 25 KN = 116.375 KN
Weight of pedestal=2x 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 25 = 2.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x400+116.375+2.25) KN = 918.625 KN
Maximum pressure = 918.625 /(5.75x1.35) = 118.34 KN/ m2 < 120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 800 x 1.5/ (5.75 x 1.35) KN/m2 = 154.589 KN/m2
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
With Respect to Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5.75 x 918.625 = 2641 KNm
Hence OK
Chapter 4
4.8 IS Toolkit Combined 1
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.133
Vumax = 168.2 KN
Developed shear stress V = 168.2 x 1000 / (1350 x 544)= 0.229 N/mm2
Now allowable stress= 0.29 N/mm2
V < c, Hence Safe
Chapter 4
4.8 IS Toolkit Combined 1
Punching Shear
For Column 1
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 272 mm from the column face.
2 way shear= 489.89 KN
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 489.89 x 1000/(300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 = 0.2668
N/mm2
=L/B = 5.75/1.35 = 4.26
k=0.5 +=5.26 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
For Column 2
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 272 mm from the column face.
2 way shear= 489.89 KN
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 489.89 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 +544 x 4) x 544 = 0.2668
N/mm2
=L/B =5.75/1.35 =4.26
k=0.5 +=5.26 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
4.8.4 Comparison
Table 4-8: IS verification example 8 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
118.35
118.35 KN/m2 None
2
KN/m
Governing Moment
197 KN-m
191.4 KN-m
Negligible
Shear Force(One-Way)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
37.49 KN-m
37.4 KN-m
122.5 KN-m
168.2 KN
489.89 KN
122.5 KN-m
168.2 KN
489.88 KN
489.89 KN
489.88 KN
None
Negligible
Value of
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (X)
2641 KNm
STAAD
Foundation
Result
2641 KNm
None
620 KNm
620 KNm
None
Reference
Result
Percent
Difference
Chapter 4
4.9 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 2
4.9.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2 x 350/110 m2 = 6.36 m2
Assuming 5 m x 1.65 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
(left overhang=right overhang=1 m)
Weight of footing = 5 m x 1.65 m x 0.600 x 25 KN = 123.75 KN
Weight of pedestal=2 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 25 = 2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = 5 m x 1.65 m x 0.500 x 18 KN = 74.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2 x 350 + 123.75 + 2.25 + 74.25) KN = 900.25
KN
Maximum pressure = 900.25 /(5 x 1.65) = 109.12 KN/ m2
109.12 KN/ m2 <110 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 700 x 1.5 / (5.0 x 1.65) = 127.273 KN/m2
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5x 900.25 = 2250 KNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 1.65 x 900.25 = 742.7 KNm
Hence OK
Chapter 4
4.9 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 2
So solving equation for Ast,
Astx = 677 m2m
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0012 x B x D = 1188 mm2 (as fy>250)
Provided area = 1188 mm2
Percentage of steel pt =
= 0.133
Vumax = 169.3 KN
Developed shear stress v = 169.3 x 1000 / (1650 x 544) = 0.1886 N/mm2
Now allowable stress= 0.29 N/mm2
v < c, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
For Column One
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 272 mm from the column face.
2 way shear= 434.3 KN
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 434.3 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 = 0.2356
N/mm2
=L/B =5.75/1.35 =4.26
k=0.5 +=5.26 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
Chapter 4
4.9 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 2
Figure 4-15: ShearForce andBending Momentdiagrams
4.9.4 Comparison
Table 4-9: IS verification example 9 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
109.12
108.92
Negligible
2
2
KN/m
KN/m
Value of
Governing Moment
Shear Force(One-Way)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (X)
105 KN-m
STAAD
Foundation
Result
101.8 KN-m
131.2 KN-m
131.2 KN-m
Reference
Result
Percent
Difference
Negligible
None
None
434.3 KN
2250 KNm
434.3 KN
2246 KNm
Negligible
742.7 KNm
741.37KNm
None
Chapter 4
4.10 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 3
Figure 4-16: Plan and Elevation
4.10.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2 x 500/130 m2 = 7.69 m2
Assuming 5.4 m x 1.65 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
(left overhang = right overhang = 1.2 m)
Weight of footing = 5.4 m x 1.65 m x 0.600 x 25 KN = 133.65 KN
Weight of pedestal=2 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 25=2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = 5.4 m x 1.65 m x 0.500 x 18 KN = 80.19 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5.4 m x 1.65 m x (0.5+0.6-0.2) x 9.81 KN =
78.67 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2 x 500 + 133.65 + 2.25 + 80.19 - 78.67) KN =
1137.42 KN
Maximum pressure= 1137.42 /(5.4 x1.65) = 127.66 KN/ m2
127.66 KN/ m2 <130 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1000 x 1.5 / (5.4 x 1.65) = 168.35 KN/m2
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
wrt Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5x 1137.42 = 3071 KNm
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 1.65 x 1137.42 = 938.37 KNm
Hence OK
Chapter 4
4.10 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 3
About X Axis
Cantilever length = (1.65-0.3)/2 = 0.675 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 168.35 x5.4x0.6752/2 = 207 KNm
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 16 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Ru = 0.36 .fck. Kumax .(1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 =5504 KNm
Hence OK
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0012 x B x D = 3888 mm2 (as fy>250)
Provided area = 3888 mm2
Figure 4-17: Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams
= 0.133
Vumax = 223.95 KN
Developed shear stress V = 223.95 x 1000 / (1650 x 544) = 0.249 N/mm2
Now allowable stress= 0.29 N/mm2
V < c, Hence Safe
Chapter 4
4.10 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 3
Punching Shear
For Column 1
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 272 mm from the column face.
2 way shear= 630.07 KN
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 630.07 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 = 0.343
N/mm2
=L/B =5.4/1.65 =3.27
k=0.5 +=4.27 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
For Column 2
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 272 mm from the column face.
2 way shear= 630.07 KN
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 630.07 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 = 0.343
N/mm2
=L/B =5.4/1.65 =3.27
k=0.5 +=4.27 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
4.10.4 Comparison
Table 4-10: IS verification example 10 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
127.48
127.66
Negligible
KN/m2
KN/m2
Governing Moment
200 KN-m
199.9 KN-m
Negligible
Shear Force(One-Way)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
112.4 KN-m
112.4 KN-m
207 KN-m
223.95 KN
630.07 KN
207 KN-m
223.89 KN
630.08 KN
630.07 KN
630.08 KN
Negligible
None
Value of
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (X)
3071 KNm
STAAD
Foundation
Result
3067 KNm
Negligible
938.4 KNm
937 KNm
Negligible
Reference
Result
Percent
Difference
4.11.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x350/00 m2 = 7.78 m2
Chapter 4
4.11 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 4
Assuming 6 m x 1.75 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
(left overhang = right overhang = 1 m)
Weight of footing = 6 m x 1.75 m x 0.600 x25 KN = 157.5 KN
Weight of pedestal = 2 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 25 = 2.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x350+157.5 +2.25) KN = 859.75 KN
Maximum pressure for axial load=P/A = 859.75 /(6x1.75) = 81.88 KN/ m2
Moment on each col = 30 x (0.5 x 0.6) = 33 KNm
So total moment = 33 + 33 = 66 KNm
Z=1.75x62/6 = 10.5 m3
M/Z = 66/10.5 = 6.28 KN/m2
Streaa at left end = 81.88+6.28= 88.16 KN/m2
Streaa at right end = 81.88-6.28= 75.6 KN/m2
88.16 KN/ m2 <90 KN/m2
Hence safe
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
wrt Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 6 x 859.75 = 2579.25 KNm
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 1.75 x 859.75 = 752.28 KNm
Hence OK
About X Axis
Cantilever length=(1.75-0.3)/2 = 0.725 m
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = (109.43+90.57) x6x0.7252/2 = 157 KNm
Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 16 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Ru = 0.36 .fck. Kumax .(1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 =5860 KNm
Hence OK
Chapter 4
4.11 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 4
Punching Shear
For Column One
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 272 mm from the column face.
2 way shear= 449.289 KN
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 449.289 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 = 0.245
N/mm2
=L/B =6/1.75 =3.43
k=0.5 +=4.43 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= c =k.0.25.fck = 1.25 N/mm2
Chapter 4
4.11 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 4
Figure 4-19: Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams
4.11.4 Comparison
Table 4-11: IS verification example 11 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
88.17 KN/m2
88.16 KN/m2 Negligible
Governing Moment
75.59 KN/m2
129.7 KN-m
75.6 KN/m2
95 KN-m
8.5%
264.25 KN-m
264.25 KN-m
None
Value of
Shear Force(One-Way)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning (X)
STAAD
Foundation
Result
167 KN-m
248.61 KN
449.29 KN
6%
None
None
2579.25 KNm
458.24 KN
2579.25 KNm
None
752.28 KNm
752.28 KNm
None
Reference
Result
157 KN-m
248.61 KN
449.289 KN
458.245 KN
Percent
Difference
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
4.12.1 Reference
4.12.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 800 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa,
Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm. Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Pile Data- Dia of pile= 400 mm
Vertical capacity = 250 KN
Horizontal capacity = 100 KN
Uplift capacity = 80 KN
Chapter 4
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
Figure 4-20: Plan and Elevation
4.12.3 Solution
depth of pilecap is equal to 1.5x the pile diameter, D = 600 mm
Take D= 920 mm
c/c pile distance is equal to 3x the pile diameter =1200 mm. Edge distance = 350 mm
Assuming four pile combination, Coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
Table 4-12: Pile Locations in Plan
X
Z
Pile No Coordinate Coordinate
(mm
(mm)
1
-600
-600
2
-600
600
3
600
600
4
600
-600
pilecap dimension is 1900 mm x1900 mm x 650 mm
Weight of footing = 1.9 x1.9 x 0.92 x 25 KN = 83.03 KN
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken =1
Load factor for axial load is taken 1.5
So, Load on pilecap = 1.5(800) + 1(883.81) + 1(0.78) = 1,283.81 KN
Load on each pile = 1,283.81/4 = 320.95 KN
Chapter 4
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section
Mux = 304.9 KN-m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 50 mm pile in pilecap & and 12 mm bar, effective depth
deff = 814 mm
K=700/(1,100 + 0.87 fy )= 0.479107
Ru = 0.36fckKumax (1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
B =1,900 mm, deff = 814 mm
Resisting Moment =RuBdeff2 = 4,336 KNm
Hence OK
bdf ck
Along Z Direction
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
1 Ast f y
Mu = 0.87f y Ast d
bdf ck
Calculation of Shear
Chapter 4
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 320.95 x 0.67 = 215.03 KN
So Total V X1X1 = 430 KN
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 3 = pile 4 = 320.95 x 0.67 = 215.03 KN
So Total V X2X2 = 430 KN
So Maximum V parallel to X direction = 430 KN
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 4 = 320.95 x 0.67 = 215.03 KN
So Total V Z1Z1 = 430 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 = pile 3 = 320.95 x 0.67 = 215.03 KN
So Total V Z2Z2 = 430 KN
So Max V parallel to Z direction = 430 KN
Along Z Direction
Percentage of steel pt = 100Ast/(Bde) = 0.136
Vumax = 430 KN
Developed shear stress V = 430 x 1,000 / 1,900 x 814 = 0.278 N/mm2
Now allowable stress= 0.29 N/mm2
V < c, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 407 mm from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 2 = from pile 3 = from pile 4 = 276.4 KN
So total punching shear Vmax= 1,105.7 KN
Pm = 4 x (250 + 814/2 + 814/2) = 4,256 mm
v = Vmax/(Pm d) = 0.319 N/mm2
= L/B =1,900/1,900 = 1
k = 0.5 + = 1.5 , k 1
Hence, k = 1
Now allowable stress= c = k(0.25)fck = 1.25 N/mm2
v < c , Hence safe
4.12.4 Comparison
Table 4-13: IS verification example 12 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Pile Reaction, Service
220.95
220.5
None
(KN)
Pile Reaction, Ultimate
320.95
320.5
None
(KN)
Governing Moment, Mx
304.9
304.5
None
(KNm)
Governing Moment, Mz
304.9
304.5
None
(KNm)
Shear Force, One-Way, X
430
429.5
None
(KN)
Shear Force, One-Way, Z
430
429.5
None
Chapter 4
4.13 ISPilecap 2
Value of
(KN)
Shear Force, Two-Way
(KN)
Reference
Result
STAAD
Foundation
Result
Percent
Difference
1,105.7
1,104.3
None
4.13 ISPilecap 2
4.13.1 Reference
4.13.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 1,100 KN, Mx= 50 KNm, Fz= 50 KN,fc =
25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm. Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Diameter of pile= 400 mm.
Vertical capacity =300 KN,
Horizontal capacity = 100 KN
Uplift capacity = 80 KN
Pedestal dimensions: 250 mm x 250 mm
4.13.3 Solution
depth of pilecap is equal to 1.5x the pile diameter, D = 600 mm
Take D = 1,255 mm
c/c pile distance = 3x pile diameter =1,200 mm. Edge distance =350 mm
Assuming five pile combination,
Coordinates of piles considering pedestal at 0, 0, 0
Chapter 4
4.13 ISPilecap 2
Table 4-14: Pile Coordinates in Plan
Pile X Coordinate Z Coordinate
No
(mm)
(mm)
1
-849
-849
2
-849
849
3
0
0
4
849
-849
5
849
-849
pilecap dimension is 2,400 mm x 2,400 mm x 1,255 mm
Weight of footing = 2.4 x 2.4 x 1.255 x 25 KN = 180.72 KN
Weight of pedestal = 0.25 x 0.25 x 0.5 x 25 KN = 0.78 KN
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (1,100 + 180.72 + 0.78) KN = 1,281.5 KN
So Pile reaction from axial load= 1,281.5 /5= 256.3 KN
Moment from lateral load = (1.255 + 0.5) x 50= 87.75 KNm
Moment Mx (from input) = 50 KNm
So Total moment = 137.75 KNm
Using Rivet theory:
Reaction from moment= 137.75(0.849)/[4(0.8492)] = 40.56 KNm
So
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 5 = 256.3 + 40.56 = 296.86 KN
Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 256.3 - 40.56 = 215.74 KN
Reaction at Pile 3= 256.3 KN
So Critical vertical reaction= 297 KN< 300 KN
Lateral reaction = 50/5 = 10 KN < 50 KN, Hence OK
As there is no net uplift load, so each pile is safe in uplift capacity.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken =1
Load factor for axial load is taken 1.5
So, Axial Load on pilecap = 1.5(1,100) + 1(180.72) + 1(0.78) = 1,831.5 KN
Moment on pilecap = 1.5(137.75) = 206.62 KNm
Load on each pile from axial reaction = 1,831.5/5 = 366.3 KN
Reaction from moment= 206.62(0.849)/[4(0.8492)] = 60.84 KNm
So
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 5 = 366.3 + 60.84 = 427.14 KN
Calculation of Moment
Moment is calculated at face of column
About Z Axis
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = 305.46 x 0.724 = 221.15 KNm
Contribution from pile 2 = 427.14 x 0.724 = 309.25KNm
Contribution from pile 3 = 1.7 KNm
So Total Mz X1X1 = 532.1 KNm
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 4 = 305.46 x 0.724 = 221.15 KNm
Contribution from pile 5 = 427.14 x 0.724 = 309.25KNm
Contribution from pile 3 = 1.7 KNm
So Total Mz X2X2 = 532.1 KNm
So Max value of Mz = 532.1 KNm
Chapter 4
4.13 ISPilecap 2
About X Axis
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = 305.46 x 0.724 = 221.15 KNm
Contribution from pile 4 = 305.46 x 0.724 = 221.15 KNm
Contribution from pile 3 = 1.7 KNm
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 444 KNm
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 = 427.14 x 0.724 = 309.25 KNm
Contribution from pile 5 = 427.14 x 0.724 = 309.25 KNm
Contribution from pile 3 = 1.7 KNm
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 620.2 KNm
So Max value of MX = 620.2 KNm
bdf ck
Along Z Direction
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
1 Ast f y
Mu = 0.87f y Ast d
bdf ck
Calculation of Shear
According to Amendment 1shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =574.5 mm from the column face.
Chapter 4
4.13 ISPilecap 2
Parallel to X Axis
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = 305.46 x 0.873 = 266.67 KN
Contribution from pile 4 = 305.46 x 0.873 = 266.67 KN
Contribution from pile 3 = 0 KN
So Total V Z1Z1 = 533.34 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 = 427.14 x 0.873 = 372.89 KN
Contribution from pile 5 = 427.14 x 0.873 = 372.89 KN
Contribution from pile 3 = 0 KN
So Total V Z2Z2 = 745.7 KN
194 STAAD Foundation Advanced V8i (SELECTseries 3)
Along Z Direction
Percentage of steel pt = 100Ast/(Bde) = 0.131
Vumax = 745.75 KN
Developed shear stress V = 745.75 x 103 / (2,400 x 1,149) = 0.27 N/mm2
Now allowable stress= 0.29 N/mm2
V < c, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 574.5 mm from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 4 = 300.6 KN
Contribution from pile 2 = from pile 5 = 420.3 KN
Contribution from pile 3 = 0 KN
So total punching shear Vmax= 1,441.8 KN
Pm = 4x(250 + 574.5 + 574.5) = 5,596 mm
Chapter 4
4.14 IS Mat Combined Foundation 1
4.13.4 Comparison
Table 4-15: IS verification example 13 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Pile Reaction, Service
215.74
215.62
Negligible
(KN)
296.86
296.788
Governing Moment
(KNm)
Shear Force, One-Way
(KN)
Shear Force, Two-Way
(KN)
256.3
256.203
215.74
215.617
296.86
305.46
296.788
305.32
427.14
427.081
366.3
366.203
305.46
305.324
427.14
532
427.081
531
Negligible
620
640
619.5
641
Negligible
746
1441.8
747
1435.7
Negligible
Negligible
4.14.2 Problem
Design a combined footing for two columns with the given data: C1 (400 mm x 400 mm) with 425 bars and C2 (500 mm x 500 mm) with 4-28 bars supporting axial loads P1 = 900 KN and
P2 = 1600 KN respectively (under service dead and live loads). The column C1 is an exterior
column whose exterior face is flush with the property line. The center-to-center distance
between C1 and C2 is 4.5 meters. The allowable soil pressure at the base of the footing, 1.5 m
4.14.3 Solution
Dimension of Mat (Based on the bearing Capacity given):
Length = 6.16 m
Width = 2 m
Depth = 0.95 m
Chapter 4
4.14 IS Mat Combined Foundation 1
v =
Hence safe
Maximum shear for C2 = 2400 KN
Developed shear stress,
v =
Hence safe
Note: There is no deduction for the upward force underneath the area enclosed by the
critical perimeter. This approach is conservative.
Calculation of reinforcement
Maximum negative moment Mu(-) = 1227 KN-m
Maximum negative moment/width = 1227/2 KN-m/m = 613.5 KN-m/m
Area of steel required on top face along length,
Ast = 0.5 x
x B x de
B = 1000 mm
de = 865 mm
Mu= 613.5 x 106 N-mm
Ast = 2067.97 mm2/m
Ast,min = 0.0012 x B x D = 1140mm2/m
4.14.4 Comparison
Table 4-16: IS verification example 14 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Max Bending Moment 603.201 KN613.5 KN-m/m
1.68
(-)
m/m
Max Bending Moment 219.687 KN223 KN-m/m
1.48
(+)
m/m
Area of Steal
2014.835
2067.97 mm2/m
2.56
2
Required
mm /m
Base Pressure
227 KN/m2
226.67 KN/m2
Negligible
Chapter4
4.14 IS Mat Combined Foundation 1
Section 5
5.1.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Service dead load = 350 kips, Service live load =
275 kips, Service surcharge = 100 psf, Average weight of soil above footing = 130 pcf, Permissible
soil pressure = 4.5 ksf, Column dimension = 30 x 12 in, Strength of concrete (fc) = 3,000 psi, and
Strength of steel (fy) = 60,000 psi.
Chapter 5
5.1 US General Isolated Foundation 1
Figure 5-1: Elevation and loads
5.1.3 Solution
Determination of base area of footing:
The base area of footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads with the net
permissible soil pressure.
Total weight of surcharge = (0.130 x 5 + 0.1) = 0.75 ksf
Net permissible soil pressure = 4.5 0.75 = 3.75 ksf
Required base area of footing = (320 + 275) / 3.75 = 166.667 ft 2
[Clause 15.2.2]
Use a 13 x 13 ft square footing (Af = 169 ft 2).
Factored loads and soil reaction:
To proportion the footing for strength (depth and required reinforcement) factored loads are
used. [Clause 15.2.1]
P = 1.2 x 350 + 1.6 x 275 = 860 kips [Eq. 9-2]
u
Wide-beam action
V = q x tributary area
u
= 13 ft = 156 in.
V = (2(f' )b d) [Eq 11 - 3]
c
O.K.
Two-way action
V = q x tributary area
u
Tributary area =
13 13
2
= 152.889 ft
Chapter 5
5.1 US General Isolated Foundation 1
Vc
b od
2+ 4
= mins d
o +2
30
c =
= 2.5
12
b /d= 196/28 = 7
o
Vc
f
b od
= min 40
7 + 2 = 7.7
4
V = 0.75 x 3.6 (3000) x 196 x 28/1000 = 812 kips > V = 780 kips
c
O.K.
Calculation of Reinforcement
Figure 5-3: Critical section for moment (long projection)
Mu
bd
0.85 f c
fy
1, 190.862 12 1, 000
0.9 156 28
1 1
2 Rn
0.85 f
= 129.821 psi
0.85 3
60
1 1
2 129.821
0.85 3, 000
= 0.0022
Check minimum As required for footings of uniform thickness; for grade 60 reinforcement:
[Clause 10.5.4]
min
3
Ld =
40
fy
f
d
c + K tr
d
[Eq. 12-1]
L =
d
Since Ld = 32.9 in. is less than the available embedment length in the short direction (156/2 30/2 - 3 = 60 in.), the No.8 bars can be fully developed.
Use 13 No.8 each way.
Chapter 5
5.2 US General Isolated Foundation 2
5.1.4 Comparison
Table 5-1: US verification example 1 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
28 in
28 in
None
Governing Moment
1190.86 ft-kips 1190.77 ft-kips
Negligible
2
2
Area of Steal
9.61 in
9.70 in
0.94
Shear Stress (One242.79 kips
242.56 kips
Negligible
Way)
Shear Stress (Two778.05 kips
778.01 kips
Negligible
Way)
5.2.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 200/2.2 = 90.9 sqft
Assuming 122 inch x122 inch x18 inch footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 122 x122 x18 x 0.159/(123)= 24.66 Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (200+24.66) KN = 224.66 Kip
Maximum pressure = 224.66 /(122 x 122) = 0.0151 Ksi=2.17 Kip/sqft <2.2 Kip/sqft (Hence
safe)
Ultimate pressure =200x1.5/(122x122)= KN/m2 = 0.020156 Ksi
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 224.66 = 112.33 Kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 0
Chapter 5
5.2 US General Isolated Foundation 2
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation= 0.5 x 224.66 = 112.33 Kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment = 0
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 122 x 224.66 = 13704.26 inkip
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 7.5 inch from the column face.
Effective Depth=D-clear cover-1=18-2-1=15 inch
Punching Shear Vm = 0.018813 x 122 x 122 - 0.0189 x 27 x 27 = 266.24 Kip
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 2 x d) = 108 inch
Vm1 = Vmax / (Pm*d)= 164.81 Ksi
c=Width of col/depth of col=12/12=1
bc=2.(b+d+2.deff)=108 inch
V1
V2
umax
= 0.0189 x 122 x
= 92.24 Kip
c1
0.75.Vc1=173.61 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
umax
= 0.0189 x 122 x
= 92.24 Kip
c1
0.75.Vc1=173.61 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
So Vumax < Vc1 , Hence Safe
ux
About Z Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.02138
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Bending moment at critical section
M
ux
Chapter 5
5.3 US General Isolated Foundation 3
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 =0.1412 Ksi
2m.Rn/fy <1 , Hence OK
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002405
min < < max Hence OK
Along Z Direction
= 0.002405
z
5.2.4 Comparison
Table 5-2: US verification example 2 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
15 inch
15 inch
None
Bearing Pressure
0.0151 Ksi
0.0151 Ksi
None
Governing Moment
3487 inkip
3471 inkip
Negligible
Shear Force(One-Way)
3487 inkip
92.24 Kip
3471 inkip
91.8 Kip
Negligible
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Resisting force for sliding
Resisting Moment for
Overturning
92.24 Kip
266.24 Kip
112.33 Kip
13704.26
inkip
91.8 Kip
266.29 Kip
112.33 Kip
13703.75 inkip
Negligible
None
Negligible
5.3.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 250/2 = 125 sqft
Assuming 160 inch x160 inch x21 inch footing dimension,
Weight of footing 160 x160 x21 x 0.159/(123)= 49.47 Kip
Weight of soil above footing 160 x160 x32 x 0.159/(123)= 53.57 Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (250+49.47 +53.57) KN = 353.04 Kip
Maximum pressure = 353.04/(160x160) = 0.0138 Ksi=1.9872 Kip/sqft <2 Kip/sqft
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 200 x 1.5/(122 x 122)= KN/m2 = 0.020156 Ksi
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 353.04 = 176.52 Kip
Chapter 5
5.3 US General Isolated Foundation 3
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 160 x 353.04 = 28243.2 inkip
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 353.04 = 176.52 Kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 160 x 353.04 = 28243.2 inkip
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 9 inch from the column face.
Effective Depth=D-clear cover-1=21-2-1=18 inch
Punching Shear Vm= 0.013673x160x160-0.0137x30x30=337.68 Kip
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 2 x d) = 120 inch
c=Width of col/depth of col=12/12=1
bc=2.(b+d+2.deff)=120 inch
V1
V2
umax
= 0.0137 x 160 x
= 122.76 Kip
c1
Along Z Direction
umax
= 0.0137 x 160 x
= 122.76 Kip
c1
ux
About Z Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.02138
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Bending moment at critical section
M
ux
Chapter 5
5.4 US General Isolated Foundation 4
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ =6668.89 inkip
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 =0.1287 Ksi
2m.Rn/fy <1 , Hence OK
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002188
min < < max Hence OK
Along Z Direction
= 0.002188
z
5.3.4 Comparison
Table 5-3: US verification example 3 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
18 inch
18 inch
None
Bearing Pressure
0.0138 Ksi
0.0138 Ksi
None
Governing Moment
6002 inkip 6002 5989 inkip
Negligible
inkip
5989 inkip
Shear Force(One-Way)
92.24 Kip
91.8 Kip
Negligible
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Resisting force for
sliding
Resisting Moment for
Overturning
92.24 Kip
337.68 Kip
176.52 Kip
91.8 Kip
337.7 Kip
176.37 Kip
28243.2 inkip
None
Negligible
5.4.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 300 Kip, fc = 4 Ksi, fy = 60 Ksi, Column
Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.1Kip/sqft. Coefficient of friction
=0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Figure 5-6: Elevation and Plan
5.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required =300/2.1 = 142.86 sqft
Assuming 158 inch x158 inch x21 inch footing dimension,
Weight of footing 158 x158 x21 x 0.159/(123)= 48.24 Kip
Weight of soil above footing 158 x158 x25 x 0.159/(123)= 40.82 Kip
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 158 x158 x(25+21-10) x 3.61398x10-5= 32.479 Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (300+48.24 +40.82 -32.479) = 356.581 Kip
Maximum pressure = 356.581 /(158x158) = 0.0143 Ksi=2.059 Kip/sqft <2.1 Kip/sqft
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure =200x1.5/(122x122)= KN/m2 = 0.020156 Ksi
Chapter 5
5.4 US General Isolated Foundation 4
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation=0.5 x 356.581 = 178.29 Kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 158 x 356.581 = 28169.899 inkip
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation=0.5 x 356.581 = 178.29 Kip
Hence OK
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 158 x 356.581 = 28169.899 inkip
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 9 inch from the column face.
Effective Depth=D-clear cover-1=21-2-1=18 inch
Punching Shear Vm= 0.016825 x 158 x 158 - 0.0169 x 30 x 30 = 404.81 Kip
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 2 x d) = 120 inch
c = Width of col/depth of col = 12/12=1
bc = 2.(b+d+2.deff) = 120 inch
V1
V2
umax
= 0.0169 x 158 x
= 146.87 Kip
c1
0.75.Vc1=269.81 Kip
So Vumax <0.75x Vc1 , Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
V
umax
= 0.0169 x 158 x
Chapter 5
5.4 US General Isolated Foundation 4
= 146.87 Kip
Now allowable shear = V
c1
0.75.Vc1=269.81 Kip
So Vumax < 0.75xVc1 , Hence Safe
ux
ux
Along Z Direction
= 0.002637
z
5.4.4 Comparison
Table 5-4: US verification example 4 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
18 inch
18 inch
None
Bearing Pressure
0.0143 Ksi
0.0143 Ksi
None
Governing Moment
7114.95
7082.85 inkip
Negligible
inkip
7082.85 inkip
Shear Force(One-Way)
7114.95 inkip
146.87 Kip
146.2 Kip
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Resisting force for sliding
Resisting Moment for
Overturning
146.87 Kip
404.81 Kip
178.29 Kip
28169.899
inkip
146.2 Kip
404.86 Kip
178.18 Kip
28152.53 inkip
Negligible
None
Negligible
Negligible
Chapter 5
5.5 US General Isolated Foundation 5
Figure 5-8: Elevation and Plan
5.5.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 200/2.2 = 90.9 sqft
Assuming 130 inch x130 inch x19 inch footing dimension,
Weight of footing 130 x130 x19 x 0.159/(123)= 29.55 Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (200+29.55) KN = 229.55 Kip
Zx = 130x1302 = 366166.667 in3
Zz = 130x1302 = 366166.667 in3
Maximum pressure from axial load = 229.55/(130x130) = 0.0136 Ksi
Mx/Zx=240/366166.667 =0.0007 Ksi
Mz/Zz=240/366166.667 =0.0007 Ksi
So stress at four corners
1=P/A-Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 0.0136 Ksi
2=P/A-Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz= 0.0122 Ksi
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
For Sliding
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 229.55 = 114.775 Kip
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 229.55 = 114.775 Kip
Hence OK
For overturning
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =240 inkip
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 130 x 229.55 = 14920.75 inkip
FOS= 14920.75/240 = 62.17>1.5
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =240 inkip
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 130 x 229.55 = 14920.75 inkip
FOS= 14920.75/240 = 62.17>1.5
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 8 inch from the column face.
Effective Depth=D-clear cover-1=19-2-1=16 inch
Punching Shear Vm= 0.018813x122x122-0.0189x27x27=266.24 Kip
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 2 x d) = 108 inch
Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm d) = 164.81 Ksi
Chapter 5
5.5 US General Isolated Foundation 5
V2
c1
Chapter 5
5.5 US General Isolated Foundation 5
Along Z Direction
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733 +0.016569) x0.5 = 0.157 Ksi
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.016569 +0.018405) x 0.5 = 0.0175 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 0.0175 +(0.0157 - 0.0175)
x87/130 = 0.0163 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 0.0175 +(0.0157 - 0.0175) x
43/130 = 0.0170 Ksi
Hence, the shear force at the critical section:
F = (0.0175 + 0.0170) x0.5 x 43 x 130 = 96.43 kip
So, max shear force along Z axis, Fuz = 97 kip
Now allowable shear = V
c1
About Z Axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of the column.
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733 + 0.016569) x 0.5 = 0.0157 Ksi (left
end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.016569 +0.018405) x 0.5 = 0.0175 Ksi
(right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 0.0175 +(0.0157 - 0.0175) x
71/130 = 0.0166 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 0.0175 +(0.0157 - 0.0175) x
59/130 = 0.0167 Ksi
Hence, the moment at the critical section (right):
Mu = F x LA
F = (0.0175 + 0.0167) x 0.5 x 59 x 130 = 131.16 Kip
LA = (0.0167 +2 x 0.0175) x 59/(3x (0.0167 + 0.0175)) = 29.731 inches
Mu(right) = 3899.52 in-kips
So, max moment wrt Z axis, Mu(x) = 3900 in-kips
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.021381
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ =4333.3334 inkip
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 =0.1303 Ksi
2m.Rn/fy <1 , Hence OK
Chapter 5
5.5 US General Isolated Foundation 5
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733 + 0.016569) x 0.5 = 0.0157 Ksi (left
end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.016569 +0.018405) x 0.5 = 0.0175 Ksi
(right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 0.0175 +(0.0157 - 0.0175) x
71/130 = 0.0166 Ksi
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 0.0175 +(0.0157 - 0.0175) x
59/130 = 0.0167 Ksi
Hence, the moment at the critical section (right):
Mu = F x LA
F = (0.0175 + 0.0167) x 0.5 x 59 x 130 = 131.16 Kip
LA = (0.0167 +2 x 0.0175) x 59/(3x (0.0167 + 0.0175)) = 29.731 inches
Mu(right) = 3899.52 in-kips
So, max moment wrt Z axis, Mu(z) = 3900 in-kips
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
Along Z Direction
= 0.002215
z
5.5.4 Comparison
Table 5-5: US verification example 5 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Effective Depth
16 inch
16 inch
None
Bearing Pressure
0.0136 Ksi
0.0136 Ksi
None
0.0122 Ksi
0.0123 Ksi
0.0136 Ksi
0.0136 Ksi
Governing Moment
0.015 Ksi
0.0149 Ksi
3899.52 inkip 3893.52 inkip
Negligible
Shear Force(One-Way)
Negligible
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Resisting force for sliding
96.43 Kip
266.96 Kip
114.775 Kip
96.05 Kip
267.01 Kip
114.773 Kip
Negligible
None
114.775 Kip
14920.75
inkip
114.773 Kip
14920.466 inkip Negligible
14920.466 inkip
Chapter 5
5.6 US General Isolated Foundation 6
Value of
Reference
Result
STAAD
Foundation
Result
Percent
Difference
14920.75
inkip
5.6.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1000/120 = 8.33 m2
Assuming 3140 mm x 3140 mm footing dimension, with 490 mm depth
Punching Shear
Weight of footing = 3.14 x 3.14 x 0.49 x 25 = 120.78 KN
Punching Shear Vm = 1400/(3.14 x 3.14) x (3.14 x 3.14-0.665 x 0.665) = 1337.2 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 x (b + d + 2 x d) = 2660 mm
Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm .d) = 1211.34 KN/m2
c = Width of col/depth of col = 250/250 = 1
bc = 2.(b+d+2.deff) = 2660 mm
V1 = (2+4/c)fc.bc.d = 0.083x(2+4/1)x25 x 2660 x 415x 1/1000 = 2748.7 KN
V2 = (40.d/b+2)fc.bc.d = 0.083x(40x 415/2660+2)x25 x 2660 x 415x 1/1000 = 3775.17 KN
V3 = 4.fc.bc.de =0.083 x 4 x 25 x 2660 x 415x 1/1000 =1832.47 KN
Vc =min(V1,V2,V3) =1832.47
So, 0.75Vc = 1374.35 KN
Vm < 0.75.Vc , Hence safe
umax
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2fc.b.d = 0.083x2x25 x 3140 x 415x 1/1000 = 1081.57 KN
0.75.Vc1=811.18 KN
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
So Vumax < Vc1 , Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
V
umax
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2fc.b.d =0.083x2x25 x 3140 x 415x 1/1000 = 1081.57 KN
0.75.Vc1=811.18 KN
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
So Vumax < Vc1 , Hence Safe
Chapter 5
5.6 US General Isolated Foundation 6
About Z Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc = 415/(0.85x25) = 19.529
1 = 0.85 ( as fc < 27.6 N/mm2)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87 + fy) = 0.025759
max = 0.75. bal = 0.0193
min = 0.0018 ( as fy = 415 N/mm2)
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 1/2 x 141.993 x 3.14 x [(3.14-0.25)/2)]2 =
465.48 KNm
So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/ = 517.2 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.956 N/mm2
2m.Rn/fy < 1 , Hence OK
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002359
min < < max Hence OK
Along Z Direction
x = 0.002359
Therefore, Astz = x.b.d = 3074 m2m
5.6.4 Comparison
Table 5-6: US verification example 6 comparison
STAAD Foundation
Value of
Reference Result
Result
Effective Depth
415 mm
415 mm
2
Bearing Pressure
119.92 KN/m
119.96 KN/m2
Resisting force for sliding
472.936 KN
472.945 KN
Percent Difference
None
None
None
472.936 KN
Resisting Moment for Overturning 1856.23 KNm
472.945 KN
1856.276 KNm
Negligible
Governing Moment
1856.23 KNm
465.48 KNm
1856.276 KNm
465.48 KNm
None
Shear Force(One-Way)
465.48 KNm
459.23 KN
465.48 KNm
459.4 KN
Negligible
459.23 KN
811.18 KN
459.4 KN
810.737 KN
Negligible
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Shear Resistance (Two-Way)
Reinf X
Reinf Z
811.18 KN
1337.2 KN
1374.35 KN
3074 m2m
3074 m2m
810.737 KN
1337.28 KN
1372.8 KN
3076.9 m2m
3076.9 m2m
None
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Chapter 5
5.7 US General Isolated Foundation 7
Figure 5-10: Elevation and Plan
5.7.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1200/120 = 10 m2
Assuming 3500 mm x 3500 mm x 540 mm footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 3.5 x 3.5 x 0.54 x 25 = 165.38 KN
Weight of soil = (3.5 x 3.5- 0.25 x 0.25) x 0.5 x 18 = 109.69 KN
Weight reduction for Buoyancy = 3.5 x 3.5 x (0.54 + 0.5 0.2) x 9.81 = 100.95 KN
Surcharge Load = (3.5 x 3.5 0.25 x 0.25) x 5 = 60.94 KN
Therefore, total Axial load on the footing = 1435.063 KN
Total Moment on the footingMx = 10 + 5x 0.54 = 12.7 KNm
Mz = 10 - 5x 0.54 = 7.3 KNm
Zx = 3.5x3.52 /6 = 7.1458 cum
Zz = 3.5x3.52 /6 = 7.1458 cum
Maximum pressure from axial load = 1435.063 /(3.5 x 3.5) = 117.15 KN/m2
Mx/Zx = 12.7 /7.1458 = 1.78 KN/m2
Mz/Zz = 7.3 /7.1458 = 1.03 KN/m2
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
For Sliding
Sliding force = 5 KN
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 1435.063 = 574 KN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 5 KN
max Resisting force = x Total Service load on foundation = 0.4 x 1435.063 = 574 KN
Hence OK
For Overturning
About X Direction
Overturning Moment = 12.7 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 3.5 x 1435.063 = 2511.36 KNm
FOS= 2511.36/12.7 = 197.75 > 1.4
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment = 7.3 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 3.5 x 1435.063 = 2511.36 KNm
FOS= 2511.36/7.3 = 344 > 1.4
Hence OK
Section Design
Fy = -1.4 x 1200 KN = -1680 KN
Fx = 1.4 x 5 KN = 7 KN
Chapter 5
5.7 US General Isolated Foundation 7
Fz = 1.4 x 5 KN = 7 KN
Mx = 1.4 x 10 KNm = 14 KNm
Mz = 1.4 x 10 KNm = 14 KNm
Modifying Moments due to lateral forces:
Mx= 17.78 KNm & Mz= 10.22 KNm
D= 540 mm, So deff = 650- 50-25 = 465 mm
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 232.5 from the column face.
Effective Depth= 465 mm
Punching Shear bc = 1609.9 KN = 1610 KN
Figure 5-11: Corner pressure values on plan for punching shear
Along Z Direction
Critical Section for shear is at d distance from face of column
Average Base pressure at left edge = 138.59 KN/m2
Average Base pressure at right edge = 135.71 KN/m2
Approximate Base pressure at left critical section = 137.636 KN/m2
Approximate Base pressure at right critical section = 136.665 KN/m2
Chapter 5
5.7 US General Isolated Foundation 7
Figure 5-13: One-way shear pressure values along z-direction
About X Axis
Average Base pressure at left edge = 134.66 KN/m2
Average Base pressure at right edge = 139.64 KN/m2
Approximate Base pressure at left critical section = 136.98 KN/m2
Approximate Base pressure at right critical section = 137.33 KN/m2
Figure 5-15: Bending pressure about X axis
Chapter 5
5.7 US General Isolated Foundation 7
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.9426 N/m2m
2m.Rn/fy < 1 , Hence OK
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002325
min < < max Hence OK
Along Z Direction
x = 0.002325
Therefore, Astz = x.b.d = 3784 m2m
5.7.4 Comparison
Table 5-7: US Verification problem 9 comparison
STAAD
Value of
Reference Result
Foundation
Result
Effective Depth
540 mm
540 mm
Bearing Pressure
116.39 KN/m2
116.397 KN/m2
Percent
Difference
None
None
114.35 KN/m2
114.35 KN/m2
117.9 KN/m2
117.91 KN/m2
119.95 KN/m2
574.05 KN (Xdir)
119.95 KN/m2
574.05 KN (Xdir)
None
574.05 KN (Zdir
2511 KNm (WRT
Z)
574.05 KN (Zdir)
2511 KNm (WRT Z)
None
Governing Moment
638 KNm
Negligible
Shear Force(One-Way)
642 KNm
564 KN
642 KNm
564 KN
Negligible
Shear Force(Two-Way)
561 KN
1610 KN
561 KN
1610 KN
None
5.8.3 Solution
Figure 5-16: Elevation and Plan
Chapter 5
5.8 US General Combined Foundation 1
Weight of pedestal=2 x 12 x 12 x 20 x 0.159 /123 = 0.530 kip
Weight of soil above footing = (275 x 40-2x12x12) x 24 x 0.127/123 = 18.9 Kip
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 275 x 40 x (24 +24-10) x 3.61398x10-5 = 15.1Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x60+24.3+18.9- 15.1) = 148.624 Kip
Maximum pressure= 148.624 /(275x40) = 0.0136 Ksi = 1.9584 Kip/sqft < 2 Kip/sqft
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1.4x2x60/(275x40) = 0.015273 Ksi
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
With Respect to Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 275x 148.624 = 20435.8 inkip
Hence OK
Punching Shear
For Column 1
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 10.5 inch from the column face.
d
eff
Chapter 5
5.8 US General Combined Foundation 1
V1
V2
For Column 2
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 10.5 inch from the column face.
d
eff
V2
umax
= 43.072 Kip
c1
0.75.Vc1=79.69 Kip
So Vumax < 0.75xVc1 , Hence Safe
ux
eff
= 488.74 inkip
= (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch
ux
eff
= 2414.897 inkip
= (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch
ux
eff
= 411.608 inkip
= (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch
Chapter 5
5.9 US General Combined Foundation 2
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ =457.34 inkip
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.0038 Ksi
2m.Rn/fy <1 , Hence OK
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.000064
Hence OK
Reinforcement Calculation
= 0.002597
= 0.0018
z (top)
z (bot)
= 0.0018
x
5.8.4 Comparison
Table 5-8: US verification example 7 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
0.0136 Ksi
0.0135 Ksi
Negligible
Governing Moment
488.736 inkip 461.95 inkip
Negligible
2414.897
inkip
Shear Force(One-Way)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
Resisting Moment for
Overturning
2414.41 inkip
411 inkip
411.608 inkip
42.73 Kip
43.07 Kip
66.8 Kip
67.37 Kip
Negligible
Negligible
66.8 Kip
67.37 Kip
2972.44 inkip 2972.48 inkip
Negligible
20435.52
inkip
20435.8 inkip
5.9.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x60/2 sqft = 60 sqft
Assuming 275 inch x44 inch x 24 inch footing dimension,
(left overhang=right overhang = 40 inch)
Weight of footing = 275 x 44 x 24 x 0.159/123 = 26.73 Kip
Weight of pedestal=2x12x12x20x0.159/123 = 0.530 kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x60+26.73 +0.530) Kip = 147.26 Kip
Maximum pressure from axial load= P/A = 147.26 /(275x44) = 0.0122 Ksi
Mz=360+360=720 Kip
Mz=0
Zz= 44x2752/6 = 554583.334 inch3
Mz/Zz = 720/554583.334 =0.0013 Ksi
So, stress at left end
1 = P/A + Mz/Zz = 0.0135 Ksi
stress at right end
1 = P/A - Mz/Zz = 0.0109 Ksi
Chapter 5
5.9 US General Combined Foundation 2
So maximum stress= 0.0135 Ksi= 1.944 Kip/sqft < 2 Kip/sqft
Hence safe
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
wrt Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 275x 147.26 = 20248.25 inkip
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 44x 147.26 = 3239.72 inkip
Hence OK
Punching Shear
For Column One
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 10.5 inch from the column face.
d
eff
V2
eff
bc=2.(b+d+2.deff)=132 inch
V1
V2
umax
= 47.126 Kip
c1
0.75.Vc1=87.66 Kip
So Vumax < 0.75xVc1 , Hence Safe
eff
ux
= 791 inkip
Chapter 5
5.9 US General Combined Foundation 2
eff
ux
= 2440 inkip
= 0.9
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ =2711.1967 inkip
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.1398 Ksi
2m.Rn/fy <1 , Hence OK
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.00238
max Hence OK
About X Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.0214
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
Cantilever length=(40-12)/2 = 14 inch
Bending moment at critical section, M
d
eff
ux
Reinforcement Calculation
= 0.0018
= 0.00238
= 0.0018
z (bot)
z (top)
x(bot)
5.9.4 Comparison
Table 5-9: US verification example 8 comparison
STAAD
Percent
Value of
Reference Result Foundation
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
0.0135 Ksi
0.0135 Ksi
None
0.0109 Ksi
0.0109 Ksi
Chapter 5
5.10 US General Combined Foundation 3
791 inkip
STAAD
Foundation
Result
830 inkip
2440 inkip
2439.66 inkip
Shear Force(One-Way)
Shear Force(Two-Way)
552.82 inkip
47.126 Kip
67.48 Kip
534 inkip
46.8 Kip
66.91 Kip
70.28 Kip
3239.72 inkip
20248.25 inkip
69.81 Kip
3239.518
inkip
Value of
Governing Moment
Reference Result
Percent
Difference
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
20246.985
inkip
5.10.3 Solution
Figure 5-20: Elevation and Plan
Chapter 5
5.10 US General Combined Foundation 3
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
With Respect to Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 7x 3750 = 13125 KNm
Hence OK
Ultimate design
Ultimate pressure = 1.4 x 2 x1500/(7 x 4.5) = 133.33 KN/m2
Deff = 784 mm
Figure 5-21: Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams
Punching Shear
For Column 1
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 392 mm from the column face.
2 way shear Vm = 1957.5 KN
b = 2(b + d + 2d
c
eff
) = 4136 mm
V = min(V , V , V ) = 5382.76 KN
c
For Column 2
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 392 mm from the column face.
2 way shear Vm = 1957.5 KN
= Width of col/depth of col=250/250 = 1
c
b = 2(b + d + 2d
c
eff
) = 4136 mm
V = 4f b d = 5382.76 KN
3
V = min(V , V , V ) = 5382.76 KN
c
umax
= 954 KN
c1
c1
= 2 f bd = 2928 KN
c
= 2196 KN
Chapter 5
5.10 US General Combined Foundation 3
Reinforcement Calculation
= 0.0018
= 0.0018
z (top)
z (bot)
= 0.001871
x
5.10.4 Comparison
Table 5-10: US verification example 7 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
119.05
119.05
None
(KN/m2)
Governing Moment
300.54
293.97
Negligible
(KNm)
1574.82
1574.60
Shear Force, One-Way
(KN)
Shear Force, Two-Way
(KN)
2107.4
954.8
2107.4
43.07 Kip
Negligible
1957.4
1957.4
None
1957.4
1957.4
Chapter 5
5.11 US General Combined Foundation 4
5.11.3 Solution
Figure 5-22: Elevation and Plan
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
With Respect to Z Direction
Overturning Moment =20.6 KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 7x 2703 = 9460 KNm
So FOS= 9460/20.6 = 459.25 >1.4
Hence OK
Ultimate design
Ultimate pressure from axial load = 1.4 x 2 x1200/(7 x 3.25) = 147.692 KN/m2
Mz1 = 1.4x-10 x90.5+0.53) = -14.42 KNm
Mz2 = 1.4x-10 x90.5+0.53) = -14.42 KNm
Total Moment = -14.42 + -14.42 = -28.84 KNm
CG of load= 3.5085 m
CG of raft = 3.5 m
Eccentricity =-8.5833 mm
So Moment= P x Eccentricity = -28.84 KNm (Hence OK)
Z = 3.25 x 72/6 = 26.542 m3
z
Chapter 5
5.11 US General Combined Foundation 4
eff
= 474 mm
Figure 5-23: Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams
Punching Shear
For Column 1
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 392 mm from the column face.
Two way shear, V
= 1602.987 KN
b = 2(b + d + 2d
c
eff
) = 2896 mm
V = 4.(f )b d = 2278.69 KN
3
V = min(V , V , V ) = 2278.69 KN
c
For Column 2
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 392 mm from the column face.
Two way shear, V
= 1602.17 KN
b = 2(b + d + 2d
c
eff
) = 2896 mm
V = 4.(f )b d = 2278.69 KN
3
V = min(V , V , V ) = 2278.69 KN
c
umax
= 916.99 KN
c1
c1
= 2 (f )bd = 1278 KN
c
= 958.96 KN
uz
= 238.94 KNm
Chapter 5
5.11 US General Combined Foundation 4
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/ = 265.5 KNm
R = M /bd2 =0.3636 N/mm2
n
nz
max
Hence OK
Take =
min
= 0.0018
Hence OK
uz
= 1259.84KNm
nz
max
Hence OK
Take =
min
= 0.0018
Hence OK
ux
= 1163 KNm
nz
max
Hence OK
Reinforcement Calculation
= 0.0018
= 0.0018
z (top)
z (bot)
= 0.004
x
5.11.4 Comparison
Table 5-11: US verification example 7 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Bearing Pressure
119.6
119.6
None
2
(KN/m )
118.04
118.04
Governing Moment
239
237
Negligible
(KNm)
1260
1260
Shear Force, One-Way
(KN)
Shear Force, Two-Way
(KN)
1163
917
1169
917
None
1602.99
1602.99
None
1602.17
1602.18
Chapter 5
5.12 US Pilecap Foundation 1
Figure 5-24: Elevation and Plan
5.12.3 Solution
Depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile diameter, D = 27 in.
Take D = 31 in.
c/c pile distance = 3 x pile diameter =54 mm
Edge distance =18 inch
Assuming 6 pile combination, coordinates of piles(considering pedestal at 0,0,0):
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken = 1
Load factor for axial load is taken = 1.4
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(330) + 1(37.2)+0 1(.267) = 499.467
Load on each pile =499.467/6=83.245 kip
Chapter 5
5.12 US Pilecap Foundation 1
Punching Shear
Figure 5-25: Section considered for punching shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =13inch from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile2 = from pile5 = from pile 6 = 83.245 kip
Contribution from pile 3 = from pile4 = 0.944 x 83.245 = 78.58 kip
So total punching shear Vm= 490.14 kip
P
= L/B =12/12 =1
V = (2 +4/ )(f )b d = (2+4/1)(4000)15226 =1499.6(10)3 lb
1
Calculation of Shear
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 =pile2=83.245 Kip
Contribution from pile 3,4,5,6 =0 Kip
So Total V X1X1 = 166.49 Kip
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 =pile6=83.245 Kip
Contribution from pile 1,2,3,4 =0 Kip
So Total V X2X2 = 166.49 Kip
So V parallel to X direction = 166.49 Kip
Now allowable shear = V
c1
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 =pile 6 =pile 7 =83.245 x0.222=18.498 Kip
Contribution from pile 2 =pile 4 =pile 6 =0 Kip
So Total V Z1Z1 = 55.5 Kip
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 =pile 4 =pile 6 =83.245 x0.167=18.498 Kip
Contribution from pile 1 =pile 3 =pile 5 =0 Kip
So Total V Z2Z2 = 55.5 Kip
So V parallel to Z direction = 55.5 Kip
Now allowable shear = V
0.75V
c1
c1
= 222 Kip
Calculation of Moment
For either direction:
Chapter 5
5.12 US Pilecap Foundation 1
= 0.85 (as f = 4)
1
bal
= 0.75
= 0.0018 ( as f = 60 Ksi)
max
min
bal
= 0.02138
y
nz
nz
So =
min
=0.0018
< max,Hence OK
Along Z Direction
= 0.0018
b = 144 in , d=26 in
Therefore, Astxz = 6.74 in2
Chapter 5
5.13 US Pilecap Foundation 2
5.12.4 Comparison
Table 5-13: US verification example 10 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Pile Reaction (kip)
83.245
83.244
None
Governing Moment
670
718
15%
(ftkip)
437
502.6
Shear Force, One-Way
166.49
166.49
None
(kip)
55.5
55.5
Shear Force, Two-Way
490.14
490.217
Negligible
(kip)
Chapter 5
5.13 US Pilecap Foundation 2
5.13.3 Solution
depth of pilecap= 1.5xpiledia, D=27 inch
Take D=27 inch
c/c pile diatance = 3xpile dia =54 mm. Edge diatance =18 inch
Assume a 4 pile combination.
Coordinates of piles; considering pedestal at 0,0,0
Table 5-14: Pile Coordinates in Plan
Pile X Coordinate ZCoordinate
No
(in)
(in)
1
-27
-27
2
-27
27
3
27
27
4
27
-27
Pilecap Length = 54+2x18 = 90 inch
Pilecap Width = 54+2x18 = 90 inch
pilecap dimension is 90 inch x90 inch x 27 inch
Weight of footing = 90 x 90 x 27 x 0.16/123 = 20.25 kip
Weight of pedestal = 12 x 12 x 20 x 0.16 /123 = 0.267 kip
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (150+20.25 +0.267) =170.517 kip
So Pile reaction from axial load = 170.517 /4= 42.629 kip
Moment Mx ( from input) = 50 ftkip =600 inkip
Using Rivet theoryReaction from moment= +/- 600x0.27/(4x272) = +/-5.55 Kip
So,
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 3 = 42.629 +5.55 = 48.185 Kip
Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 42.629 -5.55 = 37.085Kip
So Critical vertical reaction= 48.185 Kip < 65 kip
As there is no net uplift/lateral load, so each pile is safe in uplift & lateral capacity.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken =1
Load factor for axial load is taken 1.4
So, Axial Load on pilecap = 1.4x150+20.25 x1+0.267x1= 230.517 Kip
Moment on pilecap = 1.4x50 ftkip = 840 inkip
Load on each pile from axial reaction =230.517 /4=57.629 Kip
Reaction from moment= +/- 840x27/(4x272) = +/-7.78 Kip
Punching Shear
Figure 5-27: Section considered for two-way shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =11.5 inch from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 4= 49.849 Kip
Contribution from pile 2=from pile 3= 65.409 Kip
So total punching shear Vm= 230.516 kip
Pm = 4x(12+11+11) =136 inch
=L/B =12/12 =1
Chapter 5
5.13 US Pilecap Foundation 2
V1
V2
1000 lb
Calculation of Shear
Figure 5-28: Section considered for one-way shear
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 =49.849 x 0.444=22.155 Kip
Contribution from pile 2 =65.409 x 0.444=29.04 Kip
Contribution from pile 3,4 =0 KN
So Total V X1X1 = 51.195 Kip
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 4 =49.849 x 0.444=22.155 Kip
Contribution from pile 3 =65.409 x 0.444=29.04 Kip
Contribution from pile 1,2 =0 KN
So Total V X2X2 = 51.195 Kip
So V parallel to X direction = 51.195 Kip
Verification Manual 273
Chapter 5
5.13 US Pilecap Foundation 2
c1
0.75.Vc1=187.84 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 =49.849 x 0.444=22.155 Kip
Contribution from pile 4 =49.849 x 0.444=22.155 Kip
Contribution from pile 2,3 =0 KN
So Total V Z1Z1 = 44.31 Kip
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 =65.409 x 0.444=29.04 Kip
Contribution from pile 3 =65.409 x 0.444=29.04 Kip
Contribution from pile 1,4 =0 KN
So Total V Z2Z2 = 58.08 Kip
So V parallel to Z direction = 58.08 kip
Now allowable shear = V
c1
Calculation of Moment
Figure 5-29: Section considered for bending
About Z Axis
Calculation of MzFor moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1=49.849 x21/12=87.24 ftkip
Contribution from pile 4=65.409 x21/12=114.46 ftkip
Contribution from pile 3,4=0 inkip
So Total Mz X1X1 = 207.1 ftkip
For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 4=49.849 x21/12=87.24 ftkip
Contribution from pile 3=65.409 x21/12=114.46 ftkip
Verification Manual 275
Chapter 5
5.13 US Pilecap Foundation 2
Contribution from pile 1,2=0 inkip
So Total Mz X2X2 = 207.1 ftkip
So max Mz = 207.1 ftkip
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ =224.11 ftkip
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.02138
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 =0.0617 Ksi
2m.Rn/fy = 0.0363 <1 , Hence OK
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.001
So, =min = 0.0018
< max Hence OK
About X Axis
Calculation of MxFor moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 4=49.849 x 21/12=87.24 ftkip
Contribution from pile 2=from pile 3=0 ftkip
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 174.47 ftkip
For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2=from pile 3=65.409 x 21/12=114.465 ftkip
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 4=0 ftkip
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 228.93 ftkip
So Max value of MX = 228.93 ftkip
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/ =254.37 ftkip
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
bal = 0.85.1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
max = 0.75. bal = 0.02138
min = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 =0.07 Ksi
2m.Rn/fy = 0.0412 <1 , Hence OK
= 1/m. (1-1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.0012
So = min=0.0018
< max Hence OK
Along Z Direction
= 0.0018
b= 90 inch , d=22 inch
Therefore, AstZ = 3.6 in2
5.13.4 Comparison
Table 5-15: US verification example 11 comparison
STAAD
Percent
Value of
Reference Result
Foundation
Difference
Result
Pile Reaction
49.849 Kip
49.851 Kip
None
65.409 Kip
Governing Moment 207.1 ftkip 228.93
ftkip
Shear Force(OneWay)
Shear Force(TwoWay)
65.407 Kip
219.654 ftkip
294.254 ftkip
51.195 Kip 58.08 Kip 51.226 Kip
230.516 kip
58.14 Kip
230.517 kip
Negligible
None
None
Chapter 5
5.14 US Pilecap Foundation 3
Horizontal capacity = 50 KN
Uplift capacity = 100 KN
Figure 5-30: Elevation and Plan
5.14.3 Solution
Depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile diameter, D = 450 mm
Take D = 655 mm
c/c pile distance = 3 x pile diameter =1200 mm
Edge distance =350 mm
Assuming five pile combination, coordinates of piles(considering pedestal at 0,0,0):
Table 5-16: Pile Coordinates in Plan
Pile X Coordinate Z Coordinate
No
(mm)
(mm)
1
-848.528
-848.528
2
-848.528
848.528
3
0
0
4
848.528
-848.528
5
848.528
848.528
Pilecap Length = 2(850)+2(350) = 2400 mm
Pilecap Width = 2(850)+2(350) = 2400 mm
pilecap dimension is 2400 mm x 2400 mm x 740 mm
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken = 1
Load factor for axial load is taken = 1.4
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(1000) + 1(106.56)+0 1(0.78) = 1507.34 KN
Load on each pile = 1507.34/5 = 301.468 KN
deff = 740 - 50 - 50 - 25 = 615 mm
Punching Shear
Figure 5-31: Section considered for punching shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =307.5 mm from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile2 = from pile4 = from pile 5 = 301.468 KN
Contribution from pile 3 = 0 KN
So total punching shear Vm= 1205.9 KN
P
= L/B = 250/250 = 1
V = (2 +4/ )(f )b d = 5298.5 KN
1
V = 4.(f )b d = 3532 KN
3
V = min(V , V , V ) = 3532 KN
c
Chapter 5
5.14 US Pilecap Foundation 3
Calculation of Shear
Figure 5-32: Section considered for one-way shear
Parallel to X Axis
Shear Plane is at a distance d (615 mm from face of column)
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 0.8667 x 301.47 = 261.27 KN
Contribution from pile 3,4,5 =0 KN
So Total V X1X1 = 522.548 KN
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 4 = pile 5 = 0.8667 x 301.47=261.27 KN
Contribution from pile 3,2,1 =0 KN
So, Total V X2X2 = 522.548 KN
c1
=2(f )b d = 1225 KN
c
0.75V = 918.8 KN
c1
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 =pile 4 = 0.8667 x 301.47 = 261.27 KN
Contribution from pile 2 = pile 3 = pile 5 = 0 KN
So Total V Z1Z1 = 522.548 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 = pile 5 = 0.8667 x 301.47 = 261.27 KN
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 3 = pile 4 =0 KN
So Total V Z2Z2 = 522.548 KN
Shear, V, parallel to Z direction = 522.548 KN
Now allowable shear = V
c1
=2(f )b d = 1225 KN
c
0.75V = 918.8 KN
c1
Calculation of Moment
For either direction:
m = f /0.85f = 415/(0.8525) = 19.529
y
bal
= 0.75
max
min
bal
= 0.019297
y
Chapter 5
5.14 US Pilecap Foundation 3
Figure 5-33: Section considered for moment
nz
min
=0.0018
nz
So =
min
=0.0018
< max,Hence OK
Along Z Direction
= 0.0018
b = 2400 mm, d = 615 mm
Therefore, Astz = 2657 mm2
5.14.4 Comparison
Table 5-17: US verification example 11 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Pile Reaction, Service
221.5
221.4
Negligible
(KN)
Pile Reaction, Ultimate
301.5
301.4
Negligible
(KN)
Governing Moment
489
485
Negligible
(KNm)
489
485
Chapter 5
5.15 US Pilecap Foundation 4
Value of
Shear Force, One-Way
(KN)
Shear Force, Two-Way
(KN)
523
STAAD
Foundation
Result
520
523
1206
520
1206
Reference
Result
Percent
Difference
Negligible
None
5.15.3 Solution
Depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile diameter, D = 450 mm
Take D = 780 mm
c/c pile distance = 3 x pile diameter = 900 mm
Edge distance =350 mm
Assuming six pile combination, coordinates of piles(considering pedestal at 0,0,0):
Chapter 5
5.15 US Pilecap Foundation 4
Table 5-18: Pile Coordinates in Plan
Pile X Coordinate Z Coordinate
No
(mm)
(mm)
1
-900
-450
2
-900
450
3
0
-450
4
0
450
5
900
-450
6
900
450
Pilecap Length =2(900) + 2(350) = 2500 mm
Pilecap Width = 900 + 2(350) = 1600 mm
pilecap dimension is 2500 mm x 1600 mm x 780 mm
Weight of footing = 2.5 x 1.6 x 0.78 x 25 = 78 KN
Weight of pedestal = 0.25 x 0.25 x 0.5 x 25 = 0.78 KN
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = 1200 + 78 + 0.78 = 1278.78 KN
So Pile reaction from axial load = 1278.78/6= 213.13 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile1 /Pile 2 = 213.13 +1000.9/(40.90.9) = 240.91 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile3 /Pile 4 = 213.13 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile5 /Pile 6 = 213.13 - 1000.9/(40.90.9) = 185.35 KN
So Critical Pile reaction = 240.91 KN < 250 KN
Hence OK
As there is no lateral load , moment or uplift force, so each pile is safe in lateral & uplift
capacity. Similarly, as there is no tension pile case so each pile is safe again uplift.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken = 1
Load factor for axial load is taken = 1.4
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(1200) + 1(78) + 1(0.78) = 1758.78 KN
So Pile reaction from axial load = 1758.78/6 = 293.13 KN
Moment (Mz) = 1.4(100) = 140 KNm
So Pile reaction at Pile 1 /Pile 2 = 293.13 + 1400.9/(40.90.9) = 332.02 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile 3 /Pile 4 = 293.13 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile 5 /Pile 6 = 293.13 -1400.9/(40.90.9) = 254.24 KN
deff = 780 - 50 - 50 - 25 = 655 mm
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =327.5 mm from the column face.
= L/B = 250/250 = 1
V = (2 +4/ )(f )b d = 5904 KN
1
V = 4.(f )b d = 3936 KN
3
V = min(V , V , V ) = 3936 KN
c
Chapter 5
5.15 US Pilecap Foundation 4
Calculation of Shear
Figure 5-36: Section considered for one-way shear
Parallel to X Axis
Shear Plane is at a distance d (655 mm from face of column)
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 =0.9x 333.03 = 299.72 KN
Contribution from piles 3, 4, 5, &6 =0 KN
So Total V X1X1 = = 2(299.72) KN= 599.4 KN
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 = pile 6 = 0.9(254.24) = 228.82 KN
Contribution from piles 1, 2, 3, &4 = 0 KN
So, Total V X2X2 = 2(228.82) = 457.63 KN
Shear, V, parallel to X direction = 599.4 KN
Now allowable shear = V
c1
=2(f )b d = 869.8 KN
c
0.75V = 652 KN
c1
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from all piles = 0 KN
So Total V Z1Z1 = 0 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from all piles =0 KN
So Total V Z2Z2 = 0 KN
Shear, V, parallel to Z direction = 0 KN
No shear parallel to the Z axis, Hence Safe
Calculation of Moment
For either direction:
m = f /0.85f = 415/(0.8525) = 19.529
y
bal
= 0.75
max
min
bal
= 0.019297
y
Chapter 5
5.15 US Pilecap Foundation 4
nz
min
=0.0018
nz
So =
min
=0.0018
< max,Hence OK
Along Z Direction
= 0.0018
b = 2500 mm, d = 655 mm
Therefore, Astz = 2948 mm2
5.15.4 Comparison
Table 5-19: US verification example 13 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Pile Reaction, Service
241
241
Negligible
(KN)
241
241
Governing Moment
(KNm)
213
213
213
213
185
185
185
332
185
332
332
332
293
293
293
293
254
254
254
578
254
572
None
Negligible
Chapter 5
5.16 US Mat Combined Foundation 1
318
600
STAAD
Foundation
Result
318
599
0
1463
0
1462
Reference
Result
Value of
Percent
Difference
Negligible
Negligible
5.16.2 Problem
Design a rectangular combined footing using the conventional method given. fc = 3000psi
(column and footing), fy = 60000 psi, qa = 2 ksf.
Figure 5-38: Elevation and dimensions
Column 1
12 in. x 12 in.
4 No. 7 bars
DL = 60 kips
LL = 60 kips
Column 2
15 in. x 15 in.
4 No. 8 bars
DL = 110 kips
LL = 90 kips
5.16.3 Solution
Find out ultimate soil pressure
P
P
u1
u2
ult
This is necessary so that eccentricity is not introduced in finding L using working loads and then
switching to ultimate values.
Find footing dimensions L and B; first locate load resultant from center of
column 1
Mcol1= R where R = Pu = 168 + 276 = 444 KN
444
= 15 x 276
= 9.324 ft
To make the resultant 444 kips (factored loads) fall at L/2:
L = (9.324 + 0.5) x 2 = 19.648 ft
We will use 19.75 ft.
Find B
BLq = 444
B =
= 8.143 ft
dV =
V = 22.48 x 168
V = 0 at x =
max
dM =
M=
168 (x 0.5)
Chapter 5
5.16 US Mat Combined Foundation 1
Maximum negative M at V = 0 is
M=
These values are Mu values and can be directly used to compute steel quantities.
Figure 5-39: Forces on foundation
Select depth based on analysis for both wide-beam and diagonal tension
a. Critical location for wide-beam is readily obtained.
b. Diagonal tension may have to be investigated for three conditions:
i. three-side zone, column 1
ii. four-side zone, column 2
iii. three-side zone, column 2
Check wide beam first (slope of shear diagram = constant) using V diagram:
B v d = 166.39 22.48 d
c
v = 11.825 ksf(allowable =
d=
Checking diagonal tension at column 1 using d just obtained for a three-side zone and
v =
= 4.07 ft2
A=
V=P
col
-P
soil
= 168 4.07 x
Actualv =
= 156.8 kips
A =
= 7.01 ft2
And
V = 276 7.01 x
= 256.74 kips
v =
= 10.59 ft
A (d - a/2) =
s
Chapter 5
5.16 US Mat Combined Foundation 1
A (16.765 0.98 A ) =
s
= 14.79
As = 0.94 in2 / ft
p=
= 0.00467 >
L =
q=
= 3.585 ft
= 10.03ksf (conservative)
M=
x 12 = 773.45 in-kips
A (15.765 0.98 A ) =
s
= 14.323
A = 0.98 in2 / ft
s
= 26.3 in
or
L = 0.004 x 0.875 x 60000 = 21 in
d
L furnished = 3.585 x 12 3 = 40 in
d
L =
= 3.46 ft
q=
M=
x 12 = 746.6 in-kips
A (15.765 0.98 A ) =
s
= 14.379
A = 0.98 in2 / ft
s
p = 12 x12 x 1.575 = 226.8 > 168 kips (dowels not required for load transfer)
Use 4 dowels to provide at least 0.05Ag:
A = 0.005 x 144 = 0.72 in2
s
Use 4 No. 6 for 4 x (0.44) = 1.76 in2 at column 2 with concrete all around
> 2
Use 2
f = 0.75 x 0.7 f x 2 = 3.15 ksi
c
Conclusion
Steel in cantilever portion is found to be 0.28 for moment and 0.67 in2 / ft for minimum
requirement of 200 / fy (could use 0.28 x 1.33 >= T and S alternatively but would require
increasing other steel by 1 / 3 also)
Use 10 No. 7 bars
Run five bars full length to use as chairs for short direction steel.
5.16.4 Comparison
Table 5-20: US verification example 12 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Average Base Pressure
0.01911
0.02 kip/in2
4.657
2
kip/in
Maximum Negative Bending 543.76 ft-kips 529.064 ft-kips 2.70
Moment
Chapter 5
5.17 US General Isolated Foundation with Sliding & Overturning
147.7 ft-kips
STAAD
Foundation
Result
149.12 ft-kips
0.96
0.94 in2/ft
0.909 in2/ft
3.3
Reference
Result
Value of
Maximum Positive Bending
Moment
Required Area of
Reinforcement
Percent
Difference
5.17.3 Solution
Design started with trial dimensions of 3.75m X 3.75m X 1.0m
Chapter 5
5.17 US General Isolated Foundation with Sliding & Overturning
Serviceability Check
The net moments are given by:Mz = -10.32 (-300*1) = 289.68 KNm
Mx= +45.89 +(-200*1) = -154.11 KNm
The pressure at the four corners are given by:s1=((500+351.562)/14.0625)+(6*154.11/3.753)- (6*289.68/3.753)=75.980KN/m2
s2=((500+351.562)/14.0625)- (6*154.11/3.753)- (6*289.68/3.753)=10.0621KN/m2
s3=((500+351.562)/14.0625)- (6*154.11/3.753)+(6*289.68/3.753)=45.131KN/m2
s4=((500+351.562)/14.0625)+(6*154.11/3.753)+(6*289.68/3.753)=111.049KN/m2
which is < 120 KN/m2. Hence OK
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding
For Sliding
Along X- Direction:
Disturbing force = -300 KN
Restoring Force = *(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 474.6848 KN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (474.6848/300) =1.5823 > 1.5 Hence Safe
Along Z- Direction:
Disturbing force = -200 KN
Restoring Force = *(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 474.6848 KN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (474.6848/200) =2.373 > 1.5 Hence Safe
For Overturning
About X- Direction:
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) = 45.89 200* (0
+1) = -154.11 KN-m
Restoring Moment = (Fy + Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing) *Width of Footing*0.5 =
1780.068 KN-m
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (1780.068/154.11) =11.5506 > 1.5 Hence Safe
About Z- Direction:
s =(500/14.0625)- (6*154.11/3.753)+(6*289.68/3.753)=20.1307KN/m2
3
s =(500/14.0625)+(6*154.11/3.753)+(6*289.68/3.753)=86.049KN/m2
4
Depth requirement for shear usually controls the footing thickness. Both wide action and twoway action (punching shear) for strength computation need to be investigated to determine the
controlling shear criteria for depth.
Assume overall footing thickness = 1.0m and average effective thickness d = 0.92m (36.22 in)
Chapter 5
5.17 US General Isolated Foundation with Sliding & Overturning
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (50.98041-14.9379)/2 =18.02126 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (20.1307+86.049)/2 = 53.0899 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 53.0899- {(53.0899 - 18.02126)
/3.75*0.805} =45.56183 KN/ m2 [0.805=3.75-(3.75/2+0.92+0.15)]
Hence, the one- way shear at the critical section
Vux =3.75*{45.56183*0.805+0.5*(53.0899-45.56183)*0.805}= 148.9025 KN
Along X-X axis:V =q
u
tributary area
= 3.75m = 147.6378 in
qs is given by:Average Base Pressure along one edge = (86.049+50.98041)/2 =68.5147 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (20.1307-14.9379)/2 = 2.5964 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 68.5147- {(68.5147-2.5964)
/3.75*0.805} =54.36424 KN/ m2[0.805=(3.75/20.920.15)]
Hence, the one-way shear at the critical section
V
uz
=3.75*{54.36424*0.805+0.5*(68.5147-54.36424)*0.805}= 185.47 KN
V = (2(f' )b d) = 0.75(2(4349.39)
u
c w
2354.06 KN > V and V
ux
147.6378
uz
Hence O.K.
tributary area
V
u
= 35.555
= Minimum of
= 5.304348
=
V = 0.75
c
kips
4x
192.126
O.K.
About X Axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (50.98041-14.9379)/2 =18.02126 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (20.1307+86.049)/2 = 53.0899 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 53.0899- {(53.0899 - 18.02126)
/3.75*1.725} =36.958 KN/ m2 [1.725= 3.75-(3.75/2+0.15)]
Chapter 5
5.17 US General Isolated Foundation with Sliding & Overturning
Hence, the moment at the critical section
M =3.75*{36.958*1.725*1.725*0.5+0.5*(53.0899-36.958)*1.725*1.725*2/3}= 266.2033
u
KNm
Required R =
n
0.00022 = (0.92/1.0)
0.00027 = 0.000207
Check minimum As required for footings of uniform thickness; for grade 415 reinforcement:
= 0.00180
min
Since is < min, so = min =0.00180
Required A = bd= 0.00180 3.75 0.92 = 0.00621 m2 = 6210 m2m
s
About Z Axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (86.049+50.98041)/2 =68.5147 KN/m2
= 0.9)
Required R =
n
0.00014 = (0.92/1.0)
0.00014 = 0.000129
Check minimum As required for footings of uniform thickness; for grade 415 reinforcement:
= 0.00180
min
Since is < min, so = min =0.00180
Required As = bd= 0.00180 3.75 0.92 = 0.00621 m2 = 6210 m2m
Try with 16mm bars (Af =201.06 m2m)
So, no. of bars reqd = 6210/ 201.06 =31 bars
L = 0.02 A
d
Available development length of the bars = 0.5*(L-Dcol) C cover = 1675 mm > 304.68
mm.
Hence OK
Clear cover (bottom and side) = 50 mm
Center-to-center bar spacing = {3750-2*(50+8)}/30 = 121.13 mm
This is to be checked with the minimum and maximum spacing permissible.
5.17.4 Comparison
Table 5-21: US verification example 14 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Difference (Reasons thereValue of
Foundation
Result
of)
Result*
Moment about X
266.2033 269.53
Error due to approximation
(KNm)
in base pressure
interpolation
Moment about Z
325.87126 328.41 m
Error due to approximation
(KNm)
in base pressure
interpolation
Area of steel about 6210
6106.05
Error due to approximation
2
X-X (mm )
in base pressure
interpolation
Area of steel about 6210
6241.05
Error due to approximation
Z-Z (mm2)
in base pressure
interpolation
Shear force
185.47
186.09
Error due to approximation
in base pressure
(One way) along X
interpolation
(KN)
Shear force
148.9025 144.21
Error due to approximation
in base pressure
(One way) along Z
interpolation
(KN)
Shear force
447.079
447.38
Negligible
(Two way) (KN)
Factor of Safety
against Sliding (X)
1.582
1.582
Negligible
Chapter 5
5.18 US General Isolated Foundation with Eccentric Loading
Value of
Factor of Safety
against Sliding (Z)
Factor of Safety
against Overturning
(X)
Factor of Safety
against Overturning
(Z)
STAAD
Reference
Difference (Reasons thereFoundation
Result
of)
Result*
2.373
2.373
Negligible
11.5506
11.550
Negligible
6.1449
6.145
Negligible
Mx=-98.32 KNm
Note: Self weight of footing, wt of soil and surcharge are not included for shear and moment
computations.
Figure 5-44: Plan and Elevation
5.18.3 Solution
Design started with trial dimensions of 5.0m X 5.0m X 1.0m
Determination of base area of footing:
The base area of footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads with the net permissible
soil pressure.
Chapter 5
5.18 US General Isolated Foundation with Eccentric Loading
Net permissible soil pressure = 120 KN/ m2
Required base area of footing = [500 + 0.10(500)]/120 = 4.5833 m2
Use a 5 .0m
Serviceability Check
The net moments are given by:
Mz =+45.89 (-300*1) +(-500*0.3) = 195.89 KNm
Mx= - 98.32 +(-200*1) (-500*0.3) = -148.32 KNm
The pressure at the four corners are given by:
1=((500+625)/25)+(6*195.89 /5.03)- (6*148.32 /5.03)=47.28336KN/m2
2=((500+625)/25)- (6*195.89 /5.03)- (6*148.32 /5.03)=28.478KN/m2
3=((500+625)/25)- (6*195.89 /5.03)+(6*148.32 /5.03)=42.7167KN/m2
4=((500+625)/25)+(6*195.89 /5.03)+(6*148.32 /5.03)=61.522KN/m2
which is < 120 KN/m2. Hence OK
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding
For Sliding
Along X- Direction:
Disturbing force = -300 KN
Restoring Force = m*(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 649.685 KN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/300) =2.1656 > 1.5
Hence Safe
Along Z- Direction:
Disturbing force = -200 KN
Restoring Force = m*(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 649.685 KN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/200) =3.2484 > 1.5
Hence Safe
For Overturning
About X- Direction:
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing)= -98.32 200* (0
Depth requirement for shear usually controls the footing thickness. Both wide action and twoway action (punching shear) for strength computation need to be investigated to determine the
controlling shear criteria for depth.
Assume overall footing thickness = 1.0m and average effective thickness d = 0.92m (36.22 in)
Chapter 5
5.18 US General Isolated Foundation with Eccentric Loading
tributary area
= 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:
Average Base Pressure along one edge =(22.2834+3.47792)/2 =12.8806 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge =(17.7167+36.5221)/2 = 27.1194 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 27.1194- {(27.1194 12.8806)/5.0*1.13}
=23.9014 KN/ m2 [1.13=5 -(5/2 +0.3 +0.92 +0.15)]
Hence, the one- way shear at the critical section
V
=5.0*{23.9014*1.13+0.5*(27.1194-23.9014)*1.13}= 144.134 KN
ux
tributary area
= 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:
Average Base Pressure along one edge =(36.5221+22.2834)/2 =29.4027 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge =(17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 29.4027- {(29.4027-10.5973)/5.0*1.73}
=22.89603 KN/ m2 [1.73=(5/2 +0.3 0.92 0.15)]
Hence, the one-way shear at the critical section
V
uz
=5.0*{22.89603*1.73+0.5*(29.4027-22.89603)*1.73}= 226.1924 KN
V = (2(f' )b d) = 0.75(2(4349.39)
u
c w
3138.703 KN > V and V
ux
196.8504
uz
Hence O.K.
tributary area
= Minimum of
310 STAAD Foundation Advanced V8i (SELECTseries 3)
= 5.304348
=
V = 0.75
c
kips O.K.
4x
192.126
About X-Axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (22.2834+3.47792)/2 =12.8806 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (17.7167+36.5221)/2 = 27.1194 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 27.1194- {(27.1194 12.8806)
/5.0*2.05} =21.2815 KN/ m2 [2.05 =5-(5/2+0.3+0.15)]
Chapter 5
5.18 US General Isolated Foundation with Eccentric Loading
Hence, the moment at the critical section
M = 5.0*{21.2815 *2.05*2.05*0.5+0.5*(27.1194-21.2815)* 2.05*2.05*2/3}= 264.48 KNm
u
Required R =
n
0.0001675 = (0.92/1.0)
0.0001675 = 0.0001541
Check minimum As required for footings of uniform thickness; for grade 415 reinforcement:
= 0.00180
min
Since is <
min
,=
min
=0.00180
About Z- axis:
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (36.5221+22.2834)/2 =29.4027 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 29.4027- {(29.4027-10.5973)
/5.0*2.65} =19.4358 KN/ m2 [2.65 =(5/2+0.3-0.15)]
Hence, the moment at the critical section
M =5.0*{19.4358 *2.65*2.65*0.5+0.5*(29.4027 19.4358)*2.65*2.65*2/3}= 457.874 KNm
u
= 0.9)
Required R =
n
0.00029 = (0.92/1.0)
0.00029 = 0.000267
Check minimum As required for footings of uniform thickness; for grade 415 reinforcement:
= 0.00180
min
Since is <
min
,=
min
=0.00180
L = 0.02 A
d
5.18.4 Comparison
Table 5-22: US verification example 15 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Difference (Reasons thereValue of
Foundation
Result
of)
Result*
Moment about X
264.48
264.53 KNm Negligible
KNm
Moment about Z
457.874
457.83 KNm Negligible
KNm
Area of steel about 8280 mm2 8906.40
Error due to approximation
X-X
mm2
in base pressure
interpolation
Area of steel about 8280 mm2 8321.40
Error due to approximation
Z-Z
mm2
in base pressure
interpolation
Shear force
226.1924 225.67 KN Error due to approximation
KN
in base pressure
(One way) along X
interpolation
Shear force
144.134
143.58 KN Negligible
KN
(One way) along Z
Shear force
470.232
470.01 KN Negligible
KN
(Two way)
Factor of Safety
2.1656
2.166
Negligible
against Sliding (X)
Factor of Safety
3.2484
3.248
Negligible
against Sliding (Z)
Factor of Safety
10.386
10.386
Negligible
against Overturning
Chapter 5
5.19 US General Isolated Foundation with Variable Bearing Capacity 1
STAAD
Reference
Foundation
Result
Result*
Value of
(X)
Factor of Safety
9.82516
against Overturning
(Z)
9.825
Negligible
2.0
2.25
3.0
3.75
5.0
5.19.2 Solution
Design starts with a trial dimension of 3.4 m x 3.4 m x 0.45 m.
5
140
145
155
160
165
Depth (m)
2.25
3.0
140
150
4
140
152
For 2.25 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 m dimensions, the bearing pressure is obvserved to not vary
between 3m and 4 m width, so the the bearing pressure for 3.4m is 140 kN/m2:
For 3 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is linearly interopolated
between 3 and 4 m width:
)(
3.4 3
43
) = 150.8 kN / m
For 2.5 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is linearly interoplated
bewteen 2.25 and 3 m depth:
)(
2.5 2.25
3 2.25
) = 143.6 kN / m
Becuase the footing is specified as a fixed bottom, a full pedestal height of 2.05 m is used in lieu
of the initial 0.3048 m.
The self weight of the footing:
[(3.4 3.4 0.45) + (0.6096 0.6096 2.05)]25 = 149.1 kN
1, 453.7
3.4 3.4
Hence safe.
Chapter 5
5.20 US General Isolated Foundation with Variable Bearing Capacity 2
5.19.3 Comparison
Table 5-24: Comparison of values for US general isolated footing with variable bearing pressure 1
STAAD
Reference
Value of
Foundation
Difference
Results
Results
Corner pressure (kN/m2) 125.75
125.75
none
Calculated bearing capa- 143.6
143.6
none
city (kN/m2)
2.0
2.25
3.5
3.0
4.0
5
140
145
155
160
165
5.20.2 Solution
Design starts with a trial dimension of 3.4 m x 3.4 m x 0.5 m.
Calculate the allowable bearing pressure as per the VBC table. Using the initial dimensions, the
portion of the bearing pressure table is:
Width (m)
Depth (m)
2.5
3.0
150
160
4
159
154
For 2.5 m depth and 3.4 m x 3.4 x dimensions, the bearing pressure is:
3.4 3
43
) = 153.6 kN / m
2, 255.3
3.4 3.4
NG
Chapter 5
5.20 US General Isolated Foundation with Variable Bearing Capacity 2
So, soil weight:
[(44) (0.6 0.6)] 2.0 22 = 688.16 kN
2, 506.2
44
OK
Hence safe.
5.20.3 Comparison
Table 5-26: Comparison of values for US general isolated footing with variable bearing pressure 2
STAAD
Reference
Value of
Foundation
Difference
Results
Results
Corner pressure (kN/m2) 156.64
156.6374
none
Calculated bearing capa- 159
159
none
city (kN/m2)
Section 6
6.1.2 Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition
Axial Tension = 83.815 Kip
Slope with Horizontal = 54.231 degree
Min area required for guy rod =1.677 sq.inch, i.e if single guy rod is used,min dia of rod
required = 1.5 inch
Necessary Factors of Safety are as follows
FOS against Uplift = 1.5
FOS against sliding = 2
Ultimate Load Factor = 1.3
Material SpecificationAssume Strength of Concrete = 4 Ksi
Strength of Steel = 60 Ksi
Strength of Gye Rod steel = 50 Ksi
unit weight of Concrete = 150 lb/cu.ft
unit weight of Soil = 62.4 lb/cu.ft
Chapter 6
6.1 Deadman Guy Anchor US 1
Soil & GWT conditionLayer
Index No
1
2
3
Dry Density
(pcf)
115
115
115
6.1.3 Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at guy rod
Horizontal component of load (H) = P.cos = 83.815 x Cos 54.231 = 48.9656 Kip
Vertical component of load (V)= P.sin = 83.815 x Sin 54.231 = 68.0245 Kip
Properties of soil (divided into relevant small strips each max 1/2 ft thick)
Chapter 6
6.1 Deadman Guy Anchor US 1
P = .h.K + 2C.K
p
<=1
C= Cohesion in Kip/ft 2 unit
Soil Depth
Soil Depth lower
upper lvl of layer
lvl of layer(ft)
(ft)
0
0.5
0.5
1
1
1.5
1.5
2
2
2.5
2.5
3
3
3.5
3.5
4
4
4.5
4.5
5
5
5.5
5.5
6
6
6.5
6.5
7
7
7.5
7.5
8
8
8.5
8.5
9
9
9.5
9.5
10
10
10.5
10.5
11
11
11.5
11.5
12
avg Pp effective on
block surface (psf)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2167.1918
2340.028
2512.8643
2638.8093
2717.8631
2796.9169
2875.9707
0
0
0
0
weighted
avg Pp
(lb/ft)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1083.596
1170.014
1256.432
1319.405
1358.932
1398.458
1437.985
0
0
0
0
Chapter 6
6.1 Deadman Guy Anchor US 1
Soil Depth
Soil Depth lower
upper lvl of layer
lvl of layer(ft)
(ft)
12
12.5
12.5
13
13
13.5
13.5
14
14
14.5
14.5
15
avg Pp effective on
block surface (psf)
0
0
0
0
0
0
weighted
avg Pp
(lb/ft)
0
0
0
0
0
0
Chapter 6
6.1 Deadman Guy Anchor US 1
= 0.9
= 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>= >=0.65
= 0.85
width (B) = 4 ft
Effective Depth = D
eff
Hence, d
eff
= 38.19 inch
eff-
eff
Hence, d
eff
= 44.19 inch
eff-
Chapter 6
6.2 Deadman Guy Anchor US 2
6.1.4 Comparison
Table 6-2: Deadman Anchor (US)verification example 1 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Value of
Foundation
Result
Result
Sliding Resistance (kips)
103.786
103.71
Uplift Resistance (kips)
234.34
234.495
Horizontal FOS
2.12
2.117
Vertical FOS
3.445
3.448
Factored moment resisted by top rebar (ft127.122
127.086
kip)
Max. moment capacity (vertically hogging)
408.37
407.66
(ft-kip)
Factored moment resisted by front rebar
91.506
91.553
(ft-kip)
Max. moment capacity (horizontally
355.472
354.856
hogging) (ft-kip)
Percent
Difference
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
6.2.2 Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load conditionAxial Tension = 75.926 Kip
Slope with Horizontal = 49.816 degree
Min area required for guy rod =1.519 sq.inch, i.e if single rod is used,min dia of rod required =
1.4 inch
Dry Density
(pcf)
106
106
106
6.2.3 Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at gyerod
Horizontal component of load (H) = P.cos = 75.926 x Cos 49.816 = 48.9706 Kip
Chapter 6
6.2 Deadman Guy Anchor US 2
Vertical component of load (V)= P.sin = 75.926 x Sin 49.816 = 58.0229 Kip
Properties of soil (divided into relevant small strips each max 1/2 ft thick)
avg Pp effective on
block surface (psf)
0
0
0
0
weighted
avg Pp
(lb/ft)
0
0
0
0
Chapter 6
6.2 Deadman Guy Anchor US 2
Soil Depth
Soil Depth lower
upper lvl of layer
lvl of layer(ft)
(ft)
2
2.5
2.5
3
3
3.5
3.5
4
4
4.5
4.5
5
5
5.5
5.5
6
6
6.5
6.5
7
7
7.5
7.5
8
8
8.5
8.5
9
9
9.5
9.5
10
10
10.5
10.5
11
11
11.5
11.5
12
12
12.5
12.5
13
13
13.5
13.5
14
14
14.5
14.5
15
avg Pp effective on
block surface (psf)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2317.4172
2370.4843
2423.5513
2460.9987
2482.8262
2504.6538
2526.4814
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
weighted
avg Pp
(lb/ft)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1158.709
1185.242
1211.776
1230.499
1241.413
1252.327
1263.241
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Chapter 6
6.2 Deadman Guy Anchor US 2
Figure 6-9: Top rebar force diagram
eff
eff-
a/2) = 408.37
ftkip
ratio = 408.37 / 132.0033 = 3.094 >1, Hence OK
Resisting Moment is greater than Factored Moment, Hence Safe
eff
Hence, d
eff
= 44.19 inch
eff-
Chapter 6
6.3 Deadman Guy Anchor US 3
6.2.4 Comparison
Table 6-5: Deadman Anchor (US)verification example 2 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Sliding Resistance (Kip)
119.605
119.542
negligible
Uplift Resistance (Kip)
135.072
135.123
negligible
Horizontal FOS
2.443
2.44
negligible
Vertical FOS
2.328
2.329
negligible
factored moment resisted by top 132.0033
131.963
negligible
rebar (ftkip)
Max moment capacity (vertically 408.37
407.66
negligible
hogging) (ftkip)
factored moment resisted by front 111.4087
111.454
negligible
rebar (ftkip)
Max moment capacity
355.472
354.865
negligible
(horizontally hogging) (ftkip)
6.3.2 Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition
Axial Tension = 92.435 Kip
Slope with Horizontal = 31.289 degree
Min area required for guy rod =1.849 sq.inch, i.e if single rod is used,min dia of rod
required = 1.6 inch
Necessary FOS are as follows
FOS against Uplift = 1.5
FOS against sliding = 2
Ultimate Load Factor = 1.3
Material Specification
Assume Strength of Concrete = 4 Ksi
Strength of Steel = 60 Ksi
Strength of Gye Rod steel = 50 Ksi
unit weight of Concrete = 150 lb/cu.ft
unit weight of Soil = 62.4 lb/cu.ft
Dry Density
(pcf)
105
105
105
6.3.3 Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at gyerod
Horizontal component of load (H) = P.cos = 92.435 x Cos 31.289 = 78.9806 Kip
Vertical component of load (V)= P.sin = 92.435 x Sin 31.289 = 48.024 Kip
Properties of soil (divided into relevant small strips each max 1/2 ft thick)
Chapter 6
6.3 Deadman Guy Anchor US 3
Kp=tan2 (450+/2)
Kp=tan2 (450-/2)
Note: is in degree
P a= .h.Kp
Chapter 6
6.3 Deadman Guy Anchor US 3
Figure 6-13: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift diagram
weighted
avg Pp
(lb/ft)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1492.265
1545.893
1583.585
1605.343
1627.101
1648.858
1670.616
1692.373
1714.131
1735.888
Soil Depth
Soil Depth
upper lvl of layer lower lvl of layer
(ft)
(ft)
12
12.5
12.5
13
13
13.5
13.5
14
14
14.5
14.5
15
avg Pp effective on
block surface (psf)
0
0
0
0
0
0
weighted
avg Pp
(lb/ft)
0
0
0
0
0
0
Chapter 6
6.3 Deadman Guy Anchor US 3
Now Design check for the top & front face rebar are to be done
Top Rebar Design Check
Vertical Force (V)= 48.024 Kip
Figure 6-15: Top rebar force diagram
eff
Chapter 6
6.3 Deadman Guy Anchor US 3
Figure 6-16: Bending moment diagram - top
Hence, d
eff
= 56.19 inch
eff-
eff
Hence, d
eff
= 44.19 inch
eff-
6.3.4 Comparison
Table 6-8: Deadman Anchor (US)verification example 3 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Sliding Resistance (Kip)
163.161
163.306
Negligible
Uplift Resistance (Kip)
151.296
151.355
Negligible
Horizontal FOS
2.066
2.064
Negligible
Vertical FOS
3.151
3.153
Negligible
factored moment resisted by top 78.039
78.011
Negligible
rebar (ftkip)
Max moment capacity (vertically 603.099
602.06
Negligible
hogging) (ftkip)
factored moment resisted by front 128.3438
128.361
Negligible
rebar (ftkip)
Max moment capacity
356.394
355.775
Negligible
(horizontally hogging) (ftkip)
Chapter 6
6.4 Deadman Guy Anchor US 4
Figure 6-18: Deadman Anchor Guy Tension Block section
Layer
Type
sand
silt
silt
silt
silt
silt
silt
Dry Density
(pcf)
104
105
105
106
106
106
106
6.4.3 Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at guy rod
Horizontal component of load (H) = P.cos = 250 x Cos 50 = 160.6297 Kip
Chapter 6
6.4 Deadman Guy Anchor US 4
Figure 6-19: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift diagram
Chapter 6
6.4 Deadman Guy Anchor US 4
= 0.9
= 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
Chapter 6
6.4 Deadman Guy Anchor US 4
0.85>= >=0.65
= 0.85
width (B) = 6 ft
Effective Depth = Deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5xtop rebar dia
Hence, deff = 92.19 inch
Area of each top rebar = 0.601015625 sq.inch
Total area of Top Rebar = As = 3.60609375 Ksi
a = As.fy/(.fck.B) = 0.883847 inch
Resisting Moment = M1 = .As.fy.(deff-a/2) = 1488.8 ftkip
ratio = 1488.835 / 373.5576 = 3.986 >1, Hence OK
Resisting Moment is greater than Factored Moment, Hence Safe
= 0.9
= 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>= >=0.65
= 0.85
width (B) = 8 ft
Effective Depth = Deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5xtop rebar dia
Hence, deff = 68.19 inch
6.4.4 Comparison
Table 6-10: Deadman Anchor (US)verification example 4 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Sliding Resistance (Kip)
413.423
413.174
negligible
Uplift Resistance (Kip)
719.211
719.281
negligible
Horizontal FOS
2.574
2.571
negligible
Vertical FOS
3.755
3.756
negligible
factored moment resisted by top 373.5576
373.447
negligible
rebar (ftkip)
Max moment capacity (vertically 1488.835
1486.29
negligible
hogging) (ftkip)
factored moment resisted by front 313.2285
313.359
negligible
rebar (ftkip)
Max moment capacity (hori1101.17
1099.277
negligible
zontally hogging) (ftkip)
Chapter6
6.4 Deadman Guy Anchor US 4
Section 7
7.1.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: API
Load Fy= 100 kip, fc= 4 ksi, fy= 60 ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2 ft, pier height= 30 ft, water
level at 40 ft.
Soil Profile by Layer
1. Sand, 8 ft deep, angle of friction 30 deg, Avg Density 108 lb/ft 3,
Density- Loose
2. Sand, 13 ft deep, angle of friction 34 deg, Avg Density 110 lb/ft 3,
Density- Medium
3. Clay - , 9 ft deep, cohesion 2 kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110 lb/ft 3,
Density- Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3 ksi
Chapter 7
7.1 Drilled Pier Foundation 1 API
Figure 7-1: Pier Elevation
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Skin Friction - 100%
Neglected zone for skin friction
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 2ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
7.1.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program as:
0.286
EI
3 c
Es d
= 37.362 ft
Effective Overburden
Pressure (lb/ft2)
432
1579
2789
Skin Friction
Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2
= Cohesion / Effective Overburden Pressure
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
0
0
0.7171
0
0
0.59045
Chapter 7
7.1 Drilled Pier Foundation 1 API
K=0.8 (for straight pier)
Friction angle between soil and pier
Calculated based on API RP 2A-WSD Table 6.4.3-1
Shaft friction (f), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layerf = x c
For cohesionless soil layerf = K xPo x tan
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Qf (kip)
6.3228
48.1136
66.7777
121.214
Qf_modified
(kip)
2.3711
48.1136
51.9382
102.423
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layer q = 9 x c
For cohesionless soil layer q =po x Nq
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
q (kip)
5.184
31.58
18.0
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1
Qp = q x Ap
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Qp (kip)
16.286
99.211
56.549
Unfactored Capacity
Self wt = x
Q f
i
_mod i
d 4
4
+ conc = 14.137kip
Factored Capacity
Q f _mod
i
i
F _skin
Q p _bott elf_wt
F _bearing
= 48.278kip
7.1.4 Comparison
Table 7-1: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 1 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Value of
Foundation
Difference
Result
Result
UnfactoredTip Resistance
56.549 kip
56.571 kip
Negligible
Unfactored Skin Resistance 102.423 kip
102.487 kip
Negligible
Unfactored Total Axial
144.834 kip
144.916 kip
Negligible
Capacity
FactoredTip Resistance
18.849 kip
18.857 kip
Negligible
Factored Skin Resistance
34.141 kip
34.162 kip
Negligible
Factored Total Axial
48.278 kip
48.305 kip
Negligible
Capacity
7.2.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method:API
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 4ft, pier height= 39ft, water
level at 50ft.
Soil Profile by Layer
1. Clay - , 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 105lb/ft 3, Density- Very Loose
2. Clay - , 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, Density- Medium
Chapter 7
7.2 Drilled Pier Foundation 2 API
3. Clay - , 8ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft 2, Avg Density 111lb/ft 3, Density- Dense
4. Clay - , 12ft deep, cohesion 3kip/ft 2, Avg Density 113lb/ft 3, Density- Very Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi
K = 0.8
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Skin Friction - 100%
Neglected zone for skin friction
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 4ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
7.2.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program
0.286
EI
3 c
Es d
= 74.776 ft
Chapter 7
7.2 Drilled Pier Foundation 2 API
Effective Overburden
Pressure (lb/ft2)
315
1345
1874
1566
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Layer4
Skin Friction
Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2
= Cohesion / Effective Overburden Pressure
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Layer4
3.1746
0.8178
1.0672
1.9157
Factor
Layer
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Layer4
Qf (psf)
41.469
Layer
Qf (psf)
98.835
110.584
248.814
499.702
Layer2
Layer3
Layer4
Total Skin Friction
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layerq = 9 x c
For cohesionless soil layerq =po x Nq
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Layer4
q (psf)
9000
9900
18000
27000
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1
Qp = q x Ap
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Layer4
Qp (psf)
113.097
124.407
226.195
339.292
p_bott
= 339.292 kip
Unfactored Capacity
Self wt = x
d 4
4
+ conc = 73.513kip
Water uplift = x
d 2
(1
4
Chapter 7
7.3 Drilled Pier Foundation 3 FHWA
Q f
_mod i
Factored Capacity
Q f _mod
i
i
F _skin
Q p _bott elf_wt
F _bearing
= 215.995kip
7.2.4 Comparison
Table 7-2: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 2 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Value of
Foundation
Difference
Result
Result
Unfactored Tip Resistance 339.292 kip
339.429 kip
Negligible
Unfactored Skin Resistance 382.206 kip
382.486 kip
Negligible
Unfactored Total Axial
647.985 kip
648.371 kip
Negligible
Capacity
Factored Tip Resistance
113.097 kip
113.143 kip
Negligible
Factored Skin Resistance
127.402 kip
127.495 kip
Negligible
Factored Total Axial
215.995 kip
216.124 kip
Negligible
Capacity
7.3.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method:FHWA
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2ft,
pier height= 30ft, water level at 40ft.
Soil Profile
1. Sand, 8ft deep, angle of friction 30deg, Avg Density 108lb/ft 3, N60- 11
2. Sand, 13ft deep, angle of friction 34deg, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, N60- 14
3. Clay - , 9ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, N60- 16
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Chapter 7
7.3 Drilled Pier Foundation 3 FHWA
7.3.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Skin Friction
Factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6
= 0.55
Layer
0
0
0.55
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
0.9017
0.8536
0
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
Rs (kip)
19.578
110.095
62.204
191.877
Rs_modified
(kip)
7.342
110.095
48.381
165.817
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2 & 11.4a
For cohesive soil layerq = 9 x c
For cohesionless soil layerq =po x Nq
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
q (kip)
13.2
15.6
5.611
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q x Ap
Layer
Layer1
Layer2
Layer3
RB (kip)
41.469
49.009
17.628
Chapter 7
7.4 Drilled Pier Foundation 4 FHWA
Unfactored Capacity
Factored Capacity
7.3.4 Comparison
Table 7-3: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 3 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Value of
Foundation
Difference
Result
Result
UnfactoredTip Resistance
17.635 kip
17.628 kip
Negligible
Unfactored Skin Resistance 165.884 kip
165.817 kip
Negligible
Unfactored Total Axial
169.376 kip
169.308 kip
Negligible
Capacity
FactoredTip Resistance
5.878 kip
5.876 kip
Negligible
Factored Skin Resistance
55.295 kip
55.272 kip
Negligible
Factored Total Axial
56.459 kip
56.436 kip
Negligible
Capacity
7.4.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method:FHWA
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 4ft, pier height= 39ft, water
level at 50ft.
Soil Profile
1. Clay - , 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 105lb/ft 3, N60 10
2. Clay - , 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, N60 12
Chapter 7
7.4 Drilled Pier Foundation 4 FHWA
Figure 7-4: Pier Elevation
7.4.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program
Effective Overburden
Pressure (lb/ft2)
315
1345
1874
1380
Layer
1
2
3
4
Skin Friction
Factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6
= 0.55 (for all layers)
Layer
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.55
1
2
3
4
Rs (kip)
41.469
98.835
110.584
248.814
499.702
Chapter 7
7.4 Drilled Pier Foundation 4 FHWA
Layer
1
2
3
4
(Total Modified Skin
Friction)
Rs_modified
(kip)
6.912
98.835
110.584
165.876
382.206
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2 & 11.4a
For cohesive soil layerq = 9 x c
For cohesionless soil layerq =po x Nq
Layer
1
2
3
4
q (kip)
3.646
3.880
5.611
27
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q x Ap
Layer
1
2
3
4
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB-bott = 339.292 kips
Unfactored Capacity
RB (kip)
45.815
48.759
70.510
339.292
Factored Capacity
7.4.4 Comparison
Table 7-4: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 4 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Value of
Foundation
Difference
Result
Result
Unfactored Tip Resistance 339.429 kip
339.292 kip
Negligible
Unfactored Skin Resistance 382.360 kip
382.206 kip
Negligible
Unfactored Total Axial
648.246 kip
647.985 kip
Negligible
Capacity
FactoredTip Resistance
113.143 kip
113.097 kip
Negligible
Factored Skin Resistance
127.453 kip
127.453 kip
Negligible
Factored Total Axial
216.082 kip
213.658 kip
Negligible
Capacity
7.5.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: Alternate Vesic
Method
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2ft,
pier height= 30ft, water level at 40ft.
Soil Profile
1. Sand, 8ft deep, angle of friction 30deg, Avg Density 108lb/ft 3,
2. Sand, 13ft deep, angle of friction 34deg, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3,
3. Clay, 9ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3,
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
Chapter 7
7.5 Drilled Pier Foundation 5 VESIC
7.5.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program
Layer
1
2
3
Skin Friction
Adhesion Factor for Drilled Pier in Cohesive Soil
= 0.55
Layer
1
2
3
0
0
0.55
0.462
0.540
0
Chapter 7
7.5 Drilled Pier Foundation 5 VESIC
For cohesionless soil layerf = K xPo x tan
Layer
1
2
3
tan(1) = 0.675
Rs (kip)
10.030
69.596
62.204
141.829
Rs_modified
(kip)
3.761
69.596
48.381
121.737
Base Resistance
Cohesive Soil (Bottom Layer)
Factor F = 1
r
Factor N
cp
=9
qp
=0
Unit end bearing (q), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2 & 11.4a
For cohesive soil layer q = Fr x Nqp x c
For cohesionless soil layer q =po x Nqp
Layer
1
2
3
q (psf)
0
0
18000
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q x Ap
Layer
1
2
3
RB (kip)
0
0
56.549
Unfactored Capacity
Factored Capacity
7.5.4 Comparison
Table 7-5: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 5 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Value of
Foundation
Difference
Result
Result
Unfactored Tip Resistance 16.549 kip
56.571 kip
Negligible
Unfactored Skin Resistance 121.737 kip
121.824 kip
Negligible
Unfactored Total Axial
164.149 kip
164.253 kip
Negligible
Capacity
Factored Tip Resistance
5.516 kip
18.857 kip
Negligible
Factored Skin Resistance
40.579 kip
40.608kip
Negligible
Factored Total Axial
54.716 kip
54.751 kip
Negligible
Capacity
7.6.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: Alternate Vesic
Method
Chapter 7
7.6 Drilled Pier Foundation 6 Vesic
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 4ft, pier height= 39ft, water
level at 50ft.
Soil Profile
1. Clay - , 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 105lb/ft 3, Density- Very Loose
2. Clay - , 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, Density- Medium
3. Clay - , 8ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft 2, Avg Density 111lb/ft 3, Density- Dense
4. Clay - , 12ft deep, cohesion 3kip/ft 2, Avg Density 113lb/ft 3, Density- Very Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%
Skin Friction - 100%
Neglected zone for skin friction
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 4ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
7.6.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program
Chapter 7
7.6 Drilled Pier Foundation 6 Vesic
Layer
1
2
3
Effective Overburden
Pressure (psf)
315
1345
1874
Skin Friction
Adhesion Factor for Drilled Pier in Cohesive Soil
= 0.55 (All layers)
tan( ) = 0
1
Rs (kip)
41.469
98.835
110.584
248.814
499.702
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q x Ap
Layer
1
2
RB (kip)
0
0
Layer
3
4
RB (kip)
0
339.292
Unfactored Capacity
Factored Capacity
7.6.4 Comparison
Table 7-6: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 6 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Value of
Foundation
Difference
Result
Result
UnfactoredTip Resistance
339.292 kip
339.429 kip
Negligible
Unfactored Skin Resistance 382.206 kip
382.360 kip
Negligible
Unfactored Total Axial
164.149 kip
648.246 kip
Negligible
Capacity
FactoredTip Resistance
113.097 kip
113.143 kip
Negligible
Factored Skin Resistance
127.402 kip
127.453 kip
Negligible
Factored Total Axial
54.716 kip
216.082 kip
Negligible
Capacity
Chapter7
7.6 Drilled Pier Foundation 6 Vesic
Section 8
Plant Foundation
8.1 Vertical Vessel Foundation 1
8.1.1 Input Parameters
Geometric Description
Vessel Geometry
Effective Height, Hve = 10ft
Effective Diameter, Dve = 4ft
Center of Gravity, CG = 10 ft
Pedestal Geometry
Height, Tp = 1 ft
Diameter, Dp = 5 ft
Footing Geometry
Minimum Footing Diameter = 10 ft
Maximum Footing Diameter = 10 ft
Minimum Footing Depth = 2 ft
Maximum Footing Depth = 2 ft
Chapter 8
8.1 Vertical Vessel Foundation 1
Figure 8-1: Tank and foundation elevation
Soil
Soil Depth, Ts = 0 ft
Soil Density, Vsoil = 110 pcf
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 3.8 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, Vc = 15o pcf
Concrete strength, f'c = 4 ksi
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Minimum Bar Diameter = 4
Maximum Bar Diameter = 11
Stability
Minimum Stability Ratio = 1.5
Load Types
Empty Load (De)
Operating Load
(Do)
Test Load (Dt)
Erection Load (Dr)
Live Load (Dl)
0
0
0
Base Shear
(kip)
0
0
0
0
0
8.1.2 Solution
Wind Load
Wind Load Calculation per ASCE 7-05
Partial Wind Case: Percentage of wind = 50%
Wind Speed, V = 0 mph
Exposure category D, Case 2
Chapter 8
8.1 Vertical Vessel Foundation 1
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd = 0.95 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-4
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-4
Importance factor, IW = 1.15 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-1
Gust Effect Factor, G = 0.85 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Table 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 0.9 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Gig. 6-20 & Fig. 6-21
Table 8-2: Wind loads
Elevation
Kz
Pressure
Width Area Shear Moment
1
1.03023
0
4
4
0
0
11
1.03023
0
4
40
0
0
Total Wind Shear = 0 kip
Total Wind Moment = 0 kip-ft
Seismic Load
Importance Factor, I = 1
Fundamental Period, T = 6 s
Long Period, TL = 12 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 0
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1.2
Long Period Site Coefficient at 1.0s Period, Fv = 1.7
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 0
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0
Response Modification Factor, R = 2
(kips)
(kips)
(kip-ft)
20
2o
20
10
18
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Chapter 8
8.1 Vertical Vessel Foundation 1
Governing Loads
Axial = 20 kip
Shear = 0 kip
Moment = 0 ft-kip
Table 8-6: Applied Load at Top of
Pedestal - Strength Level
Load
Axial Shear Moment
Case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(kips)
(kips)
(kip-ft)
10
o
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Governing Loads
Axial = 10 kip
Shear = 0 kip
Moment = 0 kip
Pedestal Design
Fu = 56.64 kip
Check for minimum pedestal dimension is done in accordance with PIP STE 03350 Sect. 4.5.1
Minimum Pedestal Dimension = 15.625 ft
Factored O.T.M. At Base Of Pedestal = 0 kip-ft
Seismic Load Governing, hence use Vessel Operating Weight
Nominal Axial Load (Empty/Operating), Du = 56.64 kip
Weight of Pedestal = 3.1066 kip
Dowel Circle Diameter, Dc = BCD
Number of Dowels, Nd = 32
Tensile Force In Each Dowel Per PIP STC03350 4.5.4
F = 4M
u
/(N D ) - 0.9(D +W
uped
ped
s_ped_req
/D +0.9 (D +W
uped
) = 11.769 kip
ped
d = 0.625 in
b
F = P /A = 0.015 ksi
c
Beta = 1
Weight of Soil = 0 kip
Design Results
Stability Ratio is calculated based on PIP STE03350 Eqn. 15
Table 8-7: Stability Ratio
Load
Stability
Eccentricity
Case
Ratio
1
0
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
Soil bearing calculations are per PIP STE03350 4.7.2
Table 8-8: Soil Bearing Check
Load
Max Soil
Min Soil
Case Bearing (ksf) Bearing (ksf)
1
0.2414
0.2414
2
0.2414
0.2414
3
0.2414
0.2414
4
0.4582
0.4582
5
0.2173
0.2173
6
0.4123
0.4123
7
0
0
8
0
0
Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fdia = 0.4582 ksf
Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fflat = 0.4233 ksf
Chapter 8
8.1 Vertical Vessel Foundation 1
Concrete Design
One Way Shear
Figure 8-3: One-way shear dimensions
Reinforcement Calculations
Required development length for bars
Available development length for bars (From face of Pedestal to face of Footing) = 2.724551 ft
m = f / (0.85 f ) = 17.647
y
2mR / f = 2.597(10)-3
n
st_prov
Bar Size = 5
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter, Df = 10 ft
Footing Thickness, Tf = 2 ft
8.1.3 Comparison
Table 8-9: Vertical Vessel verification example 1 comparison
STAAD
Hand
Percent
Foundation
Calculations
Difference
Result
Footing Diagonal
10
10
none
Footing Thickness
2
2
none
Footing Soil Bearing
0.458
0.496
8%
Stability Check
0
0
n/a
One Way Shear
0.266
0.266
0%
Chapter 8
8.2 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
Hand
Calculations
STAAD
Foundation
Result
Percent
Difference
6.463
6.564
2%
0.460
0.447
3%
Check
Punching Shear
Check
Reinforcement
Provided
Note: Soil Bearing values are generated from graph; %diff also contains human errors.
Vessel Geometry
Effective Height, Hve = 50 ft
Effective Diameter, Dve = 13 ft
Center of Gravity, CG = 8 ft
Pedestal Geometry
Height, Tp = 4 ft
Diameter, Dp = 14 ft
Footing Geometry
Minimum Footing Diameter = 16 ft
Maximum Footing Diameter = 24 ft
Minimum Footing Depth = 1 ft
Maximum Footing Depth = 16 ft
Chapter 8
8.2 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
Soil
Soil Depth, Ts = 2 ft
Soil Density, Vsoil = 110 pcf
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 4 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, Vc = 15o pcf
Concrete strength, f'c = 4 ksi
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Minimum Bar Diameter = 4
Maximum Bar Diameter = 11
Stability
Minimum Stability Ratio = 1.5
8.2.2 Solution
Wind Load
Wind Load Calculation per ASCE 7-05
Partial Wind Case: Percentage of wind = 50%
Base Shear
(kip)
0
0
0
0
0
Kz
0.848884
0.848884
0.901885
0.945265
0.982253
1.043581
1.093775
1.102844
Shear
0.507899
3.301344
1.349026
1.413912
1.469238
3.121944
3.272105
0.659847
Moment
0.507899
28.06143
23.60796
31.81303
40.40405
109.268
147.2447
33.65219
Seismic Load
Importance Factor, I = 1
Fundamental Period, T = 4.1 s
Long Period, TL = 12 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 0.105
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0.043
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1.2
Long Period Site Coefficient at 1.0s Period, Fv = 1.7
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 0.084
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0.049
Response Modification Factor, R = 2
Chapter 8
8.2 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
0
0
0
1
0
0.9
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0.9
0
0
0
0
1
0 0.83
0
0
0.7
0
0.7
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.83
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
0
0.9
0
0
0
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
0
0.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.6
0
1.6
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
0
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(kips)
(kips)
(kip-ft)
66
66
66
28
59.4
0
15.09532
0.275945
15.09532
0.275945
0
414.5593
2.207563
414.4493
2.207563
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Use Use
r
r
Loa Loa
d2 d3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Load
Axial
Shear
Moment
Case
6
7
8
(kips)
(kips)
(kip-ft)
25.2
70
60.59
0.117068
7.547658
6.264556
0.936542
207.2797
172.0421
Governing Loads
Axial = 70 kip
Shear = 15.09532 kip
Moment = 414.5593 ft-kip
Table 8-15: Applied Load at Top of
Pedestal - Strength Level
Load Axial
Shear
Moment
Case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
(kips)
(kips)
(kip-ft)
92.4
79.2
79.2
79.2
25.2
59.4
25.2
63
0
0
24.15251
0.394208
24.15251
0.394208
0.16724
12.07625
0
0
663.2949
3.153661
663.2949
3.153661
1.337917
331.6474
Governing Loads
Axial = 92.4 kip
Shear = 24.15251 kip
Moment = 663.2949 kip
Pedestal Design
Fu = 56.64 kip
Check for minimum pedestal dimension is done in accordance with PIP STE 03350 Sect. 4.5.1
Minimum Pedestal Dimension = 2.0833 ft
Factored O.T.M. At Base Of Pedestal = 759.9049 kip-ft
Seismic Load Governing, hence use Vessel Operating Weight
Nominal Axial Load (Empty/Operating), Du = 56.64 kip
Weight of Pedestal = 97.42292 kip
Dowel Circle Diameter, Dc = BCD = 1.333 ft
Number of Dowels, Nd = 32
Tensile Force In Each Dowel Per PIP STC03350 4.5.4
Chapter 8
8.2 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
F = 4M
u
/(N D ) - 0.9(D +W
uped
ped
s_ped_req
/D +0.9 (D +W
uped
) = 728.889 kip
ped
F = P /A = 84.211 ksi
c
Design Results
Stability Ratio is calculated based on PIP STE03350 Eqn. 15
Table 8-16: Stability Ratio
Load
Stability
Eccentricity
Case
Ratio
1
0
0
2
2.376857
3.36579
3
0.017400
459.778
4
2.913937
2.74543
5
0.017975
445.060
6
0.009203
869.292
7
1.165810
6.86219
8
1.012977
7.89752
Soil bearing calculations are per PIP STE03350 4.7.2
Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fdia = 2.10298 ksf
Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fflat = 1.94299 ksf
Concrete Design
One Way Shear
Figure 8-7: One-way shear dimensions
Reinforcement Calculations
Required development length for bars
Chapter 8
8.2 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
Available development length for bars (From face of Pedestal to face of Footing) = 1.628742 ft
Rn = Mu / (0.91ftd2) = 0.079 ksi
m = fy / (0.85 fc) = 17.647
2mRn / fy = 0.047
st_req
min
= 0.0018
st_min
=p
min
Spacing Required
s = 18 in.
Area of Steel Provided
A
st_prov
Bar Size = 5
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter = 16 ft
Footing Thickness = 1 ft
8.2.3 Comparison
Table 8-17: Vertical Vessel verification example 2 comparison
STAAD
Hand
Percent
Foundation
Calculations
Difference
Result
Footing Diagonal
16
16
0
Footing Thickness
1
1
0
Footing Soil Bearing
2.1030
2.102
0
Stability Check
2.7454
2.748
0
One Way Shear
4.1857
4.193
0
Check
17.58
STAAD
Foundation
Result
17.951
0.20453
0.18765
Hand
Calculations
Punching Shear
Check
Reinforcement
Provided
Percent
Difference
2
9
Vessel Geometry
Effective Height, Hve = 30 ft
Effective Diameter, Dve - 10 ft
Center of Gravity, CG = 8 ft
Pedestal Geometry
Height = 2 ft
Diameter = 12 ft
Footing Geometry
Minimum Footing Diameter = 14 ft
Maximum Footing Diameter = 16 ft
Minimum Footing Depth = 1 ft
Maximum Footing Depth = 2 ft
Chapter 8
8.3 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
Figure 8-9: Tank and foundation elevation
Soil
Soil Depth, Ts = 2 ft
Soil Density, Vsoil = 110 pcf
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 4 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, Vc = 15o pcf
Concrete strength, f'c = 4 ksi
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Minimum Bar Diameter = 4
Maximum Bar Diameter = 11
Stability
Minimum Stability Ratio = 1.5
Primary Load Description
Load Types
Empty Load (De)
Operating Load
(Do)
Test Load (Dt)
Erection Load (Dr)
Live Load (Dl)
Base Shear
(kip)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8.3.2 Solution
Wind Load
Wind Load Calculation per ASCE 7-05
Partial Wind Case: Percentage of wind = 50%
Wind Speed, V = 90 mph
Exposure category B, Case 2
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd = 0.95 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-4
Chapter 8
8.3 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-4
Importance factor, IW = 1.15 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-1
Gust Effect Factor, G = 0.85 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Table 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 0.8 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Gig. 6-20 & Fig.
Table 8-19: Wind loads
Elevation
Kz
Pressure Width Area
Shear
1
0.57472
0.01302
10
10
0.088534
15
0.57472
0.01302
10
140
1.23948
20
0.623954 0.014135
10
50
0.480594
25
0.66503
0.015066
10
50
0.512232
30
0.700591 0.015871
10
50
0.539622
Total Wind Shear = 2.86 kip
Total Wind Moment = 44.735 ft-kip
Seismic Load
Importance Factor, I = 1
Fundamental Period, T = 4.1 s
Long Period, TL = 12 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 1.997
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0.805
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1
Long Period Site Coefficient at 1.0s Period, Fv = 1.3
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 1.332
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0.697
Response Modification Factor, R = 2
6-21
Moment
0.044267
9.915838
8.410392
11.52522
14.83962
0
0
0
0
0.9
0
0.9
0
0
0
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
0
0.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.6
0
1.6
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
0
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(kips)
(kips)
(kip-ft)
40
40
40
20
36
18
30
49.8
0
2.8605
2.3816
2.8605
2.3816
1.1908
1.4302
1.1871
0
44.735
19.053
44.735
19.053
9.5264
22.368
18.565
Chapter 8
8.3 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
Governing Loads
Axial = 49.8 kip
Shear = 2.86046 kip
Moment = 44.73534 kip-ft
Table 8-23: Applied Load at Top
of Pedestal - Strength Level
Load Axial Shear Moment
Case (kips) (kips)
1
56
0
2
48
0
3
48 4.5767
4
48 3.4023
5
18 4.5767
6
36 3.4023
7
18 1.7011
8
27 2.2884
(kip-ft)
0
0
71.577
27.218
71.577
27.218
13.609
35.788
Governing Loads
Axial = 56 kips
Shear 4.57674 kips
Moment = 71.5765 ft-kip
Pedestal Design
Fu = 56.64 kip
Check for minimum pedestal dimension is done in accordance with PIP STE 03350 Sect. 4.5.1
Minimum Pedestal Dimension = 2.08333 ft
Factored O.T.M. At Base Of Pedestal = 80.730 kip-ft
Seismic Load Governing, hence use Vessel Operating Weight
Nominal Axial Load (Empty/Operating), Du = 56.64 kip
Weight of Pedestal = 35.788 kip
Dowel Circle Diameter, Dc = BCD = 1.333 ft
Number of Dowels, Nd = 32
Tensile Force In Each Dowel Per PIP STC03350 4.5.4
F = 4M
u
/(N D ) - 0.9(D +W
uped
ped
s_ped_req
/D +0.9 (D +W
uped
) = 135.957 kip
ped
d = 0.625 in
b
F = P /A = 12.43 ksi
c
Beta = 1
Weight of Soil, W
soil
= 9.477 kip
Design Results
Stability Ratio is calculated based on PIP STE03350 Eqn. 15
Table 8-24: Stability Ratio
Load
Stability
Eccentricity
Case
Ratio
1
0
0
2
0.4864
14.392
3
0.2390
29.291
4
0.5949
11.766
5
0.2480
28.222
6
0.1495
46.825
7
0.2676
26.159
8
0.1853
37.780
Soil bearing calculations are per PIP STE03350 4.7.2
Table 8-25: Soil Bearing Check
Load
Max Soil
Min Soil
Bearing
(ksf)
Bearing
(ksf)
Case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.6751
0.8672
0.7695
0.7440
0.7449
0.5402
0.7100
0.8152
0.2453
0.3164
0.2808
0.7440
0.2539
0.5402
0.2137
0.3399
Chapter 8
8.3 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
Concrete Design
One Way Shear
Figure 8-11: One-way shear dimensions
Reinforcement Calculations
Required development length for bars
Available development length for bars (From face of Pedestal to face of Footing) = 1.538921 ft
Rn = Mu / (0.91ftd2) = 0.014 ksi
m = fy / (0.85 fc) = 17.647
2mRn / fy = 7.944(10)-3
st,req
min
= 0.0018
st,min
min
d1 ft = 0.188 in2
st_prov
Bar Size = 5
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter = 14 ft
Footing Thickness = 1 ft
8.3.3 Comparison
Table 8-26: Vertical Vessel verification example 3 comparison
STAAD
Hand
Percent
Foundation
Calculations
Difference
Result
Footing Diagonal
14
14
none
Footing Thickness
1
1
none
Footing Soil Bearing
0.8672
0.835
4%
Stability Check
11.766
12.898
9%
One Way Shear
0.9052
1.13
20%
Check
Punching Shear
12.085
12.338
2%
Chapter 8
8.4 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 1
Hand
Calculations
STAAD
Foundation
Result
Percent
Difference
0.2045
0.1878
9%
Check
Reinforcement
Provided
Comparison
Table 8-27: Vertical Vessel verification example 4 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Base Shear Empty Case
5.902132222
5.902
0.0022403
Value of
(kip)
Base Shear Operating Case
(kip)
Base Moment Empty Case
(kip - ft)
Base Moment Operating
Case (kip -ft)
Reference
Result
STAAD
Foundation
Result
Percent
Difference
11.80426444
11.804
0.0022403
59.02132222
59.021
0.00054595
118.0426444
118.043
0.00030121
Chapter 8
8.6 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 3
Comparison
Table 8-28: Vertical Vessel verification example 5 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Base Shear Empty Case
3.9693
3.969
0.007
(kip)
Base Shear Operating Case
7.9386
7.939
0.005
(kip)
Base Moment Empty Case
39.693
39.69
0.007
(kip - ft)
Base Moment Operating
79.3858
79.39
0.005
Case (kip -ft)
Comparison
Table 8-29: Vertical Vessel verification example 6 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Base Shear Empty Case (kip)
0.49096
0.491
0.0081
Base Shear Operating Case
0.98192
0.982
0.0081
(kip)
Base Moment Empty Case
4.9096
4.91
0.0081
(kip - ft)
Base Moment Operating
9.8192
9.82
0.0081
Case (kip -ft)
Chapter 8
8.8 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 5
CS = 0.012, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Empty Load Case Base Shear
Shear empty = CS x Emptywt = 1.25 kips
Operating Load Case Base Shear
Shear operating = CS x Operating wt = 2.499 kips
Empty Load Case Earthquake Moment
Moment empty = Shear empty x CG = 12.496 kip*ft
Operating Load Case Earthquake Moment
Moment operating = Shear operating x CG =24.992 kip*ft
Comparison
Table 8-30: Vertical Vessel verification example 7 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Base Shear Empty Case
1.249592
1.25
0.03264
(kip)
Base Shear Operating Case
2.499184
2.499
0.00736295
(kip)
Base Moment Empty Case
12.49592
12.496
0.0006402
(kip - ft)
Base Moment Operating
24.99184
24.992
0.0006402
Case (kip -ft)
Comparison
Table 8-31: Vertical Vessel verification example 8 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Base Shear Empty Case (kip) 0.903868649
0.904
0.01452995
Base Shear Operating Case
1.807737298
1.808
0.01452995
(kip)
Base Moment Empty Case
9.038686492
9.039
0.00346839
(kip - ft)
Base Moment Operating
18.07737298
18.077
0.00206331
Case (kip -ft)
Chapter 8
8.10 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 7
Operating Weight of Vessel, Operating wt = 200 kip
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal, CG = 9 ft
Fa = 0.9, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv =0.8, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
SDS = 0.735, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at short periods per ASCE 7
11.4.4
SD1 = 0.283, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at period of 1 sec per ASCE 7
11.4.4
CS = 0.024, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Base Shear Based on Operating Load Condition
V = CsOperating
wt
= 4.722 kip
Comparison
Table 8-32: Vertical Vessel verification example 9 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Seismic Response Coef0.02361
0.024
1.631
ficient (Cs)
Base Shear Operating
4.722
4.722
0.006
Case (kip)
wt
= 14.289 kip
Comparison
Table 8-33: Vertical Vessel verification example 10 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Seismic Response Coef0.0715
0.071
0.63
ficient (Cs)
Base Shear Operating
14.289
14.289
0.002
Case (kip)
wt
=3.339 kip
Chapter 8
8.12 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 9
Comparison
Table 8-34: Vertical Vessel verification example 11 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Seismic Response Coef0.0167
0.017
1.787
ficient (Cs)
Base Shear Operating
3.339
3.339
0.007
Case (kip)
wt
= 40.429 kip
Comparison
Table 8-35: Vertical Vessel verification example 12 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Seismic Response Coef0.2021
0.202
none
ficient (Cs)
Base Shear Operating
40.429
40.429
none
Case (kip)
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 80 mph
Wind Directional Factor, Kd = 0.95, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Wind Exposure = C
Exposure Case = 2
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1.0, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.7.2
Importance factor, I = 1.15, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.5
Gust Wind Effect Factor, G = 0.85, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 1, per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-20 & 6-21
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Design Wind Pressure per ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
q = 0.00256K K VIGC
z
Chapter 8
8.14 Vertical Vessel Wind Load Generation 2
Kz
0.849
0.849
0.902
0.945
0.982
1.044
1.094
1.137
1.141
qz
(psf)
15.195
15.195
16.143
16.920
17.582
18.680
19.578
20.344
20.415
A
(ft2)
15
210
75
75
75
150
150
150
15
F
(kip)
0.194
2.712
1.029
1.079
1.121
2.382
2.496
2.594
0.260
13.867
M
(ftkip)
0.097
21.698
18.010
24.269
30.823
83.823
112.329
142.663
15.748
448.995
Comparison
Table 8-36: Vertical Vessel verification example 13 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Wind Shear on Top of Pier
13.867
13.867
none
(kip)
Wind Moment of Top of
448.995
448.898
negligible
Pier (ftkip)
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 90 mph
Wind Directional Factor, Kd = 0.95, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Wind Exposure = D
Exposure Case = 2
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1.0, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.7.2
Importance factor, I = 1.15, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.5
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Design Wind Pressure per ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
q = 0.00256K K VIGC
z
qz
(psf)
23.339
23.339
24.536
25.507
26.329
27.680
28.775
29.702
30.509
31.019
A
(ft2)
20
280
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
140
F
M
(kip) (ftkip)
0.317
0.159
4.444 35.550
1.668 29.198
1.734 39.026
1.790 49.235
3.764 131.756
3.913 176.103
4.039 222.171
4.149 269.700
2.953 217.046
28.77 1169.945
Comparison
Table 8-37: Vertical Vessel verification example 14 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Wind Shear on Top of Pier
28.774
28.774
none
(kip)
Wind Moment of Top of
1169.945
1168.516
0.12
Pier (ftkip)
Chapter 8
8.15 Vertical Vessel Wind Load Generation 3
Diameter of Vessel = 20 ft
Vessel Time Period, t = 5 sec.
Pedestal height Above Ground = 3 ft
Vessel Frequency, f = 1/t = 0.2 Hz
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 110 mph
Wind Directional Factor, Kd = 0.95, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Wind Exposure = B
Exposure Case = 2
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1.0, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.7.2
Importance factor, I = 1.15, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.5
Gust Wind Effect Factor, G = 0.85, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 0.8, per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-20 & 6-21
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Design Wind Pressure per ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
q = 0.00256K K VIGC
z
qz
(psf)
19.449
19.449
21.115
22.505
23.709
25.740
27.434
28.901
30.203
31.037
A
(ft2)
20
280
100
100
100
200
200
200
200
140
F
(kip)
0.265
3.703
1.436
1.530
1.612
3.501
3.731
3.931
4.108
2.955
26.771
M
(ftkip)
0.132
29.625
25.127
34.433
44.336
122.522
167.899
216.183
266.993
217.169
1124.42
Comparison
Table 8-38: Vertical Vessel verification example 15 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Wind Shear on Top of Pier
26.771
26.771
none
(kip)
Wind Moment of Top of
1124.42
1123.23
0.11
Pier (ftkip)
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 110 mph
Wind Directional Factor, Kd = 0.95, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Wind Exposure = B
Exposure Case = 2
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1.0, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.7.2
Importance factor, I = 1.15, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.5
Gust Wind Effect Factor, G = 0.85, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, Cf = 0.8, per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-20 & 6-21
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Design Wind Pressure per ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
q = 0.00256K K VIGC
z
Chapter 8
8.17 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 1
Kz
0.575
0.575
0.624
0.657
qz
(psf)
19.449
19.449
21.115
22.245
A
(ft2)
6
84
30
24
F
(kip)
0.079
1.111
0.431
0.363
1.984
M
(ftkip)
0.040
8.888
7.538
7.987
24.452
Comparison
Table 8-39: Vertical Vessel verification example 16 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Percent
Value of
Foundation
Result
Difference
Result
Wind Shear on Top of Pier
1.984
1.984
none
(kip)
Wind Moment of Top of
24.452
24.293
negligible
Pier (ftkip)
Vessel Loads
You are provided an option of making both piers identical, engineering and installation errors
can be avoided by doing so. If making them identical does not lead to economical solution, then
check applied load distribution, follow PIP 4.3
Operating Load = 106 kip
Empty Load = 92 kip
Test Load = 118 kip
A major difference between pier loads is caused by longitudinal seismic load (i.e., when vessel
is located in higher seismic area). Thermal load and bundle pull force also contribute towards
the difference.
Thermal Load = 0 kip
Live Load = 0 kip
Erection Load = 110 kip
Earthquake Loads
Transverse Earthquake Load Operating Condition
Bottom of the Base Plate to HPFS (est) = 10 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Operating Condition = 15 kip
Transverse Earthquake Load Empty Condition = 9 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 10 kip
X = long
Z = trans
Wind Loads
= 0.4
Transverse Wind Load on Vessel = 10 kip
Longitudinal Wind Load on Vessel = 3.5 kip
Longitudinal Wind Load on Pier = 0.5 kip
Chapter 8
8.17 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 1
Em Operat Te Ther
pty
ing
st mal
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0.9
0.9
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0.9
0.9
0
0
0
0
0
16
17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.83
0.83
0
Bun EQTr
dle
ans
W W
EQL
Li Erecti
Tra Lo
ong
ve on
ns ng
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0.7
0
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0.7
0
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0.4- 0
15
0 0.415
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
Em Operat Te Ther
pty
ing
st mal
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
0.9
0
0
0.9
0.9
0
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
0
0
0.9
0.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.4
1.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bun EQTr
dle
ans
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
W W
EQL
Li Erecti
Tra Lo
ong
ve on
ns ng
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0 1.6
1.6 0
0
0 1.6 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.6 0
0
0 1.6 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.6 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
Loa
d
Co
mb.
14
15
16
17
Em Operat Te Ther
pty
ing
st mal
0
0
0
0.9
0
0
0
0
0
1.2
1.2
0
0
0
0
0
Bun EQTr
dle
ans
0
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
0
W W
EQL
Li Erecti
Tra Lo
ong
ve on
ns ng
0
0
0
0
0 1.6
0.8 0
0 0.8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
0
0
0
Chapter 8
8.17 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 1
Table 8-43: Strength level loads applied at the top of the
top of the fixed pier
Axi
Transver Longitudi
al
Longitudi Transver
Load
se
nal
Loa
Com
nal Shear se Shear
Moment Moment
d
b.
(kip)
(kip)
(ki
(ft-kip)
(ft-kip)
p)
1
59.30
0
0
0
6
2
50.80
0
0
0
8
3
50.80
4
0
0
8
4
50.83.6
0
0
0
8
5
50.80
7
0
0
8
6
50.810.5
0
0
0
8
7
33.10
4
0
0
2
8
33.13.6
0
0
0
2
9
38.10
7
0
0
6
10 38.110.5
0
0
0
6
11 33.10
6.3
0
0
2
12 33.17
0
0
0
2
13 39.60
4
0
0
0
14 39.63.6
0
0
0
0
15 56.60
2
0
0
4
16 56.61.8
0
0
0
4
17 33.10
0
0
0
2
Comparison
Hand Calculation results exactly match the results of STAAD Foundation analysis.
Vessel Loads
You are provided an option of making both piers identical, engineering and installation errors
can be avoided by doing so. If making them identical does not lead to economical solution, then
check applied load distribution, follow PIP 4.3
Operating Load = 150 kip
Empty Load = 100 kip
Test Load = 160 kip
A major difference between pier loads is caused by longitudinal seismic load (i.e., when vessel is
located in higher seismic area). Thermal load and bundle pull force also contribute towards the
difference.
Thermal Load = 0
Bundle Pull Force = 0
Live Load = 0
Erection Load = 110 kip
Chapter 8
8.18 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 2
Earthquake Loads
Location Corona 92880
S1 = 0.882, Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 11.4.1
SS = 2.296, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = D, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
R = 1, Response modification Coefficient per ASCE 7 Tables 15.4-1 or 15.4-2
I = 1.15, Importance Factor per ASCE 7 11.5.1
T = 6 sec., Fundamental Period of Vessel
TL = 12 sec., Long-Period Transition Periods per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal = 7 ft +10.416 ft - 5 ft =
fa = , Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
fv = , Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
SDS = 1.53, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at short periods per ASCE 7 11.4.4
SD1 = 0.882, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at period of 1 sec per ASCE 7
11.4.4
CS = 0.074, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Base Shear Based on Operating Load Condition = 11.029 kip
Base Shear Based on Empty Load Condition = 7.352 kip
Transverse Earthquake Load Operating Condition = 11.029 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Operating Condition
Transverse Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 7.352 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 7.352 kip
Wind Loads
Transverse Wind Load on Vessel = 10 kip
Bottom of the Base Plate to HPFS (est)
= 0.4
Longitudinal Wind Load on Vessel = 3.5 kip
Longitudinal Wind Load on Pier = 0.5 kip
Transverse Wind Moment at top of pedestal = 20 ft-kip
X = long
Z = trans
Longitudinal Wind Load at top of pedestal = 10 ft-kip
Em Operat Te Ther
pty
ing
st mal
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0.9
0.9
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0.9
0.9
0
0
0
0
0
16
17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.83
0.83
0
Bun EQTr
dle
ans
EQL
ong
W W
Li Erecti
Tra Lo
ve on
ns ng
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0.7
0
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0.7
0
0.7
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0.415
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0.4- 0
15
0
0
0
0
Em Operat Te Ther
pty
ing
st mal
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
0.9
0
0
0.9
0.9
0
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
0
0
0.9
0.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.4
1.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bun EQTr
dle
ans
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
EQL
ong
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
W W
Li Erecti
Tra Lo
ve on
ns ng
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
0
0
1.6
0
0
0 1.6
0
0
1.6 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.6 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
Chapter 8
8.18 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 2
Loa
d
Co
mb.
14
15
16
17
Em Operat Te Ther
pty
ing
st mal
0
0
0
0.9
0
0
0
0
0
1.2
1.2
0
0
0
0
0
Bun EQTr
dle
ans
0
0
0
1.6
0
0
0
0
EQL
ong
0
0
0
0
W W
Li Erecti
Tra Lo
ve on
ns ng
0
0.8
0
0
1.6
0
0.8
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
0
0
0
Comparison
Hand Calculation results exactly match the results of STAAD Foundation analysis.
Chapter8
8.18 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 2
Section 9
Foundation Reinforcement
Bottom Reinf.
(Mz)
# 10 @ 60 mm c /
c
Bottom Reinf.
(Mx)
# 10 @ 60 mm c /
c
Base
Reinforcement
Main
Stirrups
Bars
N/A
N/A
Chapter 9
9.1 Cone Footing Design
Compressive strength of concrete: 11.900 N/mm2
Reinforcement strength: 210.000 N/mm2
Minimum bar size: # 6
Maximum bar size: # 50
Minimum bar spacing: 50.00 mm
Maximum bar spacing: 500.00 mm
Clear Cover
Reinforcement layer thickness (F, CL): 50.00 mm
Soil Characteristics
Unit Weight: 18.00 kN/m3
Foundation bearing capacity: 180.00 kPa
Surcharge: 0.00 kN/m2
Height of soil above footing: 2000.00 mm
Geometry Information
Initial size of base
Thickness (Ft) : 1000.00 mm
Length - X (Fl) : 3000.00 mm
Width - Z (Fw) : 3000.00 mm
Edge height of the cone footing (St) : 500.00 mm
Column Dimension
Column Shape: Rectangular
Column length - X (Pl) : 600.00 mm
Column width - Z (Pw) : 600.00 mm
Column Cap
Column cap length - X : N/A
Column cap width - Z : N/A
9.1.2 Solution
Table 9-3: Loads for foundation base size estimation -For foundation base (1)
Condition Vertical Force Shear X Shear Z Moment X
Moment Z
No.
(KN)
(KN)
(KN)
(kNm)
(kNm)
101
1000.000
0.000
0.000
99.998
99.998
Basic dimensions
Initial size (Lo) = 3.00 m
Initial size (Wo) = 3.00 m
Net buoyancy = -0.00 kN
Adhesion = 0.00 kN
The minimum required base area, Amin = P / fa = 7.356 m2
The initial design area , Ao = LoWo = 9.00 m2
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
102.6667
102.6667
102.6667
102.6667
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
191.5556
191.5556
191.5556
191.5556
Zeropressure
area (Au)
(m2)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Chapter 9
9.1 Cone Footing Design
If Au equals zero, that means it is small eccentricity, and do not need to adjust the pressure.
Otherwise, the pressure needs to be adjusted. The negative pressure should always set as 0.
Keep adjusting if necessary.
Four corners of the stress adjusted data (if any).
Pressure at
No. Load
Corner1 (q1)
Condition
(KN/m2)
101
147.1111
101
147.1111
101
147.1111
101
147.1111
Pressure at
Corner2 (q2)
(KN/m2)
102.6667
102.6667
102.6667
102.6667
Pressure at
Corner3 (q3)
(KN/m2)
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
Pressure at
Corner4 (q4)
(KN/m2)
191.5556
191.5556
191.5556
191.5556
hp t m 0
hp t m 0
Chapter 9
9.1 Cone Footing Design
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, Safe
Negative X Side
Control condition = # 102
Punching shear
F = P A = 133.333724774.976 = 96.637 kN
l
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, Safe
Positive Z Side
Control condition = # 102
Punching shear
F = P A = 133.333724774.976 = 96.637 kN
l
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, Safe
Negative Z Side
Control condition = # 102
Punching shear
F = P A = 88.889724774.976 = 64.424 kN
l
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, Safe
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, Safe
9.1.5 Reinforcement
Reinforcement Along the XDirection
Figure 9-3: Reinforcement parallel to the X-direction
st
0 y
Chapter 9
9.1 Cone Footing Design
Smin S Smax
Selected Reinforcement satisfy the requirements.
Astmin Ast, with real
Selected Reinforcement satisfy the requirements.
Smin S Smax
Reinforced selected to meet the requirements .
Astmin Ast, with real
Reinforcement meet the requirements
Reinforcements should be placed at the base bottom.
Chapter 9
9.2 PKPM Isolated Footing Design
Width = 700 mm
Height = 500 mm
Bottom elevation of the basis: -2.0 m
Shifts of the base: S Direction: 0 mm B direction: 0 mm
Reinforcement at the bottom of the base:
Y direction : 10 @ 200
X direction : 10 @ 200
Weight of the foundation and soil:: 18.0 kPa
Loading information
Basic values of vertical load: Nk = 1000 kN
Basic value of the moment along X dir.: Mx = 100 kNM
Basic value of the moment along Y dir.: My = 100 kNM
9.2.2 Solution
Check Shear
Following formula Per GB5007 - 2002 code for design of building foundation:
F 0.7 f a h (Ref. clause 8.2.7 - 1)
l
hp t m 0
hp t
Bending Reinforcement
The following formula are used Per GB5007 - 2002 code for design of building foundation:
M = (1/12)a 2[(2l + a')(P
1
jmax
+ P ) + (P
j
jmax
+ P )l ]
j
Chapter 9
9.2 PKPM Isolated Footing Design
Moment calculations
x direction, h0 = 940 mm
M = (1.20)2[(23.00 + 0.60)(133333.33 + 115555.55) + (133333.33 - 115555.55)3.00] / 12 =
203.52 kNm
M =(1.20)2[(23.00 + 0.60)(88888.89 + 106666.66) + (88888.89 - 106666.66)3.00] / 12 =
148.48 kNm
y direction , h0 = 940 mm
M = (1.20)2[(23.00 + 0.60)(88888.89 + 106666.66) + (88888.89 - 106666.66)3.00] / 12 =
148.48 kNm
M = (1.20)2[(23.00 + 0.60)(133333.33 + 115555.55) + (133333.33 - 115555.55)3.00] / 12 =
203.52 kNm
x direction , h0 = 940 mm
M = (1.20)2[(23.00 + 0.60)(133333.33 + 115555.55) + (133333.33 - 115555.55)3.00] / 12 =
203.52 kNm
M = (1.20)2[(23.00 + 0.60)(88888.89 + 106666.66) + (88888.89 - 106666.66)3.00] / 12 =
148.48 kNm
y direction , h0 = 940 mm
M = (1.20)2[(23.00 + 0.60)(88888.89 + 106666.66) + (88888.89 - 106666.66)3.00] / 12 =
148.48 kNm
M = (1.20)2[(23.00 + 0.60)(133333.33 + 115555.55) + (133333.33 - 115555.55)3.00] / 12 =
203.52 kNm
Reinforcement calculation:
M = 203.520
1
Gx
0 y
M = 203.520
2
Gy
0 y
M = 203.520
1
Gx
0 y
M = 203.520
2
Gy
0 y
1
-
2.000 m
1.000 m
0.400 m
0.400 m
Foundation Reinforcement
Bottom Reinf.
(Mz)
# 10 @ 60 mm c /
c
Bottom Reinf.
(Mx)
# 10 @ 60 mm c /
c
Base
Reinforcement
Main
Stirrups
Bars
N/A
N/A
9.3.1 Problem
Basic Geometry
Height of the base - (Ft): 1200.00 mm
Length of the base - X (Fl): 3000.00 mm
Width of the base - Z (Fw): 3000.00 mm
Column Dimension
Column Shape : Rectangular
Length of the Column section - X (Pl): 600.00 mm
Width of the column section - Z (Pw): 600.00 mm
Base
Base length - X: N / A
Base width - Z: N / A
Chapter 9
9.3 Stepped Foundation Design
Maximum bar spacing : 500.00 mm
Clear cover (F, CL): 50.00 mm
Soil Properties
Soil type: Drained
Density: 18.00 kN/m3
Foundation bearing capacity : 180.00 kPa
Surcharge: 0.00 kN/m2
Embedment depth of foundation: 2,000.00 mm
Adhesion: 0.00 kN/m2
9.3.2 Solution
Foundation Dimensions
The initial length (Lo) = 76.20 m
The initial width (Wo) = 76.20 m
Buoyancy = -0.00 KN
Adhesion = 0.00 kN
Minimum area of steel required
Bearing pressure, Amin = P / qmax = 7.356 m2
Initial foundation area , Ao = Lo x Wo = 5806.44 m2
Corner Stresses
Initial pressure at four corners (before adjustment )
Figure 9-6: Four corners of the calculated stress
Load
Case
101
101
101
101
Pressure at
Corner1 (q1)
(KN/m2)
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
Pressure at
Corner2 (q2)
(KN/m2)
102.6667
102.6667
102.6667
102.6667
Pressure at
Corner3 (q3)
(KN/m2)
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
Pressure at
Corner4 (q4)
(KN/m2)
191.5556
191.5556
191.5556
191.5556
Zero-pressure
area (Au) (m2)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
If Au equals zero, that means it is small eccentricity, and do not need to adjust the pressure.
Otherwise, the pressure needs to be adjusted. The negative pressure should always set as 0.
Keep adjusting if necessary.
Pressure at
Corner1 (q1)
(KN/m2)
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
Pressure at
Corner2 (q2)
(KN/m2)
102.6667
102.6667
102.6667
102.6667
Pressure at
Corner3 (q3)
(KN/m2)
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
147.1111
Pressure at
Corner4 (q4)
(KN/m2)
191.5556
191.5556
191.5556
191.5556
Chapter 9
9.3 Stepped Foundation Design
hp t m 0
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, Safe
Negative X Direction
Control condition = # 102
Punching shear
F = P A = 133.333 190774.972 = 25.437 kN
l
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, Safe
Positive Z Direction
Control condition = # 102
Punching shear
F = P A = 133.333 190774.972 = 25.437 kN
l
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, Safe
Chapter 9
9.3 Stepped Foundation Design
Negative Z Direction
Control condition = # 102
Punching shear
F = P A = 88.889 190774.972 = 16.958 kN
l
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, Safe
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, Safe
st
0 y
Chapter 9
9.4 PKPMStepped Footing Design
Critical load case number = # 102
Minimal reinforcement ratio [per Cl. 9.5.2], min = 0.15%
Cross-sectional area about Z-axis, A cross = 2400000.000
Minimum reinforcement area
Astmin = min A cross- = 0.15% 2400000.000 = 3600.000
Calculate moment
MI = (A1) 2 [(2l + a ') (pmax + p-2G / A) + (pmax - p)l] / 12
= 1,200.0002 [(2 3,000.000 + 600.000) (0.169 + 0.152 - 2 324,000.000/9,000,000.000) +
(0.169 - 0.152) 3000.000] / 12 = 203,519,997.379 kNm
Calculate the area required
A
st
0 y
Width = 1,000 mm
Height = 400 mm
Bottom elevation of the base: -2.0 m
Shift the basis of the heart: S Direction : 0 mm B direction : 0 mm
Bottom Reinforcement:
Y direction : 10 @ 200
X direction : 10 @ 200
Unit self weight of the soil and footing: 18.0 kPa
Column section information:
Height of the column section: 600 mm
Width of the Column section: 600 mm
Eccentricity x : 0 mm
Eccentricity y : 0 mm
Column angle: 0
Loading information
The basic values of vertical load: Nk = 1,000 kN
X direction of the basic value of the moment: Mx = 100 kNm
Y direction of the basic value of the moment: My = 100 kNm
Chapter 9
9.4 PKPMStepped Footing Design
Elevation and plan
9.4.2 Solution
Check Shear
The following formulae are used per GB5007 - 2002 code of design of building foundations:
F 0.7 f a h (Ref. clause 8.2.7 - 1)
l
hp t m 0
hp t
Chapter 9
9.4 PKPMStepped Footing Design
Punching shear check is satisfied along this direction
X- direction , height H = 400 mm
F = P A = 133.33 0.43 = 57.00
l
Bending Reinforcement
The following formula is used per GB50007 - 2002 code for design of building foundations:
M = (1/12)a 2[(2l + a')(P
1
jmax
+ P ) + (P
j
jmax
+ P )l ]
j
Moment calculations
x direction , h0 = 340 mm
M = 0.50 0.50 [(2 3.00 +0.60) (133,333.33 + 125,925.92) + (133,333.33 - 125,925.92)
3.00] / 12 = 36.11 kNm
M = 0.50 0.50 [(2 3.00 +0.60) (88,888.89 + 96,296.30) + (88,888.89 - 96,296.30) 3.00]
/ 12 = 25.00 kNm
y direction , h0 = 340 mm
M = 0.50 0.50 [(2 3.00 +0.60) (88,888.89 + 96,296.30) + (88,888.89 - 96,296.30) 3.00]
/ 12 = 25.00 kNm
M = 0.50 0.50 [(2 3.00 +0.60) (133,333.33 + 125,925.92) + (133,333.33 - 125,925.92)
3.00] / 12 = 36.11 kNm
x direction , h0 = 740 mm
M = 1.00 1.00 [(2 3.00 +0.60) (133,333.33 + 118,518.52) + (133,333.33 - 118,518.52)
3.00] / 12 = 142.22 kNm
M = 1.00 1.00 [(2 3.00 +0.60) (88,888.89 + 103,703.70) + (88,888.89 - 103,703.70)
3.00] / 12 = 102.22 kNm
y direction , h0 = 740 mm
M = 1.00 1.00 [(2 3.00 +0.60) (88,888.89 + 103,703.70) + (88,888.89 - 103,703.70)
3.00] / 12 = 102.22 kNm
Gx
0 y
M = 36.111
2
Gy
0 y
M = 142.222
1
Gx
0 y
M = 142.222
2
Gy
0 y
M = 203.520
1
Gx
0 y
M = 203.520
2
Gy
0 y
Chapter 9
9.5 Combined Foundation
Base
Number
1
Height
(M)
0.700
9.5.1 Problem
Basic Geometry
Column 1
Column dimensions
Column Shape : Rectangle
Length of the column - X (Pl): 0.30 m
Width of the column - Z (Pw): 0.30 m
No Column caps
Column 2
Column section size
Column Shape : Rectangle
Length of the Column - X (Pl): 0.30 m
Width of the Column - Z (Pw): 0.40 m
No Column cap
Left overhanging length : 0.15 m
Right cantilevered length : 2.15 m
Whether the length of the left cantilever needs design (or enter a fixed value )? Yes
Whether the length of the right cantilever needs design (or enter a fixed value )? Yes
The initial input length (Lo) of the foundation: 1500.00 mm
The initial input width (Wo) of the foundation: 3.10 m
The initial input of height (Do) of the foundation: 700.00 mm
Chapter 9
9.5 Combined Foundation
Compressive strength of concrete : 11.900 N/mm2
Reinforcement strength : 210.000 N/mm2
Minimum bar Size : 12.0 mm
Maximum bar size : 50.0 mm
Minimum bar spacing : 50.00 mm
Maximum bar spacing : 400.00 mm
9.5.2 Solution
Buoyancy generated on the ground = -0.00 kN
Minimum area of steel required
Amin = Pc / qmax: 13.80 m2
Specify the initial cross-sectional area
Ao = L x W: 25.73 m2
Final provided foundation dimensions:
Length of base , L: 8.30 m
Width of base, W: 3.10 m
Height of base, Do: 0.70 m
Area of base, A: 25.73 m2
Left Cantilever length , Llo: 0.15 m
Right Cantilever length , Lro: 2.15 m
Table 9-13: Load cases for base dimensions estimation - standard combination
Axial
Condition Column
Shear X Shear Z Moment X Moment Z
Force
No.
No.
(KN)
(KN)
(kNm)
(kNm)
(KN)
1
1
105076.125 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1
2
210152.249 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Table 9-14: Load cases for foundation design - basic combinationn
Axial
Condition Column
Shear X Shear Z Moment X Moment Z
Force
No.
No.
(KN)
(KN)
(kNm)
(kNm)
(KN)
1
1
105076.125 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1
2
210152.249 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Four corners of the calculated stress
Load
Case
1
Pressure at
Corner1
(q1)
(KN/m2)
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
Load
Case
1
1
1
Pressure at
Corner2
(q2)
(KN/m2)
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
Pressure at
Corner3
(q3)
(KN/m2)
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
Pressure at
Corner4
(q4)
(KN/m2)
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
Zeropressure
area (Au)
(m2)
0.00
0.00
0.00
If Au equals zero, that means it is small eccentricity, and do not need to adjust the pressure.
Otherwise, the pressure needs to be adjusted. The negative pressure should always set as zero.
Keep adjusting if necessary.
Adjusted pressure at corners (if necessary)
Condition
No.
1
1
1
1
Pressure at
Corner1 (q1)
(KN/m2)
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
Pressure at
Corner2 (q2)
(KN/m2)
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
Pressure at
Corner3 (q3)
(KN/m2)
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
Pressure at
Corner4 (q4)
(KN/m2)
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
107.2940
Overturnin Overturning
g Stability
Stability
Factor X
Factor Z
N/A
633,778,703.6
08
hp t m 0
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Chapter 9
9.5 Combined Foundation
Hence, safe.
Column 1, -X Direction
Control condition = # 1
Punching shear
F = P A = 69.96 0.00 = 0.0 kN
l
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, safe.
Column 1, +Z Direction
Control condition = # 1
Punching shear
F = P A = 69.96 1,010,688.00 = 70.70 kN
l
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, safe.
Column 1, -Z Direction
Control condition = # 1
Punching shear
F = P A = 69.96 1,010,688.00 = 70.70 kN
l
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, safe.
Column 2, +X Direction
Control condition = # 1
Punching shear
F = P A = 69.96 3,725,275.99 = 260.61 kN
l
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Column 2, -X Direction
Control condition = # 1
Punching shear
F = P A = 69.96 7,548,609.37 = 528.08 kN
l
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, safe.
Column 2, +Z Direction
Control condition = # 1
Punching shear
F = P A = 69.96 163,8475.99 = 114.62 kN
l
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, safe.
Column 2, -Z Direction
Control condition = # 1
Punching shear
F = P A = 69.96 163,8475.99 = 114.62 kN
l
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, safe.
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Chapter 9
9.5 Combined Foundation
Hence, safe.
hp t m 0
F < 0.7 f a h
l
hp t m 0
Hence, safe.
Chapter 9
9.6 Pile Foundation Design
Maximum allowable reinforcement spacin, Smax = 400.00 mm
Actual spacing, S = 105.00 mm
Actual area of steel required, Ast (Actual) = 8,821.592 mm2
Smin S Smax
Selected Reinforcements satisfy the requirements.
Astmin Ast, with actual
Selected Reinforcements satisfy the requirements.
9.6.1 Problem
Basic conditions
Rectangular column foundation. Length of the column is 0.5000 m and the width of the column is
0.5000 m. The height of the base is 0.5000 m , the length of the base is 0.8 m, and the width of
the base is 0.8.
Loads: vertical load is 1500 kN and the basic combination distribution factor is 1.4 (1500 X 1.4
will involve in all members and reinforcements design).
Pile Parameters
Pile layout: 3 row x 3 row = total 9 piles, spacing 1.5 m , center to edge of pile cap edge 0.5 m ,
pile diameter and 0.5 m , thus base of the cap is 4 m in length and 4 m in width.
Pile bearing capacity: lateral capacity is 100 kN , vertical capacity is 500 kN , uplift capacity is
300 kN (both single pile). So the reactions of the pile can be calculated as:
9.6.2 Solution
Pile layout
Column Dimension
Column Shape : Rectangular
Column length - X (Pl): 0.500 m
Column width - Z (Pw): 0.500 m
Base
A base ? Yes
Base Shape : Rectangular
Base height (Ph): 0.500 m
Base length - X (Pl): 0.800 m
Base width - Z (Pw): 0.800 m
Cap geometry
Pile length P CL = 4.000 m
Chapter 9
9.6 Pile Foundation Design
Cap width P CW = 4.000 m
Initial cap height t I = 0.300 m
Pile geometry
Pile spacing, P s = 1.500 m
Distance from the edge of the Pile cap to the center of pile, e = 0.500 m
Pile diameter, d P = 0.500 m
Material Properties
Concrete f ' c = 25,000.004 kN/m2
Concrete f ' t = 1,890.000 kN/m2
Steel f y = 210,000.035 kN/m2
Reactions
X (m)
Y (m)
-1.500
-1.500
-1.500
0.000
0.000
-1.500
0.000
1.500
-1.500
0.000
Vertical
(kN)
-247.555
-247.555
-247.555
-247.555
-247.555
Lateral
(kN)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Uplift
(kN)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Coordinates of
Piles
Pile No.
6
7
8
9
Reactions
X (m)
Y (m)
0.000
1.500
1.500
1.500
1.500
-1.500
0.000
1.500
Vertical
(kN)
-247.555
-247.555
-247.555
-247.555
Lateral
(kN)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Uplift
(kN)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
hs
hs
f b
t
hs
hs
f b
t
Chapter 9
9.6 Pile Foundation Design
0x
= a /h = (1.050/0.300) = 1.000
0x
0y
= a /h = (1.050/0.300) = 1.000
0y
0x
= 0.84/(
0x
0y
= 0.84/(
0y
Hence, Safe
1x
= a /h = (0.300/0.300) = 1.000
1x
1y
= a /h = (0.300/.0.300) = 1.000
1y
1x
= 0.56/(
1x
1y
= 0.56/(
1y
Hence, Safe
Reinforcement Calculations
Use the same reinforcement along both top and bottom.
Along XDirection
Critical Load Case #102
Critical Moment
M = N x = 816.931 kNm
y
i i
sy
s,min
Bar Diameter, ds = 20 mm
Bar Space, S = 80 mm
Min Bar Space, Smin = 50 mm
Max Bar Space, Smax = 500 mm
Actual Bar Area required, As,actual = 49 10 10 = 15,393 mm2
S <S<S
min
s,min
max
<A
s,actual
&A
sy
<A
s,actual
Hence, Safe
Along YDirection
Critical Load Case #102
Critical Moment
M = N x = 816.931 kNm
y
i i
sy
s,min
Bar Diameter, ds = 20 mm
Bar Space, S = 80 mm
Min Bar Space, Smin = 50 mm
Max Bar Space, Smax = 500 mm
Actual Bar Area required, As,actual = 49 10 10 = 15,393 mm2
S <S<S
min
s,min
max
<A
s,actual
&A
sy
<A
s,actual
Chapter 9
9.6 Pile Foundation Design
Hence, Safe
[Design Results]
6Pile Reactions Calculation
The following formula is used:
300.0*25.0*1.E-9+ 4000.0*
4000.0* 0.0*1.E-6)
= 120.0(kn)
Xi*Xi = 13500000.0
Yi*Yi = 13500000.0
X
Y
Pile Reaction Q(KN) Net Reac-
Pile No.
tion QN(KN)
1
-1500.0
2
0.0
3
1500.0
4
-1500.0
5
0.0
6
1500.0
7
-1500.0
8
0.0
9
1500.0
-1500.0
-1500.0
-1500.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1500.0
1500.0
1500.0
180.00
180.00
180.00
180.00
180.00
180.00
180.00
180.00
180.00
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
166.67
Chapter 9
9.6 Pile Foundation Design
QP=
1620.0(kN);
QAVE=
180.0(kN)
No.=1
h0=
300.
1x=900.
1x=1.00
c1=700.
h0=
300.
1y=900.
1y=1.00
c2=700.
1y= 0.467
hp=1.00
ft=
1x=0.4667
1.888
QPC=(1x*(C2+1y/2)+1y*(c1+1x/2))*hp*ft*ho
= 449.37KN > QPD = 166.67(*1.35) KN
No.=2
h0=
300.
1x=900.
1x=1.00
c1=700.
h0=
300.
1y=900.
1y=1.00
c2=700.
1y= 0.467
hp=1.00
ft=
1x=0.4667
1.888
QPC=(1x*(C2+1y/2)+1y*(c1+1x/2))*hp*ft*ho
= 449.37KN > QPD = 166.67(*1.35) KN
No.=3
h0=
300.
1x=900.
1x=1.00
c1=700.
h0=
300.
1y=900.
1y=1.00
c2=700.
1y= 0.467
hp=1.00
ft=
1x=0.4667
1.888
QPC=(1x*(C2+1y/2)+1y*(c1+1x/2))*hp*ft*ho
= 449.37KN > QPD = 166.67(*1.35) KN
No.=4
h0=
300.
1x=900.
1x=1.00
c1=700.
h0=
300.
1y=900.
1y=1.00
c2=700.
1y= 0.467
hp=1.00
ft= 1.888
1x=0.4667
QPC=(1x*(C2+1y/2)+1y*(c1+1x/2))*hp*ft*ho
= 449.37KN > QPD = 166.67(*1.35) KN
H00= 300.mm
x+
h0= 300.
ox=
xh0= 300.
ox=
y+
h0= 300.
oy=
y+
h0= 300.
oy=
Step 1 H = 400.00MM
300.
300.
300.
300.
ox=1.000
ox=1.000
oy=1.000
oy=1.000
VPL = hs*1.75/(+1.0)*b0*h0*ft
=1.000*1.75/(2.571+1.0)*4000.* 350.*1.8881*1.e-3
= 1295.2KN
VCI1= 1295.24KN > VDI1= 500.00 (* 1.35) KN
Right
h0= 350.
x= 900.
x=2.571
Chapter 9
9.6 Pile Foundation Design
VPL = hs*1.75/(+1.0)*b0*h0*ft
=1.000*1.75/(2.571+1.0)*4000.* 350.*1.8881*1.e-3
= 1295.2KN
VCI2= 1295.24KN > VDI2= 500.00 (* 1.35) KN
Down
h0= 350.
y= 900.
y=2.571
VPL = hs*1.75/(+1.0)*b0*h0*ft
=1.000*1.75/(2.571+1.0)*4000.* 350.*1.8881*1.e-3
= 1295.2KN
VCJ1= 1295.24KN > VDJ1= 500.00 (* 1.35) KN
Top
h0= 350.
y= 900.
y=2.571
VPL = hs*1.75/(+1.0)*b0*h0*ft
=1.000*1.75/(2.571+1.0)*4000.* 350.*1.8881*1.e-3
= 1295.2KN
VCJ2= 1295.24KN > VDJ2= 500.00 (* 1.35) KN
742.500/(0.9* 350.0*210.0)/4.0=
742.500/(0.9* 350.0*210.0)/4.0=
742.500/(0.9* 350.0*210.0)/4.0=
742.500/(0.9* 350.0*210.0)/4.0=
ASY=2806.1mm*mm/M
AGy: 16@100
ASX
2806.1
2455.4
2182.5
1964.3
1785.7
ASY
2806.1
2455.4
2182.5
1964.3
1785.7
H(1)
400.0
450.0
500.0
550.0
600.0
H(2)
6
7
1636.9
1511.0
1636.9
1511.0
650.0
700.0
9.6.3 Comparison
Table 9-18: Chinese verification example 6 comparison
STAAD
Reference
Value of
Foundation
Result
Result
2
Bearing Pressure
108.94 KN/m
108.63 KN/m2
Resisting force for sliding (x)
313.74 KN
312.867 KN
Resisting Moment for Overturning
752.98 KNm
750.87 KNm
(z)
Resisting force for sliding (z)
313.74 KN
312.867 KN
Resisting Moment for Overturning
752.98 KNm
750.87 KNm
(x)
Percent
Difference
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Negligible
Chapter9
9.6 Pile Foundation Design
Section 10
Technical Support
These resources are provided to help you answer support questions:
l
Chapter10
Index
A
Eccentricity 88
Australian 3
GB50007-2002 435
I
Indian Code 125
IS 456 125
P
Pile Cap
Chinese Code 468
Plant Foundation 383
British Code 23
BS8110 23
U
C
Canadian Code 99
CSA A23.3 99
D
Deadman Anchors 319
15
17
20
23
24
24
27
28
30
31
33
47
48
50
51
52
63
69
Chapter 12
Figures
71
76
78
82
84
89
91
100
106
113
115
117
118
120
123
126
128
129
130
132
134
139
141
145
150
157
158
161
163
168
170
173
175
180
182
189
197
197
Figure 4-24: Shear Force (kN, top) and Bending Moment (kNm, bottom) diagrams
199
202
Figure 5-2: Considered sections for two-way (bo) and beam (bw) action
203
204
207
211
215
217
220
228
232
234
235
236
237
237
239
241
245
249
251
252
256
258
262
264
269
271
273
275
278
279
Chapter 12
Figures
280
282
285
287
288
289
292
294
294
299
301
303
307
309
322
323
324
326
326
327
329
331
334
334
335
339
340
342
343
344
344
346
348
351
351
352
356
361
365
370
374
379
384
384
390
390
393
393
399
399
402
402
408
408
437
438
441
442
443
449
452
453
Tables
Table 1-1: Australian verification example 1 comparison
13
16
22
26
26
Verification Manual 489
Chapter 12
Tables
32
38
44
53
61
70
76
83
88
98
105
111
114
122
124
129
133
137
140
144
149
157
162
168
174
180
182
187
190
196
199
206
210
214
219
227
231
238
244
249
255
261
263
268
270
277
278
283
286
291
297
305
313
314
Table 5-24: Comparison of values for US general isolated footing with variable bearing
pressure 1
316
Table 5-25: Variable bearing capacity (kN/m2)
316
Table 5-26: Comparison of values for US general isolated footing with variable bearing
pressure 2
318
Table 6-1: Soil Test Report Summary
320
328
329
331
336
337
340
345
346
353
359
364
Verification Manual 491
Chapter 12
Tables
368
373
377
381
385
386
387
387
387
388
389
389
391
394
395
396
396
396
397
398
400
403
404
405
405
405
406
407
407
409
410
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
423
424
426
426
Table 8-42: Service level loads applied at the top of the top of the fixed pier
427
Table 8-43: Strength level loads applied at the top of the top of the fixed pier
428
431
431
Table 8-46: Service level loads applied at the top of the top of the fixed pier
432
Table 8-47: Strength level loads applied at the top of the top of the fixed pier
433
435
435
Table 9-3: Loads for foundation base size estimation -For foundation base (1)
436
Table 9-4: Loads for Punching shear check and reinforcements- For foundation base (1) 437
Table 9-5: Factor of safety
438
447
447
Table 9-8: Critical loads for base size estimation - standard combination
448
448
450
460
460
Table 9-13: Load cases for base dimensions estimation - standard combination
462
462
469
469
470
479
Chapter12
Tables