et
et
( in simple tension)
ec
in simple compression
| 3| = ec ( in simple compression)
| 3| means numerical value of 3 .
If the maximum principal stress is the design criterion, then maximum
principal stress must not exceed the working stress for the material.
Hence
This theory disregards the affect of other principal stresses and of the
shearing stress on other planes through the element. For brittle materials
which do not fail by yielding but fail by brittle fracture, the maximum
principal stress theory is considered to be reasonably satisfactory.
This theory appears to be approximately correct for ordinary cast-irons
and brittle metals.
The maximum principal stress theory is contradicted in the following
cases:
1. On a mild steel specimen when simple tension test is carried out
sliding occurs approximately 450 to the axis of the specimen; this
shows that the failure in this case is due to maximum shear stress
rather than direct tensile stress.
2. It has been found that a material which is even though weak in simple
compression yet can sustain hydrostatic pressure far in excess of the
elastic limit in simple compression.
Problems:
1. In a metallic body the principal stresses are +35 MN/m2 and
-95MN/m2, the third principal stress being zero. The elastic limit
stress in simple tension as well as in simple compression is equal and
is 220 MN/m2. Find the factor of safety based on the elastic limit if the
criterion of failure for the material is the maximum principal stress
theory.
Solution: The given principal stresses are:
1
= +35 MN/m2
=0
= -95 MN/m2
and
et
where,
ec =
=
et
220 MN/m2
ec
in compression.
1
1=
et
F.S .
F . S .=
et
1
220
= 35
= 6.28
or | 3|= F . S .
|95| =
F .S. =
ec
F .S.
220
95
= 2.3.
So the material according to the maximum principal stress theory will fail
due to compressive principal stress.
F . S .=2.3 .
2. In a cast-iron body the principal stresses are +40 MN/m 2 and -100
MN/m2 the third principal stress being zero. The elastic limit stresses
in simple tension and in simple compression are 80 MN/m 2 and 400
MN/m2 respectively. Find the factor of safety based on the elastic
limit if the criterion of failure is the maximum principal stress theory.
Solution:
Given Principal stresses are:
1 =40 MN/m2
Now,
1=
et
F.S .
F . S .=
=0
= -100 MN/m2
et
= 80 MN/m2
ec
= 400 MN/m2
t
et
1
80
= 40 = 2
or | 3|= F . S .
|100| =
F
ec
F .S.
400
.S. = 100 = 4.
So the material according to the maximum principal stress theory will fail
due to tensile principal stress.
F . S .=2
This theory implies that failure will occur when the maximum shear
q max
stress
or
q max=
1 3
2
in simple tension
1
In actual design
et
et
.
in the above equation is replaced by the safe stress.
et
In the case of two dimensional tensile stress system, third stress must be
taken as zero and thus the maximum stress difference calculated to equate
it to
et
This theory has been found to give satisfactory results for ductile
materials.
Worth noting points:
(i)
(ii)
The theory doesnt give accurate results for the state of stress of
pure shear in which the maximum amount of shear is developed
(i.e., torsion test)
The theory is not applicable in the case where the state of stress
consists of triaxial tensile stress of nearly equal magnitude
reducing the shear stress to a small magnitude, so that failure
Solution:
d = 120 mm = 0.12 m.
T= 20 kNm
M= 12 kNm
et
= 220 MN/m2
F.S.
M=
=?
3
d
32
b .
32 M
d3
32 20 10 3
106 MN /m2
3
d
T=
f s d3
16
f s=
16 T 16 20 10
=
106 MN /m2
3
3
d
(0.12)
= 70.74 MN/m2
= b
2
= 58.95 N/m2
b 2 2
+f s
2
70.74
70.74 2
+58.952
2
= t
1=104.12 MN / m2
2=0
3 =33.38 MN / m
104.12(33.38 )= t
t =137.5 MN /m 2
et
t
F.S. =
220
( 137.5
)=1.6
M = 32 d
32 M
d3
fs
16 T
3
d
3
and T = f s 16 d
b 2 2
+f s
2
1
[ 2 +4 f s2 ]
2 b b
[ (
1 32 M
2 d3
16
= d3
1
16
= d3
) ( )]
32 M 2 32 T
+
3
3
d
d
[ M ( M ) + ( T ) ]
2
[ M + ( M ) + (T ) ]
2
2=0
3=
16
[ M ( M )2+ ( T )2 ]
3
d
1 3=
16
[ M + ( M )2 +( T )2 ] 163 [ M ( M )2 +( T )2 ]
3
d
d
32
= d3
d =
[ ( M ) + ( T ) ]
2
32
[
( M ) 2+ ( T ) 2 ]
32 103
[ ( 7.5 )2 +( 10 )2 ]
6
160 10
4
=7.957 10
d= 0.0926 m or 92.6 mm
d=92.6 mm
1
2
2
2
2
U= 2 E 1 + 2 + 3 m ( 1 2+ 2 3 + 3 1 )
1
2
12 + 22 + 32 ( 1 2+ 2 3 + 3 1 )
2E
m
12+ 2 2+ 3 2
e
In actual design
2
( + + )
m 1 2 2 3 3 1
e
2E
2
= e
12+ 22
2
( )
m 1 2
3 =0
2
= e
If is the working stress in the material, the design criteria may be stated as
follows
12+ 22
2
( )
m 1 2
The results of this theory are similar to the experimental results for
ductile materials ( i.e., the materials which fail by general yielding, for
et
which
1 , 2 3
ii.
ec
is immaterial)
iii.
et
is quit different
from ec .
The theory doesnt give results exactly equal to the experimental
results even for ductile materials, even though the results are close to
the experiments.
= 0.24.
Solution:
1
16
[ M + ( M )2+ ( T )2 ]
3
d
2=0
3=
16
[ M ( M )2+ ( T ) 2 ]
3
d
t 2= 12 + 22+ 32
2
( + + )
m 1 2 2 3 3 1
( ) [ 2 ( M + M +T ) m2 ( M M T )]
( ) [ 4 M +2 T (1+ m1 )]
12 + 3 2
16
d3
16
d3
2
( )
m 1 3
since 2=0
16
1 2
2
= d 3 4 M +2 1+ m T
( )
= 32
d
M 2+ 0.62T 2
32
M 2+0.62 T 2
d3 = t
32
= d3
1
1+ )
(
m
M +
T
32 10 3
2
2
7.5 + 0.6210
6
160 10
d = 0.0885 m = 88.5 mm
d = 88.5 mm.
4. Shear strain energy theory:
This theory is also called distorsion energy theory or Mises-henkey theory.
According to this theory the elastic failure occurs where the shear strain
energy per unit volume in the stressed material reaches a value equal to the
shear strain energy per unit volume at the elastic limit point in the simple
tension test.
Shear strain energy due to the principal stresses
1 , 2 3
of the material,
Us
1
2
2
2
= 12 C [ ( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 ) ]
But for the single tension test at the elastic limit point where there is only one
principal stress, i.e.,
et
is given by
U s'
1
et 0 )2 + ( 00 )2 + ( 0 et )2 ]
(
[
12 C
2
2
2
( 1 2 ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1) = 2 et 2
In actual design
t
et
in simple tension.
The above theory has been found to give best results for ductile materials for
which
and
et
ec
is immaterial.
The theory doesnt agree with the experimental results for the material
ii.
d2, mm2.
P= 9.6 kN.
Axial compressive stress on bolt,
Transverse shear force = 4.8 kN
P
A
9600
A
N/mm2
Principal stress,
= 2
1,2
4800
A
4800
A
4800
A
( )
(
2 2
+
2
4800 2 4800
+
A
A
N/mm2
)(
11588.2
A
N/mm2
6788.2
A
1988.2
=
A
N/mm2
Allowable stress,
(i)
et
270
3
= 90 N/mm2
11588.2
A
A = 128.76
2
d = 128.76
4
d= 12.8 mm
(ii)
1 et
90
11588.2
A
13576.4
A
= 90
( 1988.2
)
A
= 90
A=150.8
2
d = 150.8
4
d=13.8 mm .
(iii)
12+ 22
2
( )
m 1 2
11588.2
A
]
(
2
= et
1988.2
A
11588.2 1988.2
2
+ 2 0.3 A A =90
18773 = A2
A = 137.015
2
d = 137.015
4
d=13.208 mm
Hence maximum shear stress theory governs the design. Use atleast 13.8 mm
diameter bolt. The principal size is 14 mm.
2. A solid circular shaft is subjected to a bending moment of 60 kNm
and a torque of 6 kNm. Design the diameter of the shaft according to
(i)
Maximum principal stress theory
(ii) Maximum shear stress theory
(iii) Maximum strain energy theory
Take =0.25, stress at elastic limit 250 N/mm2 and factor of safety =
2.5.
Solution: Let d be the diameter of the shaft.
M= 60 kNm, T= 6 kNm.
Bending stress,
Torsional stress,
M
M
y=
4
= I
d
64
T
R
IP
T
d
4 2
d
32
d 32 M
=
2 d3
16 T
d3
b 2 2
+
2
16
1,2
= d3
1,2 =
[ M ( M ) + ( T ) ]
2
2
2
16
( 60 106 ) ( 60 10 6 ) + ( 6 106 )
3
d
16 106 ( ) ( )2 ( )2
[ 60 60 + 6 ]
d3
612.68 106
1=
d3
2=
(i)
1.524 106
d3
d = 182.983 mm.
(ii)
612.68 10 (1.524 10 )
d3
250
2.5
d= 183.164 mm.
(iii). According to strain energy theory,
12+ 22
612.68 106
d3
2
( )
m 1 2
) +(
2
= et
1.52 106
d3
) +(
( 3 =0
=
3
3
2.5
d
d
)( )
12
= 37.54 10
d = 182.9 mm.
The largest size required is 183.164 mm from maximum shear stress theory.
3. A thick steel cylinder with an internal diameter 200 mm has to
withstand an internal fluid pressure of 30 N/mm 2, calculate the
thickness of the metal by using,
(i)
Maximum principal stress theory
(ii)
Maximum shear stress theory
The tensile stress at yield point is 250 N/mm 2 use factor of safety of
2.5.
Solution: From Lames equation, we have hoop stress,
px
= x2
fx
= x2
+a
d 200
x= i =
=100 mm ,
2
2
30 =
b
a
100 2
-------------(1)
1= et
Hoop tension at inner radius is nothing but the maximum principal stress.
Hence the design condition is,
250
2.5
= 100 2
b
100 = 100 2
From equations (1) and (2), we get
30 =
b10000 a
1002
100 =
b+10000 a
1002
4
4
30 10 = b10 a
4
4
100 10 =b+ 10 a
2b = 1300000
b = 650000
a= 35
At outer edge,
b
0 = r 02 a
x=r 0
, pressure is zero.
+a
+a
-------------(2)
r 02 =
b
a
650000
=18571.43
35
r 0=136.27 mm
Thickness,
r 0r i=
136.27-100 = 36.27 mm
b
+a
2
100
Let us assume,
3 =0
b
+a+ 30
1 2 100 2
=
2
2
250
2.5
b
+a=70
100 2
4
4
b+ 10 a=70 10
-------(1)
-------(1)
4
4
b - 10 a=30 10 ----------(2)
4
2b = 100 10
4
b = 50 10
4
4
4
50 10 10 a=30 10
a = 20
At outer radius
i.e.,
r0
, radial pressure = 0
b
a=0
r 02
50 10 4
20
r 02
r0
= 158.11 mm
Thickness,
r 0r i
Solution:
(i)
= 200 MN/m2,
et
= ?,
= 235 MN/m2
(ii)
= 235
12+ 2 2+ 3 2
Since
12 + 22
2
( + + )
m 1 2 2 3 3 1
2
= e
= 0,
2
1 2) = e2
(
m
2002 + 22104 2= e2
104267
2
Since
= 0,
12 + 222 1 2 + 22+ 12 = 2 et 2
12 + 22 1 2
2
2
= et
200 + 2 200 2 =
235
22200 2 -15225 = 0
= -58.82 MN/m2
= 50 N/mm2,
= 40 N/mm2,
= - 30 N/mm2
et
= 100
N/mm2
5
and assume E = 2 10 N/mm2, =0.3 .
(i)
1
2
2
2
2
U= 2 E 1 + 2 + 3 m ( 1 2+ 2 3 + 3 1 )
]
=
1
2
2
2
50 + 40 + (30 ) 2 0 .3 [ ( 50 40 ) + ( 40 (30 ) ) + ( (30)50 ) ]}
5{
2 2 10
1
{ 50000.6 [ 200012001500 ] }
5
4 10
1
12
1+ 2 + 3 )2
(
3
2E
)]
1
12 0.3
( 50+ 4030 )2
= 3
2 2 105
)]
1
6
= 3 [ 3600 10 ]
3
= 1.2 10
N-mm/mm3
(iii)
1
2
2
2
( ) + ( 2 3 ) + ( 3 1 ) ]
12 C [ 1 2
Us
C=
E
2 ( 1+ )
2 105
=76923
2 ( 1+0.3 )
N/mm2
1
2
2
2
= 12 76923 [ ( 5040 ) +( 40(30 ) ) +(3050 ) ]
= 0.0123 N-mm/mm3.
(iv)
F.S. =
e2
2E
= 0.025.
0.025
0.01355
= 1.845.
= ?,
= 0,
qmax =
1 3
2
60 =
1(90 )
2
(i)
= 30 MPa
Maximum shear stress theory,
1
F . S .=
=
300
120
et
F .S.
= 2.5
et
= 300 MPa