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Semiotics
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Semiotics(alsocalledsemioticstudiesnottobeconfusedwiththeSaussureantraditioncalled
semiologywhichisapartofsemiotics)isthestudyofmeaningmaking,thestudyofsignprocessesand
meaningfulcommunication.[1]Thisincludesthestudyofsignsandsignprocesses(semiosis),indication,
designation,likeness,analogy,metaphor,symbolism,signification,andcommunication.
Semioticsiscloselyrelatedtothefieldoflinguistics,which,foritspart,studiesthestructureand
meaningoflanguagemorespecifically.Thesemiotictraditionexploresthestudyofsignsandsymbols
asasignificantpartofcommunications.Asdifferentfromlinguistics,however,semioticsalsostudies
nonlinguisticsignsystems.Semioticsisoftendividedintothreebranches:
Semantics:relationbetweensignsandthethingstowhichtheyrefertheirsignifieddenotata,or
meaning
Syntactics:relationsamongorbetweensignsinformalstructures
Pragmatics:relationbetweensignsandsignusingagentsorinterpreters
Semioticsisfrequentlyseenashavingimportantanthropologicaldimensionsforexample,thelate
ItaliannovelistUmbertoEcoproposedthateveryculturalphenomenonmaybestudiedas
communication.[2]Somesemioticiansfocusonthelogicaldimensionsofthescience,however.They
examineareasbelongingalsotothelifesciencessuchashoworganismsmakepredictionsabout,and
adaptto,theirsemioticnicheintheworld(seesemiosis).Ingeneral,semiotictheoriestakesignsorsign
systemsastheirobjectofstudy:thecommunicationofinformationinlivingorganismsiscoveredin
biosemiotics(includingzoosemiotics).
Syntacticsisthebranchofsemioticsthatdealswiththeformalpropertiesofsignsandsymbols.[3]More
precisely,syntacticsdealswiththe"rulesthatgovernhowwordsarecombinedtoformphrasesand
sentences".
CharlesMorrisaddsthatsemanticsdealswiththerelationofsignstotheirdesignataandtheobjectsthat
theymayordodenoteand,pragmaticsdealswiththebioticaspectsofsemiosis,thatis,withallthe
psychological,biological,andsociologicalphenomenathatoccurinthefunctioningofsigns.

Contents
1 Terminology
2 History
3 Formulations
4 Notablesemioticians
5 Currentapplications
6 Branches
6.1 Pictorialsemiotics

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6.1 Pictorialsemiotics
6.2 Semioticsandglobalization
7 Maininstitutions
8 Seealso
9 References
10 Externallinks

Terminology
ThetermderivesfromtheGreeksmeitikos,"observantofsigns",[4](from
smeion,"asign,amark",[5])anditwasfirstusedinEnglishbyHenryStubbes[6](speltsemeiotics)ina
veryprecisesensetodenotethebranchofmedicalsciencerelatingtotheinterpretationofsigns.[7][8]
JohnLockeusedthetermsem(e)iotikeinbookfour,chapter21ofAnEssayConcerningHuman
Understanding(1690).[9][10]Hereheexplainshowsciencemaybedividedintothreeparts:
Allthatcanfallwithinthecompassofhumanunderstanding,beingeither,first,thenature
ofthings,astheyareinthemselves,theirrelations,andtheirmannerofoperation:or,
secondly,thatwhichmanhimselfoughttodo,asarationalandvoluntaryagent,forthe
attainmentofanyend,especiallyhappiness:or,thirdly,thewaysandmeanswherebythe
knowledgeofboththeoneandtheotheroftheseisattainedandcommunicatedIthink
sciencemaybedividedproperlyintothesethreesorts.
Locke,1823/1963,p.174
Lockethenelaboratesonthenatureofthisthirdcategory,namingit(Semeiotike)and
explainingitas"thedoctrineofsigns"inthefollowingterms:
NoristhereanythingtoberelieduponinPhysick,[11]butanexactknowledgeofmedicinal
physiology(foundedonobservation,notprinciples),semiotics,methodofcuring,andtried
(notexcogitated,[12]notcommanding)medicines.
Locke,1823/1963,4.21.4,p.175
Inthenineteenthcentury,CharlesSandersPeircedefinedwhathetermed"semiotic"(whichhe
sometimesspelledas"semeiotic")asthe"quasinecessary,orformaldoctrineofsigns",whichabstracts
"whatmustbethecharactersofallsignsusedby...anintelligencecapableoflearningbyexperience",[13]
andwhichisphilosophicallogicpursuedintermsofsignsandsignprocesses.[14][15]ThePeircescholar
andeditorMaxH.Fisch[16]claimedin1978[17]that"semeiotic"wasPeirce'sownpreferredrenderingof
Locke's.
CharlesMorrisfollowedPeirceinusingtheterm"semiotic"andinextendingthedisciplinebeyond
humancommunicationtoanimallearninganduseofsignals.
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FerdinanddeSaussure,however,foundedhissemiotics,whichhecalledsemiology,inthesocial
sciences:
Itis...possibletoconceiveofasciencewhichstudiestheroleofsignsaspartofsociallife.
Itwouldformpartofsocialpsychology,andhenceofgeneralpsychology.Weshallcallit
semiology(fromtheGreeksemeon,'sign').Itwouldinvestigatethenatureofsignsandthe
lawsgoverningthem.Sinceitdoesnotyetexist,onecannotsayforcertainthatitwillexist.
Butithasarighttoexist,aplacereadyforitinadvance.Linguisticsisonlyonebranchof
thisgeneralscience.Thelawswhichsemiologywilldiscoverwillbelawsapplicablein
linguistics,andlinguisticswillthusbeassignedtoaclearlydefinedplaceinthefieldof
humanknowledge.
CitedinChandler's"SemioticsforBeginners",Introduction.
WhiletheSaussureansemioticisdyadic(sign/syntax,signal/semantics),thePeirceansemioticistriadic
(sign,object,interpretant),beingconceivedasphilosophicallogicstudiedintermsofsignsthatarenot
alwayslinguisticorartificial.ThePeirceansemioticaddressesnotonlytheexternalcommunication
mechanism,asperSaussure,buttheinternalrepresentationmachine,investigatingnotjustsign
processes,ormodesofinference,butthewholeinquiryprocessingeneral.Peirceansemioticsfurther
subdivideseachofthethreetriadicelementsintothreesubtypes.Forexample,signscanbeicons,
indices,andsymbols.
YuriLotmanintroducedEasternEuropetosemioticsandadoptedLockescoinageasthenameto
subtitle()hisfoundingattheUniversityofTartuinEstoniain1964ofthefirstsemiotics
journal,SignSystemsStudies.
ThomasSebeokassimilated"semiology"to"semiotics"asaparttoawhole,[18]andwasinvolvedin
choosingthenameSemioticaforthefirstinternationaljournaldevotedtothestudyofsigns.

History
Theimportanceofsignsandsignificationhasbeenrecognizedthroughoutmuchofthehistoryof
philosophy,andinpsychologyaswell.PlatoandAristotlebothexploredtherelationshipbetweensigns
andtheworld,andAugustineconsideredthenatureofthesignwithinaconventionalsystem.These
theorieshavehadalastingeffectinWesternphilosophy,especiallythroughscholasticphilosophy.
(Morerecently,UmbertoEco,inhisSemioticsandthePhilosophyofLanguage,hasarguedthatsemiotic
theoriesareimplicitintheworkofmost,perhapsall,majorthinkers.)
ThegeneralstudyofsignsthatbeganinLatinwithAugustineculminatedinLatinwiththe1632
TractatusdeSignisofJohnPoinsot,andthenbegananewinlatemodernitywiththeattemptin1867by
CharlesSandersPeircetodrawupa"newlistofcategories".Peirceaimedtobasehisnewlistdirectly
uponexperiencepreciselyasconstitutedbyactionofsigns,incontrastwiththelistofAristotles
categorieswhichaimedtoarticulatewithinexperiencethedimensionofbeingthatisindependentof
experienceandknowableassuch,throughhumanunderstanding.
Theestimativepowersofanimalsinterprettheenvironmentassensedtoforma"meaningfulworld"of
objects,buttheobjectsofthisworld(or"Umwelt",inJakobvonUexkllsterm,[19])consistexclusively
ofobjectsrelatedtotheanimalasdesirable(+),undesirable(),or"safetoignore"(0).

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Incontrasttothis,humanunderstandingaddstotheanimal"Umwelt"arelationofselfidentitywithin
objectswhichtransformsobjectsexperiencedintothingsaswellas+,,0objects.[20]Thus,the
genericallyanimalobjectiveworldas"Umwelt",becomesaspeciesspecificallyhumanobjectiveworld
or"Lebenswelt"(lifeworld),whereinlinguisticcommunication,rootedinthebiologically
underdetermined"Innenwelt"(innerworld)ofhumans,makespossiblethefurtherdimensionofcultural
organizationwithintheotherwisemerelysocialorganizationofnonhumananimalswhosepowersof
observationmaydealonlywithdirectlysensibleinstancesofobjectivity.Thisfurtherpoint,thathuman
culturedependsuponlanguageunderstoodfirstofallnotascommunication,butasthebiologically
underdeterminedaspectorfeatureofthehumananimals"Innenwelt",wasoriginallyclearlyidentified
byThomasA.Sebeok.[21]SebeokalsoplayedthecentralroleinbringingPeircesworktothecenterof
thesemioticstageinthetwentiethcentury,[22]firstwithhisexpansionofthehumanuseofsigns
("anthroposemiosis")toincludealsothegenericallyanimalsignusage("zosemiosis"),[23]thenwithhis
furtherexpansionofsemiosis(basedinitiallyontheworkofMartinKrampen,[24]buttakingadvantage
ofPeircespointthataninterpretant,asthethirditemwithinasignrelation,"neednotbemental"[25])to
includethevegetativeworld("phytosemiosis").
OneofPeircesdistinctionswasthatofdistinguishinganinterpretantfromaninterpreter.Peirces
"interpretant"notionopenedthewaytounderstandinganactionofsignsbeyondtherealmofanimallife
(studyof"phytosemiosis"+"zosemiosis"+"anthroposemiosis"=biosemiotics),whichwashisfirst
advancebeyondLatinAgesemiotics.OtherearlytheoristsinthefieldofsemioticsincludeCharlesW.
Morris.[26]MaxBlackarguedthattheworkofBertrandRussellwasseminalinthefield.[27]

Formulations
Semioticiansclassifysignsorsignsystemsinrelationtotheway
theyaretransmitted(seemodality).Thisprocessofcarrying
meaningdependsontheuseofcodesthatmaybetheindividual
soundsorlettersthathumansusetoformwords,thebody
movementstheymaketoshowattitudeoremotion,oreven
somethingasgeneralastheclothestheywear.Tocoinawordto
refertoathing(seelexicalwords),thecommunitymustagreeon
asimplemeaning(adenotativemeaning)withintheirlanguage,
butthatwordcantransmitthatmeaningonlywithinthe
language'sgrammaticalstructuresandcodes(seesyntaxand
semantics).Codesalsorepresentthevaluesoftheculture,and
areabletoaddnewshadesofconnotationtoeveryaspectoflife.

Colorcodinghotandcoldwater
faucets(taps)iscommoninmany
culturesbut,asthisexampleshows,
thecodingmayberendered
meaninglessbecauseofcontext.The
twofaucets(taps)probablyweresold
asacodedset,butthecodeis
unusable(andignored),asthereisa
singlewatersupply.

Toexplaintherelationshipbetweensemioticsand
communicationstudies,communicationisdefinedastheprocess
oftransferringdataandormeaningfromasourcetoareceiver.
Hence,communicationtheoristsconstructmodelsbasedon
codes,media,andcontextstoexplainthebiology,psychology,
andmechanicsinvolved.Bothdisciplinesrecognizethatthe
technicalprocesscannotbeseparatedfromthefactthatthe
receivermustdecodethedata,i.e.,beabletodistinguishthedataassalient,andmakemeaningoutofit.
Thisimpliesthatthereisanecessaryoverlapbetweensemioticsandcommunication.Indeed,manyof
theconceptsareshared,althoughineachfieldtheemphasisisdifferent.InMessagesandMeanings:An
IntroductiontoSemiotics,MarcelDanesi(1994)suggestedthatsemioticians'prioritiesweretostudy

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significationfirst,andcommunicationsecond.AmoreextremeviewisofferedbyJeanJacquesNattiez
(1987trans.1990:16),who,asamusicologist,consideredthetheoreticalstudyofcommunication
irrelevanttohisapplicationofsemiotics.
Semioticsdiffersfromlinguisticsinthatitgeneralizesthedefinitionofasigntoencompasssignsinany
mediumorsensorymodality.Thusitbroadenstherangeofsignsystemsandsignrelations,andextends
thedefinitionoflanguageinwhatamountstoitswidestanalogicalormetaphoricalsense.Peirce's
definitionoftheterm"semiotic"asthestudyofnecessaryfeaturesofsignsalsohastheeffectof
distinguishingthedisciplinefromlinguisticsasthestudyofcontingentfeaturesthattheworld's
languageshappentohaveacquiredinthecourseoftheirevolutions.Fromasubjectivestandpoint,
perhapsmoredifficultisthedistinctionbetweensemioticsandthephilosophyoflanguage.Inasense,
thedifferenceliesbetweenseparatetraditionsratherthansubjects.Differentauthorshavecalled
themselves"philosopheroflanguage"or"semiotician".Thisdifferencedoesnotmatchtheseparation
betweenanalyticandcontinentalphilosophy.Onacloserlook,theremaybefoundsomedifferences
regardingsubjects.Philosophyoflanguagepaysmoreattentiontonaturallanguagesortolanguagesin
general,whilesemioticsisdeeplyconcernedwithnonlinguisticsignification.Philosophyoflanguage
alsobearsconnectionstolinguistics,whilesemioticsmightappearclosertosomeofthehumanities
(includingliterarytheory)andtoculturalanthropology.
Semiosisorsemeiosisistheprocessthatformsmeaningfromanyorganism'sapprehensionoftheworld
throughsigns.ScholarswhohavetalkedaboutsemiosisintheirsubtheoriesofsemioticsincludeC.S.
Peirce,JohnDeely,andUmbertoEco.Cognitivesemioticsiscombiningmethodsandtheories
developedinthedisciplinesofcognitivemethodsandtheoriesdevelopedinsemioticsandthe
humanities,withprovidingnewinformationintohumansignificationanditsmanifestationincultural
practices.Theresearchoncognitivesemioticsbringstogethersemioticsfromlinguistics,cognitive
science,andrelateddisciplinesonacommonmetatheoreticalplatformofconcepts,methods,andshared
data.
Cognitivesemioticsmayalsobeseenasthestudyofmeaningmakingbyemployingandintegrating
methodsandtheoriesdevelopedinthecognitivesciences.Thisinvolvesconceptualandtextualanalysis
aswellasexperimentalinvestigations.CognitivesemioticsinitiallywasdevelopedattheCenterfor
SemioticsatAarhusUniversity(Denmark),withanimportantconnectionwiththeCenterof
FunctionallyIntegratedNeuroscience(CFIN)atAarhusHospital.Amongsttheprominentcognitive
semioticiansarePerAageBrandt,Svendstergaard,PeerBundgrd,FrederikStjernfelt,Mikkel
Wallentin,KristianTyln,RiccardoFusaroli,andJordanZlatev.ZlatevlaterincooperationwithGran
SonessonestablishedCCS(CenterforCognitiveSemiotics)atLundUniversity,Sweden.

Notablesemioticians
CharlesSandersPeirce(18391914),anotedlogicianwhofoundedphilosophicalpragmatism,
definedsemiosisasanirreduciblytriadicprocesswhereinsomething,asanobject,logically
determinesorinfluencessomethingasasigntodetermineorinfluencesomethingasan
interpretationorinterpretant,itselfasign,thusleadingtofurtherinterpretants.[28]Semiosisis
logicallystructuredtoperpetuateitself.Theobjectmaybequality,fact,rule,orevenfictional
(Hamlet),andmaybe"immediate"tothesign,theobjectasrepresentedinthesign,or"dynamic",
theobjectasitreallyis,onwhichtheimmediateobjectisfounded.Theinterpretantmaybe
"immediate"tothesign,allthatthesignimmediatelyexpresses,suchasaword'susualmeaning
or"dynamic",suchasastateofagitationor"final"or"normal",theultimateramificationsofthe
signaboutitsobject,towhichinquirytakenfarenoughwouldbedestinedandwithwhichany
interpretant,atmost,maycoincide.[29]Hissemiotic[30]coverednotonlyartificial,linguistic,and
symbolicsigns,butalsosemblancessuchaskindredsensiblequalities,andindicessuchas
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reactions.Hecamec.1903[31]toclassifyanysignbythreeinterdependenttrichotomies,
intersectingtoformten(ratherthan27)classesofsign.[32]Signsalsoenterintovariouskindsof
meaningfulcombinationsPeircecoveredbothsemanticandsyntacticalissuesinhisspeculative
grammar.Heregardedformalsemioticaslogicperseandpartofphilosophyasalso
encompassingstudyofarguments(hypothetical,deductive,andinductive)andinquiry'smethods
includingpragmatismandasalliedto,butdistinctfromlogic'spuremathematics.Inadditionto
pragmatism,Peirceprovidedadefinitionoftheterm"sign"as:
"Asign,orrepresentamen,issomethingwhichstandstosomebodyforsomethingin
somerespectorcapacity.Itaddressessomebody,thatis,createsinthemindofthat
personanequivalentsign.ThatsignwhichitcreatesIcalltheinterpretantofthefirst
sign.Thesignstandsforsomething,itsobjectnotinallrespects,butinreferencetoa
sortofidea."Peircecalledthesignarepresentamen,inordertobringoutthefactthat
asignissomethingthat"represents"somethingelseinordertosuggestit(thatis,"re
present"it)insomeway.[33]ForasummaryofPeirce'scontributionstosemiotics,see
Liszka(1996)orAtkin(2006).
FerdinanddeSaussure(18571913),the"father"ofmodernlinguistics,proposedadualistic
notionofsigns,relatingthesignifierastheformofthewordorphraseuttered,tothesignifiedas
thementalconcept.AccordingtoSaussure,thesigniscompletelyarbitraryi.e.,thereisno
necessaryconnectionbetweenthesignanditsmeaning.Thissetshimapartfromprevious
philosophers,suchasPlatoorthescholastics,whothoughtthattheremustbesomeconnection
betweenasignifierandtheobjectitsignifies.InhisCourseinGeneralLinguistics,Saussure
creditstheAmericanlinguistWilliamDwightWhitney(18271894)withinsistingonthearbitrary
natureofthesign.Saussure'sinsistenceonthearbitrarinessofthesignalsohasinfluencedlater
philosophersandtheoristssuchasJacquesDerrida,RolandBarthes,andJeanBaudrillard.
FerdinanddeSaussurecoinedthetermsmiologiewhileteachinghislandmark"Courseon
GeneralLinguistics"attheUniversityofGenevafrom1906to1911.Saussurepositedthatno
wordisinherentlymeaningful.Ratherawordisonlya"signifier",i.e.,therepresentationof
something,anditmustbecombinedinthebrainwiththe"signified",orthethingitself,inorderto
formameaningimbued"sign".Saussurebelievedthatdismantlingsignswasarealscience,forin
doingsowecometoanempiricalunderstandingofhowhumanssynthesizephysicalstimuliinto
wordsandotherabstractconcepts.
JakobvonUexkll(18641944)studiedthesignprocessesinanimals.HeusedtheGermanword
for"environment",umwelt,todescribetheindividual'ssubjectiveworld,andheinventedthe
conceptoffunctionalcircle(funktionskreis)asageneralmodelofsignprocesses.InhisTheoryof
Meaning(Bedeutungslehre,1940),hedescribedthesemioticapproachtobiology,thus
establishingthefieldthatnowiscalledbiosemiotics.
ValentinVoloshinov(18951936)wasaSovietRussianlinguist,whoseworkhasbeeninfluential
inthefieldofliterarytheoryandMarxisttheoryofideology.Writteninthelate1920sinthe
USSR,Voloshinov'sMarxismandthePhilosophyofLanguage(tr.:MarksizmiFilosofiya
Yazyka)developedacounterSaussureanlinguistics,whichsituatedlanguageuseinsocialprocess
ratherthaninanentirelydecontexualizedSaussureanlangue.
LouisHjelmslev(18991965)developedaformalistapproachtoSaussure'sstructuralisttheories.
HisbestknownworkisProlegomenatoaTheoryofLanguage,whichwasexpandedinRsumof
theTheoryofLanguage,aformaldevelopmentofglossematics,hisscientificcalculusof
language.
CharlesW.Morris(19011979).Inhis1938FoundationsoftheTheoryofSigns,hedefined
semioticsasgroupingthetriadsyntax,semantics,andpragmatics.Syntaxstudiestheinterrelation
ofthesigns,withoutregardtomeaning.Semanticsstudiestherelationbetweenthesignsandthe
objectstowhichtheyapply.Pragmaticsstudiestherelationbetweenthesignsystemandits
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human(oranimal)user.UnlikehismentorGeorgeHerbertMead,Morriswasabehavioristand
sympathetictotheViennaCirclepositivismofhiscolleague,RudolfCarnap.Morriswasaccused
byJohnDeweyofmisreadingPeirce.[34]
ThurevonUexkll(19082004),the"father"ofmodernpsychosomaticmedicine,developeda
diagnosticmethodbasedonsemioticandbiosemioticanalyses.
RolandBarthes(19151980)wasaFrenchliterarytheoristandsemiotician.Heoftenwould
critiquepiecesofculturalmaterialtoexposehowbourgeoissocietyusedthemtoimposeitsvalues
uponothers.Forinstance,theportrayalofwinedrinkinginFrenchsocietyasarobustandhealthy
habitwouldbeabourgeoisidealperceptioncontradictedbycertainrealities(i.e.thatwinecanbe
unhealthyandinebriating).Hefoundsemioticsusefulinconductingthesecritiques.Barthes
explainedthatthesebourgeoisculturalmythsweresecondordersigns,orconnotations.Apicture
ofafull,darkbottleisasign,asignifierrelatingtoasignified:afermented,alcoholicbeverage
wine.However,thebourgeoistakethissignifiedandapplytheirownemphasistoit,making
"wine"anewsignifier,thistimerelatingtoanewsignified:theideaofhealthy,robust,relaxing
wine.Motivationsforsuchmanipulationsvaryfromadesiretosellproductstoasimpledesireto
maintainthestatusquo.TheseinsightsbroughtBarthesverymuchinlinewithsimilarMarxist
theory.
AlgirdasJulienGreimas(19171992)developeda
structuralversionofsemioticsnamed,"generative
semiotics",tryingtoshiftthefocusofdisciplinefromsigns
tosystemsofsignification.Histheoriesdeveloptheideas
ofSaussure,Hjelmslev,ClaudeLviStrauss,andMaurice
MerleauPonty.
ThomasA.Sebeok(19202001),astudentofCharlesW.
Morris,wasaprolificandwiderangingAmerican
semiotician.Althoughheinsistedthatanimalsarenot
capableoflanguage,heexpandedthepurviewofsemiotics
toincludenonhumansignalingandcommunication
Signalingandcommunication
systems,thusraisingsomeoftheissuesaddressedby
betweentheAstatotilapiaburtoni
philosophyofmindandcoiningthetermzoosemiotics.
Sebeokinsistedthatallcommunicationwasmadepossible
bytherelationshipbetweenanorganismandtheenvironmentinwhichitlives.Healsoposedthe
equationbetweensemiosis(theactivityofinterpretingsigns)andlifeaviewthatthe
CopenhagenTartubiosemioticschoolhasfurtherdeveloped.
YuriLotman(19221993)wasthefoundingmemberoftheTartu(orTartuMoscow)Semiotic
School.Hedevelopedasemioticapproachtothestudyofculturesemioticsofcultureand
establishedacommunicationmodelforthestudyoftextsemiotics.Healsointroducedtheconcept
ofthesemiosphere.AmonghisMoscowcolleagueswereVladimirToporov,VyacheslavIvanov
andBorisUspensky.
ChristianMetz(19311993)pioneeredtheapplicationofSaussureansemioticstofilmtheory,
applyingsyntagmaticanalysistoscenesoffilmsandgroundingfilmsemioticsingreatercontext.
UmbertoEco(19322016)madeawideraudienceawareofsemioticsbyvariouspublications,
mostnotablyATheoryofSemioticsandhisnovel,TheNameoftheRose,whichincludes(second
toitsplot)appliedsemioticoperations.Hismostimportantcontributionstothefieldbearon
interpretation,encyclopedia,andmodelreader.Healsohascriticizedinseveralworks(Atheoryof
semiotics,Lastrutturaassente,Lesigne,Laproductiondesignes)the"iconism"or"iconicsigns"
(takenfromPeirce'smostfamoustriadicrelation,basedonindexes,icons,andsymbols),towhich
hepurposesfourmodesofsignproduction:recognition,ostension,replica,andinvention.
EliseoVern(19352014)developedhis"SocialDiscourseTheory"inspiredinthePeircian
conceptionof"Semiosis".
TheMuGroup(Groupe)(founded1967)developedastructuralversionofrhetorics,andthe
visualsemiotics.
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Currentapplications
Applicationsofsemioticsinclude:
Itrepresentsamethodologyfortheanalysisof"texts"
regardlessofthemediuminwhichitispresented.For
thesepurposes,"text"isanymessagepreservedinaform
whoseexistenceisindependentofbothsenderand
receiver
Itmayimproveergonomicdesigninsituationswhereitis
importanttoensurethathumanbeingsareabletointeract
moreeffectivelywiththeirenvironments,whetheritbeon
alargescale,asinarchitecture,oronasmallscale,suchas
theconfigurationofinstrumentationforhumanuse.

Chartsemioticsofsocialnetworking

Insomecountries,itsroleislimitedtoliterarycriticismandanappreciationofaudioandvisualmedia,
butthisnarrowfocusmayinhibitamoregeneralstudyofthesocialandpoliticalforcesshapinghow
differentmediaareusedandtheirdynamicstatuswithinmodernculture.Issuesoftechnological
determinisminthechoiceofmediaandthedesignofcommunicationstrategiesassumenewimportance
inthisageofmassmedia.
PublicationofresearchisbothindedicatedjournalssuchasSignSystemsStudies,establishedbyYuri
LotmanandpublishedbyTartuUniversityPressSemiotica,foundedbyThomasA.Sebeokand
publishedbyMoutondeGruyterZeitschriftfrSemiotikEuropeanJournalofSemioticsVersus
(foundedanddirectedbyUmbertoEco),etal.TheAmericanJournalofSemioticsandasarticles
acceptedinperiodicalsofotherdisciplines,especiallyjournalsorientedtowardphilosophyandcultural
criticism.
Themajorsemioticbookseries"Semiotics,Communication,Cognition",publishedbyDeGruyter
Mouton(serieseditorsPaulCobleyandKaleviKull)replacestheformer"ApproachestoSemiotics"
(morethan120volumes)and"ApproachestoAppliedSemiotics"(serieseditorThomasA.Sebeok).
Since1980theSemioticSocietyofAmericahasproducedanannualconferenceseries:Semiotics:The
ProceedingsoftheSemioticSocietyofAmerica.

Branches
Semioticshassproutedsubfieldsincluding,butnotlimitedto,thefollowing:
Biosemiotics:thestudyofsemioticprocessesatalllevelsofbiology,orasemioticstudyofliving
systems(e.g.,CopenhagenTartuSchool).
Semioticanthropology.
Cognitivesemiotics:thestudyofmeaningmakingbyemployingandintegratingmethodsand
theoriesdevelopedinthecognitivesciences.Thisinvolvesconceptualandtextualanalysisaswell
asexperimentalinvestigations.CognitivesemioticsinitiallywasdevelopedattheCenterfor
SemioticsatAarhusUniversity(Denmark),withanimportantconnectionwiththeCenterof
FunctionallyIntegratedNeuroscience(CFIN)atAarhusHospital.Amongsttheprominent
cognitivesemioticiansarePerAageBrandt,Svendstergaard,PeerBundgrd,Frederik
Stjernfelt,MikkelWallentin,KristianTyln,RiccardoFusaroli,andJordanZlatev.Zlatevlaterin
cooperationwithGranSonessonestablishedtheCenterforCognitiveSemiotics(CCS)atLund
University,Sweden.
Computationalsemiotics:attemptstoengineertheprocessofsemiosis,inthestudyofanddesign
forhumancomputerinteractionortomimicaspectsofhumancognitionthroughartificial
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intelligenceandknowledgerepresentation.Seealsocybercognition.
Culturalandliterarysemiotics:examinestheliteraryworld,thevisualmedia,themassmedia,and
advertisingintheworkofwriterssuchasRolandBarthes,MarcelDanesi,andYuriLotman(e.g.,
TartuMoscowSemioticSchool).
Cybersemiotics:builtontwoalreadygeneratedinterdisciplinaryapproaches:cyberneticsand
systemstheoryincludinginformationtheoryandscience,andPeirceansemioticsincluding
phenomenologyandpragmaticaspectsoflinguistics,attemptstomakethetwointerdisciplinary
paradigmsbothgoingbeyondmechanisticandpureconstructivisticideascomplementeach
otherinacommonframework.SrenBrier.[35]
Designsemioticsorproductsemiotics:thestudyoftheuseofsignsinthedesignofphysical
productsintroducedbyMartinKrampen,ao,andinapractitionerorientedversionbyRune
MonwhileteachingindustrialdesignattheInstituteofDesign,UmeUniversity,Sweden.
Ethnosemioticsisadisciplinaryperspectivewhichlinkssemioticsconceptstoethnographic
methods.
Filmsemiotics:thestudyofthevariouscodesandsignsoffilmandhowtheyareunderstoodsee
ChristianMetz.
GregorianchantsemiologyisacurrentavenueofpalaeographicalresearchinGregorianchant
whichisrevisingtheSolesmesschoolofinterpretation.
Lawandsemiotics:oneofthemoreaccomplishedpublicationsinthisfieldistheInternational
JournalfortheSemioticsofLaw,publishedbyInternationalAssociationfortheSemioticsofLaw.
Marketingsemiotics,orcommercialsemioticsisanapplicationofsemioticmethodsandsemiotic
thinkingintheanalysisanddevelopmentofadvertisingandbrandcommunicationsincultural
context.KeyfiguresincludeVirginiaValentine,MalcolmEvans,GregRowland,Georgios
Rossolatos.
Musicsemiology:"Therearestrongargumentsthatmusicinhabitsasemiologicalrealmwhich,on
bothontogeneticandphylogeneticlevels,hasdevelopmentalpriorityoververballanguage."
(Middleton1990,p.172)SeeNattiez(1976,1987,1989),Stefani(1973,1986),Baroni(1983),
andSemiotica(66:13(1987)).
Semioticsofmusicvideos.
Organisationalsemiotics:thestudyofsemioticprocessesinorganizations(withstrongtiesto
computationalsemioticsandhumancomputerinteraction).
Socialsemiotics:expandstheinterpretablesemioticlandscapetoincludeallculturalcodes,such
asinslang,fashion,andadvertising(SeeRolandBarthes,MichaelHalliday,BobHodge,and
ChristianMetz).
StructuralismandpoststructuralismintheworkofJacquesDerrida,MichelFoucault,Louis
Hjelmslev,RomanJakobson,JacquesLacan,ClaudeLviStrauss,RolandBarthes,etc.
Theatresemiotics:extendsoradaptssemioticsonstagekeytheoriciansincludeKeirElam.
Urbansemiotics
Visualsemiotics:analysesvisualsignsprominentmodernfounderstothisbranchareGroupe
andGranSonesson(seealsovisualrhetoric).
Semioticsofphotography.[36]

Pictorialsemiotics
Pictorialsemiotics[37]isintimatelyconnectedtoarthistoryandtheory.Itgoesbeyondthembothinat
leastonefundamentalway,however.Whilearthistoryhaslimiteditsvisualanalysistoasmallnumber
ofpicturesthatqualifyas"worksofart",pictorialsemioticsfocusesonthepropertiesofpicturesina
generalsense,andonhowtheartisticconventionsofimagescanbeinterpretedthroughpictorialcodes.
Pictorialcodesarethewayinwhichviewersofpictorialrepresentationsseemautomaticallytodecipher
theartisticconventionsofimagesbybeingunconsciouslyfamiliarwiththem.[38]

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AccordingtoGranSonesson,aSwedishsemiotician,picturescanbeanalyzedbythreemodels:(a)the
narrativemodel,whichconcentratesontherelationshipbetweenpicturesandtimeinachronological
mannerasinacomicstrip(b)therhetoricmodel,whichcomparespictureswithdifferentdevicesasina
metaphorand(c)thelaokoon(orlaocoon)model,whichconsidersthelimitsandconstraintsofpictorial
expressionsbycomparingtextualmediumsthatutilizetimewithvisualmediumsthatutilizespace.[39]
Thebreakfromtraditionalarthistoryandtheoryaswellasfromothermajorstreamsofsemiotic
analysisleavesopenawidevarietyofpossibilitiesforpictorialsemiotics.Someinfluenceshavebeen
drawnfromphenomenologicalanalysis,cognitivepsychology,structuralist,andcognitivistlinguistics,
andvisualanthropologyandsociology.

Semioticsandglobalization
Studieshaveshownthatsemioticsmaybeusedtomakeorbreakabrand.Culturecodesstrongly
influencewhetherapopulationlikesordislikesabrandsmarketing,especiallyinternationally.Ifthe
companyisunawareofaculturescodes,itrunstheriskoffailinginitsmarketing.Globalizationhas
causedthedevelopmentofaglobalconsumerculturewhereproductshavesimilarassociations,whether
positiveornegative,acrossnumerousmarkets.[40]
Mistranslationsmayleadtoinstancesof"Engrish"or"Chinglish",termsforunintentionallyhumorous
crossculturalslogansintendedtobeunderstoodinEnglish.Thismaybecausedbyasignthat,in
Peirce'sterms,mistakenlyindexesorsymbolizessomethinginoneculture,thatitdoesnotinanother.[41]
Inotherwords,itcreatesaconnotationthatisculturallybound,andthatviolatessomeculturecode.
Theoristswhohavestudiedhumor(suchasSchopenhauer)suggestthatcontradictionorincongruity
createsabsurdityandtherefore,humor.[42]Violatingaculturecodecreatesthisconstructof
ridiculousnessfortheculturethatownsthecode.Intentionalhumoralsomayfailcrossculturally
becausejokesarenotoncodeforthereceivingculture.[43]
AgoodexampleofbrandingaccordingtoculturalcodeisDisneysinternationalthemeparkbusiness.
DisneyfitswellwithJapan'sculturalcodebecausetheJapanesevalue"cuteness",politeness,andgift
givingaspartoftheirculturecodeTokyoDisneylandsellsthemostsouvenirsofanyDisneytheme
park.Incontrast,DisneylandParisfailedwhenitlaunchedasEuroDisneybecausethecompanydidnot
researchthecodesunderlyingEuropeanculture.ItsstorybookretellingofEuropeanfolktaleswastaken
aselitistandinsulting,andthestrictappearancestandardsthatithadforemployeesresultedin
discriminationlawsuitsinFrance.Disneysouvenirswereperceivedascheaptrinkets.Theparkwasa
financialfailurebecauseitscodeviolatedtheexpectationsofEuropeancultureinwaysthatwere
offensive.[44]
Ontheotherhand,someresearchershavesuggestedthatitispossibletosuccessfullypassasign
perceivedasaculturalicon,suchastheCocaColaorMcDonald'slogos,fromoneculturetoanother.
Thismaybeaccomplishedifthesignismigratedfromamoreeconomicallydevelopedtoaless
developedculture.[44]Theintentionalassociationofaproductwithanotherculturehasbeencalled
ForeignConsumerCulturePositioning(FCCP).Productsalsomaybemarketedusingglobaltrendsor
culturecodes,forexample,savingtimeinabusyworldbuteventhesemaybefinetunedforspecific
cultures.[40]
Researchalsofoundthat,asairlineindustrybrandingsgrowandbecomemoreinternational,theirlogos
becomemoresymbolicandlessiconic.Theiconicityandsymbolismofasigndependsonthecultural
conventionand,areonthatgroundinrelationwitheachother.Iftheculturalconventionhasgreater
influenceonthesign,thesignsgetmoresymbolicvalue.[45]
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Maininstitutions
AworldorganisationofsemioticianstheInternationalAssociationforSemioticStudies,withits
journalSemioticawasestablishedin1969.Thelargerresearchcenterstogetherwithextensive
teachingprogramincludethesemioticsdepartmentsattheUniversityofTartu,AarhusUniversity,and
BolognaUniversity.

Seealso
Outlineofsemiotics
Indexofsemioticsarticles
Semioticelementsandclassesofsigns
Medicalsign
Ethnosemiotics

References
Notes
1."Thescienceofcommunicationstudiedthroughtheinterpretationofsignsandsymbolsastheyoperatein
variousfields,esp.language",OxfordEnglishDictionary(2003)
2.Caesar,Michael(1999).UmbertoEco:Philosophy,Semiotics,andtheWorkofFiction.WileyBlackwell.
p.55.ISBN9780745608501.
3.TheAmericanHeritageDictionaryoftheEnglishLanguage:Syntactics
(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/syntactics)
4.(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?
doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dshmeiwtiko%2Fs),HenryGeorgeLiddell,Robert
Scott,AGreekEnglishLexicon,onPerseus
5.(http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?
doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dshmei%3Don),HenryGeorgeLiddell,RobertScott,A
GreekEnglishLexicon,onPerseus
6.Stubbe,H.,ThePlusUltrareducedtoaNonPlus...(London,England,1670),page75:"...noristhereany
thingtoberelieduponinPhysick,butanexactknowledgeofmedicinalphisiology(foundedonobservation,
notprinciples),semeiotics,methodofcuring,andtried(notexcogitated,notcommanding)medicines...."
7."Thebranchofmedicalsciencerelatingtotheinterpretationofsymptoms",OxfordEnglishDictionary(1989)
8.FortheGreeks,"signs"occurredintheworldofnature,"symbols"intheworldofculture.Notuntil
AugustineofHippowouldathematicproposalforunitingthetwounderthenotionof"sign"(signum)as
transcendingthenatureculturedivideandidentifyingsymbolsasnomorethanaspecies(orsubspecies)of
signumbeformallyproposed.Seethemonographstudyonthisquestion,Leteoriedelsegnonellantichit
classicabyGiovanniManetti(Milan:Bompiani,1987)trans.byChristineRichardsonasTheoriesofthe
SigninClassicalAntiquity(Bloomington,IN:IndianaUniversityPress,1993).Classicalsoisthearticleby
LuigiRomeo,"TheDerivationofSemioticsthroughtheHistoryoftheDiscipline",inSemiosis6,Heft2
(1977),3749.SeealsoAndrewLaVellesdiscussionofRomeoonPeircelat[1]
(http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.science.philosophy.peirce/3252).

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9.LockeusedtheGreekword[sic]inthe4thed.of1700(http://books.google.gr/books?
id=hGeKsjjtu6EC&source=gbs_navlinks_s)(p.437)ofhisEssayconcerningHumanUnderstanding.He
notablywritesboth(a)""and(b)""whenterm(a)isfollowedbyanykindof
punctuationmark,ittakestheform(b)seeAncientGreekaccent.The1689/1690firsteditionofLockes
EssayconcerningHumanUnderstanding,intheconcluding"DivisionoftheSciences"chapter,Locke
introduces,in4,""ashisproposednamesynonymouswith"theDoctrineofSigns"forthe
developmentofthefuturestudyoftheubiquitousroleofsignswithinhumanawareness.Inthe16891690
originaledition,the"DivisionoftheSciences"chapterwasChapterXX.Inthe4thed.of1700,anewChapter
XIX"OfEnthusiasm"isinsertedintoBookIV,afterwhichtheChapterXXofthe1sted.becomesChapter
XXIforallsubsequenteditions.seeinJohnDeely,WhySemiotics?(Ottawa:Legas,2004),7188,esp.
7780fortheeditionsofLockesEssayfrom1689through1716.ItisanimportantfactthatLockes
proposalforthedevelopmentofsemiotics,withthreepassingexceptionsas"asides"inthewritingsof
Berkeley,Leibniz,andCondillac,"ismetwitharesoundingsilencethatlastsaslongasmodernityitself.
EvenLockesdevotedlatemoderneditor,AlexanderCampbellFraser,dismissesoutofhandthiscrudeand
superficialschemeofLocke"(see"Lockesmodestproposalsubversiveofthewayofideas,itsreception,
anditsbearingontheresolutionofanancientandamoderncontroversyinlogic"inChap.14ofDeelys
FourAgesofUnderstanding,pp.591606).Inthe1975OxfordUniversityPresscriticaledition,preparedand
introducedbyPeterHaroldNidditch,Nidditchtellsus,inhis"Foreword",p.vii,thathepresentsuswith"a
complete,criticallyestablished,andunmodernizedtextthataimsatbeinghistoricallyfaithfultoLockesfinal
intentions"p.xxvtellsusfurtherthat"thepresenttextisbasedontheoriginalfourtheditionoftheEssay",
andthat"readingsintheotherearlyauthorizededitionsareadopted,inappropriateform,wherenecessary,and
recordedotherwiseinthetextualnotes".Theterm""appearsinthat17004thedition,thelast
published(butnotthelastprepared)withinLockeslifetime,withexactlythespellingandfinalaccentfound
inthe1689/16901stedition.Yetifweturnto(thefinal)chapterXXIofthe1975Oxfordedition,wefindon
p.720not""butratherdowefindsubstitutedthe""spelling(andwithfinalaccent
reversed).(NotethatinModernGreekandinsomesystemsforpronouncingclassicalGreek,""
and""arepronouncedthesame.)
10.PriortoLocke,thenotionof"sign"astranscendingthenature/culturedividewasintroducedbyAugustineof
HipposeeJohnDeely,Augustine&Poinsot:TheProtosemioticDevelopment(Scranton:Universityof
ScrantonPress,2009)forfulldetailsofAugustinesoriginalityonthispointaspecializedstudywasfirmly
established.Himselfamanofmedicine,Lockewasfamiliarwiththis"semeiotics"asnamingaspecialized
branchwithinmedicalscience.InhispersonallibraryweretwoeditionsofScapulas1579abridgementof
HenricusStephanusThesaurusGraecaeLinguae,whichlistedasthenamefor"diagnostics",the
branchofmedicineconcernedwithinterpretingsymptomsofdisease("symptomatology").IndeedtheEnglish
physicianandscholarHenryStubbeshadtransliteratedthistermofspecializedscienceintoEnglishprecisely
as"semeiotic"inhis1670work,ThePlusUltraReducedtoaNonPlus(p.75).
11.Anowobsoletetermfortheartorprofessionofcuringdiseasewith(herbal)medicinesor(chemical)drugs
especiallypurgativesorcathartics.Also,itspecificallyreferstothetreatmentofhumans.
12.Thatis,"thoughtout","contrived",or"devised"(OxfordEnglishDictionary).
13.Peirce,C.S.,CollectedPapersofCharlesSandersPeirce,vol.2,paragraph227.
14.Peirce,C.S.(1902),"Logic,ConsideredasSemeiotic",ManuscriptL75,transcription
(http://www.cspeirce.com/menu/library/bycsp/l75/l75.htm)atArisbe:ThePeirceGateway,and,inparticular,
its"OntheDefinitionofLogic"(Memoir12),transcription
(http://www.cspeirce.com/menu/library/bycsp/l75/ver1/l75v105.htm#m12)atArisbe.
15.Peirceansemioticistriadic(sign,object,interpretant),asopposedtothedyadicSaussuriantradition
(signifier,signified),andisconceivedofasphilosophicallogicstudiedintermsofsignsthatarenotalways
linguisticorartificial,andsignprocesses,modesofinference,andtheinquiryprocessingeneral,with
emphasesnotonlyonsymbolsbutalsoonsignsthataresemblances("icons")andsignsthataresignsby
beingfactuallyconnected("indices")totheirobjects.
16.MaxFischcompiledPeircerelatedbibliographicalsupplementsin1952,1964,1966,1974wasconsulting
editoronthe1977microfilmofPeirce'spublishedworksandontheComprehensiveBibliographyassociated
withitwasamongthemaineditorsofthefirstfivevolumes(published19811993)WritingsofCharlesS.
PeirceandwroteanumberofpublishedarticlesonPeirce,manycollectedin1986inPeirce,Semeiotic,and
Pragmatism,KetnerandKloesel,eds.,IndianaUniversityPress:catalogpage
(http://www.iupress.indiana.edu/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=19748),Bloomington,IN,480pages.
SeeCharlesSandersPeircebibliography.
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17.Fisch,MaxH.(1978),"PeircesGeneralTheoryofSigns"inSight,Sound,andSense,ed.T.A.Sebeok.
Bloomington:IndianaUniversityPress,pp.3170.
18.Thewholeanthology,FrontiersinSemiotics,wasdevotedtothedocumentationofthisparsprototomoveof
Sebeok.
19.See"Umwelt",Semiotica1341/4(2001),125135SpecialIssueon"JakobvonUexkll:Aparadigmfor
biologyandsemiotics"GuestEditedbyKaleviKull.
20.Cf.MartinHeidegger(1927),inthe1962trans.byJohnMacquarrie&EdwardRobinson,BeingandTime
(NewYork,NY:Harper&Row),p.487:"ThedistinctionbetweenthebeingofexistingDaseinandtheBeing
ofentities,suchasReality,whichdonothavethecharacterofDasein...isnothingwithwhichphilosophymay
tranquilizeitself.IthaslongbeenknownthatancientontologyworkswithThingconceptsandthatthereisa
dangerofreifyingconsciousness.Butwhatdoesthisreifyingsignify?Wheredoesitarise?Whydoes
Beinggetconceivedproximallyintermsofthepresentathandandnotintermsofthereadytohand,
whichindeedliesclosertous?Whydoesreifyingalwayskeepcomingbacktoexerciseitsdominion?"Thisis
thequestionthattheUmwelt/Lebensweltdistinctionasheredrawnanswersto.
21.ThomasA.Sebeok,"TheEvolutionofCommunicationandtheOriginofLanguage",lectureinthe1984June
13InternationalSummerInstituteforSemioticandStructuralStudies1984Colloquiumon"Phylogenyand
OntogenyofCommunicationSystems",publishedunderthetitle"Communication,Language,andSpeech.
EvolutionaryConsiderations",inSebeoksIThinkIAmAVerb.MoreContributionstotheDoctrineofSigns
(NewYork:PlenumPress,1986),pp.1016.Forsubsequentcontext,seethe"Afterword"tothevolumeof
SebeoksSemioticPrologues,ed.JohnDeelyandMarcelDanesi(Ottawa,Canada:Legas,2012),pp.365
383versiononlineat[2](http://www.augustoponzio.com/files/12._Deely.pdf).
22.DetaileddemonstrationofSebeoksroleoftheglobalemergenceofsemioticsisrecordedinatleastthree
recentvolumes.(1)SemioticsSeenSynchronically.TheViewfrom2010(Ottawa:Legas,2010).(2)Semiotics
ContinuesToAstonish.ThomasA.SebeokandtheDoctrineofSigns(Berlin:MoutonDeGruyter,2011)a
526pageassemblageofessays,vignettes,letters,picturesattestingtothedepthandextentofSebeoks
promotionofsemioticunderstandingaroundtheworld,includinghisinvolvementwithJuriLotmanandthe
TartuUniversitygraduateprograminsemiotics(currentlydirectedbyP.Torop,M.LotmanandK.Kull).(3)
SebeoksSemioticPrologues(Ottawa:Legas,2012)avolumewhichgatherstogetherinPartIallthe
"prologues"(i.e.,introductions,prefaces,forewords,etc.)thatSebeokwroteforotherpeoplesbooks,thenin
Part2allthe"prologues"thatotherpeoplewroteforSebeok.
23.SeeThomasA.Sebeok,"CommunicationinAnimalsandMen",reviewarticlecoveringthreebooks:Martin
Lindauer,CommunicationamongSocialBees(HarvardBooksinBiology,No.2Cambridge,MA:Harvard
UniversityPress,1961,pp.ix+143)WinthropN.Kellogg,PorpoisesandSonar(Chicago,IL:Universityof
ChicagoPress,1961,pp.xiv+177)andJohnC.Lilly,ManandDolphin(GardenCity,NewYork:
Doubleday),inLanguage39(1963),448466.
24.MartinKrampen,"Phytosemiotics",Semiotica,36.3/4(1981),187209.
25.Peircec.1907:Excerptfrom"Pragmatism(Editor[3])",publishedunderthetitle"ASurveyof
Pragmaticism"inTheCollectedPapersofCharlesSandersPeirce,Vol.5,ed.CharlesHartshorneandPaul
Weiss(Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversityPress,1934),5.473.SeealsothepartofPeircesletterofto
LadyWelbydated23December1908,inSemioticandSignifics:TheCorrespondencebetweenC.S.Peirce
andVictoriaLadyWelby,ed.CharlesS.HardwickwiththeassistanceofJamesCook(Bloomington,IN:
IndianaUniversityPress,1977),pp.7386.And"Semiosis:TheSubjectMatterofSemioticInquiry",Chap.
3ofBasicsofSemioticsbyJohnDeely(5thed.:Tartu,Estonia:TartuUniversityPress,2009),2650,esp.31
&3841).
26.1971,orig.1938,Writingsonthegeneraltheoryofsigns,Mouton,TheHague,TheNetherlands
27.1944,BlackM.ThePhilosophyofBertrandRussell,LibraryofLivingPhilosophers,vol.5.
28.ForPeirce'sdefinitionsofsignsandsemiosis,seeunder"Sign
(http://www.helsinki.fi/science/commens/terms/sign.html)"and"Semiosis,semeiosy
(http://www.helsinki.fi/science/commens/terms/semiosis.html)"intheCommensDictionaryofPeirce'sTerms
(http://www.helsinki.fi/science/commens/dictionary.html)and"76definitionsofsignbyC.S.Peirce
(http://perso.numericable.fr/robert.marty/semiotique/access.htm)"collectedbyRobertMarty.Peirce's"What
IsaSign(http://www.iupui.edu/~peirce/ep/ep2/ep2book/ch02/ep2ch2.htm)"(MS404of1894,Essential
Peircev.2,pp.410)providesintuitivehelp.

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29.SeePeirce,excerptfromalettertoWilliamJames,March14,1909,CollectedPapersv.8,paragraph314.
AlsoseeunderrelevantentriesintheCommensDictionaryofPeirce'sTerms
(http://www.helsinki.fi/science/commens/dictionary.html).Oncoincidenceofactualopinionwithfinalopinion,
seeMS218,transcription(http://www.cspeirce.com/menu/library/bycsp/logic/ms218.htm)atArisbe,and
appearinginWritingsofCharlesS.Peircev.3,p.79.
30.Hespeltit"semiotic"and"semeiotic".Seeunder"Semeiotic
(http://www.helsinki.fi/science/commens/terms/semeiotic.html)[etc.]intheCommensDictionaryofPeirce's
Terms.
31.Peirce,CollectedPapersv.2,paragraphs243263,writtenc.1903.
32.Heworkedonbutdidnotperfectafinergrainedsystemoftentrichotomies,tobecombinedinto66(Tn+1)
classesofsign.ThatraisedforPeirce59,049classificatoryquestions(59,049=310,or3tothe10thpower).
Seep.482in"ExcerptsfromLetterstoLadyWelby",EssentialPeircev.2.
33.Ryan,Michael(2011).>TheEncyclopediaofLiteraryandCulturalTheory.Hoboken,NJ,USA:Wiley
Blackwell.ISBN9781405183123.
34.Dewey,John,(1946,February14),"Peirce'sTheoryofLinguisticSigns,Thought,andMeaning".The
JournalofPhilosophy,v.43,n.4,pp.8595.
35.Brier,Sren(2008).Cybersemiotics:WhyInformationIsNotEnough!.Toronto,Canada:Universityof
TorontoPress.ISBN9780802092205.
36.SemioticsofPhotography(http://ssrn.com/abstract=2067834)
37."PictorialSemiotics".OxfordIndex.OxfordUniversityPress,n.d.Web.
38."PictorialCodes".OxfordIndex.OxfordUniversityPress,n.d.Web.
39.Sonesson,Gran(1988)."MethodsandModelsinPictorialSemiotics":298.
40.Alden,DanaJanBenedictSteenkamp&RajeevBatra.(1999)."BrandPositioningThroughAdvertisingin
Asia,NorthAmerica,andEurope:TheRoleofGlobalConsumerCulture",JournalofMarketing63(1),75
87.
41.Chandler,Daniel.(2001/2007).Semiotics:TheBasics.London:Routledge
42.Spotts,H.WeinbergerM.&ParsonsA.(1997)."Assessingtheuseandimpactofhumoronadvertising
effectiveness:Acontingencyapproach",JournalofAdvertising,26(3),1732
43.Beeman,William.(1981)."Whydotheylaugh?AninteractionalapproachtohumorintraditionalIranian
improvisatorytheater:Performanceanditseffects".JournalofAmericanFolklore,94(374),506526.
44.Brannen,M.(2004).WhenMickeyLosesFace:Recontextualization,SemanticFit,andtheSemioticsof
Foreignness,AcademyofManagementReview,29(4),593616
45.Thurlow,C.&Aiello,G.(2007)."Nationalpride,globalcapital:asocialsemioticanalysisoftransnational
visualbrandingintheairlineindustry",VisualCommunication,6(3),305344

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiotics

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SemioticsWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

AppliedSemiotics/Smiotiqueapplique
Lookupsemioticsin
(http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/french/assa/index.html)
Wiktionary,thefree
Communicology:Thelinkbetweensemioticsand
dictionary.
phenomenologicalmanifestations
(http://www.communicology.org/)
LanguageandtheOriginofSemiosis(http://www.percepp.com/semiosis.htm)
SemioticsforBeginners(http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/sem02.html)
Signowww.signosemio.comPresentssemiotictheoriesandtheoriescloselyrelatedtosemiotics
(http://www.signosemio.com/)
TheSemioticsoftheWeb(http://pauillac.inria.fr/~codognet/web.html)
TartuSemioticsDepartment(http://www.ut.ee/SOSE/eng.html)
HardSemioticsbyRobertMarty(http://www.hardsemiotics.net)
Peirceanfocus
Arisbe:ThePeirceGateway(http://www.cspeirce.com/)
MinuteSemeiotic(http://www.minutesemeiotic.org/?lang=en),English,Portuguese
Peirce'sTheoryofSemiosis:TowardaLogicofMutualAffection
(http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/epc/srb/cyber/espout.html)freeonlinecourse
SemioticsaccordingtoRobertMarty(http://perso.numericable.fr/robert.marty/semiotique/anglais.htm),with
76definitionsofthesignbyC.S.Peirce(http://perso.numericable.fr/robert.marty/semiotique/access.htm)
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ThomasA.Sebeok,AlainRey,RolandPosner,etal.,Editors.
Biosemiotics
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(http://www.biosemiotics.org/).
CenterforSemiotics(http://www.hum.au.dk/semiotics/),AarhusUniversity,Denmark.
CognitiveSemiotics(http://www.cognitivesemiotics.com/),PerAageBrandt&ToddOakley,
EditorsinChief.
CyberneticsandHumanKnowing(http://www.chkjournal.org/),SrenBrier,ChiefEditor.
InternationalJournalofSignsandSemioticSystems(IJSSS)(http://www.irma
international.org/journal/internationaljournalsignssemioticsystems/41024/),AngeloLoula&
JooQueiroz,Editors.
OpenSemioticsResourceCenter(http://www.semioticon.com/).Journals,lecturecourses,etc.
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Cienki,AssociateEditorRenJorna,WinfriedNth.
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ManagingDirectorAndreaValle&MiriamVisalli,Editors.SomearticlesinEnglish.Homesite
seemsgonefromWeb,oldurl[3](http://www.semiotiche.it/)nolongergood,andWayback
Machinecannotretrieve.
Semiotics,CommunicationandCognition(http://www.degruyter.de/view/serial/41472)(book
series),PaulCobley&KaleviKull,Editors.
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Bouissacetal.
SignSystemsStudies(http://www.ut.ee/SOSE/sss/index.htm),KaleviKull,KatiLindstrom,
MihhailLotman,TimoMaran,SilviSalupere,PeeterTorop,EditorsfromtheDept.of
Semiotics,U.ofTartu(http://www.ut.ee/SOSE/eng.html),Estonia.
SignsandSociety(http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/journals/journal/sas.html),RichardJ.
Parmentier,Editor.
Signs:InternationalJournalofSemiotics(http://vip.iva.dk/signs/).MartinThellefsen,Torkild
Thellefsen,&BentSrensen,chiefeds.
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CornelisdeWaal,ChiefEditorfromTheCharlesS.PeirceSociety
(http://www.peircesociety.org/).
Versus:Quadernidistudisemiotici(http://versus.dsc.unibo.it/),foundedbyUmbertoEco.
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