IMIN Mall COMM

TheSixtiesandtheShapingofGlobalConsciousness

Editedby
KarenDubinsky,Catherine Krull, SusanLord,Sean Mills & Scott Rutherford

BETWEENTHE LINES
TORONTO

GeorgeKatsiaticas 3 5

THeGLOBal1111801OOTIOOOF1968
TheNew Left's Unfulfilled Promise

B e g i n n i n g w i t h the global insurgency of the 1960s, grassroots movements

continue to be activated by principles of direct democracy, autonomy, and solidarity. These now seemingly universal desires stand in stark opposition to the
entrenched system of capitalist patriarchy. With these unifying aspirations, social
movements today remain globally connected, and spontaneously synchronized
actions are increasingly international.
Even when they appear to be constrained within the apparently particularistic forms of new social movements,- grassroots organizing for change after the
sixties often contains universal elements. Just as we understand that AfricanAmerican music is universally appealing, so should we comprehend that wometfs
liberation is in all our interests and not simply a particularistic concern of one
fraction of humanity. Movements for peace and nuclear disarmament, for global
economic Justice and against the "real axis of evil- 1the World Trade Organization. International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and the multinational corporations they serveall overtly contain aspirations that benefit all of humanity. This
universality of species interest an integral dimension of the new left, remains the
movement's most important feature and is carried into contemporary struggles
against war and neoliberalism.
348

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Americans siMultaneously examined critically the presence of white activists as

well as t h e strictures o f non-violence imposed u p o n t h e m b y pacifists. whose
mainstream media power made them larger than life. Studied ignorance of watershed events like the direct democracy practised in Philadelphia at the RPCC is an
essential means of perpetuating the mythological superiority of the early 1960s.
In October 2006 I was privileged to attend t h e fortieth anniversary celebration of the Black Panther Party. At that event, many chapters had mini-reunions
before reporting back to the group on what had happened in their cities four decades previously. FOUR DECADES! Because of the bitter internecine split in their
ranks and the brutal repression they suffered from police and FBI. Panther members had not had an opportunity even to discuss what had happened. A s we listened to reports front people who had been party activists in places such as New
Bedford. Massachusetts. a n d Milwaukee. Wisconsin. I reflected o n h o w m a n y
former college students active in the early 1960s had been given the opportunity
to write their memoirs and imprint t h e i r perspective on the movement on future
generations. while key activists front the movement's later phase were killed o r
remain imprisoned. The police and FBI came down so hard on the movement that
former Philadelphia Panther Mumia Abu-Jamal, one of the key organizers of the
Philadelphia R P M continues to be confined on death row.

UniversalLiberationasthePromiseof1008
The international resonance of the Black Panther Party led to groups with similar names being formed i n at least five other countries, i n c l u d i n g among Dal i t s
(untouchables) in India. Arab Jews in Israel, aborigines in Australia. and seniors
in the United States. One of the papers delivered at the Queen's University New
World Coming conference in 2007 was about the Black Panther Party in Israel. an
organization about which I had waited many years to learn something substantive. The conference also had a Palestinian keynote speaker. (See chapter 1 here.)
The presence o f these activists reminded me that the new left was. i f anything.
a diverse and polycentric movement t h a t d i d not respect anyone's rigid lines i n
the sand. It i s impossible to charactedze the new left as a movement t h a t was
unitaryrather, it was a global movement w i t h a diverse membership that acted
in u n i s o n against w a r and racism, against p a t r i a r c h y a n d h i e r a r c h y, against
hatred and for love.
It was not simply a movement f o r civil rights i f you were an African A m e r ican. a movement f o r WOIllen'S liberation i f you were a woman, a movement f o r
gay rights i f you were lesbian o r gay, a movement for peace i f you were against
War: it was certainly all of those things, b u t it was also much moreand that is

TheGtotgl

What was most interesting. The new left was a global movement that, at its best

(magmaflon of f 958

353

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moments, contested the world capitalist systella

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as a whole. For the first time, h u m a n s emerged

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existence imposed b y t h e system. D u r i n g t h e

Vietnam Wa r, f o r example, t h e p a t r i o t i s m o f . fi

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many Americans was superseded b y solidarity

with the people o f Vietnam: i n place o f racistn-many white Americans insisted that a Vi e t n a m : a
ese life was worth the same as an American
(defying the continual media barrage to the CI:M..,
trary). According to many different opinion poll
at t h a t t i m e . Vietnamese leader H o C h i - M 1 4
was m o r e p o p u l a r o n U . S . college c a m p
than was U.S. president Nixon.
There w e r e peace movements l o n g h e r
the 1 9 6 0 s and, unfortunately, t h e r e will nedd;
,
to be peace 1110VCITICMS for years to come. S-i t t a . . ,
nifieant i n the case of the new left was the
in which the global movement came togethertetr;
oppose the o r I n Februttry 1972 the VietrutdM-'.
ese organized an international conference in

sallies. France. and activists from peace aMtrf,

Handbill tor a
massive antVietnam War
demonstration,
London, England.
Spring 1968

'Dents i n more t h a n eighty countries gath,

At that time. delegates agreed upon an action calendar designed to cceord
demonstrations, to show the world how unpopular the U.S. w a r was. Som
was supposed to happen around Easter in Vietnam, followed by d e m o n s t r a * from East t o Westfrom Moscow to Paris to New York and finally to San
where Nixon was due to be renominated at the Republican National Co
in August. A l l over the world, activists were inspired when the Easter Off
that led o ff the calendar involved, f o r the first time, t a n k s appearing am
arsenal of guerrilla forces in southern Vietnam. The Vietnamese military
in co-ordination w i t h the global political movement was so well crafted
Vietnamese simultaneously announced the formation of a provisional reYolfdl
any government w i t h a capital a t Q u a n g T n . T h e U.S. response wtt.4
barbarism. I have seen photos o f Quang Tr i after the United States be
Scarcely a building's wall was left standing. i t w a s said a t t h e t i m e
destruction was done to the city than had been done to Hiroshima or N
The Vietnamese centrally orchestrated these actions in 1972, but h&

NEWWORLD
COMING

354

global movement had a spontaneous synchronicity and international

lion organized f r o m the grassroots. Leading up to the French May

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Giovanni Arright called the movetnents of 1989 -the continuation of 1 9 6 8 . - 3 1 4

wave of Asian uprisings predated events in Eastern Europe and did not flow
decisions made by world leaders to end t h e Cold War. The n e w left's u n l v e r 4 r
impetus f o r liberation was especially evident i n t h e Gwangju u p r i s i n g of 1.98ort:
which helped set o ff the chain reaction of revolts and uprisings throughout Ert,41%-4.
Asia. Gwangju*s -beautiful community" among the city's citizenstheir spontsigt
eous ability t o drive out t h e m i l i t a r y, t o defend, govern, a n d manage their
affairs: the disappearance of crime and competition: and the rapid self-orgardzi
,-,tion of the Citizens' Army and Citizen-Student Struggle Committeeis l e g e n d n 0 ,
In the liberated city d a i l y rallies of lens of thousands of people directly made
most i m p o r t a n t decisions: Gwangju's participatory democracy illustrates c * O i P ' ' ' '
cretely how the new left's vision f a r from being peculiar to the sixties. r e r n * i i r
globally central t o insurgency. O t h e r E a s t A s i a n u p r i s i n g s o f the 1 9 8 0 s
1990s demonstrated s i m i k i r global awareness a m i d manifestations o f the tteois,
left dimensions o f autonomy. direct democracy. a n d solidarity: t h e P h i l l p p * , , , A (1986), B u r m a (1988). China (1989). Nepal (1990). Bangladesh (1990). T h W , 4 1 ,
(1992). and Indonesia (1998).
In the United States and Canada and Western Europe, spontaneous
roots movements for global economic justice and peace emerged after the 19;:s,,._
making such demands as cancelling the national debt of the worlds poorest eintp:,;:_'_v.tries and organizing confrontations of elite summits. Well-intentioned celebritill
like Bono have macle famous the struggle against world starvation and . n r i r l r a
misery. Unfortunately, one day we will need to remind Bono that his broth
with IMF presidents Wolfensohn a n d Wolfowitz (and all the other wolves nt,_
finance whose system gnaws a t t h e bones o f starving humanity) failedh
l
syd
a
m
ico
f,w
r.Ith
e
g
n
u
people will realize that it is the system that is the problem. Bono is a t t e a r l d *

work with a failed system, while it is the system itself that must go.4
For many people, protests in Seattle in 1999 broke new ground whe44
sters and Turtles, workers and ecologists. Lesbian Avengers and Zapatis
sans all converged for unified action and stopped the INTO meetings.111:E1
wide synchronicity of protests that day involved actions in dozens of oth

around the world. Building up to Seattle's exhilarating victory. su

frontations of attempted imposition of the corporate behemoth's dom
organized i n Caracas (1987) a n d Seoul (1997). I n Berlin i n 1988, t a l i )
sands of people militantly confronted the global financial elite gathering
pelted t h e world's bankers to adjourn a day earlier t h a n planned.
as t h e -real axis o f evil" t o o k a i m a t p u l l i n g millions m o r e people
NEWWORLD
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858

their exploitative system, ordinary people in places such as Cocha

(2000), and Arequipa. Peru (2002). fought back against the attenrip

tins) o f ConiMunat nalurai resources and won significant victories. O n February

IS. 2003, between fifteen a n d t h i r t y m i l l i o n people around t h e world protested
the U.S. war i n Iraq even though i t h a d not yet begun. N o central organization
called together these protesters.
In the f u t u r e we can expect n e w uprisings against nen-liberalism a n d war.
Ordinary people are capable of making far more intelligent decisions than is any
elitewhether dictators like Saddam Hussein or -democratically" elected leaders
like George B u s h . People arc sick a n d t i r e d o f elite greed a n d c r u e l t y, o f systematic injustice. While political leadership based upon a u t h o r i t a r i a n organizations has lost legitimacy, t h e power o f example r e m a i n s potent. Nation-slates'
and corporations' global quest f o r complete control a n d domination, t o b r e a k
down indigenous cultures and local autonomy. !Inds its most articulate negation
in the Zapatista movement for dignity for the peoples of Chiapas. What began as
an insurrection on the same day that the North American Free Trade Agreement
was implementedJanuary I . 1 9 9 4 - h a s t u r n e d i n t o a worldwide focal p o i n t
for grassroots actions against neo-liberal capitalism's systematic injusticesits
perpetuation o f billionaires' wealth alongside h u n d r e d s o f millions o f starving
human beings. Zapatista encuentros (international gatherings of activists) in the
jungle were instrumental in preparing the ground of the protests against the w r 0
in Seattle; i n Europe they helped t o inspire the actions o f Reclaim t h e Streets,
Carnival Against Capitalism. and EuroMayday.
To destroy t h e existing system o f militarized nation-states, p o w e r - h u n g r y
political parties, and avaricious niuitituitional corporations abetted by their international axis of evil, insurgent movements need to synchronize actions and goals
internationaily. Globally aware movements have already helped t o defeat U.S.
Imperialism in Vietnam and to end apartheid in South Africa. By building on the
legacy of these struggles, we can finally create a world l i t for h u m a n beings and
for all forms of life,

TheGlobal
Prove fonOf ;968

357