AP Physics 2 Summer Assignment:

1. Click the link: http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py105.html

2. On the left side of the page: Go through all the lecture notes under Fluids.
Pressure: Fluid Statics
Fluid Dynamics
Viscosity
3. Answer the accompanying problem set on Fluids.
4. Click again the link: http://physics.bu.edu/~duffy/py105.html
5. This time on the left side of the page choose the lecture on Kinetic Theory and Heat . Go
through the following lecture:
Temperature and Thermal Expansion
Ideal Gas Law
Kinetic Theory
Heat and Specific Heat
Heat Transfer
6. Answer the accompanying questions and problem set on kinetic theory and heat.
7. Summer assignment is due on the first week of school.
8. If you have questions, email me at msdeesciences@gmail.com.
9. Good luck and see you next year!
10. Enjoy yours summer vacation!
Note: You may access other websites and videos to help you with this assignment.
Part I. Fluids
A. Questions on Fluids
1.

If one material has a higher density than another, must the molecules of the first be
heavier than those of the second? Explain.

2.

Consider what happens when you push both a pin and the blunt end of a pen against your
skin with the same force. Decide what determines whether your skin is cutthe net force
applied to it or the pressure.

3.

A small amount of water is boiled in a 1-gallon metal can. The can is removed from the
heat and the lid put on. As he can cools, it collapses and looks crushed. Explain.

4.

An ice cube floats in a glass of water filled to the brim. What can you say about the
density of ice? As the ice melts, will the water overflow? Explain.

5.

Will an ice cube float in a glass of alcohol? Why or why not?

6.

A submerged can of Coke will sink, but a can of Diet Coke will float. (Try it!)
Explain.

7.

Why dont ships made of iron sink?

8.

A barge filled high with sand approaches a low bridge over the river and cannot quite
pass under it. Should sand be added to, or removed from, the barge? [Hint: Consider
Archimedes principle.]

9.

Explain why helium weather balloons, which are used to measure atmospheric conditions
at high altitudes, are normally released while filled to only 1020% of their maximum
volume.

10.

Will an empty balloon have precisely the same apparent weight on a scale as a balloon
filled with air? Explain.

11.

Why do you float higher in salt water than in fresh water?

12.

Why does the stream of water from a faucet become narrower as it falls

13.

Children are told to avoid standing too close to a rapidly moving train because they might
get sucked under it. Is this possible? Explain.

14.

A tall Styrofoam cup is filled with water. Two holes are punched in the cup near the
bottom, and water begins rushing out. If the cup is dropped so it falls freely, will the
water continue to flow from the holes? Explain.

15.

Why do airplanes normally take off into the wind?

B. Problems on Fluids
1.

The approximate volume of the granite monolith known as El Capitan in Yosemite

National Park is about 108 m3. What is its approximate mass?

2.

What is the approximate mass of air in a living room 5.6 m 3.6 m 2.4 m?

3.

If you tried to smuggle gold bricks by filling your backpack, whose dimensions are 54 cm
31 cm 22 cm, what would its mass be?

4.

State your mass and then estimate your volume. [Hint: Because you can swim on or just
under the surface of the water in a swimming pool, you have a pretty good idea of your
density.]

5.

A bottle has a mass of 35.00 g when empty and 98.44 g when filled with water. When
filled with another fluid, the mass is 89.22 g. What is the specific gravity of this other
fluid?

6.

If 4.0 L of antifreeze solution (specific gravity = 0.80) is added to 5.0 L of water to make
a 9.0-L mixture, what is the specific gravity of the mixture?

7.

The Earth is not a uniform sphere, but has regions of varying density. Consider a simple
model of the Earth divided into three regionsinner core, outer core, and mantle. Each
region is taken to have a unique constant density (the average density of that region in the
real Earth):
Region
Inner Core
Outer Core
Mantle

Radius (km)
01220
12203480
34806380

Density (kg/m3)
13,000
11,100
4400

(a) Use this model to predict the average density of the entire Earth. (b) If the radius of
the Earth is 6380 km and its mass is 5.98 1024 kg, determine the actual average density
of the Earth and compare it (as a percent difference) with the one you determined in (a).
8.

Estimate the pressure needed to raise a column of water to the same height as a 46-m-tall
pine tree.

9.

Estimate the pressure exerted on a floor by (a) one pointed heel of area = 0.45 cm2, and
(b) one wide heel of area 16 cm2, Fig. 1048. The person wearing the shoes has a mass of
56 kg.

10.

What is the difference in blood pressure (mm-Hg) between the top of the head and
bottom of the feet of a 1.75-m-tall person standing vertically?

11.

(a) Calculate the total force of the atmosphere acting on the top of a table that measures
1.7 m 2.6 m. (b) What is the total force acting upward on the underside of the table?

12.

How high would the level be in an alcohol barometer at normal atmospheric pressure?

13.

In a movie, Tarzan evades his captors by hiding under water for many minutes while
breathing through a long, thin reed. Assuming the maximum pressure difference his lungs
can manage and still breathe is 85 mm-Hg, calculate the deepest he could have been.

14.

The maximum gauge pressure in a hydraulic lift is 17.0 atm. What is the largest-size
vehicle (kg) it can lift if the diameter of the output line is 25.5 cm?

15.

The gauge pressure in each of the four tires of an automobile is 240 kPa. If each tire has a
footprint of 190 cm2 (area touching the ground), estimate the mass of the car.

Part II. Kinetic Theory and Heat

A. Questions on Temperature and Kinetic Theory

1.

Which has more atoms: 1 kg of lead or 1 kg of copper? (See the Periodic Table) Explain
why.

2.

Name several properties of materials that could be used to make a thermometer.

3.

Which is larger, 1 C or 1 F? Explain why.

4.

In the relation = 0 T, should 0 be the initial length, the final length, or does
it matter?

5.

Long steam pipes that are fixed at the ends often have a section in the shape of a .
Why?

6.

A glass container may break if one part of it is heated or cooled more rapidly than
adjacent parts. Explain.

7.

The units for the coefficient of linear expansion are (C)1, and there is no mention of
a length unit such as meters. Would the expansion coefficient change if we used feet or
millimeters instead of meters? Explain.

8.

When a cold alcohol-in-glass thermometer is first placed in a hot tub of water, the alcohol
initially descends a bit and then rises. Explain.

9.

Will a clock using a pendulum supported on a long thin brass rod that is accurate at 20C
run fast or slow on a hot day (30C)? Explain.

10.

Freezing a can of soda will cause its bottom and top to bulge so badly the can will not
stand up. What has happened?

11.

Will the buoyant force on an aluminum sphere submerged in water increase, decrease, or
remain the same, if the temperature is increased from 20C to 40C? Explain.

12.

Can you determine the temperature of a vacuum? Explain.

B. Problems on Temperature and Kinetic Theory

1.

How does the number of atoms in a 27.5-gram gold ring compare to the number in a
silver ring of the same mass?

2.

How many atoms are there in a 3.4-g copper coin?

3.

(a) Room temperature is often taken to be 68F. What is this on the Celsius scale? (b)
The temperature of the filament in a lightbulb is about 1900C. What is this on the
Fahrenheit scale?

4.

Among the highest and lowest natural air temperatures claimed are 136F in the Libyan
desert and 129F in Antarctica. What are these temperatures on the Celsius scale?

5.

A thermometer tells you that you have a fever of 38.9C. What is this in Fahrenheit?

6.

(a) 18 below zero on the Celsius scale is what Fahrenheit temperature? (b) 18 below
zero on the Fahrenheit scale is what Celsius temperature?

7.

Determine the temperature at which the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales give the same
numerical reading (TC = TF).

8.

In an alcohol-in-glass thermometer, the alcohol column has length 12.61 cm at 0.0C and
length 22.79 cm at 100.0C. What is the temperature if the column has length (a) 18.70
cm, and (b) 14.60 cm?

9.

The Eiffel Tower (Fig. 1331) is built of wrought iron approximately 300 m tall. Estimate
how much its height changes between January (average temperature of 2C) and July
(average temperature of 25C). Ignore the angles of the iron beams and treat the tower as
a vertical beam.

10.

A concrete highway is built of slabs 12 m long (15C). How wide should the expansion
cracks between the slabs be (at 15C) to prevent buckling if the range of temperature is
30C to +50C?

C. Questions on Heat
1.

What happens to the work done on a jar of orange juice when it is vigorously shaken?

2.

When a hot object warms a cooler object, does temperature flow between them? Are the
temperature changes of the two objects equal? Explain.

3.

(a) If two objects of different temperatures are placed in contact, will heat naturally flow
from the object with higher internal energy to the object with lower internal energy? (b)
Is it possible for heat to flow even if the internal energies of the two objects are the same?
Explain.

4.

In warm regions where tropical plants grow but the temperature may drop below freezing
a few times in the winter, the destruction of sensitive plants due to freezing can be
reduced by watering them in the evening. Explain.

5.

The specific heat of water is quite large. Explain why this fact makes water particularly
good for heating systems (that is, hot-water radiators).

6.

Why does water in a metal canteen stay cooler if the cloth jacket surrounding the canteen
is kept moist?

7.

Explain why burns caused by steam at 100C on the skin are often more severe than
burns caused by water at 100C.

8.

Explain why water cools (its temperature drops) when it evaporates, using the concepts of
latent heat and internal energy.

9.

Will pasta cook faster if the water boils more vigorously? Explain.

10.

Very high in the Earths atmosphere, the temperature can be 700C. Yet an animal there
would freeze to death rather than roast. Explain.

11.

Explorers on failed Arctic expeditions have survived by covering themselves with snow.
Why would they do that?

12.

Why is wet sand at a beach cooler to walk on than dry sand?

13.

If you hear that an object has high heat content, does that mean that its temperature is
high? Explain.

14.

When hot-air furnaces are used to heat a house, why is it important that there be a vent
for air to return to the furnace? What happens if this vent is blocked by a bookcase?

15.

Ceiling fans are sometimes reversible, so that they drive the air down in one season and
pull it up in another season. Explain which way you should set the fan (a) for summer, (b)
for winter.

D. Problems on Heat
1.

To what temperature will 8200 J of heat raise 3.0 kg of water that is initially at 10.0C?

2.

How much heat (in joules) is required to raise the temperature of 34.0 kg of water from
15C to 95C?

3.

When a diver jumps into the ocean, water leaks into the gap region between the divers
skin and her wetsuit, forming a water layer about 0.5 mm thick. Assuming the total
surface area of the wetsuit covering the diver is about 1.0 m2, and that ocean water enters
the suit at 10C and is warmed by the diver to skin temperature of 35C, estimate how
much energy (in units of candy bars = 300 kcal) is required by this heating process.

4.

An average active person consumes about 2500 Cal a day. (a) What is this in joules? (b)
What is this in kilowatt-hours? (c) If your power company charges about 10 per
kilowatt-hour, how much would your energy cost per day if you bought it from the power
company? Could you feed yourself on this much money per day?

5.

A British thermal unit (Btu) is a unit of heat in the British system of units. One Btu is
defined as the heat needed to raise 1 lb of water by 1 F. Show that
1 Btu = 0.252 kcal = 1056 J.

6.

How many joules and kilocalories are generated when the brakes are used to bring a
1300-kg car to rest from a speed of 95 km/h?

7.

A water heater can generate 32,000 kJ/h. How much water can it heat from 12C to 42C
per hour?

8.

A small immersion heater is rated at 375 W. Estimate how long it will take to heat a cup
of soup (assume this is 250 mL of water) from 15C to 75C.

9.

An automobile cooling system holds 18 L of water. How much heat does it absorb if its
temperature rises from 15C to 95C?

10.

What is the specific heat of a metal substance if 135 kJ of heat is needed to raise 4.1 kg of
the metal from 18.0C to 37.2C?

11.

(a) How much energy is required to bring a 1.0-L pot of water at 20C to 100C? (b) For
how long could this amount of energy run a 60-W lightbulb?

12.

Samples of copper, aluminum, and water experience the same temperature rise when they
absorb the same amount of heat. What is the ratio of their masses?

13.

How long does it take a 750-W coffeepot to bring to a boil 0.75 L of water initially at
11C? Assume that the part of the pot which is heated with the water is made of 280 g of
aluminum, and that no water boils away.

14.

What will be the equilibrium temperature when a 265-g block of copper at 245C is
placed in a 145-g aluminum calorimeter cup containing 825 g of water at 12.0C?

15.

A 31.5-g glass thermometer reads 23.6C before it is placed in 135 mL of water. When
the water and thermometer come to equilibrium, the thermometer reads 41.8C. What
was the original temperature of the water? Ignore the mass of fluid inside the glass
thermometer.

16.

A 0.40-kg iron horseshoe, just forged and very hot (Fig. 1416), is dropped into 1.25 L of
water in a 0.30-kg iron pot initially at 20.0C. If the final equilibrium temperature is
25.0C, estimate the initial temperature of the hot horseshoe.

17.

When a 290-g piece of iron at 180C is placed in a 95-g aluminum calorimeter cup
containing 250 g of glycerin at 10C, the final temperature is observed to be 38C.
Estimate the specific heat of glycerin.

18.

The heat capacity, C, of an object is defined as the amount of heat needed to raise its
temperature by 1 C. Thus, to raise the temperature by T requires heat Q given by
Q = C T.
(a)

Write the heat capacity C in terms of the specific heat, c, of the material. (b) What
is the heat capacity of 1.0kg of water? (c) Of 45 kg of water?

19.

The 1.20-kg head of a hammer has a speed of 7.5 m/s just before it strikes a nail (Fig. 14
17) and is brought to rest. Estimate the temperature rise of a 14-g iron nail generated by
eight such hammer blows done in quick succession. Assume the nail absorbs all the
energy.

20.

A 215-g sample of a substance is heated to 330C and then plunged into a 105-g
aluminum calorimeter cup containing 185 g of water and a 17-g glass thermometer at
10.5C. The final temperature is 35.0C. What is the specific heat of the substance?
(Assume no water boils away.)

Reference: Giancoli Physics

Pearson 2014

From: Ms Dee Faraon-Buhler

AP Physics 2 Teacher
Prospect HS- Rm 65