Principalii producatori si exportatori de petrol

Producatori, exportatori si importaori de gaze naturale

Producatori, exportatori si importatori de carbine

Producatori de energie nucleara

Producatori de hidro energie

Energia regenerabila

Cea care provine din resursele naturale asa ca energia solara, eoliana, ploi, fluxuri, refluxuri, si
goetermala.

16% din consumul final de energie la nivel mondial of global final energy provine din cea
regenerabila.

10% din biomasa, utilizata pentru incalzire,

si 3.4% din hydroelectricitate.

Noile resurse regenerabile (centrale hidro mici, biomasa moderna, vint, solara, geotermala, si
biodizel) constituie 2.8% si sunt in crestere.

Ponderea energiei regenerabile in generarea energiei electrice este de 19%, cu

16% din electricitatea la nivel mondial provenind din hidroelectricitate si 3% de la noile

surse regenerabile de energie.

Energia eoliana este in crestere cu 30% anual, cu o capacitate la nivel mondial de

198 gigawatts (GW) in 2010, si este utilizata in Europe, Asia, si United States.

In 2010, instalatiile globale fotovoltaice (PV) au depasit 40 GW si ele sunt populare in

Germany si Spain. Statiile de energia termala solara opereaza in USA si Spain, cea mai mare de
354 megawatt (MW) SEGS, statie electrica este situata in Mojave Desert.

Cea mai mare statie geotermala este situata Geysers in California, cu o capacitate de 750 MW.

Brazil are una din cele mai mare programe de energie regenerabila din lume, implicind
producerea de combustibil din ethanol fuel din sfecla de zahar, si ethanolul ofera 18% din
combustibilul pentru automobile. Combustibilul este utilizat pe larg si in the USA.
Renewable energy replaces conventional fuels in four distinct areas

power generation , hot water/space heating, transport fuels, and rural (off-grid) energy
services.
Power generation

Renewable energy provides 18 percent of total electricity generation worldwide. Renewable

power generators are spread across many countries, and wind power alone already provides a
significant share of electricity in some areas: in the U.S. Germany and Denmark.

Some countries get most of their power from renewables, including Iceland and Paraguay
(100 percent), Norway (98 percent), Brazil (86 percent), Austria (62 percent), New Zealand (65
percent), and Sweden (54 percent).
Heating

Solar hot water makes an important contribution to renewable heat in many countries, most
notably in China, which now has 70 percent of the global total (180 GWth). Most of these systems are
installed on multi-family apartment buildings and meet a portion of the hot water needs of an
estimated 5060 million households in China.

Worldwide, total installed solar water heating systems meet a portion of the water heating
needs of over 70 million households. The use of biomass for heating continues to grow as well. In
Sweden, national use of biomass energy has surpassed that of oil. Direct geothermal for heating is also
growing rapidly.
Transport fuels

Renewable biofuels have contributed to a significant decline in oil consumption in the United
States since 2006. The 93 billion liters of biofuels produced worldwide in 2009 displaced the
equivalent of an estimated 68 billion liters of gasoline, equal to about 5 percent of world gasoline
production.
Potential

Globally, the long-term technical potential of wind energy is believed to be five times total
current global energy production, or 40 times current electricity demand.

Since water is about 800 times denser than air, even a slow flowing stream of water, or
moderate sea swell, can yield considerable amounts of energy. There are many forms of water energy:

Hydroelectric energy - large-scale hydroelectric dams.

Micro hydro systems are hydroelectric power installations that typically produce up to 100 kW
of power.

Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity systems derive kinetic energy from rivers and oceans.

With the amount of sun that hits the world in one hour there is enough energy to power the
world for one year.

Biofuels provided 2.7% of the world's transport fuel in 2010.

Geothermal power sources exist in certain geologically unstable parts of the world such
as Chile, Iceland, New Zealand, United States, the Philippines and Italy. The two most prominent areas
for this in the United States are in the Yellowstone basin and in northern California.

Iceland produced 170 MW geothermal power and heated 86% of all houses in the year 2000
through geothermal energy.

According to a 2011 projection by the International Energy Agency, solar power generators
may produce most of the worlds electricity within 50 years.
Wind power market

Global wind power installations increased by 35,800 MW in 2010, bringing total installed
capacity up to 194,400 MW, a 22.5% at the end of 2009.

For the first time more than half of all new wind power was added outside of the traditional
markets of Europe and North America, mainly driven, by the continuing boom in China which
accounted for nearly half of all of the installations at 16,500 MW. China now has 42,300 MW of wind
power installed. Several countries have achieved relatively high levels of wind power penetration,
such as 21% of stationary electricity production in Denmark, 18% in Portugal, 16% in Spain, 14%
in Ireland and 9% in Germany in 2010.

In 2011, 83 countries around the world are using wind power on a commercial basis
Solar thermal plants

Large solar thermal power stations are located in the USA and Spain.

In developing countries, three World Bank projects for integrated solar thermal/combinedcycle gas-turbine power plants in Egypt, Mexico, and Morocco have been approved.
5


Photovoltaic production has been increasing by an average of more than 20 % each year since
2002, making it a fast-growing energy technology. At the end of 2010, cumulative
global photovoltaic (PV) installations surpassed 40 GW and PV power stations are popular
in Germany and Spain.

Kenya is the world leader in the number of solar power systems installed per capita. More than
30,000 very small solar panels, each producing 12 to 30 watts, are sold in Kenya annually.
4.3 EU energy security

The EU currently imports 82% of its oil and 57% of its gas, making it the world's leading
importer of these fuels.

Only 3% of the uranium used in European nuclear reactors was mined in Europe.

Russia, Canada, Australia, Niger and Kazakhstan were the five largest suppliers of nuclear
materials to the EU, supplying more than 75% of the total needs in 2009.
EU Uranium sources
A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy

Principles of Energy Policy for Europe were elaborated at the Commission's green paper on 8
March 2006.

Energy for a Changing World - were published by the European Commission, on 10 January
2007.
Key proposals include:

A cut of at least 20% in greenhouse gas emissions from all primary energy sources by 2020.

A cut of up to 50% in carbon emissions from primary energy sources by 2050, compared to
1990 levels.

A minimum target of 10% for the use of biofuels by 2020.

To further increase market competition.

Improving energy relations with the EU's neighbours, including Russia.

The development of a European Strategic Energy Technology Plan to develop technologies

in areas including renewable energy, energy conservation, low-energy buildings, 4th
generation nuclear power, clean coal and carbon capture.

Developing an Africa-Europe Energy partnership, to help Africa use low-carbon technologies

and to help develop the continent as a sustainable energy supplier.
The Strategic Energy Technologies Plan (SET Plan) 26 June 2008

Sets the agenda for an EU energy technology policy. It enhances the coordination of national
and European research and innovation efforts to position the EU in the forefront of the lowcarbon technologies markets.
The SET plan initiatives:

European Wind Initiative focus on large turbines and large systems validation and
demonstration.

Solar Europe Initiative focus on large-scale demonstration for photovoltaics and concentrated
solar power.

Bioenergy Europe Initiative - focus on 'next generation' biofuels within the context of an
overall bio-energy use strategy.

European CO2 capture, transport and storage initiative

focus on the whole system requirements, including efficiency, safety and public acceptance, to
prove the viability of zero emission fossil fuel power plants at industrial scale.

European electricity grid initiative - focus on the development of the smart electricity
system, including storage, and on the creation of a European centre to implement a research
programme for the European transmission network.

Sustainable nuclear fission initiative - focus on the development of Generation IV

reactors technologies.