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CONTENTS
Abstract............................................................................................0
Introduction.......................................................................................1
History of robots................................................................................2
Applications of robots........................................................................3
Medical - Healthcare Industry.............................................................4
Industrial/Manufacturing Robots.........................................................5
Military (Artillery, Loading and Surveillance).......................................6
Service industry.................................................................................7
Artificial intelligence..........................................................................8
Limitations and future work................................................................9
Conclusion.........................................................................................9
Bibliography......................................................................................9
Figures..............................................................................................9
References.......................................................................................10

INTRODUCTION
In popular culture, particularly in science fiction, a future world is envisioned in which
robots are ubiquitous. They are imagined to work in factories, simplify complex surgeries,
combat in conflicts and have even been depicted undertaking mundane tasks such as
cleaning. Since the early years of cinema, several films demonstrated their fascination
with robots. They symbolise so many of our neuroses , our queasiness about technology
and the unknown, our wonder at what it means to be human, our fear that, ultimately,
we might just be replaceable. Probably the most beloved robot characters in motion
picture history are C-3PO and R2-D2 (figure 1), who made their debut appearance in the
first Star Wars film in 1977 [1]. Droids as they were called, is a shortened version of the
word android that was trademarked and popularized by George Lucas in the Star Wars
films. Over time it has become a general nickname for robots. In the 2008 blockbuster,
WALL-E [3], shows a garbage collecting robot whose sole purpose is to clean the
abandoned waste-covered Earth far in the future. The film then reveals the current state
of humans, who have turned humorously large and extremely lazy as they rely on robots
to carry out every single task including movement, eating and even changing the
television channel. Most people would agree that the state of affairs found in the Disney
movie would not be likely occurrence in the 21st century. However, what I find interesting
is how the concept of robotics and automation has become so comprehensible, that even
an audience of 6 years olds can appreciate the influence they have in society. Martin
ford, in his book, the Rise of the Robots makes a strong counter argument that
advancements in robotics and artificial intelligence would eventually make a large
fraction of the human workforce obsolete.[2] Though the role of robots may not have
integrated into every facet of life, their significance nonetheless are exponentially
increasing. It has a profound influence on manufacturing, health, military and society and

this essay aims to highlight their historical prevalence, examine some of the current
affairs and discuss the future and limitations of robotics.

HISTORY

OF ROBOTS

The history of robotics is certainly

intertwined with the progress of
technology used in computing and
electricity, to the sciences of pneumatics
and hydraulics. Therefore the timeline
imaginable is far too comprehensive.
Robots surely represent one of mankinds
greatest accomplishments symbolising its
single greatest attempt to produce
an artificial, sentient being like
itself.

Figure 2- Unimate, the

very first industrial robot.

By definition, it can be argued

Figure 14- Leonardo da
that the earliest robots used in
Vinci Suit of Armour
society date back to ancient Egypt.
In 400 B.C. Egyptian water clocks
used human figurines to strike the
hour bells [4]. The first dated study
of flight was conducted by Archytas
of Tarentum, a Greek
mathematician around 350 B.C.
Archytas created steam powered
mechanical bird. The ancient
Greeks were fascinated with
automata, creating timepieces such as
Figure 1 Depicts a snippet from the film
Ctesibuss water clock, designed about
Star Wars IV (1977) - A New Hope with C200 BC [7]. Robotics can be traced back
3PO and R2-D2.
to, as early as, 1495 when Leonardo da Vinci designed a
robotic knight [figure 14] that used pulleys and gears to perform simple motions, such as
sitting up and standing.
The robots added a cultural element within society and promoted the first instances
of design; art forms that were both functional and aesthetically pleasing. Throughout the
rest history, there have been many attempts at producing robots. Some of the earliest
developments in the industry were concerned with carrying out tasks in environments
that were either patently dangerous for humans to enter or simply cannot do. Dating as
far back as the industrial revolution, robots were used to complete numerous tasks,
allowing the use of complex machines. The first industrial robot, the Unimate, was
bought by General Motors Corporation in 1959 by business acumen Joseph Engelberger,
also considered to be the father of robotics [5].His strategy of employing robots
revolutionised the manufacturing world and by 1961, Unimate 1900 series became the
first mass produced robotic arm for factory automation. His ambition came from his
fascination of robots as a result of his love for Science fiction writer Isaac Asimov. The
author coined the term "robotics" to describe the study of technology of robots and
predicted the rise of a powerful robot industry in his famous science fiction story Nightfall
[6]. It was Asimov who also proposed the following "Three Laws of Robotics in his short
story Runaround in 1941. A zeroth law was later added in 1942.
Law One: A robot may not injure a human (or humanity), or, through inaction, allow a
human (or humanity) to come to harm.

Law Two: A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except where such orders
would conflict with a higher order law.
Law Three: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not
conflict with a higher order law.
Law Zero: A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human
being to come to harm, unless this would violate a higher order law [6].

APPLICATIONS

OF ROBOTS

A robot is a programmable
self-controlled device consisting
of electronic, electrical or
mechanical units this means
that it makes use of its own
power supply, sensors, control
Figure 3- A timeline for Hondas humanoid
systems, manipulators and
robots developed for research and
software in order to carry out a
development reason. The earliest robot, called
task / set of instructions. They
the E0 (1986), on the far left while the newest
should be intelligent, and be able
robot, called Asimo (current model), on the
to move through a set of preright.
programmed motions [8]. Nowadays a
robot classification is a daunting task,
by virtue of the intense activity
displayed in the areas of robotics
research, robot design, innovation and applications. For example, a look at the Table of
Contents of the Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and
Automation [10] will reveal a vast spectrum of robots currently working on the shop floor,
in the operating room, in rehabilitation centres, and even at home. In attempting a
Classification of robots, the most comprehensive criterion would be by function. Who thus
have a tentative, but by no means comprehensive classification shown in the following
list:
Manipulators: Robotic arms and hands;
Motion generators: Flight simulators; SCARA (Selective-Compliance Assembly
Robot Arm); and moving platforms at large;
Locomotors, a.k.a. mobile robots: legged and wheeled robots;
Swimming robots; and
Flying robots. [11]
This gives rise to profound ethical, psychological, social, economic, and legal
consequences within society. In this section, some examples and implications will be
highlighted. There is a constant loop of innovation and refinement leading to the
development of more sophisticated autonomous machines capable of doing amazing
actions in challenging environments. Figure 4 illustrates some of the key benefits of
robots and so some of the reasons as to why they are used.

Figure 4- Mind map illustrating some of

the key benefits of robotics and reasons
for their application.

MEDICAL HEALTHCARE
INDUSTRY
Medical
robotics is already
a major success as
use of minimally
invasive robots
significantly
reduces recovery
time and risks
associated with
surgery. Today a
large number of prostate procedures are performed with
robots, and a significant number of robotassisted cardiac
procedures as well. Robots are also being used for
rehabilitation and in intelligent prostheses to help people
recover lost function, and socially assistive robots are being
developed capable of providing monitoring, coaching, and
motivation for encouraging cognitive and physical activities,
and minimizing isolation and depression [8]. According to
the Japan Robotic Association, medical care will be one of
the largest markets for robots in 2025 [14].
Through the use of medical bionics, bio-mechatronics and possible bio-integration it
is undoubted that robots have an important role to play in future medicine. Statistics
show that over 4000 surgical errors occur a year due to human error in the US [12]. So
the introduction of an automated robotic manipulator conducting the surgery in the most
precise manner appears like an alternative to the risk of human error. There does not yet
exist a robot which can independently do a surgery, surgical robots are just manipulators
which still require a skilled surgeon to control them. The
two stems of surgical robots are tele-surgical robots which
Figure 5- Da Vinci surgical robot,
essentially allows the surgeon to control the robot from a
this is on an automated machine
distance and laparoscopic which allows for minimally
but allows for remote control by
invasive surgery.
the surgeon for more precise
surgery with smaller incisions
Advances in interfaces, sensors and actuators,
combined with improved materials and ergonomic designs,
are having a positive effect within healthcare, surgery and
rehabilitation. Approved by the FDA in 2000, the Da Vinci
system (figure 5) has the ability to perform many surgical
procedures such as:
Gynaecologic
Surgery
Urologic Surgery
General Surgery

Cardiac Surgery
Thoracic Surgery
Head & Neck
Surgery

The use of robotics

in rehabilitation of patients incorporates of assistive devices for the
blind, prosthetics and orthotics, rehab-manipulators and many other
assistive devices such as smart wheelchairs and exoskeletal robots that
provide support for motion of patients [20]. Automobile manufacturers
such as Toyota are developing an assist robot that helps paralyzed
patients walk or balance themselves. They also developed the Walk

Training Assist and the Independent Walk Assist robots (figure 10). The robot assists a
person who has lost the use of one leg through paralysis due, for instance, to a stroke or
polio. The robot is attached to the leg to help the user walk more securely and naturally.
They also monitor metrics, such as joint angles, allowing physicians to more easily track
a patient's progress.

INDUSTRIAL/MANUFACTURING ROBOTS

Figure 10
-Walk assist
Robot

Manufacturing practices are changing rapidly in the types

of
products that can be produced, the quality with which they are
produced, and the speed with which new products can be brought to market. Robotics for
manufacturing continues to advance, and may
be composed for radical acceleration, fuelled
both by new fundamental approaches to robotics
and automation research, and improvements in
many component technologies such as
perception, machine learning, and human
interfaces [8]. From a two-dimensional drawing
to an industrial and societal revolution, the
Unimate robot remains one of the most
significant contributions in the past one hundred
years not only to manufacturing but to
civilization. It has left a living legacy in an
industry to which it gave birth. As a result of the
Figure 11- Assembly line of
Unimate, the field of robotics continues to
robots that are producing and
expand beyond manufacturing to virtually every
assembling the body of a car.
facet of human life and service. The Europeans were
quick to follow suit and companies like BMW, Volvo, Mercedes Benz, British Leyland, and
Fiat installed Unimate robotic arms to perform jobs that were unpleasant and dangerous
for humans, a robot benefit very important to Engelberger [5].
As technology improves and their costs go down, robots are being integrated in to
production in various new ways. For example, El Dulze, a Spanish food processor, use
highly agile robots to gently pick up heads of lettuce from a conveyor belt, measure their
density (rejecting heads that dont meet company standards), and repositioned so that
the heads can be removed by a machine. The company says the robots are better than
humans at assessing lettuce quality (the reject rate has fallen from 20% to 5%) and
hygiene at the facility has also improved [15]. Material handling is the most popular
application with 38% of operational stock of industrial robots worldwide. This includes
robotic machine tending, palatalizing and various operations for metal machining and
plastic moulding.
Present industrial robots are
mechanical handling devices that
can be manipulated under
computer control. A typical
structure of a robot system is
shown in figure 6. The device
emulates one arm of a humanbeing, and similarly has joints,
denoted sometimes as shoulder,
elbow and wrist. The wrist contains
pitch yaw and roll orientations. The
joints are driven by electric,
pneumatic or hydraulic actuators

which give robots more potential power than humans [16]. Various multi-national
companies have pledged machine advances in the near future: Rolls-Royce say that roboships will be in our seas, Amazon proclaim that orders will be delivered by electric drones
and Nissan suggest a driverless car will be achieved by 2020 [3].

MILITARY (ARTILLERY, LOADING

AND

SURVEILLANCE)

Robots can play imperative role within the

military and currently serving many roles throughout the
world. Interestingly, military robotics can be
traced back to the 1930s in the Soviet Union.
This was via the use of teletanks which were
tanks that could be controlled from up to 1500m
away using radio signals. In June of 2006,
General Charles Cartwright, the Commander of
US Strategic Command said, By the end of
September, well have over 10,000 different
Figure 6- Industrial
ground robots in Iraq and Afghanistan [17].
Robot System
Within the military, most of the robots work
Figure 7- The
autonomously without the need of humans, therefore
Vecna Battlefield Extractionless danger is placed on human lives. There is the use
of carrier robots to carry loads from one destination to another, Battlefield Extraction
Assist Robot (BEAR) (figure 7) was used to rescue soldiers on the battlefield and as
search and rescue robots which examine the surrounding environment after national
disasters. The military has robotic aircrafts that can take off, fly routine missions across
the globe, and land themselves. Law enforcement robots are used in dangerous
situations to secure explosive devices. Unmanned missions save money on supplies and
reduce casualties [18].
Completely autonomous
weapons are beginning to
appear in military arsenals. For
example, South Korea has
Figure 8- Four-legged military companion robot
BigDog able to carry large loads and manoeuvre
deployed an automated sentry
itself autonomously.
gun along the demilitarized zone
with North Korea, and Israel
operates a drone aircraft that
will attack enemy radar systems
when they are detected.
Funding for the majority of the
most advanced Boston
Dynamics robots comes from
military sources, including the
US Defence Advanced Research
Projects Agency (Darpa) and the US army, navy and Marine Corps. Figure 8, Boston
Dynamics most famous robot, a large mule-like quadruped that walks around like a dog,
self-balancing and navigating a range of terrain. An autonomous system powered by an
engine and controlled by on-board computer system processing a series of sensors that
monitor joint position, joint force, ground contact, ground load, a gyroscope, and a stereo
vision system. BigDog is capable of running at 4mph, climbing 35 degree slopes and
carrying 155kg loads. [19]
They may reduce the number of domestic soldiers needed on the front line, lower
the economic burden of defences and strengthen the force by which a nation can protect

or force itself, but it doesnt necessarily mean that they play a positive role in society.
Robots have the potential of being weapons of mass suffering but the blame should not
be placed on the technology. For ultimately it is not the gun that kills but the hand that
pulls the trigger. Society needs to realise the impacts of its own actions when invading,
occupying or liberating a foreign nations and these are the same ethics that have existed
since the dawn of man.

SERVICE

INDUSTRY

The service sector includes both professional and domestic services. Professional
service robots are used in logistics, agriculture, cleaning, and mining. A logistics example
is harbour automation to ensure increased inspection of containers to improve homeland
security [8]. In agriculture, the primary need is to increase productivity to ensure
continued economic viability. In mining, robots are used to increase efficiency but also to
increase safety. Other professional services include warehouse management, automatic
surveillance of areas etc. Domestic service robots include automatic floor care such as
vacuuming.
Robots in the home are essential to reduce time spent on daily
chores and enable the elderly to maintain a clean and organized
home. Today we have robots that can do way more than just sit,
stand, load and unload. IRobot has developed robots that will
vacuum your carpet or clean your floor for you. You just set the
schedule and the robot will dismount from its charging station,
clean your floor, then go back and charge itself. Friendly Robotics
[21] designed Robomowers i.e. electronic robot lawnmowers. They
stay on a charging station and when its time to cut your grass they
unhook themselves, cut the grass, and then go back to their
charger. It would be like having Rosie from The Jetsons [figure 9]
around to our everyday household chores etc.

Figure 9- Rosie
Tatsuya matsui, the founder of Japanese company, Flower robotics
the cyber
[14], was inspired to create robots since a childhood, says star wars
droid R2-D2 left a strong impression on him. The company develops
domestic robot
robotic products for home applications appliances and furniture that having function to
expand its sphere of activity and convenience. Working to bring robots to the consumer
market, creating new designs and business applications. Designed the first successful
line of full body and upper torso mannequin robot displaying clothing and jewellery in a
dynamic way. These mannequins, especially the robot "Pallete," strike a variety of poses,
and learn how to act by taking note of what poses consumers smile at and respond well
to. Matsui's charismatic creations have been used by Louis Vuitton, Marc Jacobs, and the
MOMA.
The Robotics industry is more important in Japan than any other country in the world.
Japan employs over a quarter of a million industrial robot workers. Henn-na Hotel - the
worlds first hotel staffed by robots, which opened near Nagasaki, Japan with the hotel
owners aims on making it the most efficient hotel in the world reducing manpower and
having 90% of staff to be robotic. In the next 15 years, Japan estimates that number to
jump to over one million and they expect revenue for robotics to be near $70 billion by
2025 [14]. The service sector is experiencing 400% annual growth and could prove to be
a major new economic area. As an example Honda has projected that robotics will be as
big an economic sector for them as cars by 2020 [6].

ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENCE

Artificial Intelligence or, more broadly speaking, intelligent machines, are yet to be
demonstrated, but have become the focus of intensive research. If intelligent machines
are ever feasible, they will depend highly on a sophisticated sensory system and the
associated hardware and software for the
processing of the information supplied by
the sensors. The processed information
would then be supplied to the actuators
in charge of producing the desired robot
motion. Contrary to programmable
robots, whose operation is limited to
structured environments, intelligent
machines should be capable of reacting
to unpredictable changes in an
Figure 15- Stanley Kubrick's
unstructured environment. Thus,
film 2001 Space Odyssey and its
intelligent machines should be supplied
murderous computer HAL
with decision-making capabilities aimed
encapsulate many people's fears
at mimicking the natural decision-making process of living
of how AI could pose a threat to
organisms. This is the reason why such systems are termed
intelligent in the first place. Thus, intelligent machines are expected to perceive their
environment and draw conclusions based on this perception. What is supposed to make
these systems intelligent is their capability of perceiving, which involves a certain
element of subjectivity. Physicist Stephen Hawking says the primitive forms of artificial
intelligence developed so far have already proved very useful, but he fears the
consequences of creating something that can match or surpass humans [24].
Since the fact that use of robots and computers is increasing in an exponential rate,
there has been a concentration on the classification of artificial intelligence, and a level
of self-awareness in machines. British cryptanalyst Alan Turing created a test that would
be able to define whether a machine had gained the power to think for itself called the
Turing test [8]. Turing proposed that a human evaluator would judge natural language
conversations between a human and a machine that is designed to generate human-like
responses. The evaluator would be aware that one of the two partners in conversation is
a machine, and all participants would be separated from one another. The conversation
would be limited to a text-only channel such as a computer keyboard and screen so that
the result would not be dependent on the machine's ability to render words as speech
More and more of them will have a self-learning, Human Machine Interface (HMI)
and will be able to complete complex tasks by
themselves and communicate well with
humans. Companies such as Mercedes are
now designing self-driving cars, containing
GPS, accelerometers and compass as well as
other things for sensors so the car can travel
to its destination safely without any input i.e.
steering and breaking.
Figure 13- Google's Driverless
Car

LIMITATIONS

AND FUTURE WORK

A key barrier for that is limiting the access of robots into society in general is cost.

However, prices are dropping with the number of robots in the world today nearing
1,000,000 [23] we can be sure that robots have not yet reached their limits. It was not
long ago that 90% of robots were used in car manufacturing yet a time has now been
reached when only 50% are used in the automotive industry, with the rest finding their
uses in the industries aforesaid. Industrial robots with features such as machine vision
and high-precision dexterity typically cost $100,000 to $150,000. By 2025, it is possible
that very advanced robots with a high level of machine intelligence and other capabilities
could be available for $50,000 to $75,000 or less said the International Federation of
Robotics, 2012[15].
The Directive commonly known as the Machinery Directive, is enacted in UK Law
by The Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 1992. The directive requires a
machine's manufacturer, or the manufacturer's representative in the European
community to ensure and guarantee that certain technical documentation, including a
technical construction file, is and will remain on his premises for any inspection purposes.
It is intended that this documentation demonstrate how the essential safety
requirements have been met. As machinery becomes more complex it will become more
difficult to demonstrate that it is, indeed, safe [25].
Even robots with primitive intelligence have been shown to increase efficiency,
productivity and quality [23]. In 2007 the BBC predicted reported that the South Korean
Ministry of Information forecasted that by 2018 robots would be carrying out surgeries
and between 2015 and 2022 every South Korean household would own a robot [24]. As
the power of the microprocessors and artificial intelligence techniques, so will the
applications robots are used for. Especially as robotic technology diverges with other
modern technology such as machine vision, force sensing, speech recognition and
others, and so a new age of robots that are more intelligent and capable than ever
before. Robots may be able to carry out surgeries unaided, fly planes and even clean our
homes.

CONCLUSION
Robotics has moved from is moving towards the life warehouses and the industry
performing simple tasks, to becoming more creative and useful to members of society. In
the future I believe robots will work hand in hand with humans in order to improve the
quality of life. People would be able to multitask and interact with the world differently.
They will have a fantastic benefit on the world of tomorrow, although with the age of
automation dawning there are always downsides, the liquidation of jobs will be on the
rise. People will begin to feel more and lonelier as robots take over all industries more
people will spend time at home instead of going to work. There are also technophobes
who speculate that robots will one day take over and enslave the human race. It is
unclear what the future holds but it is widely known that robots will play a big part in
shaping it. It would enrich our lives by bringing outstanding educational opportunities,
good jobs, greater safety, better health care, personal security, and a level of
independence and freedom that only our wealthiest citizens presently enjoy.

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