NAME: MUHAMMAD DANIEAL

ASHRAFF BIN SHAMSATARIA

CLASS: 2B2
HOMEROOM: ERIDANUS A

An air pollutant is a substance in the air that can have adverse effects
on humans and the ecosystem. The substance can be solid particles,
liquid droplets, or gases. A pollutant can be of natural origin or manmade. Pollutants are classified as primary or secondary. Primary
pollutants are usually produced from a process, such as ash from a
volcanic eruption. Other examples include carbon monoxide gas from
motor vehicle exhaust, or the sulfur dioxide released from factories.
Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. Rather, they form in
the air when primary pollutants react or interact. Ground level ozone is
a prominent example of a secondary pollutant. Some pollutants may be
both primary and secondary: they are both emitted directly and
formed from other primary pollutants. Air pollution is a significant risk
factor for a number of health conditions including respiratory
infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and lung cancer.
The health effects caused by air pollution may include difficulty in
breathing, wheezing, coughing, asthma and worsening of existing
respiratory and cardiac conditions. These effects can result in
increased medication use, increased doctor or emergency room visits,
more hospital admissions and premature death. The human health
effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the
body's respiratory system and the cardiovascular system. Individual
reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is

exposed to, the degree of exposure, and the individual's health status
and genetics. The most common sources of air pollution include
particulates, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide. Children aged
less than five years that live in developing countries are the most
vulnerable population in terms of total deaths attributable to indoor
and outdoor air pollution.
The world's worst short-term civilian pollution crisis was the
1984 Bhopal Disaster in India.[61] Leaked industrial vapours from the
Union Carbide factory, belonging to Union Carbide, Inc., U.S.A. (later
bought by Dow Chemical Company), killed at least 3787 people and
injured anywhere from 150,000 to 600,000. The United Kingdom
suffered its worst air pollution event when the December 4 Great
Smog of 1952 formed over London. In six days more than 4,000 died
and more recent estimates put the figure at nearer 12,000.
[62]

An accidental leak of anthrax spores from a biological

warfare laboratory in the former USSR in 1979 near Sverdlovskis

believed to have caused at least 64 deaths.[63] The worst single incident
of air pollution to occur in the US occurred in Donora, Pennsylvania in
late October, 1948, when 20 people died and over 7,000 were injured.
[64]

The respiratory system is the group of tissues and organs in your body
that enable you to breathe. The respiratory system includes the
airways - nose, mouth, voice box (larynx), trachea (windpipe) and
bronchial tubes, the lungs and their blood vessels and the muscles that
help you breathe -- including but not limited to the diaphragm and
intercostal, abdominal and neck muscles.Because the respiratory
system is made up of so many different tissues and organs, there are a
lot of things that can go wrong and subsequently a lot of different
diseases that can affect it.
Some of the many diseases that can affect the respiratory system
include:

Laryngitis - Swelling and irritation of the larynx

Bronchitis - An infection in your bronchial tubes

Tonsillitis - Inflammation of the tonsils

Pneumonia - An infection deep in your lungs

Bronchiectasis - Widening and destruction of the airways, often

caused by recurrent infection or inflammation

Influenza (the flu) - A virus that enters your body through your
nose and mouth and causes fever, headaches, muscle aches and sore
throat

Asthma - A chronic disease in which your airway walls become sore

and swollen, narrowing so that your lungs get less air

Tuberculosis (TB) - A bacterial infection that attacks the lungs and

other parts of the body and can be deadly if not treated correctly

Lung cancer - One of the most common cancers in the world, usually
caused by cigarette smoke

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - Damage of the

airways and air sacs from cigarette smoke and other pollutants that
prevents airflow in and out of your lungs

Emphysema - A type of COPD, usually caused by cigarette smoke,

which makes it hard to catch your breath

 Bike or walk to nearby destinations

Ride the bus
Walk, ride bikes, roller blade, skateboard instead of driving
Plant a tree
Look up air pollution information on the internet
Read and learn about air pollution
Know how air pollution affects your health
Watch for Air pollution Information in the newspaper and on
television
Conserve energy
Conserve electricity - electrical generation is a source of air
pollution
Turn the lights out when you leave the room
Use fans to help cool - they use less energy than coolers and air
conditioners

 Reduce, Reuse, then Recycle

Buy and use products in their non-aerosol form - propellants used
in aerosol cans contribute to pollution
Buy and use recycled products
When barbecuing, use an electric or chimney-type charcoal
starter instead of lighter fluid.
Use a propane grill when barbequing
Write to the major and other elected officials to let them know
how you feel about air pollution
Drive less
Maintain your car; it'll last longer
Rotate your tires
Combine your errands into one trip - a cold engine decreases
efficiency by as much as 80%
Keep your air filter clean and get regular tune-ups - a neglected
car can reduce gas mileage by 20%
Trade your car in for a newer model - newer cars are more
efficient and pollute less
Turn the car off while waiting in line at railroad crossings and
drive-thru windows

 Make sure your car's air conditioner is working properly - leaky

air conditioners in cars are the single greatest source of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), a greenhouse gas
Prevent fires
Insulate your home to use less energy
Use latex paint to reduce fumes and clean it up with water
Use brushes or rollers for painting instead of sprays
Garden organically
Plant low-maintenance landscaping
Stay on paved roads whenever possible - driving on dirt roads
raises dust which contributes to haze and airborne particulate
matter
Compost - you'll use less chemicals in your garden

 Carpool or move closer to your workplace.

Ride a bike to work. Or work from home at least one day per week
if possible.
Plant deciduous trees on the south and west sides of your house
to provide shade in the summer and decrease use of air
conditioning.
Unplug any electronic devices that are not in use. (They still use
electricity when theyre not on!)
An electronic air filtration such as a HEPA filter in the home can
help improve air quality.
Avoid carpeting in the home and stuffed animals in the bedroom.
These can be sources of dander, dust mites, and fireplace smoke.
Practice proper breathing techniques, which can improve tissue
oxygenation and lymphatic flow.
Yoga and Qi Gong are practices that can teach about the
importance of proper breathing.

 Increasing dietary antioxidants in the diet and/or by

supplementation may help benefit lung function. Talk to your
healthcare provider before adding any nutritional supplements to
your diet.
Avoid pets in the bedroom.
Use environmentally-friendly household cleaners to avoid toxic
fumes at home.
Consider hiring an eco-friendly home cleaning service to assist
with thorough maintenance of the home.
The key is to remember that all of these changes do not have to be
made overnight. Sit down with your family and come up with a plan that
works for all you.

The respiratory system is vital to the whole functioning of the body.

This system is essential in bringing in the oxygen required by every
aspect of the body, from oxygen the cells need to function and replace
cells that have died to the oxygen the muscles need. It also removes
harmful gases such as carbon dioxide from the body.

The lungs, its sub-parts, and the throat are central components of the
respiratory system, as are the windpipe, voice box, and nose. Air is
pulled in by the lungs through the nose and mouth. It travels down the
throat and windpipe into the lungs. From the lungs, oxygen is delivered
to the air sacs, called alveoli, and then sent into the blood.
Although the intake of oxygen is a large aspect of the importance of
the respiratory system, releasing carbon dioxide occurs as a byproduct
of the respiration process. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are combined
while the body is making energy. The carbon dioxide that is in the cells
is exchanged for oxygen in a process called gas exchange. Once it is
pulled from the cells, the carbon dioxide is expelled from the body
through exhaling.

Each day we breathe about 20,000 times. All of this

breathing couldn't happen without help from the respiratory
system, which includes the nose, trachea, diaphragm and lungs.
With each breath, you take in air through your nostrils and
mouth, and your lungs fill up and empty out. As air is inhaled,
the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth warm and
humidify the air.
It is important for everyone to know at least the basics of
the Respiratory System. It will help individuals understand
their body more and how to take care of it too its fullest.