Anda di halaman 1dari 86

Q.1 .Explain evolution of wireless system.

Or History of mobile communication


1896- Guglielmo marconi invented the wireless
telegraph.
1946- Mobile telephone was introduced .
1960- Improved mobile telephone service IMTS
Full duplex.
1960- Bell lab introduced the concept of cellular
mobile system.
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

1968- AT&T propose the concept of cellular


mobile system.
1976- Bell mobile phone service , poor service
due to call blocking.
1983- Advanced mobile phone system
(AMPS), FDMA,FM.
1991- Global system for mobile (GSM)
,TDMA,GMSK.
1991- U.S Digital cellular (USDC) IS-54,
TDMA,DQPSK.
1993- IS-95,CDMA,QPSK,BPSK.
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

Q.2 . Explain the Telecommunication


switching & explain message switching.
Switching- A switched network consist of a
series of interlinked nodes, called switches.
Switches are hardware or software devices
capable of crating temporary connections
between two or more devices link to the
switch but not to each other.
In a switched network ,some of these nodes
are connected to the communicating devices,
other are used only for routing.
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

Message Switching The message switching is used to describe the


telegraph network. When this form of switching
is used , no physical copper path is established
in advance between sender and receiver.
When a sender has block of data to be sent , it is
stored in the first switching office. i.e. router &
then forwarded later one hope at a time.
A network using this technique is called a store
& forward network.
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

Q.3. Give the Classification of switching system

Switching system
Manual Switching

Automatic switching

Electromechanical switching

Strowger or
step by step
switching

Crossbar
switching

Electronic switching

Space division
switching
Digital
switching

Space switching
2/23/2016
method

Time switching
method
Prof. J.N.Kawale

Time division
switching
Analog
switching
Combinational
switching method

Q.4. Explain Manual Exchange or crossbar


type of switching system.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

Q.5.Draw and explain Electronic Exchange


in detail.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

Q.6 Explain Digital switching system.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

10

Q.7.Defi e Tele o

2/23/2016

Traffi & it s u it.

Prof. J.N.Kawale

11

Traffic Measurement
The traffic is defined as a average number of calls in progress.
Traffic is a dimensionless quantity but a name given to unit of
traffic is Erlang (abbreviation E) named after A.K.Erlang, a
Danish pioneer of traffic theory.
Traffic is sometimes expressed in terms of hundreds of calls
seconds per hour (CCS).
1 erlang= 36 CCS

Q.8. Define the following terms.


Busy Hour:
60 minutes interval in which traffic is highest.
Busy Hour Calling Rate (BHCR):-Avg no. of calls per subscriber
during busy hour.
BHCR = Avg busy hr calls/ Total no. of subscribers
Holding time : The duration of a call is called as holding time.
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

12

Call Completion Rate (CCR):


Ratio of no. of successful calls to the no. of call
attempts.
CCR = no. of successful calls / no. of call attempts.
= Avg Busy Hour Calls/BHCA
Congestion:
Queuing system or delay system and lost call
system.
In lost call system,
Traffic carried = traffic offered traffic lost
Grade of service = B = No. of calls lost/ No. of calls
offered.
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

13

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

14

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

15

Q.9. Explain the Mathematical Model of traffic


A simple model is based on following
assumptions:1. Pure chance traffic: call arrivals &call termination
are independent random events. i.e. call
occurrence is not affected by previous calls
(memory less traffic).
2. Statistical equillibrium: Over a certain period of
time probabilities of call arrivals and call
terminations do not change.
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

16

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

17

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

18

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

19

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

20

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

21

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

22

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

23

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

24

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

25

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

26

Q.10. Write a short note on Gradings


For a switch it is not necessary for each
incoming trunk to have access to every
outgoing trunk

It is adequate if each incoming trunk has


access to a sufficient number of trunks on
each route to give the required GOS , this is
called as limited availability.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

27

20 trunks connected in 2 separate


groups to switches of availability

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

28

Gradings
If the traffic offered to the two groups of
incoming trunks is Random, efficiency can
therefore be improved through mixing the
traffic by interconnecting the multiples of the
groups so that some of the outgoing trunks
are available to both groups of the switches.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

29

Gradings

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

30

In this arrangement the first six outlets are


two separate full availability groups.
The last 4 outlets are common to the both
groups and carry the traffic that overflows
when the first six outlets of either group are
busy.
The technique described of interconnecting
the multiples of switches is called Grading
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

31

Q.11. Write Design steps of Progressive


Grading
Si e the Gradi g should e sy
must be an even number .

etri al g

For a two group grading there is only one


solutio if the u er of olu s of si gles is s
a d the u er of o
o s is the
1. Availability = k = s+c
2. number of trunks = N = 2s+c
3. s = N-k and c = 2k-N

Q.12. Example on grading----on next slide


2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

32

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

33

Q.13 Write a short note on two stage switching


network. & derive a formula When incoming calls are
grater than outgoing)-M>N

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

34

Write derivation here.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

35

TWO STAGE NETWORK


Q.14. Explain Grade of service of link system

For 2 links connected in tandem .


Let prob. of 1st ei g usy is a
prob. of 2nd ei g usy is
prob. of 1st being free is 1-a
prob. of 2nd being free is 1-b
prob. of path being free is (1-a)(1-b)
prob. of path being blocked is 1-(1-a)(1-b)

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

36

Q.15 Explain Time and space division switching


in detail.

Example: Channel 3 & 17-Full Duplex (Four wire connection).


A variety of switching structures are possible to accomplish the
transfers indicated in above figure. All of these structures
inherently require at least two stages a space division switching
stage and a time division switching stage.
Before discussing switching in both dimensions, however, we
discuss the characteristics and capabilities of time switching
alone.
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

37

TWO DIMENSIONAL SWITCHING


Larger digital switches require switching operations in both a
space dimension and a time dimension. There are a large
variety of network configurations that can be used to
accomplish these requirements. To begin with, consider the
simple switching structure shown in figure below.
This switch consists of only two stages: a time stage T
followed by a space stage S . Thus this structure is referred to a
time-space(TS) switch.
The basic function of the time stage is to delay information in
arriving time slots until the desired output time slot occurs. At
that time the delayed information is transferred through the
space stage to the appropriate output link.
In the example shown the information in incoming time slot 3
of link 1 is delayed until outgoing time slot 17 occurs. The
return path requires that information arriving in time slot 17 of
link N be delayed for time slot 3 of the next outgoing frame.
Notice that a time stage may have to provide delays ranging
from one time slot to a fullProf.
frame.
2/23/2016
J.N.Kawale
38

Time-space( TS) switching matrix

Associated with the space stage is a control store that contains the information
needed to specify the space stage configuration for each individual time slot of a
frame. This control information is accessed cyclically in the same manner as the
control information in the analog time division switch. For example, during each
outgoing time slot 3, control information is accessed that specifies inter stage link
2/23/2016
39
number
1 is connected to output link Prof.
N. J.N.Kawale

Q.16 What is the need of Synchronization &


explain network synchronization in detail.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

40

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

41

Q.17. EXPLAIN CALL PROCESSING


FUNCTIONS
Various call processing functions are monitored
and controlled by central processor and
associated small processors.
Important call processing functions are:
1. Sequence of operations
2. signal exchange

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

42

Sequence of operations
1. Idle state: calling su s ri er s handset is in
on-hook condition i.e. line is idle. Exchange is
monitoring state of line.
2. Call request signal(seize signal):lifting handset
by calling subscriber causes current to flow in
line.
3. CLI: exchange detects the calling condition
and identifies the line.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

43

4. Determination of class of service: it means


the range of services available to calling
subscriber.
5.Identification of calling party: for billing
purpose.
6.Connection to calling line: exchange makes
connection to calling line.
7. Proceed to send signal: the exchange sends
a signal to caller for readiness.
8. Address signal: the caller sends a signal to
exchange by dialing a number.
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

44

9. Selection of outgoing line termination: from


address received , the exchange determines
the required out going terminal.
10.Determination of terminating Class Of
Service: the exchange determines terminating
COS to decide the handling of call.
11.Testing called line termination: exchange
tests the status of called subscriber. i.e. busy,
out of service or free.
12.Status signal(CPS):an audio tone sent back
to caller to inform the progress of call.
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

45

13. Connection to Called Line Termination: on


obtaining called subscriber line free, exchange
makes connection to it.
14.Attending called customer: exchange sends
a signal to called line to alert the customer to
receive the call.
15. Answer signal: when called subscriber lifts
the handset, the line is looped and current
flows.
16.Completion of connection: the answer
signal from called subscriber completes the
connection.
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

46

17. Conversational state: on completion of


connection , the exchange supervise it and
detects the end of call for billing.
18. Clear signal: exchange provides a clear
signal when both subscriber replaces the
handset.
19.Release of connection: the exchange
releases the connection between called and
calling subscriber.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

47

Signal exchanges
Fig. 7.1 & 7.2( next slides)
Signals can be categorized into two
types.
1. Forward signals: the signals sent from
caller to called subscriber.
2.Backward signals: the signals sent
towards the caller.
Channel associated and common channel
signaling
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

48

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

49

Q.18 write a short note on Signaling tone


Different signaling tones are used in establishing
& maintaining telephone calls.
1.Dial tone: is a fixed frequency continuous
signaling tone.(33Hz or 50Hz or 400Hz)
Used to respond the calling subscriber indicating
that exchange is ready to accept dialed digits
from subscriber.
2.Ring tone: it is a bursty tone of 0.4 sec
duration.(400Hz or 233Hz tone).
After dialing, the ring tone is send to called
party by calling party.
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

50

3.Busy tone: also a bursty signal of 400 Hz with silence period


in between. When the called party is busy the calling
subscriber gets such tone.
4.Number unobtainable tone (NU): is a continuous type of
tone and its frequency is 400Hz. The calling subscriber gets
this tone when the dialed number is not traceable due to any
reason.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

51

Q.19. Explain the following termsReliability,


Availability and Security

The reliability of switching system should


be high.
High reliable system have
1.MTBF-longer (for repairable system)
2.MTTF-longer (for non repairable system)
3.MTTR-shorter

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

52

Availability :Availability for a single processor SPC


system is
A=MTTF/(MTTF+MTTR)
Indicates the probability that the system will
operate correctly when required.
Unavailability: the probability that the system will
not operate.
U=1-A
Security: In CC exchange with high reliability,
there are chances of unavailability of system.
Therefore, some measures have to be taken to
provide security, to ensure operation when faults
are present.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

53

Security measures used are:


1. line circuits none
2.switching network; none or
duplication
3.common control- 1 in n sparing
4. central processors- replication.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

partial

54

Q.20. define Signaling & give classification of it.


Signaling is an integral part of switching system & transmission systems.
The design of signaling systems directly relate the requirement of both switching &
transmission.
To transmit data to another network, the switch must determine how the data is to be
routed to destination & whether the trasmitted signal will be acknowledged or not.
Signaling

In channel

DC

Low
frequ
ency

Common channel
Voice
frequency

Inband

PCM

Associated

Outband

Non
associated

Q.21.Draw & explain Inband VF


Signaling
On next slide

Q.22. Define Comman Channel


Signaling.(CCS)-------On next to next slide.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

56

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

57

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

58

Q.23 . Explain Cellular Concept in detail.


Replace large transmitters with many smaller
transmitters. Neighboring base stations (BS)
are assigned different sets of channels.
Capacity can be increased by additional
partitions.

Cell a geographical area covered by a BS.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

59

The Cellular concept is a system level idea


which calls for replacing, a single high power
transmitter with many low power transmitters
each providing coverage to only small portion of
the service area.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

60

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

61

Q.24.Explain Frequency Reuse concept


with suitable diagram.
Frequency Reuse the frequency channels
allocation scheme.
For convenience, the cells are shown with a
hex pattern. A hex pattern is the simplest
pattern that can tessellate an area.
In practice, cells are not hexagonal and BS are
not exactly in the center of the cell.
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

62

Frequency Reuse

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

63

Consider cellular system with S duplex channels available,let


each
cell be allocated a group of k channels(k<s) and if the S
channels
are divided among N cells.
Available radio channels can be expressed as

S = KN
The N cells which collectively use the complete set of
available
frequencies is called a cluster.
If it is replicated M times within the system, total no.of duplex
channels:

C, can be used as a measure of capacity and is given by

C = MKN

= MS
2/23/2016
Prof. J.N.Kawale
64
N = Cluster size and typically
equal to 4,7,12.

Q.25.Explain the following terms Fixed channel assignment


Each cell is allocated a predetermined set of voice channels. Any
call attempt within the cells can only be served by unused
channels in that particular cell. If all the channels in the cell are
occupied, the call is blocked and the subscriber does not receive
service.
Fixed assignment with borrowing
Before a all is lo ked, a BS ight try to orrow" a ha el fro
a neighbouring BS.
Dynamic channel assignment
The voice channels are not allocated to different cells
permanently, instead each time a call request is made, the serving
base station request a channel from the mobile switching center.
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

65

Q.26 .Comparison of Channel Allocation


Techniques
Fixed Channel Allocation
Advantages:
Less load on MSC
Simple
Disadvantages:
Blocking may happen
Dynamic Channel Allocation
Advantages:
Voice channels are not allocated permanently. That is shared
on need-basis
Disadvantages:
Requires MSC for processing---burden on MSC
May be very complicated
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

66

Q.27.Handoff strategies
When a mobile moves into a different cell while
a conversation is in progress, the MSC
automatically transfers the call to a new channel
belonging to the new base station.
This handoff operation not only involves
identifying a new base station, but also requires
that the voice and control signals be allocated to
channels associated with the new base station.
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

67

Handoffs the basics

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

68

Hard handoff and soft handoff


Hard handoff:
When the signal strength of a neighboring cell exceeds
that of the current cell, plus a threshold, the mobile
station is instructed to switch to a new frequency band
that is within the allocation of the new cell.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

69

Soft handoff:
Soft handoff: a mobile station is temporarily
connected to more than one base station
simultaneously. A mobile unit may start out assigned
to a single cell. If the unit enters a region in which the
transmissions from two base stations are comparable
(within some threshold of each other), the mobile unit
enters the soft handoff state in which it is connected
to the two base stations. The mobile unit remains in
this state until one base station clearly predominates,
at which time it is assigned exclusively to that cell.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

70

Q.28. Explain the Cell splitting & sectoring.


Cell Splitting : It is the process of subdividing the congested
cell into smaller cells.
Each of the smaller cells will have their own base station with
a reduction in antenna height and transmitted power.
The smaller cells are known as Microcells.
Cell Splitting increases the capacity of the cellular system as it
increases the number of times the channels are reused
The increased number of cells would increase the number of
clusters over the coverage region,which in turn increase the
number of channels,and thus capacity in the coverage area
Cell Splitting allows the system to grow by replacing large
cells with smaller cells without changing the co-channel re-use
ratio Q
2/23/2016
Prof. J.N.Kawale
71

Cells are split to add channels with


no new spectrum usage

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

72

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

73

Q.29.Explain Multiple Access Techniques


Multiple Accessing Techniques : with possible
conflict and conflict- free
Random access
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
Spread spectrum multiple access (SSMA) : an
example is Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Space division multiple access (SDMA)
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

74

FDMA
In FDMA, each user is allocated a unique
frequency band or channel. During the period
of the call, no other user can share the same
frequency band.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

75

FDMA
All channels in a cell are available to all the mobiles. Channel
assignment is carried out on a first-come first- served basis.
The number of channels, given a frequency spectrum BT ,
depends on the modulation technique (hence Bw or Bc ) and
the guard bands between the channels 2Bguard . These guard
bands allow for imperfect filters and oscillators and can be
used to minimize adjacent channel interference.
FDMA is usually implemented in narrowband systems.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

76

Main features
Continuous transmission : the channels, once assigned, are
used on a non-time-sharing basis. This means that both
subscriber and BS can use their corresponding allotted
channels continuously and simultaneously.
Narrow bandwidth : Analog cellular systems use 25-30 kHz.
Digital FDMA systems can make use of low bit rate speech
coding techniques to reduce the channel band even more.
If FDMA channels are not in use, then they sit idle and cannot
be used by other users to increase capacity.
Low ISI : Symbol time is large compared to delay spread. No
equalizer is required (Delay spread is generally less than a few
s flat fading).

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

77

TDMA
TDMA systems divide the channel time into
frames. Each frame is further partitioned into
time slots. In each slot only one user is
allowed to either transmit or receive.
Unlike FDMA, only digital data and digital
modulation must be used.
Each user occupies a cyclically repeating time
slot, so a channel may be thought of as a
particular time slot of every frame, where N
time slots comprise a frame.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

78

TDMA

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

79

TDMA Features
Multiple channels per carrier or RF channels.
Burst transmission since channels are used on
a timesharing basis. Transmitter can be turned
off during idle periods.
Narrow or wide bandwidth depends on
factors such as modulation scheme, number
of voice channels per carrier channel.
High ISI Higher transmission symbol rate,
hence resulting in high ISI. Adaptive equalizer
required.
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

80

TDMA Frame
One TDMA Frame
Preamble

Guard
Bits

Information

Trail Bits

Slot 1

Slot 2

Slot 3

Sync
Bits

Control
Bits

Information

Slot N

CRC

One TDMA Slot


A Frame repeats in time
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

81

Code Division Multiple Access


(CDMA)
Spreading signal (code) consists of chips

Has Chip period and and hence, chip rate


Spreading signal use a pseudo-noise (PN) sequence (a pseudorandom sequence)
PN sequence is called a codeword
Each user has its own cordword
Codewords are orthogonal. (low autocorrelation)
Chip rate is oder of magnitude larger than the symbol rate.

The receiver correlator distinguishes the senders signal by


examining the wideband signal with the same timesynchronized spreading code
The sent signal is recovered by despreading process at the
receiver.
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

82

CDMA Advantages
Low power spectral density.
Signal is spread over a larger frequency band
Other systems suffer less from the transmitter
Interference limited operation
All frequency spectrum is used
Privacy
The codeword is known only between the
sender and receiver. Hence other users can not
decode the messages that are in transit
Reduction of multipath affects by using a larger
spectrum
2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

83

CDMA Principle
Represent bit 1 with +1
Represent bit 0 with -1
One bit period (symbol period)

Data

0
1

1 1

Coded
Signal

Input to the modulator (phase modulation)


2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

Chip period

84

CDMA Example
R

Receiver (a base station)

Data=1011

Data=0010

B
Transmitter
Codeword=101010

Transmitter (a mobile)
Codeword=010011

Data transmitted from A and B is multiplexed using CDMA and codeword.


The Receiver de-multiplexes the data using dispreading.

2/23/2016

Prof. J.N.Kawale

85

Q.30. Give Comparisons of FDMA, TDMA, and


CDMA (Example)
Operation

FDMA

TDMA

CDMA

Allocated Bandwidth

12.5 MHz

12.5 MHz

12.5 MHz

0.03 MHz

0.03 MHz

1.25 MHz

12.5/0.03=416

12.5/0.03=416

12.5/1.25=10

416/7=59

416/7=59

12.5/1.25=10

Control channels/cell

Usable channels/cell

57

57

Calls per RF channel

4*

40**

57x1=57

57x4=228

8x40=320

57/3=19

228/3=76

320

16.8

Frequency reuse
Required channel BW
No. of RF channels
Channels/cell

Voice channels/cell
Sectors/cell
Voice calls/sector
Capacity vs FDMA

* Depends on the number of slots

2/23/2016

** Depends on the number of codes

Prof. J.N.Kawale

86

Anda mungkin juga menyukai