CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In order to reduce the size and weight of switching converters and increase power
density, a high switching frequency is required. However, in hard-switching
converters,
as
electromagnetic
the
switching
interference
frequency
increases,
switching
losses
and
PWM
soft-single-switched (SSS) converters and lossless passive snubbers, enjoy all the
mentioned advantages, usually at the cost of additional current and voltage stresses.
However, they usually have a large number of passive elements, which makes the
converter implementation difficult. The lossless passive snubber circuit is simple and
easy to implement. However, in this converter, a soft-switching condition is not
achieved for the switch turnoff instant. Furthermore, an additional diode is added in
the main power path, which would further increase the converter conduction losses. In
this project, a family of PWM SSS converters without any substantial increase in
voltage and current stresses is presented. Furthermore, in this converter family,
the number of additional components is not high. The switch in all proposed
converters is turned on under zero-current-switching (ZCS) condition and is turned
off at almost zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) condition. The converter main diode turns
on under ZVS condition and turns off under zero-voltage zero-current switching
(ZVZCS) conditions. Furthermore, an auxiliary diode turns on under ZVS condition
and turns off under ZCS condition. The proposed method can be easily applied to
single-switch converters such as buck, boost, and buck-boost. Cuk, SFP1C, and Zeta.
Furthermore, it can be applied to isolated single-switch converters such as forward,
Flyback, isolated CUK, isolated SFP1C, and isolated Zeta.
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
of a
device's
sensitivity
to
external
Page2
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
common mode noise a transmission line to (3) a radiating structure or antenna. Two
examples illustrate the problem:
Desktop PC:A new desktop personal computer is placed on a turntable in an
electromagnetic compatibility chamber which is a shielded room lined with absorbing
pyramids. Three meters away there is a broadband antenna connected to a spectrum
analyzer. As the personal computer rotates on the turntable, a technician scans across
the frequency spectrum. The tests reveal an unwanted emission at one half the clock
speeds of the Pentium microprocessor, and it appears to be worse when the back of
the personal computer faces the antenna- The personal computer fails its test. A small
probe, called a sniffer, is used to localize the source of emission. Not only does the
Pentium radiate but other devices connected to it radiate. A graphics card operating at
the Pentium clock speed also radiates and it is on the back side of the personal
computer from which radiation is strongest. The problem is resolved by rearranging
the positions of the cards in the personal computer and adding more screws to the
cover lid of the metal card box to prevent leakage.
Compact disc player on aircraft: It happened that the controls of a jet aircraft went haywire the reason of which
the pilot could not find out. After talking to the flight staff it was learnt that a
passenger had turned on his compact disc player. Whenever the player was on, the
display controls of the plane showed dubious signals. The compact disc player and
others like it were subjected to tests in an electromagnetic compatibility
and found to have radiation at the frequency of the air navigation
system.
The
and the aluminum case had oxidized, forming an insulating layer. Aluminum
oxide, or alumina, is a good insulator and radiation was leaking out. Although
emitting little energy, the compact disc player was at a seat next to a window and only
a couple of meters from the jet's navigation antenna. On the other hand, the navigation
beacon could he 100 km away,
giving
the
compact
disc
player
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
The transmission of the common mode noise is entirely through parasitic or stray
capacitors and stray electric and magnetic fields. These stray capacitances exist
between various system components and between components and ground. For safety
reasons, most power electronic equipment has a grounded cabinet. The noise
appearing on the ground line contributes significantly to the electromagnetic
interference.
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
CHAPTER 2
SOFT SWITCHING
2.1 Introduction:
The high operating efficiency of switched mode power supplies (SMPS)
resulted in widespread acceptance in all power processing applications. The design
demand is forever moving towards higher power densities. This requirement leads to
processing of power at higher switching frequencies. In the conventional SMPS,
higher frequency of operation leads to high switching losses and associated problems.
The concept of soft switching addresses several of these problems. This chapter gives
an overview of soft switching converters.
Historically, the linear power supplies were common during the late 1950's
and 1960's. The controlling devices in these power supplies operate in the active
region. Consequently, power dissipation is large; this power loss is transformed into
heat. The efficiency is therefore poor. The power density is low. Search for higher
efficiency and power density lead to Switched Mode Power Supplies. Here, the
devices are switched either ON or OFF. The control is by pulse width modulation Soft
Switching Converters (PWM). In conventional PWM SMPS, the switches turn-on to
full current from full voltage and turn-of to full voltage from full current as shown in
fig 2.1. Such switching is referred as hard switching. The switching losses during hard
switching are considerable.
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
defined. The second quantity during switching (device current during turn-on and
device voltage during turn-off) is decided by the external circuit to the switch. By
making use of the above characteristics of the devices, attempts are made to minimize
the switching losses. Snubber circuits were used in conventional SMPS to reduce the
switching losses. Snubber circuits are effective, to a limited extent, in reducing the
device stress during the switching transitions. However, they do not reduce the
switching losses appreciably; they only shift the power loss from the switches to the
snubber resistors. Soft switching converters address these issues in a more efficient
way as explained below.
2.2 Soft Switching Converters:
Most soft switching converters rely on the process of resonance. Resonant
switching techniques reduce the switching losses to practically zero; the switching
frequency then may be increased to hundreds of kHz to achieve higher power density.
Such converters in general are classified as Soft switching converters. The
distinguishing feature of the soft switched converters is that, they switch ON and OFF
at zero current and/or zero voltage.
Soft Switching Converters have the following advantages
1. Circuit operation is possible at much higher frequencies, giving scope for reducing
the size of energy storage elements in the converter.
2. di/dt and dv/dt stresses on the switching devices are reduced; noise and interference
are reduced.
3. The parasitic elements of the circuit such as leakage inductance of transformer,
device junction capacitances etc., contribute to well defined desirable switching
transitions leading to low or no switching losses.
The switching techniques in the resonant converter employ zero voltage
switching and/or zero current switching. In zero current switching, the device turns-on
with zero current and turns off after the current drops to zero. In zero voltage
switching, the switch turns-off at zero voltage and turns-on after the device voltage
drops to zero. Fig. 2.2 illustrates the ZVS and ZCS switching trajectory.
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
Fig.2.2.Switching strategy
In the ZVS converters, the voltage across the device is brought to zero by
external means, just prior to turn-on, thus eliminating the turn-on losses. During the
turn-off process, the rate of voltage raise is limited by external means (by a capacitor
in shunt with the main switch), so that the device current falls to zero before the
voltage rises substantially i.e. Assisted turn-off.
In the ZCS converters, the current through the device is brought to zero by
external means, just prior to turn-off. Thus the turn-off losses as well as the voltage
spikes due to stray inductance are totally eliminated. During the turn-on process, the
current raise is slowed down by external means (by an inductor in series with the
main switch), so that the device voltage falls to zero before the current becomes
appreciable i.e. assisted turn-on.
2.3 Hard Switching and Soft Switching Techniques:
In the 1970s, conventional PWM power converters were operated in a
switched mode operation. Power switches have to cut off the load current within the
turn-on and turn-off times under the hard switching conditions. Hard switching refers
to the stressful switching behavior of the power electronic devices. The switching
trajectory of a hard-switched power device is shown in Fig.1. During the turn-on and
turn-off processes, the power device has to withstand high voltage and current
simultaneously, resulting in high switching losses and stress. Dissipative passive
snubbers are usually added to the power circuits so that the dv/dt and di/dt of the
power devices could be reduced, and the switching loss and stress be diverted to the
passive snubber circuits. However, the switching loss is proportional to the switching
frequency, thus limiting the maximum switching frequency of the power converters.
Typical converter switching frequency was limited to a few tens of kilo-Hertz
Page7
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
(typically 20kHz to 50kHz) in early 1980s. The stray inductive and capacitive
components in the power circuits and power devices still cause considerable transient
effects, which in turn give rise to electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems. Fig.2
shows ideal switching waveforms and typical practical waveforms of the switch
voltage. The transient ringing effects are major causes of EMI.
In the 1980s, lots of research efforts were diverted towards the use of
resonant converters. The concept was to incorporate resonant tanks in the converters
to create oscillatory (usually sinusoidal) voltage and/or current waveforms so that
zero voltage switching (ZVS) or zero current switching (ZCS) conditions can be
created for the power switches. The reduction of switching loss and the continual
improvement of power switches allow the switching frequency of the resonant
converters to reach hundreds of kilo-Hertz (typically 100kHz to 500kHz).
Consequently, magnetic sizes can be reduced and the power density of the converters
increased. Various forms of resonant converters have been proposed and developed.
However, most of the resonant converters suffer several problems. When compared
with the conventional PWM converters, the resonant current and voltage of resonant
converters have high peak values, leading to higher conduction loss and higher V and
I ratings requirements for the power devices. Also, many resonant converters require
frequency modulation (FM) for output regulation. Variable switching frequency
operation makes the filter design and control more complicated.
In late 1980s and throughout 1990s, further improvements have been made in
converter technology. New generations of soft-switched converters that combine the
advantages of conventional PWM converters and resonant converters have been
developed. These soft-switched converters have switching waveforms similar to those
of conventional PWM converters except that the rising and falling edges of the
waveforms are smoothed with no transient spikes. Unlike the resonant converters,
new soft-switched converters usually utilize the resonance in a controlled manner.
Resonance is allowed to occur just before and during the turn-on and turn-off
processes so as to create ZVS and ZCS conditions. Other than that, they behave just
like conventional PWM converters. With simple modifications, many customized
control integrated control (IC) circuits designed for conventional converters can be
employed for soft-switched converters. Because the switching loss and stress have
been reduced, soft-switched converter can be operated at the very high frequency
(typically 500kHz to a few Mega-Hertz). Soft- switching converters also provide an
Page8
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
effective solution to suppress EMI and have been applied to DC-DC, AC-DC and DCAC converters. This chapter covers the basic technology of resonant and softswitching converters. Various forms of soft-switching techniques such as ZVS, ZCS,
voltage clamping, zero transition methods etc. are addressed. The emphasis is placed
on the basic operating principle and practicality of the converters without using much
mathematical analysis.
I
On
Hard-switching
snubbered
Soft-switching
Off
Page9
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
Lr
Lr
Cr
S
(a)
Cr
(b)
Lr
Lr
Cr
S
S
Cr
(a)
(b)
Page10
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
frequency. Operation and characteristics of the converter depend mainly on the design
of the resonant circuit Lr - Cr. The following parameters are defined: voltage
conversion ratio M, characteristic impedance Zr, resonant frequency fr, normalized
load resistance r, normalized switching frequency .
M =
Zr =
fr =
Vo
Vi
(1a)
Lr
Cr
(1b)
1
2 Lr C r
(1c)
r=
RL
Zr
(1d)
fs
fr
(1e)
It can be seen from the waveforms that if Io > Vi / Zr, IS will not come back to zero
naturally and the switch will have to be forced off, thus resulting in turn-off losses.
The relationships between M and at different r are shown in Fig.5(c). It can
be seen that M is sensitive to the load variation. At light load conditions, the unused
energy is stored in Cr, leading to an increase in the output voltage. Thus, the switching
frequency has to be controlled, in order to regulate the output voltage.
S CR1
Lr
Lf
Io
iLr
Vi
VCr Cr
Df
Cf
Fig.2.7a.Schematic diagram.
Page12
RL Vo
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
gate signal
to S
Vi/Zr
IO
ILr
t0
t1
VDS
Vi
VCr
Vi
Fig.2.7b.Circuits waveforms.
1
0.9
10
0.8
r =2
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
If an anti-parallel diode is connected across the switch, the converter will be operating
in full-wave mode. The circuit schematic is shown in Fig.6(a). The circuit waveforms
in steady state are shown in Fig.6(b). The operation is similar to the one in half-wave
mode. However, the inductor current is allowed to reverse through the anti-parallel
diode and the duration for the resonant stage is lengthened. This permits excess
energy in the resonant circuit at light loads to be transferred back to the voltage source
Vi. This significantly reduces the dependence of Vo on the output load. The
Page13
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
relationships between M and at different r are shown in Fig.6(c). It can be seen that
M is insensitive to load variation.
S
iLr
Lr
Vi
Lf
VCr Cr
Df
Io
Cf
RL Vo
Fig.2.8a.Schematic diagram.
gate signal
to S
Vi/Zr
ILr
IO
t0
t1
VDS
VCr
Fig.2.8b.Circuit waveforms.
1
0.9
r =1-10
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
Page14
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
L1
D1
S1
L1
S1
BUCK
C1
C1
L1
BOOST
L1
C1
D1
D1
C1
D1
BUCK/
BOOST
L1
S1
D1
L1
S1
C1
C1
L1
CUK
D1
L1
C1
D1
C1
L1
SEPIC
D1
Page15
L1
C1
D1
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
C1
FLYBACK
L1
L1
D1
D1
C1
C1
FORWARD
L1
L1
D1
D1
C1
Page16
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
Fig.2.10.Block Diagram
DC source:
It is the first stage of this project. So it is give the DC supply to Inverter. The DC
source may be Battery or fuel cell or rectified from AC source
Soft single switched Boost Converter:
Boost converter is used to convert low voltage dc to high voltage dc .switching
operate in high frequency. High switching frequency generates EMI and high voltage
stress. This voltage stress should be reduced using soft switch technique .the auxiliary
circuit is used to achieve soft switching
Filter.
Rectifier converts AC to DC. This output has ripples. It is filtered with a help of LC
filters.
Load:
The output has DC output voltage. It is used to run the motor, battery charging, and
telecommunication applications.
Micro controller:
Micro controller is used to generate triggering pulse for mosfets. It is used to control
the outputs. Micro controller have more advantage compare then analog circuits and
micro processor such as fast response, low cost, small size and etc.
Driver:
It is also called as power amplifier because it is used to amplify- the pulse output from
micro controller. It is also called as opto coupler IC. It provides isolation between
microcontroller and power circuits.
Regulated Power supply (RPS):
RPS give 5V supply for micro controller and 12V supply for driver. It is converted
from AC supply. AC supply is step down using step down transformer
Page17
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
(2.1)
... (2.2)
Fig.2.11.Mode 1
Mode2 [t1-t2]:
At tl, the Lr1 current has reached Iin, and the diode Do current has reached
zero. Thus, the diode do turnoff is under ZCS. In addition, due to the existence of Cr
and based on (3), the Do voltage rises slowly and is considered ZVS. Consequently,
the Do turnoff is ZVZCS. In this mode, Lrl starts to resonate with Cr. This mode ends
when the Cr voltage reaches zero.
Vcr (t ) = Vo cos(r (t t1))
I lr1 (t ) = Iin +
(2.3)
Vo
sin(r (t t1))
Zr
r = 2 fr =
1
Lr1Cr
Zr = Lr1 / Cr
t 2 = t 2 t1 = / 2r
Page18
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
Fig.2.12.Mode 2
Mode 3 [t2-t3]:
When Vcr reaches zero, diode D1 starts to conduct under ZVS condition, and
the Cr voltage is clamped at zero. Since the total ampere turns of Lr2 and Lrl should
stay constant. Furthermore, the Lr1 current is equal to the sum of the input current and
the Lrl current. The interval of this mode and the previous mode is effectively the
converter duty cycle. This mode ends when the switch is turned off.
( Iin +
Vo
) N1 = I Lr1 N1 + I Lr 2 N 2
Zr
Ilr1 = Iin +
Ilr 2 =
Vo
(n + 1) Zr
Vo
(n + 1) Zr
t 3 = DTs (t1 + t 2)
Fig2.13.Mode 3
Mode 4 [t3 t4]:
By turning the switch off, the ampere turn of Lr1 is transferred to Lr2, and now,
the Lr2 ampere turn is the sum of its previous ampere turn plus the Lr1 ampere turn as
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
described by
I Lr1 N1 + I Lr 2 N 2 = I1N 2
where ILr1 and ILr2 are the values of the coupled inductor currents in the previous mode
and I1 is the Lr2 current at t3. Thus, by substituting (8) and (9) in (11), the following is
obtained
Vo
)
Zr
The resonant capacitor charges by Lm plus the Lr2 current until its voltage reaches V0.
I1 = Ilr 2(t 3) = 1 / n( Iin +
The switch voltage, Cr voltage, and Lr2 current during this mode are
1
Vsw(t ) = (n + 1) Zr ( Iin + I1) sin( r (t t 3))
n
1
Vcr (t ) = nZr ( Iin + I1) sin( r (t t 3))
n
1
ILr 2(t ) = ( Iin + I1) cos( r (t t 3)) Iin
n
It can be observed from (13) that the switch is turned off under ZVS condition at the
beginning of this mode. However, in practice, due to the small leakage inductance of
the coupled inductors, a small voltage spike appears across the switch, and then, the
switch voltage rises slowly to its final value. Thus, actually, the switch is turned off
under almost ZVS condition even though the spike peak is usually much smaller than
the switch maximum voltage.
At t4, Vcr reaches Vo; thus, the duration of this mode and the maximum voltage stress of
the switch are
t 4 = t 4 t 3 =
n
Vo
sin 1 (
)
r
Vo + (n + 1) ZrIin
1
Vsw max = Vsw(t 4) = (1 + )Vo
n
Page20
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
Fig.2.14.Mode 4
Mode 5 [t4-t5]:
This mode begins when the Cr voltage reaches Vo and the diode Do turns on
under ZVS condition. In this mode, the Lrl current decreases linearly. At t5, the Lr2
current reaches zero, and the diode D1 turns off under ZCS condition.
I2 = (
n + 1 2 2 2(n + 1)Vo
Iin Iin
) Iin +
n
n 2 Zr
ILr 2(t ) = I 2
Vo
(t t 4)
Lr 2
t 5 = t 5 t 4 =
Lr 2 I 2
Vo
Fig.2.15.Mode 5
Mode 6 [t5-t6]:
In this mode, /in freewheels through the diode Do, and the current through the
resonant inductors remains zero and the voltage across the resonant capacitor stays at
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
the energy stored in the leakage inductance of the coupled inductors in this condition
is less than that in DCM.
t 6 = (1 D )Ts (t 4 + t 5)
Fig.2.16.Mode 6
Conventional Circuit Drawbacks:
More EMI
Advantages:
Applications:
Battery charging
Page22
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
Page23
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
Comparison of the fullbridge (FB) converter with the halfbridge (HB) converter for
identical input and output voltages and power ratings requires the following turns
ratio:
N2
N2
= 2
N1 HB
N1 FB
Neglecting the ripple in the current through the filter inductor at the output and
assuming the transformer magnetizing current to be negligible in both circuits, the
transistor currents IC are given by
( I C ) HB = 2( I C ) FB
2.8.2 PWM STRATEGIES FOR FULL-BRIDGE CONVERTER
The conventional control diagram used for hard driven converters is shown in
Fig.2.11. The transistors (T1, T2) and (T3, T4) are switched as pairs alternatively at
the selected switching frequency, which alternately places the transformer primary
across the input supply U for same interval ton. The maximum duty cycle is
50%(D=0.5).
A disadvantage of this switching mode is that when all four switches are turned off,
the energy stored in the leakage inductance of the power transformer causes severe
ringing with junction capacitance of switching devices.
Page24
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
Page25
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
.
Fig.2.22. Oscillogram
Transistor voltage uCE1 and current iC1 in the leading leg at turnon and turnoff
Fig.2.23. Oscillogram
Transistor voltage uCE2 and current iC2 in the lagging leg at turnon and turnoff
2.9. Soft Switching PWM Converters
The soft switching PWM converter is defined here as the combination of converter
topologies and switching strategies that result in zerovoltage and/or zerocurrent
switching. They are called also pseudoresonant, quasi-resonant, resonant transition,
clamped voltage topologies and other. In these converters the resonant transition is
employed only during a short switching interval. The output voltage is usually
controlled by PWM with constant switching frequency.
Soft switching PWM converters can be classified as follows:
1 ZVS PWM converters
2 ZCS PWM converters
3 ZVS ZCS PWM converters
Page26
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
Fig.2.25. Switch (transistor MOSFET T1 and its body diode D1) voltage Uds1 and
current Ids1 during turnon and
turnoff (leading leg)
Page27
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
Fig.2.26.Switch (transistor MOSFET T2 and its body diode D2) voltage Uds2 and
currentI2 during turnon and turnoff (lagging leg)
By utilising small snubber capacitors C1 C4 the turnoff losses are sufficiently
reduced. If the transistor turnoff time is sufficiently fast, then the transistor is
switched fully off before the collector voltage rises significantly above zero, and thus
negligible turnoff switching loss is incurred. The ZVS converter exhibits low
primaryside switching loss and generated EMI. However, conduction losses are
increased with respect to an ideal hard switching PWM full bridge topology.
At light load, the leakage inductance energy is not sufficient to ensure zero
voltage switching in the lagging leg of the converter. This critical load condition is
also a function of the line condition. The worst case is high input voltage when more
capacitive energy is required. Another consideration is the delay time from the turn
off T4 until the turnon of T1 and vice versa. If the delay time td is too short, then the
device capacitance may not be fully discharged. However, if the delay time td2 is too
long, the capacitor voltage will peak, continue to resonate and drop. Fortunately, the
time of peak charge is relative independent of the input voltage and load condition
and is equal to one quarter of LRC time constant
Page28
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
Page29
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
constant
switching
frequency
to
achieve
required
converter
operation.
Page30
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
Table 2.1 some dual characteristics of the FB ZVS PWM converter and FB ZCS
PWM converter
Page31
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
secondary winding of the auxiliary transformer TR2. Soft switching and reduction of
circulating currents for full load range are achieved in this converter. The converter is
especially suited for application where short circuit and no-load are normal states of
the converter operation, e.g. arc welding.
Page34
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
CHAPTER 3
ZERO VOLTAGE SWITCHING PWM CONVERTERS
3.1INTRODUCTION
As one of the typical resonant- type ZVS techniques, the ZVS-QRC technique
eliminates the capacitive turn on loss which plagues zcs-QRCS and pwm converters.
the drain-to-source voltage of the power MOSFET in a ZVS-QRC is shaped to zero
prior to turn on, thus eliminating turn-on switching loss and the miller effect. In
addition the active switch in a ZVS-QRC technique for high frequency conversion
where MOSFETS are
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
as part of the resonant capacitor usually needs to be placed in parallel with the power
switch. In this case, the partial loss of the ZVS at light load may not be allowed,
considering both high switching loss and high switching noise. In particular, the
switching frequency increases as load current decreases, thus the capacitive turn-on
loss can easily become intolerable at light load. With a wide load range, optimization
of ZVS-QRCs is very difficult to achieve. Employing an auxiliary switch across the
resonant inductor in a ZVS-QRC allows the new converter to operate with much
reduced circulating energy and with a constant frequency. It is also shown that the use
of a saturable inductor can further improve the performance of the proposed ZVSPWM converters.
3.2 A Family Of ZVS-PWM Converters
3.2.1 ZVS-PWM Switching Cell
The concept of ZVS quasi-resonant switch was introduced to perform a systematic
analysis of topologies and features of the ZVS_QRCs. By incorporating the PWM
switching cell concept, a ZVS quasi-resonant switching cell can be derived. In this
figure, S is the active switch, D is the rectifying diode, Lf is the energy storage
inductor, Cr is the resonant capacitor, and Lr is the resonant inductor. To achieve ZVS,
the off-time of the power switch is fixed. The output voltage is regulated by varying
the on-time of the switch. By adding an auxiliary switch(S1) across the resonant
inductor, the ZVS-PWM switching cell shown in fig.3.2(b) is obtained. This auxiliary
switch makes the off-time of the power switch(S) controllable. It enables the
converter to regulate the output while operating at a fixed switching frequency.
In the ZVS quasi-resonant switching cell, the resonant inductor begins to oscillate
with the resonant capacitor after the power switch is turned off. The power switch is
turned on with ZVS after the resonance brings Cr voltage zero. The off-time of the
power switch is determined by the resonant period of the resonant components. Thus
a ZVS-QRC operates with constant off-time control. Consequently, a ZVS-QRC
operating with a wide input voltage or load range has a wide frequency range.
In fig.3.1(b), S1 is turned on before the power switch is turned off. When the
power switch is turned off, the resonant inductor current freewheels through S1 for a
period of time. During this freewheel time , the energy stored in the resonant inductor
remains unchanged until S1 is turned off, when the resonant inductor begins to
oscillate with resonant capacitor. The power switch is turned on after the resonance
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
brings the capacitor voltage to zero. By controlling the time interval of the
freewheeling stage, the off-time of the power switch can be varied, enabling the
converter to operate with a fixed frequency.
switching cycle.
(1)T0-T1: Before time To, the power switch S is conducting, and the rectifier diode D
is off. At time To, S is turned off. The freewheeling diode D is off, and the resonant
inductor current remains at Io value during this interval. The resonant capacitor is
charged linearly by Io until its voltage reaches the input voltage. The equivalent
circuit of this topological stage is shown in fig.3.3(a).This time interval is given by:
To1 =
CrVi
Io
(3.1)
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
(2)T1-T2:At time T1, D starts to conduct. The Lr current still remains constant by
circulating through the auxiliary switch S1. Therefore, the energy stored in the
resonant inductor (which is used to achieve ZVS for S) stays unchanged.
(3)T2-T3: At time T2, S1 is turned off, and the resonance between Lr and Cr begins.
This interval lasts until T3, when resonance brigs VCr to zero and the antiparallel
diode of S starts to conduct. This time period is approximately three quarters of the
resonant period,i.e.,
T23 =
3
Lr Cr
4
(3.2)
(4)T3-T4: S is turned on with ZVS during this time interval. The Lr current increases
linearly while the diode D current decreases. At T4, diode D is turned off with ZCS.
(5)T4-T0: S1 is turned on with ZVS before S is turned off. This interval lasts until t0,
when S is turned off and the cycle is turned off.
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
reduced.
The design strategy for the proposed buck ZVS-PWM converter is quite different
from that of the buck ZVS-QRC. To limit the switch stress voltage, the circuit can be
designed to operate with ZVS only relatively heavy load (e.g., above 50 % load).
Thus the maximum voltage stress of the active switch is approximately three times the
input voltage at full load. At light load, ZVS is partially lost. This does not cause a
thermal problem since the conduction loss is generated.
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
Chapter 4
Zero- current Switching PWM converters
4.1 Introduction
Due to continuous improvement of switching characteristics, lower conduction losses,
and lower cost, IGBTs are gaining wide acceptance in switched-mode power
converters/inverters. since IGBT is a minority- carrier device, it exhibits a current tail
at turnoff, which causes considerably high turn-off switching losses. To operate
IGBTs at relatively high switching frequencies, either the ZVS or the ZCS technique
can be employed to reduce switching losses. Basically, the ZVS eliminates the
capacitive turn-on loss and reduces the turn-off switching loss by slowing down the
voltage rise and thereby reducing the overlap between the switch voltage and the
switch current. This technique can be effe, tive when applied to a fast IGBT with a
relatively small current tail.
For slow IGBTs, however, a large external resonant capacitor is required to
reduce the turn-off switching loss effectively. But this may not be tolerable from the
circuit point of view because of topology and design constraints. The ZCS technique
eliminates the voltage and current overlap by forcing the switch current to zero before
the switch voltage rises. Thus ZCS is deemed more effective than ZVS in reducing
IGBT switching losses, particularly for slow devices.
Compared to the ZVS converter topologies the ZCS converter topologies are
less mature. For high- frequency power conversion, the ZCS-QRC technique is most
frequently used. This technique offers ZCS power transistor and ZVS for the rectifier
diode. The diode junction capacitance and the transformer leakage inductance are
utilized to achieve soft-switching.
One of the major limitations of the ZCS-QRC technique is high circulating
energy caused by the resonant inductor which is in series with the power transistor.
As a result, the power switch suffers from a high current stress, and the rectifier from
a high voltage stress. The second limitation is severe parasitic ringing on the power
switch. Since the output capacitance of the power switch is not utilized, it oscillates
with the resonant inductor when the switch is turned off. This low frequency parasitic
ringing not only causes significant switching loss and noise, but also increases the
voltage stress of the power switch. The third limitation of the ZCS-QRC technique is
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
capacitive turn-on loss and noise of the power switch. The capacitive turn-on loss
problem may not be severe for power converters using IGBTs or BJTs, since these
devices have relatively low output capacitance, and the operating frequency is also
relatively low. For high frequency power conversion in which power MOSFETs are
used as the power switch, however, this capacitive turn-on loss can be significant.
Another limitation is variable frequency operation, since the ZCS-QRCs operate with
constant on-time control.
This chapter presents a family of ZCS-PWM converters. Employing an
auxiliary switch in series with the resonant capacitor in a ZCS-QRC allows the new
converter to operate with constant frequency and much reduced circulating energy.
The ZCS-PWM converters can also be derived by simply applying circuit duality to
the ZVS-PWM converters. The ZCS-PWM technique is an extension of the ZCSQRC technique.
4.2 A Family of ZCS-PWM Converters
4.2.1. ZCS-PWM Switch
Figure 4.1(a) shows the basic configuration of the ZCS quasi-resonant
switching cell, where Lr and Cr are the resonant inductor and resonant capacitor,
respectively. In the ZCS quasi-resonant switching cell, the resonant inductor begins to
oscillate with the resonant capacitor when the power switch is turned on. The power
switch is turned off with ZCS after the resonance brings switch current to zero. To
achieve ZCS for the power switch, the on-time of the power switch, which is
determined by the resonant period of the resonant tank, is fixed. The output voltage is
regulated by varying the off-time of the switch. Thus a ZCS-QRC operates with
constant on-time control. Consequently, a ZCS-QRC operating with a wide input
voltage or load range has a wide frequency range.
By inserting an auxiliary switch (S1) in series with the resonant capacitor, the
ZCS-PWM switching cell is shown in fig.4.1(b) is obtained. In the ZCS-PWM
switching cell, S1 is is off when the power switch is turned on. The resonance
between Lr and Cr does not occur until S1 is turned on. When S1 is turned on, Lr
starts to resonate with Cr . After the resonance brings the Lr current to zero, S is
turned off with ZCS. Therefore, the function of S1 is to hold off the resonance for a
period of time. By controlling the hold-off time period, the on-time of the power
switch can be varied, enabling the ZCS-PWM converters to regulate the output while
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
I o Lr
Vi
(4.1)
(b)T1-T2: At time T1, the current through the rectifier diode reduces to zero and the
diode is turned off with ZCS. Since the auxiliary switch(S1) is off, no resonance
occurs between Lr and Cr . This operating stage is equivalent to the transistor on
stage of the PWM buck converter.
(C)T2-T3: S1 is turned on at T2, initiating the resonance between Lr and Cr . This
resonance first introduces a positive current peaking on the power switch. During this
time, the Lr current or the S current is:
I Lr = I o +
Vi
1
sin
2 L C
Zo
r r
(4.2)
Vi
Zo
(4.3)
At the end of this time interval, the current through S1 starts to reverse. This time
period is s constant:
T23 = Lr Cr
(4.4)
Vi
1
sin
2 L C
Zn
r r
(4.5)
After one quarter of the resonant period, this resonance will bring the Lr current to a
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
Vi
> Io
Zn
At this moment, the gate-drive signals for S and S1 can be disabled at the same time,
so both S and S1 are turned off with ZCS. It can be seen that the worst operating
condition occurs at full load and low line. The resonant inductor current flows
through the anti-parallel diode S when it goes negative. This interval lasts until T3 ,
when the current through the anti-parallel diode S decays to zero and is turned off.
This operating stage is topologically identical to the previous one.
(e)T4-T5: At T4, Cr is still biased with certain voltage. During this time interval, Cr
is quickly discharged by current I o .
(f)T5-T0: Cr is discharged to zero voltage at T4. The L f current freewheels through
D during this time interval. This operating stage is identical to the freewheeling stage
of the PWM buck converter. This interval lasts until To, when S is turned off, and the
switching cycle is repeated.
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
Fig.4.4 Equivalent Circuits for different operating modes of the buck ZCS-PWM
converter
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
CHAPTER 5
SIMULATION RESULTS
Fig.5.1b.Input DC Voltage
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
Fig.5.1d.Output Voltage
Fig.5.1e.Output current
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
CONCLUSION
The PWM soft single switched boost converter is simulated in both open and closed
loop system. Open loop system explains about switching stress. Voltage stress should
be reduced using soft switching technique. This converter does not require any extra
switch to achieve soft switching, which considerably simplifies the control circuit.
PWM technique is used to control the output voltage. Thus PWM and soft switching
technique are improving the proposed converter performance. The output side voltage
regulation is achieved through closed loop system.
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
FUTURE SCOPE
The proposed topology can be extended to other non isolated single switch DC-DC
converters such as buck, buck-boost, Cuk, Sepic, and Zeta. It can be extended to
isolated single switch DC-DC converters such as forward, Flyback, isolated Cuk,
isolated Sepic, isolated Zeta.
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Implementation of PWM Soft single switched DC-DC converters with coupled inductors
REFERENCES
1) Mohammad Reza Amini, Student Member, IEEE, and Hosein Farzanehfard,
Member, IEEE Novel family of PWM soft- single switched DC-DC
converters with coupled inductors IEEE Trans. Industrial electronics,
Vol.56, no.6,june 2009.
2)
3)
4)
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