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1. Introduction
ES_FlueGas is the software to calculate the mole weight, enthalpy, sulfuric dew point,
moisture dew point of flue gas.
The flue gas composition of N2, Ar, O2, CO2, CO, SO2 and H2O can be input in either of
Weight% or Volume%, and for enthalpy calculation the reference temperature should be input.
Flue gas enthalpy is calculated by either of "NASA Glenn Coefficients for Calculating
Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Species"(NASA/TP-2002-211556, September 2002),
ASME PTC 4.4, 1981 or Babcock & Wilcox "STEAM its generation and use, 40'th Edition".
The SO3 conversion rate for sulfuric dew point calculation can be estimated by the software
automatically or input by the user. Sulfuric dew point is calculated by the method of A.G.
Okkes(Hydrocarbon Processing Journal, July 1997) and the method of Verhoff F. H./Banchero
J. T(Chemical Engineering Process Journal, Aug. 1974).
The moisture dew point is calculated by the partial pressure law of Dalton.
2. Formulae (TOC)
2.1 Mole Weight
The following is a sample calculation of mole weight for voluem% input.
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Component
N2
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Mole Weight
Volume %
(Example)
28.013
72
0.09
39.948
Ar
31.999
O2
13
CO2
44.010
CO
28.010
0.91
SO2
64.065
H2O
18.015
Total
100
28.902
The following is a sample calculation of mole weight for weight% input. It is noted that the
mole% is equatl to volume%.
Component
Mole
Weight
Weight %
(Example)
Mole
Quantity
Volume %
Mole Weight
Component
N2
28.013
69
2.463
70.758
19.821
0.124
0.003
0.089
0.036
14
0.438
12.568
4.022
0.182
5.222
2.298
39.948
Ar
31.999
O2
CO2
44.010
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CO
28.010
0.876
0.031
0.898
0.252
SO2
64.065
0.031
0.897
0.575
H2O
18.015
0.333
9.568
1.724
Total
100
3.481
100
28.727
Mole quantity is calculated by dividing the weight% by the mole weight of each component.
For N2 case, 69 / 28.013 = 2.463.
The volume% of each component is calculated by dividing the mole quantity by the mole
quantity total. For N2 case, 2.463 / 3.481 x 100 = 70.758(%).
The mole weight component of each component is calculated by multiplying the volume% by
the mole weight. For N2 case, 28.013 x 70.758 / 100 = 19.821. And then the mole weight of
flue gas is the total of mole weight components.
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In case of gases, the effect of pressure on enthalpy is negligible so that the enthalpy of gases is
normally calculated by temperature input only.
2.2.1 NASA Glenn Coefficients
The enthalpy by NASA Glenn Coefficients is calculated according to "NASA Glenn
Coefficients for Calculating Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Species"(NASA/TP2002-211556, September 2002).
NASA Glenn Coefficients for gases cover normally up to 20,000 oK. However, since
engineering calculation does not need normally the enthalpy over 6,000 oK, ES_FlueGas
calculates the flue gas enthalpy between 200 oK and 6,000 oK.
NASA Glenn Coefficients are the coefficients that express the specific heat, enthalpy and
entropy by least-square method in a seven-term functional form. The coefficients represents
the thermodynamic properties of individual species covering from 200 oK through maximum
20,000 oK at 1 bar absolute pressure.
Below is the definition of enthalpy expressed by the NASA Glenn Coefficients that is described
in NASA/TP-2001-210959/REV 1 "CAP: A Computer Code for Generating Tabular
Thermodynamic Functions from NASA Lewis Coefficients, February 2002". Please note that
the NASA Lewis Research Center is the previous name of NASA Glenn Research Center and
the Lewis Coefficients is the Glenn Coefficients.
"For NASA Glenn database, the reference state for every element has been chosen to be the
stable phase of the pure element at 298.15 oK and 10^5 Pa(1 bar). The enthalpy of each
element is assigned to be zero at this temperature and pressure. The enthalpy at 298.15 oK
and 10^5 Pa of any general compound of stoichiometry AxBy...Cz is defined to be the negative
of the energy released when the compound forms from the elements in their reference state;
xA + yB + ... + zC = AxBy...Cz;Ho(298.15) = delta(f) Ho(298.15) = (-)delta Hrxn
This relationship defines the contribution of each element to the compound's enthlapy at 298.15
oK. For temperatures other than 298.15 oK, the enthalpy equals the sum of the heat of
formation and any sensible heat."
The NASA documents described above can be downloaded in the NASA web site.
2.2.2 ASME PTC 4.4 - 1981
ASME PTC 4.4 - 1981 includes the computer source code for calculating the flue gas enthalpy
that is used for gas turbine heat balance.
The enthalpy of ES_FlueGas is the enthalpy calculated in the same method with the source
code in the ASME PTC 4.4 - 1981. The enthalpy calculated by ASME PTC 4.4 - 1981 is
based on the absolute zero temperature. Therefore, there is no limit in temperature input.
2.2.3 Babcock & Wilcox, STEAM its generation and use, 40'th Edition
The book, STEAM its generation and use, 40'th Edition, published by Babcock & Wilcox,
USA includes a equation to calculate the enthalpy to be used in boiler performance calculation.
ES_FlueGas includes an option to calculate the enthalpy by the equation presented in the book.
The enthalpy reference temperature for the equation is 0 oF. Therefore, the temperature for
the option should be higher than 0 oF.
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where, T
pSO3, pSO2
PSO2VW,
PO2VW
PConv
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where,
pSO3, pH2O
PSO2VW,
PH2OVW
SADbyOkkes
where,
pSO3, pH2O
PSO2VW,
PH2OVW
SADbyVerhoff
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Normally water dew point is lower than sulfuric acid dew point. Therefore, when firing sulfur
bearing fuel, sulfuric acid dew point should be considered for selection of boiler exit flue gas
temperature, while water dew point should be considered when firing no sulfur fuel.
Water dew point is calculated using the following equations.
pH2O = PH2OVW / 100
WDP = Steam saturation temperature at pH2O pressure
The green color boxes are for user input. After inputting the flue gas composition, gas
temperature and enthalpy reference temperature in green color boxes, then press [Calculate]
button for calculation.
The screen shot above is for automatic calculation of SO3 Conversion Rate. If the user wants
to input the SO3 Conversion Rate for himself, then select the [User input] in the menu [Option]
- [SO3 conversion rate]. If the [User input] is selected, then the value box of SO3 conversion
rate is automatically changed into green color.
Menu :
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Main
Menu
Sub Menu
Description
[File]
[Exit]
[Option]
[Unit]
[Gas component
unit]
[Enthalpy
calculation
formula]
[SO3 conversion
rate]
[Info]
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Buttons :
Button
Description
[Calculate]
performs calculation.
[Make 100% by
H2O]
[Component total]
References : (TOC)
1. NASA/TP-2002-211556, September 2002 - NASA Glenn Coefficients for Calculating
Thermodynamic Properties of Individual Species
2. NASA/TP-2001-210959/REV 1, February 2002 - CAP: A Computer Code for Generating
Tabular Thermodynamic Functions from NASA Lewis Coefficients
3. ASME PTC 4.4 - 1981, Performance Test Code for Gas Turbine Heat Recovery Steam
Generator
4. B&W STEAM its generation and use, edited by S.C. Stultz and J.B. Kitto of Babcock &
Wilcox, a McDermott company
5. Hydrocarbon Processing Journal, July 1997
6. Chemical Engineering Process Journal, Aug. 1974
Copyright (c) 2004 - 2005 ENGSoft Inc., Seoul, Korea, All right reserved.
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