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International Journal of Agricultural and Food Science


Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved

ISSN 2249-8516
Original Article
Ethno-botanical study of plants with edible underground parts of south Odisha,
India
Sibangini Misra and Malaya K Misra
Ecology & Floristic Lab., Department of Botany,
Berhampur University, Berhampur- 760007, Odisha India.
Email: loni.misra@gmail.com
Received 18 April 2014; accepted 30 April 2014
Abstract
The present paper reports the wild plants with edible underground parts of south Odisha, India. Total 37 plant species
under 26 genera and 19 families are reported. The tribal and rural people of south Odisha consume 27 wild species, 2
species that are wild as well as cultivated and 8 species are under cultivation. The taxa include 17 dicotyledonous species
under 14 genera and 13 families while monocot includes 20 species under 12 genera and 6 families. The plant species with
edible underground parts include 24 herbs, 9 twiners/ climbers, 3 shrubs and 1 under-shrub. Suggestion has been made for
improvement, conservation of plant species with edible underground parts for future potential.
2014 Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved
Key words: conservation, edible underground parts, ethnic group, ethno-botany, south Odisha.
1. Introduction
Underground stems are modified plant structures that
derive from stem tissue but exist under the soil surface.
Seedlings develop two structures or axes of growth, one
that develops upward out of the soil, called stems, and
structures that develop downward which are called roots.
The roots are modified to have root hairs and branch
indiscriminately with cells that take in water and nutrients,
while the stems are modified to move water and nutrients to
and from the leaves and flowers. Plants use underground
stems
to
multiply
their
numbers
by asexual
reproduction and to survive from one year to the next,
usually over a period of dormancy. Plants produce these
modified stems so they can survive a cold or dry period
which normally is a period of inactive growth, and when
the cold or dry period is over the plants begin new growth
from the underground stems. Being underground protects
the stems from the elements during the dormancy period,
such as freezing and thawing in winter or extreme heat and
drought in summer or fire. Different forms of underground
stem include bulb, bulbils, corm, root stock, tuber, rhizome,
stolon, etc.
One of the greatest challenges facing the world today is to
feed the ever-increasing human population. Several
countries in the tropics including India, suffer famines and
food shortage although they have the potential to produce
adequate nutritional food for their populations. Despite all
the programs on food self sufficiency at national and state

51

level, our country has not attained food security at


household level particularly in rural and tribal areas. A
considerable proportion of tribal population is still undernourished and the people living in remote areas cannot
produce enough food grains to meet their food requirement.
Therefore, a large share of such population meets its food
requirement through non-conventional means by
consuming various wild plants and animal resources
especially in periods of food scarcity [1, 2]. Collection,
consumption and trading of forest food products is thus a
skill for a group of people for coping and adapting to
poverty, growing food demand and seasonal food scarcity.
The indigenous forest foods are of great cultural
significance to rural/tribal population in developing
countries including India [3, 4, 5, 6]. Among the
indigenous forest food plants, the edible plant species
bearing underground parts play a vital role in
supplementing the food requirements of rural/tribal people
in remote areas through preserved/stored food stuffs during
the time of food shortage. The nutritional value of
traditional tubers or root vegetables is higher than several
known common cultivated vegetables [7, 8].
Attempts have been made by some researchers from
different parts of India to collect Ethno- botanical
information on plants with edible underground parts [9, 10,
11, 12, 13, 14, 15]. In Odish, some researchers also
enumerated the traditional uses of plants with edible
underground parts [16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24].

International Journal of Agricultural and Food Science 2014; 4(2): 51-58

However, thorough survey on plants with edible


underground parts of south Odisha has not been done. In
the present communication, an attempt has been made to
collect information on the use of plants bearing edible
underground parts available in south Odisha.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Study area
Odisha state, in the eastern part of India, consists of 30
districts. Seven districts, viz., Ganjam (Gm), Gajapati (Gp),
Rayagada (Rg), Koraput (Kp), Nawrangpur(Nw),
Malkangiri (Mn) and Kandhamal (Km) are in the southern
part with a diversified geographical status extending from
coast to interior mountainous areas (Fig. 1). This region
constitutes a part of the Eastern Ghats of India. All the
districts are covered with forest and inhabited by different
ethnic groups, viz., Kondha, Koya, Paraja, Saura, Langia
Saura, Bonda, Paika, Bhumia, Bhatra, Gond, Munda,
Didayi, Gadaba, Juang, Kutia Kandha. Tribal and rural
poor people collect wild plant products free from the
environment especially from the forest and consume. Many
of the wild forest products are consumed in normal time
and some products during times of food scarcity.

product. Specimens of the plant species collected were


deposited in the Herbarium of the P.G. Department of
Botany, Berhampur University (BOTB), Berhampur.
3. Results
3.1 Taxonomic diversity
The study provides information on 37 underground edible
plant species under 26 genera and 19 families. Of these 17
species are dicotyledons under 14 genera and 13 families.
20 species are monocotyledons under 12 genera and 6
families. In terms of number of species used,
Dioscoreaceae appeared as the most dominant family
represented by 9 species, followed by Zingiberaceae, (4
spp.). Nymphaeaceae (3 spp.), Araceae (3 spp), Liliaceae,
Aponogetonaceae, Brassicaceae, Convolvulaceae (2 spp.)
The families like Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae,
Asclepiadaceae,
Musaceae,
Malvaceae,
Apiaceae,
Taccaceae, Solanaceae, Urticaceae and Polygonaceae each
represents one species. The edible plants bearing
underground parts include 27 wild species, 2 species that
are wild as well as cultivated and 8 species are under
cultivation (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Husbandry/ Category wise distribution of plants


with edible underground parts of south Odisha.
Fig.1. Map showing the study area.
2.2 Methods
This paper deals with the survey of plants with edible
underground parts of south Odisha during 2010-2013. For
the present study, different places of south Odisha were
visited during different seasons to collect information on
the use of edible underground parts. The forest and rural
areas of these districts were visited and the elderly
tribal/non-tribal men and women were identified and were
interviewed to collect information on plants bearing edible
underground parts. In the present study, a questionnaire
was developed to collect information on Odia name of the
plant, parts used, method of collection of plant parts, its
availability and mode of food preparation.
The data collected in this study is based on first hand
information. The referred plant specimens were collected in
the company of at least one elderly man to make sure that
the correct plant has been collected. The collected plant
specimens were processed, dried and herbarium specimens
were prepared [25]. The specimens were identified with the
help of the local floras [26, 27, 28]. The plants are
enumerated alphabetically as per their botanical name
along with family, Odia name (O), ethno-botanical uses,
consumption pattern, and the duration of availability of the

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3.2 Growth form


The growth form of the wild edible plant species bearing
underground parts as observed in the study includes herb,
shrub, under shrub, twiner and tree species. Out of 37
species recorded 24 species are herbs, 9 species are twiner
/ climber, and 3 are shrubs, 1 under-shrub (Fig. 3). The

Fig.3. Habit wise distribution of plants with edible


underground parts of south Odisha.

International Journal of Agricultural and Food Science 2014; 4(2): 51-58

dominant family dioscoreaceae constitutes 9 twiner species


and the families like Nymphaeaceae, Aponogetonaceae,
Araceae, Zingiberaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Brassicaceae,
Cucurbitaceae, Malvaceae, Apiaceae, Convulvulaceae,
Urticaceae,
Polygonaceae,
Solanaceae,
Taccaceae
altogether constituted a total of 24 herb species while 3
shrub species are contributed by Euphorbiaceae, Liliaceous,
Musaceae. Family Liliaceae contributed one under-shrub
species.

3.3 Parts used


The edible parts consumed as vegetable are root, rhizome,
corm, tuber, bulb and bulbils. The edible plant parts are
mostly collected from the underground, washed properly,
boiled, sliced, cooked and then eaten. Some tubers are
eaten raw just after collection and peeling the outer skin
owing to its good taste. Tuber of Dioscorea puber and
Dioscorea glabra are taken as fresh snacks. The fresh raw
bulbil of Aponogeton natans also taken as raw; these are
said to be sweet in taste (Table 1).

Out of 37 edible species, 16 species constitute tubers that


are mainly belong to Malvaceae, Araceae, Dioscoreaceae,
Cucurbitaceae,
Convolvulaceae,
Solanaceae
and
Taccaceae; 15 species constitute rhizomes from
Dioscoreaceae, Araceae, Zingiberaceae, Nymphaeaceae,
Musaceae, Brassicaceae, Urticaceae, Polygonaceae; 7
species constitute rootstocks from Asclepiadaceae,
Brassicaceae, Apiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Liliaceae families
are, 3 species constitute bulbils (2 from Aponogetonaceae,
1 from Dioscoreaceae) and one species from Araceae is
corm. The sum total of edible underground parts consumed
may exceed the total number species reported because same
plant species has more than one edible underground part
(Table 2).

3.4 Enumeration of plants


Abelmoschus crinitus Wall. (Malvaceae).
Herb. Use: Underground fleshy tubers are first boiled along
with the leaves of common guava (Psidium guajava) or
tamarind (Tamarindus indica) to avoid the irritating
property and then consumed as vegetable. Common in
wasteland and roadsides. Available during AugustJanuary.
Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson var.
campanulatus (Decne) Sivadasan (Araceae), O: Olakunda,
Olua
Herb. Use: Underground fleshy tuber and corms are first
boiled with rice husk and kept overnight then sliced and
cooked along with boiled potato or other vegetables are

53

International Journal of Agricultural and Food Science 2014; 4(2): 51-58

made into chutney. Common, often near villages and also


cultivated. Available during April - November.
Aponogeton natans (L.) Engl. & K. Krause
(Aponogetonaceae)
Aquatic herb. Use: Starchy bulbils and tuberous roots are
eaten as raw. Common in stagnant, shallow water, rice
fields, pond and marshes, mostly in open situation.
Available during most part of the year.
Aponogeton undulatus Roxb. (Aponogetonaceae) O:
Kesrukanda
Aquatic herb. Use: Starchy bulbils collected in winter are
consumed after cooking. Common in stagnant, shallow
water, rice fields, pond and marshes. Available during most
part of the year.
Asparagus racemosus Willd. (Liliaceae) O: Satavari,
Iswar jata
Under-shrub. Use: Root stocks are roasted, cooked with
salt and chilly then taken. Sliced tuber pieces are dried for a
week and the tuber powder along with sugar made into
pudding (Khiri) during festivals and ceremonies. Tuber
pieces are added in fermented local wine to enhance taste.
Fairly common in forests and scrub jungles. Available
during September - December.
Brassica rapa L. (Brassicaceae) O: Salgum
Herb with swollen fleshy tap root, which is edible. Root
boiled, cooked, roasted and then consumed as vegetable.
Cultivated.
Cheilocostus speciosus (J. Koening) C. D. Specht. (Costus
speciosus (J. Koenig) Sm.) (Zingiberaceae)
O: Cheki
kanda, Keukand, Gaigobara
Herb. Use: Rhizome is collected from underground and
boiled, cooked with pulses and tamarind/tomato, then
consumed as curry. Boiled rhizomes are consumed during
food shortage. Common throughout the area, especially in
shady places. Available during July - December.

54

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott (Araceae) O: Saru.


Herb. Use: Rhizomes, tubers and corms are consumed as
vegetable after boiling and cooking. Corm makes chutney
along with curry leaf (Murraya koenigii). Corm pieces
smeared with rice flour are fried as cake. Common in damp
shady places. Available during June - November. Evolved
varieties are commonly cultivated.
Curcuma angustifolia Roxb. (Zingiberaceae) O: Palu
kanda, Palua
Herb. Use: Rhizomes are roasted, cooked then consumed
by tribal people. Rhizome is rubbed on stone, dissolved in
sufficient water, filtered and allowed to evaporate. The
starch powder obtained after sun-drying is cooked into
pudding (khiri) along with sugar. Frequent in forest.
Daucus carota L. (Apiaceae) O: Gajar
Herb. Root stocks are edible. Roots boiled, cooked,
roasted and then consumed as vegetable. Cultivated.
Dioscorea alata L. (Dioscoreaceae) O: Khambo alu
Twiner, stem twining to right Use: Tribal people eat tuber
raw or after boiling. These are said to be sweet. Commonly
cultivated. Available during October - December.
Dioscorea belophylla (Prain) Voigt ex Haines
(Dioscoreaceae) O: Kanda alu, Bata Kanda
Twiner, stem twining to right Use: Tribal eat tuber raw or
cooked as vegetable with pulses. Commonly cultivated.
Available during October - December.
Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Dioscoreaceae) O: Pita alu.
Twiner, stem twining to left. Use: Rhizome repeatedly
washed sliced, boiled and kept overnight in running tap
water, further boiled to remove bitterness, cooked then
taken as curry. Fairly common in forest, thickets.
Available during October - December.
Dioscorea glabra Roxb. (Dioscoreaceae) O: Kanta alu
Twiner, stem twining to right. Use: Tubers washed properly
eaten as raw or brunt as snacks or cooked with other

International Journal of Agricultural and Food Science 2014; 4(2): 51-58

vegetables. Fairly common in open forest. Available


during September - March.
Dioscorea hispida Dennst. (Dioscoreaceae) O: Bainya
alu
Twiner, stem twinning to the left with few small prickles.
Use: Tuber sliced soaked in running water and boiled
successively with the leaves of Tamarind. The excess water
is filtered out further cooked as curry and eaten as such
during food scarcity. Occasional in forest. Available during
June - September.
Dioscorea oppositifolia L. (Dioscoreaceae) O: Pani alu
Strong twinner, stem twining to right. Use: Tuber peeled
and eaten raw or sliced cooked with other vegetable and
onion and consumed as curry. Occasional in forest.
Available during June - September.
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. (Dioscoreaceae) O: Bana alu,
Masia kanda
Twiner, stem twining to left. Use: Tuber and bulbils are
thoroughly washed then boiled, sliced and cooked with
onion and spice. Fairly common in forest. Available during
October - December.
Dioscorea puber Blume (Dioscoreaceae) O: Kasa kanda
Twiner, stem twining to right. Use: Tuber, bulbils washed
properly cooked as curry by frying with oil and spice. It is
boiled with salt and taken as chutney. Bulbils are eaten as
raw or fried as snacks. Common in forest. Available during
September - January.
Dioscorea wallichii Hook. f. (Dioscoreaceae) O: Phala
kanda
Twiner, stem twining to right. Use: Rhizome, tubers and
bulbils are sliced and cooked as curry after successive
boiling to remove the acrid principle. Tuber dried,
powdered and made into sherbet with sugar. Boiled tuber
consumed during food scarcity. Frequent in forest.
Available during October - February.
Globba marantina L. (Zingiberaceae) O: Chhota rasna
Herb with creeping rhizome. Use: Rhizome first boiled
along with the leaves of common guava (Psidium guajava)
or tamarind (Tamarindus indica) to avoid the irritating
property and then consumed as vegetable. Common in
forests. Available during September- November.
Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig (Zingiberaceae) O:
Ada phula
Herb. Use: Rhizome first boiled along with the leaves of
common guava (Psidium guajava) or tamarind
(Tamarindus indica) to avoid the irritating property and
then consumed as vegetable. Common along streams and
other water courses. Available during SeptemberNovember.
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult
(Asclepiadaceae) O: Dudhi, Dudholeh
Twining herb. Use: Roots are roasted, cooked then
consumed by tribal people. Fairly common in forest,
wasteland, cultivated land. Available during August February.
Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.
(Convulvulaceae) O:
Kandamula
Herb with subterranean tuber. Use: Underground fleshy
tubers are first boiled along with the leaves of common
guava (Psidium guajava) or tamarind (Tamarindus

55

indica)to avoid the irritating property and then consumed as


vegetable. Cultivated. Available during December-January.
Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet (Convulvulaceae) O: Bana
kamala
Large climber. Use: Underground fleshy tubers are first
boiled along with the leaves of common guava (Psidium
guajava) or tamarind (Tamarindus indica)to avoid the
irritating property and then consumed as vegetable.
Frequently planted. Available throughout the year.
Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites (Araceae) O: Kanta-saru
Herb. Use: Rhizome properly washed, spines are peeled,
cut into small pieces, fried with tamarind, salt and chilly
then consumed. Rhizome fried taken as morning snacks.
Along muddy streams under shade. Available during
October - February.
Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae) O: Simuli
konda, Katha alu
Shrub. Use: Fleshy swollen/tuberous roots are consumed
as raw or after boiling. Frequently cultivated.
Musa x paradisiaca L. (Musaceae) O: Kadali kanda, Ban
kadali
Large shrub Use: Rhizome boiled and cooked then eaten as
vegetable. Wild species common near streams and
improved variety are widely cultivated. Available during
most part of the year.
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Nymphaeaceae) O: Padma,
Ranga/Dhala Padma
Aquatic herb. Use: Rhizome boiled and cooked then eaten.
Common in ponds and lakes. Available during April January.
Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f. (Nymphaeaceae)
O:
Nilakain
Aquatic herb. Use: Rhizome locally called madhi is eaten
after boiling. Common in lakes and ponds.
Available
during most part of the year.
Nymphaea pubescens Willd. (Nymphaeaceae) O:
Rangakain
Aquatic herb. Use: Rhizome locally called madhi is eaten
after boiling. Common in lakes and ponds. Available
during most part of the year.
Persicaria glabra (Willd.)
M. Gomez (Polygonum
glabrum Willd.) (Polygonaceae)
Erect herb. Use: Rhizome first boiled along with the leaves
of common guava (Psidium guajava) or tamarind
(Tamarindus indica) to avoid the irritating property and
then consumed as vegetable. Common in stream, river,
water bodies. Available during September- February.
Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn. (Urticaceae)
Herb with creeping rhizome. Use: Rhizome first boiled
along with the leaves of common guava (Psidium guajava)
or tamarind (Tamarindus indica) to avoid the irritating
property and then consumed as vegetable. Common in
moist shady places often among bushes and hedges.
Available during August- November.
Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.)
Domin
(Raphanus sativus L.) (Brassicaceae)
O: Mula
Annual herb. Use: Rhizomes sliced, then roasted or cooked
with spice then consumed.
Commonly cultivated.
Available during October - March.

International Journal of Agricultural and Food Science 2014; 4(2): 51-58

Smilax zeylanica L. (Smilacaceae /Liliaceae) O: Muturi


Climbing shrub. Use: Tuberous Roots are edible. Roots are
washed properly then cooked with other vegetable to make
curry. Root powder is added in local wines to kill the
growth of unwanted micro-organisms and to enhance its
taste. Common in forest. Available during April - January.
Solanum tuberosum (L.) (Solanaceae) O. Alu
Herb. Use: Underground fleshy tubers sliced, boiled,
cooked as curry then consumed as vegetable. Commonly
cultivated.
Solena amplexicaulis (Lam.) Gandhi (Melothria
heterophylla (Lour.) Cogn.)
(Cucurbitaceae), O:
Kainchikakudi
Climbing herb. Use: Tubers are edible. Tubers are eaten as
raw or brunt; consumed as snacks like sweet potato, also
cooked as curry with other vegetables. Common in hedges,
thickets and often climbing over bushes in open forests.
Available during September - December.
Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze (Taccaceae) O: Dhoi
Herb with large globose tuber. Use: Tubers are first boiled
along with the leaves of common guava (Psidium guajava)
or tamarind (Tamarindus indica) to avoid the irritating
property of the tubers and then consumed as vegetable.
4. Discussion
During the study period it was recorded that tribal and rural
people of South Odisha use 37 edible underground plant
species. These items include 24 herbs, 9 twiners, 3 shrubs,
1 under-shrub. The edible part consumed as vegetables are
root, rhizome, tuber, bulb, bulbils. The edible plant parts
are mostly collected from underground, washed properly,
boiled cooked, sliced and then eaten. In India, the tribal and
rural people traditionally use about 9500 wild plants for
various purposes such as medicine, food, fodder, fuel, fibre,
essence, culture and other miscellaneous purposes [29].
Out of these, about 3900 wild plants are used as foods that
are mostly consumed during emergency [30]. Consumption
pattern of wild food plants depends mostly upon their
availability in nature. It is established that most of the wild
food plants are rich in nutrients and vitamins [30]. Majority
of the wild edible plant species bearing underground parts
are consumed by tribal and non-tribal poor people due to
their poor economic condition. It is established that most of
the wild edible underground plants have medicinal property
used for curing of diseases. For example, the rhizome of
Nymphaea spp. contains rich starch and medicinally used
against diabetes, dysentery, leucorrhoea, piles and
dyspepsia [23]. The rhizome paste of Costus speciosus
plant applied externally or taken internally in case of
headache [31]. The rhizome paste of Costus speciosus
taken by Kolha men for treatment of spermatorrhoea [32].
Powder of dried Dioscorea bulbifera tuber is used as
contraceptive and given once a day for 1 week just after
menses for birth control. Sometimes, the powder is added
in the local wine to enhance potency [32] In Dioscorea
bulbifera an edible underground plant powder tuber is
applied in scorpion bite and root paste is applied as lep on
hernia and hydrocele [33]. In Asparagus racemosus, the
tuber pieces are tied on hand or waist of children to keep
away evil spirits [32]. The rhizomes of Curcuma
angustifolia are often used in folk medicine as stimulant,

56

digestive, stomachic and therefore rhizome is not only


culinary but also medicinal to increase the digestibility of
the cooked food [32]. In Smilax zeylanica, root pieces are
tied on the neck of the children to prevent nightmares [32].
Asparagus racemosus an edible underground plant, root
powder paste is applied over teeth in toothache [33]. Fleshy
root of Asparagus racemosus is dried and consumed in
diabetes and dysentery [34]. Root paste of Asparagus
racemosus is also applied against skin infection [35].
Hemidesmus indicus an edible underground plant has
medicinal value. The powder root of the plant is given with
water in curing anaemia after delivery [36]. Root paste is
also useful in skin infection [32]. This plant root is used as
flavouring agent while preparing country liquor by the
tribal people of south Odisha [37]. Dioscorea pentaphylla
tuber paste is applied for bone fracture [38] and in
Dioscorea alata, the boiled tuber is useful in leprosy, piles
and gonorrhoea [17]. Rhizome of Nymphaea nouchali used
to cure tumours [39]. Colocasia esculenta, the wild variety
of this species is eaten during the time of famine.
Dioscorea pentaphylla tubers are eaten by forest dwelling
population [40]. The rhizomes of lotus plant are rich in
starch and carpel of lotus, which are considered more
nutritive than cereals [41] are consumed as food/ vegetable
in the Asian countries. Moreover, different parts of the
lotus plant are used as medicine [23].
This confirms the fact that the food and medicinal plants
are closely related particularly in rhizomatous/tuberous
species and can lead to the development of pharma-foods
or nutraceuticals [42, 43].
5. Conclusion
The results of the study revealed that the practice of
consumption of wild edible plants bearing underground
parts is still alive among the tribal communities of south
Odisha, which are taken as food supplements and further to
fill the gap of food deficiency during critical periods. The
high diversity of these indigenous species showed the
importance in sustaining the livelihoods of tribal
communities. The less availability of sufficient food, poor
accessibility and marketability and very low agriculture
yield are the main attributes for use of wild plants bearing
underground parts as food items as observed in the study
area. With the effect of several factors such as influence of
modern lifestyle on younger generation with change in
dietary habits and their impression of forest plants as poor
mens food, agriculture encroachment and launching of
Government schemes on food security, we have started to
lose the indigenous knowledge required to identify, locate,
gather and know the consumption pattern of wild edible
species.
However, the forest food plants are neglected and
underutilized due to lack of awareness, little research
attention, poor commercialization and deficient policy
frameworks for harnessing their actual potential in
tribal/rural communities. Thus public awareness and
community based programmes through joint forest
management plan need to be encouraged at all levels for ex
situ and in situ conservation of such species of future
potential to enhance the food security of tribal communities
of south Odisha.

International Journal of Agricultural and Food Science 2014; 4(2): 51-58

6. Acknowledgements
We are thankful to the tribal and rural people for their help
in providing information on the traditional uses of edible
underground parts. The Head, Department of Botany,
Berhampur University is acknowledged for the laboratory
facilities. The senior author is thankful to the Department
of Science and Technology, Government of India, New
Delhi for financial support in the form of INSPIRE
fellowship.
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Source of support: Nil; Conflict of interest: None declared

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