RTO-MP-14

AC/323(AVT)TP/lO
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
*

RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION

BP 25, 7 RUE ANCELLE, F-92201 NEUILLY-SUR-SEINE CEDEX, FRANCE

© RTO/NATO 1999
Single copies of this publication or of a part of it may be made for individual use only. The approval
of the RTA Information Policy Executive is required for more than one copy to be made or an extract
included in another publication. Requests to do so should be sent to the address above.

RT0 MEETING PROCEEDINGS 14

Gas Turbine Engine Combustion,

Emissions and Alternative Fuels
(la Combustion dans les turbomoteurs, les émissions et les
carburants de remplacement)

Papers presented at the Applied Vehicle Technology Pane1 (AVT} Symposium (organized by
the former AGARD Propulsion and Energetics Pane1 (PEP)), held in Lisbon, Portugal,
12-16 October 1998.

Published June 1999

Distribution and Availability on Back Cover

 RTO-MP-14
AC/323(AVT)TP/lO
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION

RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION

BP 25, 7 RUE ANCELLE, F-92201 NEUILLY-SUR-SEINE CEDEX, FRANCE

RT0 MEETING PROCEEDINGS 14

Gas Turbine Engine Combustion, Emissions

and Alternative Fuels
(la Combustion dans les turbomoteurs, les émissions et les carburants de
remplacement)

Papers presented at the Applied Vehicle Technology Pane1 (AVT) Symposium (organized by
the former AGARD Propulsion and Energetics Pane1 (PEP)), held in Lisbon, Portugal,
12-16 October 1998.
 The Research and Technology
Organization (RTO) of NATO
RT0 is the single focus in NATO for Defence Research and Technology activities. Its mission is to conduct and promote
cooperative research and information exchange. The objective is to support the development and effective use of national
defence research and technology and to meet the military needs of the Alliance, to maintain a technological lead, and to
provide advice to NATO and national decision makers. The RT0 performs its mission with the support of an extensive
network of national experts. It also ensures effective coordination with other NATO bodies involved in R&T activities.
RT0 reports both to tbe Military Committee of NATO and to the Conference of National Armament Directors. It comprises a
Research and Technology Board (RTB) as the highest level of national representation and the Research and Technology
Agency (RTA), a dedicated staff with its headquarters in Neuilly, near Paris, France. In order to facilitate contacts with the
military users and other NATO activities, a small part of the RTA staff is located in NATO Headquarters in Brussels. The
Brussels staff also coordinates RTO’s cooperation with nations in Middle and Eastem Europe, to which RT0 attaches
particular importance especially as working together in the field of research is one of the more promising areas of initial
cooperation.
The total spectrum of R&T activities is covered by 7 Panels, dealing with:
l SAS Studies, Analysis and Simulation
l SC1 Systems Concepts and Integration
l SET Sensors and Electronics Technology
l IST Information Systems Technology
. AVT Applied Vehicle Technology
.HFM Human Factors and Medicine
l NSPG NATO Simulation Policy Group (Modelling and Simulation)
These Panels are made up of national representatives as well as generally recognised ‘world class’ scientists. The Panels also
provide a communication link to military users and other NATO bodies. RTO’s scientific and technological work is carried
out by Technical Teams, created for specific activities and with a specific duration. Such Technical Teams cari organise
workshops, symposia, field trials, lecture series and training courses. An important function of these Technical Teams is to
ensure the continu@ of the expert networks.
RT0 builds upon earlier cooperation in defence research and technology as set-up under the Advisory Group for Aerospace
Research and Development (AGARD) and the Defence Research Group (DRG). AGARD and the DRG share common roots
in that they were both established at the initiative of Dr Theodore von Karman, a leading aerospace scientist, who early on
recognised the importance of scientific support for the Allied Armed Forces. RT0 is capitalising on these common roots in
order to provide the Alliance and the NATO nations with a strong scientific and technological basis that Will guarantee a
solid base for the future.

The content of this publication has been reproduced

directly from material supplied by RT0 or the authors.

Printed on recycled paper

Published June 1999

Copyright 0 RTO/NATO 1999

Al1 Rights Reserved

ISBN 92-837-0009-O

Printed by Canada Communication Group Inc.

(A St. Joseph Corporation Company)
4.5 Sacré-Cœur Blvd., Hull (Québec), Canada KIA OS7

ii
 Gas Turbine Engine Combustion, Emissions
and Alternative Fuels
(RT0 MP-14)

Executive Summary
NATO efficiency in the future Will depend largely on air superiority, long range deployment capacity
and rapid response both on land and at sea. The gas turbine engine Will remain the power source of
choice, and fuel efficiency, fuel availability and exhaust emissions Will drive its design. The combustor
is one of the crucial engine components and combustion system problems have traditionally
contributed to well over half of the engine service problems in most air forces. The symposium focused
on and addressed the key challenges for reducing fuel consumption, lowering emission levels and
burning alternative fuels as requirements concurrent with improved performance and operation.
Widening the narrow standards of today’s fuels offers a short term solution to scarcity but has
detrimental effects on combustor life and emission levels. New fuels, such as liquid hydrogen and
methane, offer some potential advantages but also pose new combustion problems. The contribution of
military engines to en-rissions is of major concert-r today and Will continue to be in the future. There are
additional requirements for military engines such as higher combustion temperatures which are needed
for superior efficiency but at the same time low exhaust temperatures and low exhaust volumes to
reduce the infrared signature. Operability (blow-out stability and wind milling re-ignition, throttle
response, etc.) must be enhanced as the aircraft flight envelope and manoeuvrability are expanded.
Component durability must be maintained in an increasingly adverse environment. Combustor design,
active control of flame stability, control performance and exhaust gas composition as well as operating
procedure optimisation are the aims. Tools for combustion simulation and experimental validation are
under continua1 elaboration to save on development and life cycle costs through better design.
Scientists and engineers met military and civil operators, and discussion concentrated on the
customer’s future needs and constraints. A review of current R&D activities and formulation of
specific research resulted from the Symposium, for which there is no known competing event.
Universities, government laboratories, industry and some agencies of the military services were
represented and presented their knowledge and advice. The correct makeup of participants was indeed
achieved. Al1 papers presented were of good quality and covered new advances in many important
areas.
Highlight topics for future AVT symposia in this field would seem to be as follows: gaseous and
particulate emissions at altitude, optical diagnostics at elevated pressures in near-real combustors, and
active combustion control a11of which cari crucially contribute to the military usefulness of engines.

LU
 La combustion dans les turbomoteurs, les émissions
et les carburants de remplacement
(RT0 MP-14)

Synthèse
L’efficacité des forces de I’OTAN à l’avenir dépendra largement de la supériorité aérienne, de la
capacité de déploiement à grande distance et de l’intervention rapide terrestre et maritime. Le
turbomoteur restera le propulseur de choix et sa conception sera guidée par des considérations
d’émission de gaz polluants, ainsi que par des questions de rendement et de disponibilité du carburant.
La chambre de combustion est l’un des composants clés du moteur et l’expérience montre que plus de
la moitié des problèmes d’entretien des moteurs, rencontrés par la majorité des forces aériennes sont
liés aux systèmes de combustion. Le symposium a privilégié les défis clés de la diminution de la
consommation du carburant, l’atténuation des niveaux d’émission de gaz polluants et l’utilisation de
carburants de remplacement en vue d’améliorer les performances et le fonctionnement des
turbomoteurs.
Bien que l’assouplissement des normes restrictives qui s’appliquent aux carburants modernes offre une
solution à court terme aux problèmes de pénurie, elle s’accompagne d’effets indésirables pour la durée
de vie des chambres de combustion et les niveaux d’émission de gaz polluants. Les nouveaux
carburants, tels que l’hydrogène liquide et le méthane, s’ils offrent quelques avantages possibles,
posent en même temps des problèmes nouveaux de combustion. La contribution des moteurs militaires
aux émissions polluantes est, et restera, un sujet de préoccupation majeur. En plus, les moteurs
militaires ont des caractéristiques spécifiques, à savoir, des températures de combustion élevées, pour
assurer une meilleure efficacité, avec en même temps des températures et des volumes de gaz
d’échappement moindres, pour permettre de réduire la signature infrarouge. L’exploitabilité (stabilité
en cas de surpression, réallumage en autorotation, réponse du moteur, etc.) doit être améliorée au fur et
à mesure de l’augmentation de la maniabilité et de l’élargissement des domaines de vol. Il s’agit
également de conserver la longévité des composants dans un environnement de plus en plus
contraignant. La conception des chambres de combustion, le contrôle actif de la stabilité de la flamme,
les performances en matière de contrôle, la composition des gaz d’échappement et l’optimisation de la
procédure d’exploitation sont les objectifs en vue. Les outils de simulation et de validation
expérimentale de la combustion sont en évolution permanente dans le but de réaliser des économies sur
les coûts de développement et de possession par l’amélioration de la conception.
Les scientifiques et les ingénieurs qui ont assisté à la réunion ont pu rencontrer des exploitants
militaires et civils et leurs discussions ont porté essentiellement sur les besoins futurs des clients et les
contraintes qui leur sont imposées. Le symposium, qui est, à notre connaissance, unique en son genre, a
permis de faire le point des activités de R&D actuelles et de formuler des projets de recherche
spécifiques. Les universités, les laboratoires gouvernementaux, les industries et les agences militaires
représentés ont exposé leurs connaissances et proposé des conseils. Du point de vue des participants, la
répartition était équilibrée. Toutes les communications présentées ont été de bonne qualité, couvrant de
nouvelles avancées dans bon nombre de domaines importants.
Les sujets présentant un intérêt particulier pour les futurs symposia AVT dans ce domaine pourraient
être : les émissions particulaires et gazeuses en altitude, le diagnostic optique aux pressions élevées
dans des chambres de combustion quasi-réelles, et la combustion active, ces sujets pouvant faire l’objet
de contributions déterminantes dans le domaine des moteurs militaires.

iv
Click inside the blue boxes or on the titles to view the corresponding section

Contents

Page
. ..
Executive Summary lu

Synthèse iv

Theme/Thème ix

Recent Publications on Propulsion and Power Systems of the Former AGARD Propulsion
and Energetics Pane1 and the RT0 Applied Vehicle Technology Pane1 X

Programme Committee xii

Reference

Technical Evaluation Report T

by G.J. Sturgess

Keynote Address K
by J.S. Lewis

SESSION 1: GAS TURBINES IN LAND, SEA AND AIR APPLICATIONS

Ground Vehicle Mobility Requirements. Meeting the Challenge with Electric Drives 1
by G. Khalil and J. Hitchcock

Advances in a Gas Turbine System for Ship Propulsion 2

by M.L. Parker, P.K. MacLeod and M. Coulson

Technical Challenges Associated with the Development of Advanced Combustion Systems 3

by C.A. Van Erp and M.H. Richman

SESSION II: LOW EMISSION COMBUSTORS

Paper 4 withdrawn

Empirical and Anchored Methodologies for Controlling Combustion Dynamics 5

by R.P. Pandalai, G.C. Hsiao and H.C. Mongia

Paper 6 withdrawn

NO, Reduction by Lean Premixed Prevaporized Combustion 7

by Th. Ripplinger, N. Zarzalis, G. Meikis, C. Hassa and M. Brandt

Status of Catalytic Combustion R&D for the Department of Energy Advanced Turbine 8
Systems Program
by D. Fant, G. Jackson, H. Karim, D. Newburry, P. Dutta, K. Smith, D. Smith and R. Dibble

Measurement of Spray/Acoustic Coupling in Gas Turbine Fuel Injectors 9

by T.J. Anderson, D.W. Kendrick, J.M. Cohen and T.J. Rosfjord
 SESSION III: COMBUSTION MODELLING - PART 1

Soot and Radiation Modelling in Gas Turbine Combustion Cbambers 10

by H.T. Brocklehurst, J.B. Moss, C.D. Hurley and C.H. Priddin

A Novel Code for the Prediction of Transient Flow Field in a Gas Turbine Combustor 11
Simulator
by N. Selçuk and 0. Oymak

Reduced Kinetic Mechanisms for Modelling LPP Combustion in Gas Turbines 12

by A. Linan, M. Bollig, A.L. Sanchez and B. Lazare

Numerical Simulation of the Reactive Flow in a Tubular Chamber with Detailed Kinetic 13
Effects
by B. Zamuner, B. Bourasseau, C. Berat and H. Niemann

Kerosene Combustion Modelling using Detailed and Reduced Chemical Kinetic 14

Mechanisms
by M. Cathonnet, D. Voisin, A. Etsouli, C. Sferdean, M. Reuillon, J.C. Boettner and
P. Dagaut

Modelling of a Lean Premixed Combustor 15

by P.J. Coelho and P. Salvada

SESSION IV: OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS - PART 1

Validation and Application of a Droplet Evaporation Mode1 for Real Aviation Fuel 16
by K. Prommersberger, G. Maier and S. Wittig

Optical Diagnostics Applied to a Jet Diffusion Flame 17

by F. Grisch, B. Attal-Tretout, P. Bouchardy, V.R. Katta and W.M. Roquemore

Experimental Investigation of an Axially Staged Combustor Sector with Optical 18

Diagnostics at Realistic Operating Conditions
by C. Hassa, M. Carl, M. Frodermann, T. Behrendt, J. Heinze, 1. Rohle, N. Brehm,
Th. Schilling and Th. Doerr

SESSION V: EMISSIONS

Measurement and Prediction of NO and NO2 Emissions from Aero Engines 19

by T.J. Foster, C.W. Wilson, M. Pourkashanian and A. Williams

Influence of Engine Performance on Emission Characteristics 20

by A. Dopelheuer and M. Lecht

Modeling the Effects of Operating Conditions and Alternative Fuels on Gas Turbine 21
Performance and Emissions
by W.P.J. Visser and S.C.A. Kluiters

In-Flight Spectroscopie Aircraft Emission Measurements 22

by H.W. Jentink and J.J.F. van Veen

SESSION VI: COMBUSTOR DESIGN - PART 1

The Design and Evaluation of a Piloted, Lean But-n, Premixed, Prevaporised Combustor 23
by M.I. Wedlock, J.R. Tilston and R.E. Seoud
Advance Fuel Injection Strategies for High Performance Gas Turbine Engines 24
by S. Samuelsen and V. McDonell

Turbulent Structure of Generic LPP Gas Turbine Combustors 25

by B. Lazaro, E. Gonzalez, J. Alfaro, P. Rodriguez and A. Lecuona

Paper 26 withdrawn

NO, Reduction in a Fuel Staged Combustor by Optimisation of the Mixing Process and 27
the Residence Time
by N. Brehm, Th. Schilling, A. Mack and G. Kappler

Paper 28 withdrawn

SESSION VII: IGNITION PROCESSES

A Novel Technique for Predicting the Ignition Performance of an Aero Gas Turbine 29
Combustion Chamber
by C.W. Wilson, C.G.W. Sheppard and H.C. Low

Caractérisation des systèmes d’injection prémélangés en auto-inflammation et remontée de 30

flamme
(Characterisation of Autoignition and Flashback in Premixed Injection Systems)
by C. Guin

Ignition Diagrams and Bifurcation Maps 31

by F.P. Di Maio, G. Barbier-i and P.G. Lignola

SESSION VIII: COMBUSTOR DESIGN - PART 2

On the Analysis of Combustion Performance in a LPP Combustor at Atmospheric 32t

Pressure
by P.M. Anacleto and M.V. Heitor

The Use of Fluidics in Gas Turbine Combustion Design 33

by R.J. Woolhouse, J.R. Tippetts, M. Whiteman, K.J. Young, S.B.M. Beck and
J. Swithenbank

FueUAir Preparation in the Design of Low Emissions Gas Turbine Combustion Systems 34
by M.K. Razdan

Experiments in a Small Gas-Turbine Combustor with Gas and Liquid Fuels 35

by A.L. Heyes, D. Jelercic and J.H. Whitelaw

SESSION IX: ACTIVE COMBUSTION CONTROL

AGARD Workshops on Active Combustion Control for Propulsion Systems 36

by V. Yang and K.C. Schadow

Combustion Instabilities in Low NO, Gas Turbines and Their Active Control 37
by B.T. Zinn, T. Lieuwen and Y. Neumeier

Active Control of Combustion Instability in a Liquid-Fueled, Low-NO, Combustor 38

by J.M. Cohen, N.M. Rey, C.A. Jacobson, T.J. Anderson and T.J. Rosfjord

t Paper not available at time of printing

vii
Adaptive Control of Aeroacoustic Instabilities with Application to Propulsion Systems 39
by M. Mettenleiter, E. Haile and S. Candel

Application of Active Combustion Control to Siemens Heavy Duty Gas Turbines 40

by S. Hoffmann, G. Weber, H. Judith, J. Hermann and A. Grthmann

Optimization of Active Control Systems for Suppressing Combustion Instability 41

by J.G. Lee, B.-S. Hong, K. Kim, V. Yang and D. Santavicca

SESSION X: OPTICAL MEASUREMENTS - PART 2

Optical Measurements of Jet-Mixing in a Swirling Crossflow of a Combustion Chamber 42

by B.H. Krautkremer, M.M. Blomeyer and D.K. Hennecke

Optical Measurements of Spray Combustion in a Single Sector Combustor from a 43

Practical Fuel Injecter at Higher Pressures
by T. Behrendt, M. Frodermann, C. Hassa, J. Heinze, B. Lehmann and K. Stursberg

Combustion Characteristics of a Trapped Vortex Combustor 44

by G.J. Sturgess and K.-Y. Hsu

SESSION XI: ALTERNATIVE FUELS

European Evaluation of JPS+lOO Fuel and Its Impact on Engine/Fuel System Design 45
by S.P. Bullock, A. Hobday and C. Lewis

Paper 46 withdrawn

Catalytic Combustion Concepts for Industrial Gas Turbines From MicroWatt to 47

MegaWatt
by J.M. der Kinderen and R. van Yperen

Modification of the Fuel Control System of a Gas Turbine Engine from Kerosene to 48
Hydrogen
by D. Dini

SESSION XII: COMBUSTION MODELLING - PART 2

Numerical Predictions and Experimental Measurements of Radiative Heat Transfer in Gas 49

Turbine Combustors
by P. Di Martino and G. Cinque

Soot Formation Modelling in Turbulent Diffusion Flames 50

by P. Di Martino and G. Cinque

Effkient Numerical Calculation of Evaporating Sprays in Combustion Chamber Flows 51

by R. Schmehl, G. Klose, G. Maier and S. Wittig

Paper 52 withdrawn

Pollutants Emission Prediction in Combustion in Inert Porous Media 53

by 1. Malice, X.Y. Zhou and J.C.F. Pereira

“111
 Theme
NATO efficiency in the future Will depend largely on air superiority, long range deployment capacity and rapid
response both on land and at sea. The gas turbine engine Will remain the power source of choice, and fuel
efficiency, fuel availability, and exhaust emissions Will drive its design. The symposium Will focus on the
combustor as the crucial engine component, and Will address the key challenges of reducing fuel consumption,
lowering emission levels, and buming alternative fuels. Widening the narrow standards of today’s fuels offers a
short term solution to scarcity but has detrimental effects on combustor life and emission levels. New fuels, such
as liquid hydrogen and methane, offer some potential advantages, but also pose new combustion problems. The
use of these fuels Will be considered, as Will the contribution of military engines to exhaust emission levels,
combustor design and operating procedures, and active control of flame stability. Development tools such as
combustion simulation and experimental validation Will also be discussed. Scientists and engineers Will meet
military and civil operators and discussion Will concentrate on the customer’s future needs and constraints. A
review of current R&D activities and formulation of specific research may result from the Symposium, for which
there is no known competing event.

Thème
L’efficacité, à terme, des forces de 1’OTAN dépendra en grande partie de la supériorité aérienne, ainsi que des
capacités de déploiement à grande distance et de réaction rapide sur terre et sur mer. Le turbomoteur restera le
propulseur de choix et sa conception sera guidée par des considérations de rendement énergétique, de
disponibilité de carburant, et d’émission de gaz polluants.
Ce symposium s’attachera à étudier la chambre de combustion en tant que composant propulsif fondamental et il
examinera les défis décisifs représentés par la diminution de la consommation de carburant, l’abaissement des
niveaux d’émission et les carburants de remplacement. Si l’augmentation des normes actuelles qui s’appliquent
aux carburants peut fournir une solution à certains problèmes ponctuels de pénurie, elle a en revanche des effets
contraires sur la durée de vie des chambres de combustion et sur les niveaux d’émission. Les nouveaux
carburants, tels que l’hydrogène liquide et le méthane, offrent certes des avantages possibles, mais ils posent
aussi de nouveaux problèmes de combustion.
L’utilisation de ces carburants sera étudiée, ainsi que l’apport des moteurs militaires aux problèmes des niveaux
d’émission des gaz d’échappement, aux procédures de conception et d’exploitation et au contrôle actif de la
stabilisation de flamme. Les outils de développement, tels que la simulation de la combustion et la validation
expérimentale, seront également pris en compte. Des contacts seront établis entre scientifiques et ingénieurs
d’une part, et militaires et exploitants civils d’autre part, avec des échanges de vues sur les attentes futures des
utilisateurs et sur les contraintes qui leur sont imposées.
Le symposium, qui est le seul à être organisé sur ce sujet à l’heure actuelle, pourrait aboutir à une mise au point
des activités courantes de recherche et développement dans ce domaine, ainsi qu’à la formulation de projets
spécifiques de recherche.

ix
 Recent Publications on Propulsion and Power
Systems of the Former AGARD Propulsion and
Energetics Pane1 and the RT0 Applied Vehicle
Technology Pane1
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS (CP)
Combustion and Fuels in Gas Turbine Engines
AGARD CP 422, June 1988
Engine Condition Monitoring - Technology and Experience
AGARD CP 448, October 1988
Application of Advanced Material for Turbomachinery and Rocket Propulsion
AGARD CP 449, March 1989
Combustion Instabilities in Liquid-Fuelled Propulsion Systems
AGARD CP 450, April 1989
Aircraft Fire Safety
AGARD CP 467, October 1989
Unsteady Aerodynamic Phenomena in Turbomachines
AGARD CP 468, February 1990
Secondary Slows in Turbomachines
AGARD CP 469, February 1990
Hypersonic Combined Cycle Propulsion
AGARD CP 479, December 1990
Low Temperature Environment Operations of Turboenghtes (Design and User’s Problems)
AGARD CP 480, May 1991
CFD Techniques for Propulsion Applications
AGARD CP 510, February 1992
Insensitive Munitions
AGARD CP 5 11, July 1992
Combat Aircraft Noise
AGARD CP 5 12, April 1992
Airbreathing Propulsion for Missües and Projectiles
AGARD CP 526, September 1992
Heat Transfer and Cooling in Gas Turbines
AGARD CP 527, February 1993
Fuels and Combustion Technology for Advanced Aircraft Engines
AGARD CP 536, September 1993
Technology Requirements for Small Gas Turbines
AGARD CP 537, March 1994
Erosion, Corrosion and Foreign Object Damage Effects in Gas Turbines
AGARD CP 558, February 1995
Environmental Aspects of Rocket and Gun Propulsion
AGARD CP 559, February 1995
LO~S Mechanisms and Unsteady Flows in Turbomachines
AGARD CP 571, January 1996
Advanced Aero-Engine Concepts and Controls
AGARD CP 572, June 1996
Service Life of Solid Rocket Propellants
AGARD CP 586, May 1997
Aircraft Fire Safety
AGARD CP 587, September 1997
Future Aerospace Technology in the Service of the Alliance - Sustained Hypersonic Flight
AGARD CP 600, Volume 3, December 1997
Advanced Non-Intrusive Instrumentation for Propulsion Engines
AGARD CP 598, May 1998

MEETING PROCEEDINGS (MP)

Design Principles and Methods for Aircraft Gas Turbine Engines
RTA MP-8, February 1999

x
ADVISORY REPORTS (AR)
The Uniform Engine Test Programme (Results of Working Group 15)
AGARD AR 248, February 1990
Test Cases for Computation of Interna1 Flows in Aero Engine Components (Results of Working Group 18)
AGARD AR 275, July 1990
Test Cases for Engine Life Assessment Technology (Results of Working Group 20)
AGARD AR 308, September 1992
Terminology and Assessment Methods of Solid Propellant Rocket Exhaust Signatures (Results of Working
Group 21)
AGARD AR 287, February 1993
Guide to the Measurement of the Transient Performance of Aircraft Turbine Engines and Components (Results of Working
Group 23)
AGARD AR 320, Match 1994
Experimental and Analytical Methods for the Determination of Connected - Pipe Ramjet and Ducted Rocket Internal
Performance (Results of Working Group 22)
AGARD AR 323, July 1994
Recommended Practices for tbe Assessment of the Effects of Atmospheric Water Ingestion on the Performance and
Operability of Gas Turbine Engines (Results of Working Group 24)
AGARD AR 332, September 1995
Structural Assessment of Solid Propellant Grains (Results of Working Group 25)
AGARD AR 350, December 1997
CFD Validation for Propulsion System Components (Results of Working Group 26)
AGARD AR 355, May 1998
LECTURE SERIES (LS)
Blading Design for Axial Turbomachines
AGARD LS 167, June 1989
Comparative Engine Performance Measurements
AGARD LS 169, May 1990
Combustion of Solid Propellants
AGARD LS 180, July 1991
Steady and Transient Performance Prediction of Gas Turbine Engines
AGARD LS 183, May 1992
Rocket Motor Plume Technology
AGARD LS 188, June 1993
Research and Development of RamlScramjets and Turboramjets in Russia
AGARD LS 194, December 1993
Turbomachinery Design Using CFD
AGARD LS 195, May 1994
Mathematical Models of Gas Turbine Engines and their Components
AGARD LS 198, December 1994
Integrated Multidisciplinary Design of Higb Pressure Multistage Compresser Systems (LS-211)
published as RT0 EN 1, September 1998
AGARDOGRAPHS (AG)
Measurement Uncertainty within the Uniform Engine Test Programme
AGARD AG 307, May 1989
Hazard Studies for Solid Propellant Rocket Motors
AGARD AG 3 16, September 1990
Advanced Methods for Cascade Testing
AGARD AG 328, August 1993
REPORTS (R)
Application of Modified LO~S and Deviation Correlations to Transonik Axial Compressors
AGARD R 745, June 1990
Rotorcraft Drivetrain Life Safety and Reliability
AGARD R 775, June 1990
Propulsion and Energy Issues for the 21st Century
AGARD R 824, March 1997
Impact Study on the use of JET A Fuel in Military Aircraft during Operations in Europe
AGARD R 801, January 1997
The Sit@e Fuel Concept and Operation Desert Shield/Storm
AGARD R 810, January 1997 (NATO Unclassified)
Active Combustion Control for Propulsion Systems
AGARD R 820, September 1997

xi
 Programme Committee
Programme Committee Chairman
Prof. R. Evans
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of British Columbia
2324 Main Mal1
Vancouver, B.C. V6T lW5
Canada

BELGIUM SPAIN

Prof. R. Jacques Prof. J. J. Salva Monfort

Ecole Royale Militaire Dept. de Motorpropulsion y
30 avenue de la Renaissance Termofluidodinamica ETSIA
1000 Bruxelles Plaza Cardenal Ciseros
28040 Madrid
CANADA
TURKEY
Mr. D. Rudnitski
Head, Engine Laboratory Dr. T. Yafar Katirçioglu
Institute for Aerospace Research MSG ARGE D. Ba$anligi
National Research Council of Canada 06650 Yucetepe
Ottawa. Ontario KlA OR6 Ankara

GERMANY UNITED KINGDOM

Prof. D.K. Hennecke Mr. R. Cottington

Fachgebiet Gasturbinen und Flugantriebe Research Manager
Technische Hochscbule Darmstadt Propulsion Technology Department
Petersenstrasse 30 DERA Pyestock
64287 Darmstadt Farnborough, Hants, GU14 OLS

GREECE Prof. R.S. Fletcher

Deputy Vice Chancellor
Prof. Dr. P. Kotsiopoulos Cranfield Institute of Technology
Hellenic Air Force Academy Cranfield, Bedford MK43 OAL
Chair of Propulsion Systems
Dekelia, Attiki UNITED STATES

ITALY Prof. F. Culick

California Institute of Technology
Prof. G. Torella 205 Guggenbeim
Accademia Aeronautica Mail Stop 205-45
Dipartimento di Scienza e Applicate al Vo10 Pasadena, CA 91125
80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli)
Mr. R. Hi11
NETHERLANDS Chief of Technology
WLIPOT, Building 18
Prof. W. De Wolf 1950 Fifth Street
National Aerospace Laboratory Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH 45433-7251
P.O. Box 153
8300 AD Emmeloord Dr. C. Russo
Director of Aeronautics
PORTUGAL NASA Lewis Research Center
MS 3-8
Prof. M.N.R. Nina
21000 Brookpark Road
CTAMFUL
Cleveland, Ohio 44135
Instituto Superior Tecnico
Avenida Rovisco Pais Dr. K. Schadow
1096 Lisboa Codex Head, Propulsion Research Section
Code 47420D, NAWCIWD
First Administration Circle, MS 104d
China Lake, CA 93555-6001

xii
I REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE /
1. Recipient’s Reference 2. Originator’s References 3. Further Reference 4. Security Classification
of Document
RTO-MP- 14 ISBN 92-837-0009-o UNCLASSIFIED/
AC/323(AVT)TI’/lO UNLIMIl-ED

5. Originator Research and Technology Organization

North Atlantic Treaty Organization
BP 25, 7 rue Ancelle, F-92201 Neuilly-sur-Seine Cedex, France

6. Title
Gas Turbine Engine Combustion, Emissions and Alternative Fuels

7. Presented atkponsored by
the Applied Vehicle Technology Pane1 (AVT) Symposium (organized by the
former AGARD Propulsion and Energetics Pane1 (PEP)), held in
Lisbon, Portugal, 12-16 October 1998.

8. Author(s)/Editor(s) 9. Date
Multiple June 1999

10. Author’siEditor’s Address 11. Pages

Multiple 616

12. Distribution Statement There are no restrictions on the distribution of this document.
Information about the availability of this and other RT0
unclassified publications is given on the back caver.

13. Keywords/Descriptors

Gas turbine engines Performance evaluation

Combustion Research projects
Combustion chambers Combustion efficiency
Fuel consumption Combustion control
Exhaust en-rissions Mathematical models
Jet engine fuels Computerized simulation
Aviation fuels Optical measurement
Availability Emission control
Alternative fuels Design
Aircraft engines Ignition

14. Abstract
The symposium dealt with Gas Turbine Engine Combustion, Emissions and Alternative Fuels.
Forty-six papers and a Keynote Address elucidated the role of the combustion process as a
crucial factor of engine performance and operability under various conditions including non-
standard, new fuels and environmental effects of civil and military interest.
There were 12 Sessions covering the following topics (some in 2 sessions):
- Gas Turbines in Land, Sea and Air Applications
- Low-Emission Combustors
- Combustion Modelling
- Optical Measurements
- Emissions
- Combustor Design
- Ignition Processes
- Active Combustion Control
- Alternative Fuels
 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION

RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION

BP 25 l 7 RUE ANCELLE DIFFUSION DES PUBLICATIONS
F-92201 NEUILLY-SUR-SEINE CEDEX. FRANCE RT0 NON CLASSIFIEES
Télécopie 0(1)55.61.22.99 . E-mail mailboxQrta.nato.int

L’Organisation pour la recherche et la technologie de I’OTAN (RTO), détient un stock limité de certaines de ses publications récentes, ainsi
que de celles de l’ancien AGARD (Groupe consultatif pour la recherche et les réalisations aérospatiales de I’OTAN). Celles-ci pourront
éventuellement être obtenues sous forme de copie papier. Pour de plus amples renseignements concernant l’achat de ces ouvrages,
adressez-vous par lettre ou par télécopie à l’adresse indiquée ci-dessus. Veuillez ne pas téléphoner.
Des exemplaires supplémentaires peuvent parfois être obtenus auprès des centres nationaux de distribution indiqués ci-dessous. Si vous
souhaitez recevoir toutes les publications de la RTO, ou simplement celles qui concernent certains Panels, vous pouvez demander d’être
inclus sur la liste d’envoi de l’un de ces centres.
Les publications de la RT0 et de I’AGARD sont en vente auprès des agences de vente indiquées ci-dessous, sous forme de photocopie ou
de microfiche. Certains originaux peuvent également être obtenus auprès de CASI.
CENTRES DE DIFFUSION NATIONAUX
ALLEMAGNE ISLANDE
Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe Director of Aviation
D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 2 c/o Flugrad
BELGIQUE Reykjavik
Coordinateur RT0 - VSL/RTO ITALIE
Etat-Major de la Force Aérienne Aeronautica Militare
Quartier Reine Elisabeth Ufficio Stralcio RTO/AGARD
Rue d’Evère, B-l 140 Bruxelles Aeroporto Pratica di Mare
CANADA 00040 Pomezia (Roma)
Directeur - Recherche et développement - LUXEMBOURG
Communications et gestion de l’information - Voir Belgique
DRDCGI 3
Ministère de la Défense nationale NORVEGE
Ottawa. Ontario KlA OK2 Norwegian Defence Research Establishment
Attn: Biblioteket
DANEMARK P.O. Box 25
Danish Defence Research Establishment N-2007 Kjeller
Ryvangs Allé 1, P.O. Box 2715
DK-2 100 Copenhagen 0 PAYS-BAS
NDRCC
ESPAGNE DGM/DWOO
INTA (RTO/AGARD Publications) P.O. Box 20701
Carretera de Torrejon a Ajalvir, Pk.4 2500 ES Den Haag
28850 Torrejon de Ardoz - Madrid
PORTUGAL
ETATS-UNIS Estado Maior da Força Aérea
NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI) SDFA - Centro de Documentaçao
Parkway Center, 7121 Standard Drive Alfragide
Hanover, MD 21076-1320 P-2720 Amadora
FRANCE
O.N.E.R.A. (Direction) ROYAUME-UNI
29, Avenue de la Division Leclerc Defence Research Information Centre
92322 Châtillon Cedex Kentigem House
65 Brown Street
GRECE Glasgow G2 8EX
Hellenic Air Force
Air War College TURQUIE
Scientific and Technical Library Millî Savunma Bagkanliii (MSB)
Dekelia Air Force Base ARGE Dairesi Bavkanliii (MSB)
Dekelia, Athens TGA 1010 06650 Bakanliklar - Ankara
AGENCES DE VENTE
NASA Center for AeroSpace The British Library Document Canada Institute for Scientific and
Information (CASI) Supply Centre Technical Information (CISTI)
Parkway Center Boston Spa, Wetherby National Research Council
7121 Standard Drive West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ Document Delivery,
Hanover, MD 2 1076- 1320 Royaume-Uni Montreal Road, Building M-55
Etats-Unis Ottawa KlA OS2
Canada
Les demandes de documents RT0 ou AGARD doivent comporter la dénomination “RTO” ou “AGARD” selon le cas, suivie du
numéro de série (par exemple AGARD-AG-315). Des informations analogues, telles que le titre et la date de publication sont
souhaitables. Des références bibliographiques complètes ainsi que des résumés des publications RT0 et AGARD figurent dans les
journaux suivants:
Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (STAR) Government Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I)
STAR peut être consulté en ligne au localisateur de publié par le National Technical Information Service
ressources uniformes (URL) suivant: Springfield
http://www.sti.nasa.gov/Pubs/star/Star.html Virginia 2216
STAR est édité par CAS1 dans le cadre du programme Etats-Unis
NASA d’information scientifique et technique (STI) (accessible également en mode interactif dans la base de
ST1 Program Office, MS 157A données bibliographiques en ligne du NTIS, et sur CD-ROM)
NASA Langley Research Center
Hampton, Virginia 2368 l-0001
Etats-Unis

Imprimé par le Groupe Communication Canada Inc.

(membre de la Corporation St-Joseph)
45, boul. Sacré-Cœur, Hull (Québec), Canada KIA OS7
 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION

RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION

BP 25.7 RUE ANCELLE DISTRIBUTION OFUNCLASSIFIED

F-92201 NEUILLY-SUR-SEINE CEDEX l FRANCE RT0 PUBLICATIONS
Telefax 0(1)55.61.22.99 l E-mail mailbox@rta.nato.int

NATO’s Research and Technology Organization (RTO) holds limited quantities of some of its recent publications and those of the former
AGARD (Advisory Group for Aerospace Research & Development of NATO), and these may be available for purchase in hard copy form.
For more information, Write or send a telefax to the address given above. Please do not telephone.
Further copies are sometimes available from the National Distribution Centres listed below. If you wish to receive all RT0 publications, or
just those relating to one or more specifïc RT0 Panels, they may be willing to include you (or your organisation) in their distribution.
RT0 and AGARD publications may be purchased from the Sales Agencies listed below, in photocopy or microfiche form. Original copies
of some publications may be available from CASI.
NATIONAL DISTRIBUTION CENTRES
BELGIUM LUXEMBOURG
Coordinateur RT0 - VSLIRTO See Belgium
Etat-Major de la Force Aérienne
Quartier Reine Elisabeth NETHERLANDS
Rue d’Evère, B-l 140 Bruxelles NDRCC
DGM/DWOO
CANADA P.O. Box 20701
Director Research & Development 2500 ES Den Haag
Communications & Information
Management - DRDCIM 3 NORWAY
Dept of National Defence Norwegian Defence Research Establishment
Ottawa, Ontario KlA OK2 Attn: Biblioteket
DENMARK P.O. Box 25
Danish Defence Research Establishment N-2007 Kjeller
Ryvangs Allé 1, P.O. Box 2715 PORTUGAL
DK-2 100 Copenhagen 0 Estado Maior da Força Aérea
FRANCE SDFA - Centro de Documentaçao
O.N.E.R.A. (Direction) Alfragide
29 Avenue de la Division Leclerc P-2720 Amadora
92322 Châtillon Cedex
SPAIN
GERMANY INTA (RTOIAGARD Publications)
Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe
D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 2 Carretera de Torrejon a Ajalvir, Pk.4
28850 Torrejon de Ardoz - Madrid
GREECE
Hellenic Air Force TURKEY
Air War College Millî Savunma Baqkanligi (MSB)
Scientifîc and Technical Library ARGE Dairesi Bavkanligi (MSB)
Dekelia Air Force Base 06650 Bakanliklar - Ankara
Dekelia, Athens TGA 1010
ICELAND UNITED KINGDOM
Director of Aviation Defence Research Information Centre
c/o Flugrad Kentigem House
Reykjavik 65 Brown Street
Glasgow G2 8EX
ITALY
Aeronautica Militare UNITED STATES
Uftïcio Stralcio RTO/AGARD NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI)
Aeroporto Pratica di Mare Parkway Center, 7121 Standard Drive
00040 Pomezia (Roma) Hanover, MD 21076-1320

SALES AGENCIES
NASA Center for AeroSpace The British Library Document Canada Institute for Scientific and
Information (CASI) Supply Centre Technical Information (CISTI)
Parkway Center Boston Spa, Wetherby National Research Council
7121 Standard Drive West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ Document Delivery,
Hanover. MD 21076-1320 United Kingdom Montreal Road, Building M-55
United States Ottawa KlA OS2
Canada
Requests for RT0 or AGARD documents should include the word ‘RTO’ or ‘AGARD’, as appropriate, followed by the serial
number (for example AGARD-AG-315). Collateral information such as title and publication date is desirable. Full bibliographical
references and abstracts of RT0 and AGARD publications are given in the following joumals:
Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports (STAR) Government Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I)
STAR is available on-line at the following uniform published by the National Technical Information Service
resource locator: Springfield
http://www.sti.nasa.gov/Pubs/star/Star.html Virginia 22 16 1
STAR is published by CAS1 for the NASA Scientific United States
and Technical Information (STI) Program (also available online in the NTIS Bibliographie
ST1 Program Office, MS 157A Database or on CD-ROM)
NASA Langley Research Center
Hampton, Virginia 2368 l-0001
United States

Printed by Canada Communication Group Inc.

(A St. Joseph Corporation Company)
45 Sacré-Cœur Blvd., Hull (Québec), Canada KIA OS7
ISBN 92-837-0009-o