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Irrespirable Gases

Carbon monoxide

Description

Symptoms

Tests

Post-mortem findings

Kunkels

Silent killer

Add tannic acid = crimson red


coagulum
Potassium Ferrocyanide :
Add 20% K ferrocyanide and dilute
acetic acid = bright red coagulum
Spectroscopy
characteristic bands of
carboxyhemoglobin will be shown
Gas chromatography
Infrared analysis
all of these are done in the labs of NBI

Formed by incomplete combustion of


carbon fuel

Comes from wood, oil, coal, kerosene,


charcoal, or gasoline engines (most
common cause)

Colorless, insoluble in water and


alcohol

Combines with hemoglobin forming


carboxyhemoglobin which prevents
release of oxygen from
oxyhemoglobin

main action is oxygen deprivation and

Carbon dioxide

not its toxic manifestation, so the


oxygen deprivation of the tissue
is the degree of saturation of Hb with
the gas
Product of complete combustion of
carbon containing compounds
End result of fermentation and
decomposition of organic matters
Colorless and heavy
Found in drainage pipes, deep wells,
sewage tanks, refrigerants and dry ice
+ aircondition esp that of cars

2% conc. is a potent stimulant to


increase rate and depths of breathing

10% concentration may cause ataxia,


hypotension, areflexia, anesthesia,
dyspnea, weakness

60% concentration causes loss of


consciousness,convulsion and death

Pure CO2 causes vagal inhibition and


death

Cause of death is anoxia

Add barium nitrate and carbonic acid


gives a white precipitate

Cyanosis, swollen, congested face,

Add silver nitrate and carbonic acid


gives a white
precipitate

Dilated pupils, congested lungs

frothy mouth with eye congestion

Right side of heart contains dark fluid


blood engorged veins

Internal organs dark and congested,


with ecchymosis

Rise in CO2 content of blood during


blood exam

Hydrogen Sulfide

Formed during decomposition of


organic substances containing sulfur

Produces irritation of the eyes, nose,


throat and air passages

Found in sewer, septic tanks, drainage


pipes and deep well

Dizziness, headache, N/V, abdominal


pains, cyanosis, dilated pupils, labored
breathing, cold extremities

May also be by-products of tannery,


rayon factories, petroleum refineries
etc.

By its offensive odor


Let filter paper come in contact with
organ containing the gas, wet with
lead acetate and the filter paper will
turn black

Rapid putrefaction b/c of the effect of


the gas
Offensive odor on opening body
Blood is fluid, dark brown

Tetanic convulsion, delirium, stupor,


coma and death

Organs are congested and dark


colored

Colorless, transparent, sweetish taste


and emits and odor of rotten egg

Hydrogen Cyanide

Soluble in water and burns with pale


blue flame
Very toxic and rapid acting
Naturally found in leaves and kernels
of some plants, bamboo shoots, some
seed and bean oil
we need to eat a lot of bamboo shoots
before we die
The plants contain amygdalin which in
the presence of emulsin will
decompose to hydrocyanic acid,
glucose and benzaldehyde

Sulfur Dioxide

Orally, 60-90mg is fatal


Colorless, heavier than air, pungent
odor
Used as disinfectant, bleaching agent
at minimum concentrations can be
useful in the households
Usually found in volcanic eruptions

Violet color of body with bright red or


pink lividity
Clenched fingers, cyanotic fingernails,
firmly closed jaws

Weakness, slow shallow breathing


Convulsion
Loss of consciousness
Death

Produces irritation of air passages which


causessneezing, coughing, spasm of
glottis and suffocation
Also irritates the eyes causing lacrimation

Eyes are bright and glistening


Engorged heart with bright red blood
Odor of acid on opening body

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