INTRODUCTION
The purpose of any analysis is to know how the
structure responds to a given loading and thereby
evaluate the stresses and deformations.
Then the sections will be designed to resist the
internal forces induced by external loads so that
the stresses and deformations developed are
within permissible limits.
Most reinforced concrete structures are designed
for internal forces found by elastic theory with
methods such as slope deflection, moment
distribution, and matrix analysis.
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Plastic,
Non-linear and
Linear elastic theory may be applied.
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*d = ds
1
= =
=
=
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My
E y
x =
=
= E y
I
My
E y
x =
=
= E y
I
1
M
This is relation is known as
Implies that: = =
EI
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= =
1
M
= =
EI
STATE I:
The stiffness used in linear analysis for Reinforced
Concrete structures is generally determined using
uncracked section
STATE II:
The stiffness may be determined on the basis of
cracked section (linear elastic analysis with reduced
stiffness)
The important points along the moment curvature
diagram at which M and are to be calculated are
as follows:
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1 =
Mcr = 1.7 fct Z
Mcr - Theoretical moment which causes cracking
Z - Section modulus
fctk - Characteristic Tensile strength of Concrete
2 =
At yielding of the steel (Pt. 3):
In this case, tension steel reaches yield point but
concrete does not reach maximum strain - under
reinforced beam.
+
3 = =
=
=
+
4 = =
=
=
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Width = 200
Total depth = 400
Cross
Moment Capacity (kNm.)
Size of
section When the steel When the section is at
reinforcement
size (mm.)
yields (My)
ULS (MuR)
310
26.568
27.953
312
37.299
39.322
314
49.450
51.953
316
62.794
65.343
320
91.364
92.670
Compression failure
324
112.923
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310
312
314
316
320
324
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27.953
39.322
51.953
65.343
92.670
112.923
Curvature (1/mm.)
When the steel
yields (y)
6.890E-06
7.487E-06
7.487E-06
8.987E-06
1.133E-05
1.447E-05
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120.00
3 d 10
3 d 12
3 d 14
3 d 16
3 d 20
3 d 24
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Fig. Moment curvature diagrams for 20cm x 40cm RC section with different
reinforcement
Width = 200
Total depth = 400
Size of
Cross section
reinforcement
size
310
312
314
316
320
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Strain at ULS
s1 (0/00) cm (0/00)
10.00
1.85
10.00
2.46
10.00
3.28
7.49
3.50
3.49
3.50
1.64
3.50
Failure Mode
STEEL
FAILURE
CONCRETE
FAILURE
Width = 200
Total depth = 400
Strain at ULS
Size of
Cross
Failure Mode
reinforcement section size s1 (0/00) cm (0/00)
310
10.00
1.85
312
10.00
2.46
TENSION
314
10.00
3.28
FAILURE
316
7.49
3.50
320
3.49
3.50
324
1.64
3.50 COMPRESSION FAILURE
Width = 200
Total depth = 400
Strain at ULS
Size of
Cross
Failure Mode
0
0
reinforcement section size s1 ( /00) cm ( /00)
310
10.00
1.85
312
10.00
2.46
DUCTILE
FAILURE
314
10.00
3.28
316
7.49
3.50
320
3.49
3.50
BRITTLE
FAILURE
324
1.64
3.50
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450
(n-1)As = (6.9-1)397.11 =
2343 mm2
200
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d
Cc
Ts=397.11400 = 158844 N
yd = 0.002
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c()
c=cm/12( Cc
6-cm)kx
0.4
180
1.333333
0.2074
2111493
0.3
135
0.8752
0.1102
112375
0.35
157.5
1.077
0.1546
157689
0.36
162
1.125
0.1645
167773
0.355
159.75
1.101
0.1595
162684
0.352
158.4
1.086
0.1566
159672
0.351
157.95
1.0817
0.1556
158675
=(8cm)/(4(
6-cm)
0.123433
d=55.545
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d
Cc
Ts=397.11 0.001 200000 = 79422
s1 = 0.001
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c()
c=cm/1
2(6cm)kx
Cc
0.5
225
1.0
0.208
212438
0.2
90
0.25
0.023958
24430
0.28
126
0.389
0.0509
51918.6
0.35
157.5
0.53846
0.08577
87464
0.32
144
0.47058
0.0939
70755.6
0.33
148.5
0.492537
0.0746
76066.9
0.34
153
0.51515
0.080057
81634
0.366
151.2
0.506024
1
0.07784
79376
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=(8cm)/(4(
6-cm)
0.11458
d=51.56
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d
Cc
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c()
c=cm/1
2(6cm)kx
Cc
0.25
112.5
1.666666
7
0.15046
153427
0.26
117
1.756756
0.16151
164692
0.254
114.3
1.70241
0.15486
157912
0.255
114.75
1.7114
0.155965
159038
=(8cm)/(4(
6-cm)
0.09348
d=48.07
M = 158844(450-42.07) = 65.798 kNm
= cm/x = 1.711410-3/(114.7510-3) = 0.014914 (1/m)
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s1 = 10
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resist displacement.
There has to be a force corresponding to
any displacement.
The structure is converted into mechanism and collapse
occurs, if there is displacement without resistance.
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Rotation Requirement
Before failure, reinforced concrete sections are usually
capable of considerable inelastic rotation at nearly
constant moment.
This permits a redistribution of elastic moments and
provides the basis for plastic analysis of beams, frames and
slabs.
Therefore, the designer adopting full limit analysis in
concrete must calculate not only the amount of rotation
required at critical sections to achieve the assumed degree
of moment redistribution but also the rotation capacity of
the members at those sections to ensure that it is
adequate. AND:
It also requires an extensive analysis of all possible
mechanisms.
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, 35
1.25
0.56
0.56 + 1.25
, > 35
1.25
The neutral axis height, x, is calculated at the Ultimate
Limit State and the term x/d refers to the section where
the moment is reduced.
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cm
(0/00)
sd
Kx
0.70
10.0
0.80
8.6528
-3.50
0.90
6.0109
-3.50
1.0
4.3125
-3.50
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57
80 kN/m
6.0 m
x
8.0 m
-520 kNm
146.9 kNm
406.4 kNm
58
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59
6.0 m
80 kN/m
-416 kNm
8.0 m
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60
61
-520 kNm
-416 kNm
146.9 kNm
406.4 kNm
182.5 kNm
448.9 kNm
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62
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63
Excercise
1. Determine the moment curvature diagram of the
x-section (b/h/d) = 300/500/450 RC section if it is
reinforced with:
224 bars
424 bars
624 bars