I. True or False
1. F The solute concentration is lower in those regions that solidify last in a casting.
2. T Strengthening of alloys in precipitation hardening is believed due to coherent precipitates
capable of being sheared by matrix dislocations.
3. F The higher the working stress though below the elastic limit, the bigger the relative size of the
fatigue zone in fatigue failure.
4. T The higher the temperature and the higher the stress, the faster the creep rate.
5. T Without the surface indentation which served as a stress raiser in a normally ductile material, it
would not have fracture in a brittle manner.
6. T The degree of supercooling is lesser in heterogenous than homogenous nucleation.
7. F The low expenditure of energy in a brittle fracture results to a pronounced macroscopic gross
plastic deformation.
8. T In precipitation hardening, hardness increases with time during the solution treatment.
9. T For materials loaded in tension, a tensile residual stress is far detrimental compared to
compressive critical radius.
10. T In a vapor to liquid transformation, the maximum free energy of the liquid droplet occurs at the
critical radius.
11. T The structure of martensite is closer to ferrite than austenite.
12. F Steel of high hardenability is suitable for welding.
13. F A normalized pearlitic structure has a lower hardness than a spheroidized carbide structure.
14. F Cobalt is added to steel to increase hardenability.
15. T The resulting structure of austempering is bainite.
16. T Process annealing of steels is done below the eutectoid temperature.
17. F The quenched structure of martensite is closer to the tetragonal rep. of aus. than ferrite.
18. F The coarse aus. grain size is recommended to inc. hardenability
19. T The higher the carbon content of mart., the higher the hardness.
20. T As long as the cooling rate is slower than the critical, a certain amount of pearlite is always
produced.
21. T Agitation inc. severity of the quench
22. F An inc. conc. Of any alloying element dec. the pearlite interlamellae spacing.
23. T The addition of alloying elements would achieve hardening with a less rapid quench
24. F Partition of alloying elements in pearlitic growth is favored by a large supercoiling.
II. Multiple Choice
1. Which is a characteristic of a precipitation hardenable alloy?
a. Precipitates impenetrable by matrix dislocations
b. Solvus line indicating partial solubility which is decreasing with decreasing temperature
c. Strength is increased by cold working
d. All of the above
2. The temperature in which freezing is completed under non-equilibrium conditions.
a. Same as equilibrium conditions
b. Higher than equilibrium condition
c. Lower than equilibrium conditions
d. Constant from start to completion of freezing
3. An iron aluminum specimen fracture along the grain boundaries without microvoid
coalescence, what is the fracture mechanism?
a. Ductile transgranular
b. Brittle transgranular
c. Ductile intergranular
d. Brittle intergranular
4. A nucleus is considered stable and capable of growing because
a. Its free energy decreases as it further grows
b. Its size is at least equal to the critical radius
c. The negative volume energy is greater than the positive surface energy
d. All of the above
5. An instantaneous failure mode
a. Fatigue
b. Creep
c. Ductile
a. steel composition
b. austenitic grain size
c. severity of the quench
d. all of the above
19. Tempered martensite has a structure of
a. cementite spheroids in a matrix of ferrite
b. martensite spheroids
c. pearlite with a proeutectiod constituent depending on the carbon content
d. none of the above
21. Much larger pearlite nodules form just below the eutectoid temp. bec. of a
a. relatively high nucleation rate
b. max. growth rate
c. relatively low nucleation rate
d. either of the above
22. For steels, continuous cooling is characterized as
a. pearlite transformation faster than isothermal cooling
b. no bainite is formed for the slowest cooling rate
c. a negligible amount of pearlite is formed for the most rapid cooling rate
d. none of the above
23. The most severe quenchant
a. Oil
b. water
c. brine
d. neither of the above
24. for a hypo eutectoid steel, non equilibrium cooling results to the ff.
a. carbon content of pearlite lowered
b. amount of the pro eutectoid ferrite is suppressed
c. at room temp. two constituent are present
d. all of the above
25. The austenite to martensite transformation
a. goes to completion at room temperature regardless of composition
b. athermal and diffusionless
c. the c-axis decreases with inc. carbon content
d. all of the above
1
a
b
c
d
2
a
b
c
d
3
a
b
c
d
1
a
b
c
d
2
a
b
c
d
3
a
An iron aluminum specimen fracture along the grain boundaries without microvoid
coalescence, what is the fracture mechanism?
Ductile transgranular
Brittle transgranular
Ductile intergranular
Brittle intergranular
An instantaneous failure mode
Fatigue
Creep
Ductile
None of the above
The initiation zone of a fatigue fracture
Characterized by an overload fracture surface
Its local stress is above the yield stress
Characterized by the presence of beach marks
All of the above
A proeutectoid nucleus grows in the direction of
Both adjacent austenite grains
The austenite grain defining the habit plane
The other austenite grain with the non-coherent high energy boundary
None of the above
The phase transformation when austenite transforms to ferrite and cementite
Eutectic
Eutectoid
Peritectic
None of the above
In what type of steel is the carbon content of austenite enriched upon cooling
Eutectoid
b
c
d
4
a
b
c
d
5
a
b
c
d
6
a
b
c
d
7
a
b
c
d
Hypoeutectoid
Hypereutectoid
All of the above
After the quench in precipitation hardening, the alloy is
Supersaturated with solute
Supersaturated with vacancies
Precipitates do not form yet
All of the above
In order to minimize the strain energy, an incoherent nucleus blablabla the shape of a
Needle
Sphere
Disk
Any shape
Near the transformation temperature, the nucleation current is controlled by
Rate of jumping of atoms towards the nucleus
Energy barrier to form the nucleus
No. of embryos at the transformation temperature
All of the above
Consider the interference of adjacent growing precipitate particles, it is characterized
by
Fall of solute concentration in the matrix far away from the particles
Concentration gradient adjacent to the particles remain the same
Growth of precipitates increase with time
All of the above
24.hadfield Mn steel a very tough, hard and abrasion-resistant metal for buckets and teeth of power
shovels
25.Mgo Temperature which indicate 90% of martensitic transformation
26.bainite Microstructure in steels which forms above the Ms temperature
27.c-65 Rockwell hardness of 100% martensite
28.ideal critical diameter Hardenability depth referred to hypothetical cooling medium
29.cobalt The only alloying element added to steel known to decrease hardenability
30.0.4%C The minimum amount of carbon needed for a marked degree of hardening
engineer of the aircraft manufacturer rejected the rivets for use. If you were their metallurgical engineer
and the president of the firm asked you to comment, would you consider the rivets scrapped? Is there an
alternative?
8. Given hypoeutectoid steel (0.4 % C) to undergo equilibrium cooling, what phases, composition, and
amount of each phase would exist slightly above and below the eutectoid temperature? After cooling to
room temperature, what constituents are found in the structure? Give the amounts and compositions of
each; also, indicate the amount of proeutectoid and eutectoid ferrite.