The scope and nature of occupational health and safety The study of health and s

afety involves the study of many subjects including sciences (chemistry, physics
and biology) engineering, psychology, sociology and the law. Define health, saf
ety, welfare, hazard. . . . . . . . . . . Definitions are: 1.Health The absence
of disease, for example asbestos creates a health risk because if you inhale asb
estos dust you may contract lung cancer. 2.Safety The absence of risk of serious
personal injury for example walking under a load suspended from a crane during
a lifting operation is not safe because if load falls serious personnel injuries
or death could result. Staying out of danger area results safety. 3.Welfare Acc
ess to basic facilities, Such as toilet facility, hand wash station, changing ro
oms, rest places and where food can be prepared and eaten in hygienic conditions
, drinking water and first aid provision. 4.Accident An unplanned, unwanted even
t which leads to injury or loss, for example a worker on the ground is struck on
head and killed by a brick dropped by another worker 5 meter high from scaffold
or a lorry driver misjudge and hit his lorry with road side barriers. In both e
xamples the act are not carried out deliberately. Any deliberately attempt to ca
use injury or loss will not call accident. 5.Near miss an unplanned, unwanted ev
ent that had the potential to lead to injury(but did not in fact do so) for exam
ple a worker drops a brick form 5 meter high scaffold and it narrowly misses ano
ther worker standing on the ground. No injury result and brick not even broken.
The only thing that separates accident and near misses is OUTCOME of the event.
Accident causes loss and near miss does not. 6.Hazard

Something with the potential to cause harm. For example a lorry moving around a
site road is a hazard because it might run over a worker. Hazard can be classifi
ed as: 1.Physicalthings which cause harm because of their physical characteristic
s e.g. electricity,work at height, radiation, vibration, noise, heat, trip hazar
ds. 2.Chemicalthings which can cause harm because of their chemical characteristi
cs e.g lead,mercury, sulphuric acid, cement dust etc. 3.Biologicalliving micro or
ganism that cause disease and ill health e.g. hepatitis B virus,legionella bacte
ria. 4.Ergonomicstress and strain put on the body through posture and movement e.
g. frequentrepetitive handling of small boxes. 5.Psychologicalthings that have th
e potential to cause injury to the mind rather than thebody e.g. exposure to hig
hly traumatic event. 7.Risk The likelihood that hazards will cause harm in combi
nation with the severity of Injury, damage or lossthat might occur for example a
n electrical flex trailing across a busy corridor in a hospital creates a risk.F
or example an electrical flex trailing across a busy corridor in a hospital crea
tes a risk. The degree of riskcan be described as high or medium depending on ho
w likely person might trip over that trailing flexand how badly they might be in
jured. 8.Dangerous occurrenceA specified event that has to be reported to releva
nt authority by statute law, even if the event did notlead to fatality or major
injury of a worker. For example the failure of the load bearing parts of a crane
isa dangerous occurrence even no person hat be injured. This is reportable even
t. 9.Environmental Protection: The prevention for damage to the air, land and wa
ter 10.Work related ill health Diseases or medical conditions caused by a persons
work. For example dermatitis is a disease of theskin often caused by work activ
ities especially when the handling of solvents detergents involved. 11.Commuting
accident

An accident to a worker that occurs when they are travelling to or from:1. Their
work place 2. The place where they take a meal during working hours3. Place whe
re they collect their pay. In order to understand health and safety issue you ne
ed to familiar with following things,
solvethe problem. Why might the management of an organization not consider healt
h and safetyto be a priority? The barriers to good standards of health and safet
y in work place are: 1.Complexity 2. Conflicting demands 3.Behavioral issues Com
plexity: workplace can be complicated. Many people involve in many different wor
kactivities need coordination. Conflicting demands: a common conflict of interes
t is that between the need to supply aproduct or a service at an appropriate spe
ed so as to make a profit, and need to do so safely andwithout risk of people. B
ehavioral issues: good health and safety practice often relies on the perfect be
havior of peoples but sometime they do not behave in ideal way. For example a wo
rker on constructionsite should wear hard hats to protect form falling object bu
t people sometime deliberately donot wear hard hats. Moral Social and Economic R
eason for Health and Safety Outline the Reasons why an organization should manag
e health and safety? There are following main 3 reasons why an organization has
to manage health and safety Moral, Social & Economic 1.Moral This about moral du
ty that one person has to another. Many people killed, injured by other peoplewo
rk which is morally unacceptable. 2.Social (legal)

Reason related to framework of law that governs the conduct of business and orga
nization. Thelegal responsibility for health and safety at work rests on primari
ly on the employer. The employerhas duty to provide the following. Work.
3.Economic Accident and ill health cost money. When an accident occurs there wil
l be direct and indirect costsassociated the event. Some of these losses can be
Insured against many of them will be uninsured.When an accident occurs there are
two types of losses that the organization may face Direct Costs &Indirect Costs
Outline the direct & indirect costs that might arise from a workplace accident?
The business case for health and safety The business case of health and safety
Is simply that accident and ill health cost money. When anaccident occurs there
will be direct and indirect cost associated with event. The measureable costs ar
ising directly from the accident, for example first aid treatment,worker sick pa
y, repairs to or replacement of damaged equipment, fines in the criminal courts
Those costs which are indirectly as a consequences, for example loss of staff fr
om productiveduties in order to investigate the incident, prepare reports, deal
with relatives attend court proceeding, loss of staff morale, loss of goodwill o
f customers and damage to public andindustrial image. Uninsured Costs: It has be
en estimated that uninsured losses are between eight and 36 times greater than i
nsured losses.Some examples of uninsured losses rkers.
The roles of national governments and international bodies: The international la
bor organization (ILO) has set out convention C155 and Recommendation R164which
apply to workplace health and safety standards.

the minimumstandards set out in C155 and R164. minimum standardsset out in C155
& R164. The international framework: In 1981 the ILO adopted the occupational sa
fety and health convention C155. This describes basic policyfor health and safet
y at national and individual undertaking level.The occupational safety and healt
h recommendation 1981 R-164 supplements C155 and provided moredetails that how t
o comply with policies of C155. Outline the legal duties that an employer has to
comply with? Employers Responsibilities 1.To ensure that the workplace, machiner
y, equipment and processes under their control are safeand without risk to healt
h. 2.To ensure that the chemical, physical and biological substances and agents
under their controlare without risk to health. 3.To provide adequate protective
clothing and protective equipment to prevent risk of accident oradverse affects
on health. 4.to provide appropriate instruction and training 5.to provide necess
ary supervision 6.to ensure that the hours of work doo not adversely affect empl
oyees health 7.to remove any physical and mental fatigue Outline the legal dutie
s that a worker has to comply with? Workers Responsibilities and rights Article
19 of c155 states that all worker and their representatives have to cooperate wi
th theiremployers so that he can fulfill his safety obligations R164 says that w
orker should: 1.Take reasonable care of their own safety and that of other peopl
e who might be affected by thethings that they do and the things that they fail
to do. 2.Comply with safety instructions and procedures. 3.Use all safety equipm
ent properly and not tamper with it. 4.Report any situation which they believe c
ould be hazard and which they cannot themselvescorrect 5.Report any work related
accident of ill health.

In addition to the basic right to safe workplace article 19 of c155 gives worker
s the followingrights. 1.The right to be provided with adequate information on a
ctions the employer has to taken toensure occupational safety and health. 2.The
right to the necessary training in occupational safety and health 3.The right to
be consulted by the employer on all matters of occupational safety and healthre
lating to their work. 4.The right to leave a workplace which he has reason to th
ink presents an imminent and seriousdanger to his life of health and not be comp
elled to return until it is safe. Outline the consequences for an employer of no
n compliance with health andsafety responsibilities? The consequences of Non Com
pliance: A breach of health and safety legislation is usually a criminal offence
. Failure to meet legal standardsmight lead employer to 1.Formal enforcement act
ion 2.Prosecution of the organization in the criminal court 3.Prosecution of ind
ividuals such as director, managers and workers. Formal enforcement action: An e
nforcement agency might force an employer either to make improvement within the
workplace orstop carrying out high risk activities. failure to comply considered
to be an offence in itself. Prosecution of the organization in the criminal cou
rt Successful prosecution might result in punishment in the form of a fine Prose
cution of individuals such as director, managers and workers Successful prosecut
ion might result in punishment in the form of a fine or imprisonment As well as
the criminal law consequences there is also the matter of compensation forworker
s and other injured by a workplace accident. 1.Taking legal action against their
employer through the civil legal system and have prove thatemployer had been ne
gligent. 2.Claiming compensation from national or regional compensation schemes
witho no requirementto prove negligence or blame through the use of the legal sy
stem. What are the organizational requirements for effective health and safetyma
nagement? Health and safety management system: ILO OSH 2001 safety and health sy
stem we can summaries the key elements of this system

1.Policy 2. Organizing 3. Planning and implementing 4. Evaluation5. Action for i

mprovement 6. Audit 7. Continual improvement Policy: A clear statement has to be
made to establish health and safety as a prime commitment at all level of organ
ization particularly at the top Organizing: A framework of roles and responsibil
ities for health and safety must be created within the organizationfrom top mana
gement to down to the floor. Planning and Implementing: Detail arrangement must
be made for the management of health and safety. Central to this idea is theconc
ept of risk assessment and the identification and implementation of safe systems
of work andprotective measures. Evaluation: Methods must be developing to monit
or and review the effectiveness of the arrangements put intoplace. This might be
done reactively e.g. by reviewing accident and ill health statistics reports. A
ction for Improvement: Any identified by the review process must be corrected as
soon as possible by making any require action Audit: To ensure that all parts a
re working acceptably well by systematic and critical examination of the safetym
anagement system Continual Improvement: The intention is safety management syste
m will develop over the time to become increasinglyappropriate and useful for co
mpany. Identify the internal and external sources of information about health an
dsafety? Internal & External Information Sources:Internal information sources: 1
.Accident records 2.Medical records 3.Risk assessments 4.Maintenance reports 5.S
afety representative inspections 6.Audit reports 7.Safety committee meeting minu
tes External information sources: 1.National legislation (e.g. regulations) 2.Ma
terial safety data sheet from manufacturers 3.National codes of practice and gui
dance notes 4.Manufacturer operating instructions

5.Trade associations 6.Safety journals and magazines Element 2 The purpose and i
mportance of a health and safety policy The role of the health and safety policy
in decision making: The health and safety policy of an organization is an impor
tant document that sets out the organizations aims with regards to health and saf
ety, who is responsible for achieving theseaims and how the aims are to be achie
ved. What are the aims of Health and safety policy? 1. Legal compliance 2. Meeti
ng the requirement of management system standards3. Clear communication 4. Conti
nuous improvement What are the three key elements of health and safety policy? A
policy is presenting in three sections: 1. General statement of intent 2. Organ
ization 3. Arrangements General Statement of intent: This states the organizatio
n philosophy in relation to management of health and safety. Organization: This
section indicates the chain of commands for health and safety management identif
ies roles Arrangements: This section outlines the arrangements that exist for ef
fective management of health & safety Note: there is no one correct format or se
t of content for health and safety policy. Key features and content of a health
and safety policy: 1. General statement of intent 2. Organization 3. Arrangement
General statement of intent The statement of intent will usually recognize that
manager and workers at all levels within theorganization have a part to play in
implementing policy and also state that every person mustcomply with the policy
and that negligence of policy may be treated as disciplinary offence.The genera
l statement of intend should signed by the person in charge of overall organizat
ionlike CEO, MD. The statement should also be dated. This indicates when current
statement wasprepared. Objectives:

Meeting legal obligations Provision of a safe workplace, safe equipment and safe
system of work, Information,training and supervision Risk assessment of all rel
evant workplace activities Performance monitoring Provision of adequate resource
s such as expert health and safety advise Effective communication and consultati
on with workers. Targets: The statement of intent may also set target for the or
ganization to achieve. Possible targetsmight be related to: Accident rates Activ
e monitoring Organization: It outlines the chain of command for health and safet
y management and identifies the roles andresponsibilities of staff. It is standa
rd practice for this section to include an organization chartshowing the lines o
f responsibility and accountability. This chart also show the lines ofcommunicat
ion and the feedback routes that exist within the organization This section refl
ects the management hierarchy of organization and allocatesresponsibilitiesCEO o
r Managing Director Is responsible and accountable for the entire organization M
anagement at All Level Is responsible for ensuring all safety measure are in pla
ce and being carried out effectively. All employees Are responsible for acting s
afely at site Competent Persons Who have operational duties but are also conside
red competent to carryout one ore more healthand safety duties like first aiders
and fire marshals etc. Specialist health and safety practitioners: Responsible
for providing advice to support management and employees to achieving safety Gen
eral health and safety management Arrangements: The section deal with general ar
rangements in policy that exist to manage health and safetyGeneral health and sa
fety management arrangements:1. Carrying out risk assessments2. Identifying and
supplying health and safety information instructions and training.3. Compliance

monitoring including auditing4. Accident and near miss reporting, recording and
investigation5. Consultation with workers on safety matters6. Developing safe sy
stem of work and permit to work system7. Emergency procedures and first aid prov
ision. Reviewing Policy:Circumstances which might require a review of policy: Po
licy should be review regularly so it remains current and relevant. However ther
e are somecircumstances which could give rise to reviews:1. Changes to key perso
nnel e.g. new CEO or MD.2. Changes to the management structure of the organizati
on3. A management take over4. Changes to the type of work that the organization
does.5. Recommended by safety audit.6. Requested by a third party such as insura
nce company or client Element 3 Organizing for Health and Safety Outline the hea
lth and safety roles and responsibilities of employers, manager,supervisors, emp
loyees and other relevant parties?Organizing health and safety roles and respons
ibilities:Employer: The employers responsibilities are to ensuring that the workp
lace is safe and free of health risk. Which categories of people does an employe
r owe a duty to? It is important to consider who an employer owes a duty to: His
own employees Other workers who might be working within his workplace but are n
ot his directemployees His subcontractors Visitors in his area People who might
be outside his workplace but are affected by his work like publicpassing by Dire
ctors and Senior Managers: They have duty to ensure that their organization meet
s this obligation. They are responsible forsetting policy and allocating resourc
es to allow that policy to work effectivelySo the responsibilities of directors
and senior managers are to ensure that: The right health and safety policy is pu
t in place An adequate budget is set for the implement of policy The right organ
izational structures are put in place

Competent people are employed by the organization Middle Managers and Supervisor
: Have duty to ensure that the part of organization under their control is safe
and free of healthrisk. They execute the policy of their organization operationa
lly Safety specialists: He has responsibility for giving correct advice and guid
ance to the organization and its workersThe typical responsibilities of the safe
ty specialist include: Promoting a positive health and safety culture Advising m
anagement on accident prevention Developing and implementing policy Overseeing t
he development of adequate risk assessments Identifying training needs Monitorin
g health and safety performance Overseeing accident reporting and investigations
Workers Have duty to take reasonable care of their own health and safety and ot
hers who might effect bything they do. They have also responsibilities to cooper
ate with their employers Controller of Premises: They are responsible for ensuri
ng that the premises that they control are safe to use as aworkplace and that ac
cess of workplace is safe. Self Employed: They have duty to take reasonable care
of their own and other who might effect by their work. Outline the areas of res
ponsibility placed on people in the supply chain for thearticles and substances
which the supply to workplace?Suppliers, manufacturers and designers: have duty
to ensure that: Any plant or equipment that they provide for us at work is safe
for its intended purposeand comes with appropriate instructions Any substance th
at they provide for us at work is appropriately tested packaged, labeledand come
s with appropriate information. Contractors:

They are responsible for their own safety and safety of others who their work mi
ght affect.However, the client who takes on contractors is also responsible for
ensuring that thosecontractors do not endanger anyone. A client must therefore c
hoose contractors carefully and must plan and monitor the contractors work to ens
ure safety Client can manage contractor in three ways 1. Select the contractor 2
. Plant the work 3. Monitor the work. 1. Select the contractor: Before selecting
contractor client should carefully check their health and safety competence. To
help in this you can ask to see evidence of competence such as: A copy of their
health and safety policy Examples of risk assessments The qualifications and tra
ining records of staff Membership of a professional organization or certified bo
dy Record of maintenance and test for plant and equipment Names of previous or c
urrent clients Accident history records Records of enforcement action taken by a
uthorities against them Proof of adequate resources such as access to specialist
safety advice 2. Planning Work: Contractor should carryout risk assessment on t
he work involve and develop safe workingmethods to control the risks indentifies
. 3. Monitoring the Work: Client should ensure that contractor complies with saf
e working practice Joint occupiers of premises: When two or more employers share
a workplace they must cooperate and coordinate theiractivities to ensure good h
ealth and safety standards Explain the importance and means of consulting with e
mployee on health andsafety issues and the means to achieve effective consultati
on?Consult with employees:

Employers should consult with their workers on health and safety matters. It is
legal duties inmany countries even where there is not legal duty it is recognize
d as a good practice Consulting: The two way exchange of information and opinion
between employer and workers Informing : Providing information to workers in a
form they can understand. This information flow is one wayThe two methods which
employers normally use to consult workers are:1. Direct consultation 2. Through
worker representativesConsultation is usually achieved by establishing a health
and safety committee made up of keymanagers and workers. The workers involved in
this committee are usually representing groupsof workers. Discussed the use of
a health and safety committee as a method of consultationwith workers and looked
at the various issues that must be in order to makecommittee work effectively?
Health and safety committee: To work effectively the committee has to be set up
and run according to agreed rules andprocedure which form part of the policy arr
angements of the organization. The following issuesshould be taken into account
in these arrangements1. Who is on the committee there should be balance between
managers and workers2. How often will the committee meet? the committee should m
eet regularly3. Who will act as chairperson? all meeting need someone to take ch
arge 4. What authority will the committee have? Committee must be able to make d
ecision 5. What will be discussed? committee meeting should have a published age
nda 6. How will the discussion be recorded? MOM usually taken & posted on notice
board 7.

How will issues discussed be followed up? All agreed actions must be recordedtog
ether with responsible person name for taking action and deadline. Element 4 The
concept and significance of safety culture Describe the concept of health and s
afety culture and its significance in the management of health and safety in an
organization?Key Information: The safety culture of an organization is the way t
hat all the people within the organization think and feelabout health and safety
and how this translates into behavior. It can be defined as shared attitudes,va
lues and behaviors relating to health and safety.There is strong link between sa
fety culture and health and safety performance. Organization with astrong positi
ve culture tends to good performance whereas those with a weak negative culture
performpoorly. Identify features of positive & negative safety culture within an
organization?Positive Culture: In organization with a strong positive safety cu
lture the majority of the workers thinks and feels thathealth and safety is impo
rtant. There is a strong policy and clear leadership from the top because senior
management has this attitude which runs through the whole organization form the
top to bottom. Negative Culture: In an organization with a weak negative safety
culture the majority of workers thinks and feels thathealth and safety is not im
portant; they are poorly educated in health and safety. There is a lack of clear
direction and leadership from senior management. Managers do not think about hea
lth and safety intheir decision making and priorities other things on safety. Id
entify indicators which could be used to assess the effectiveness of an organiza
tions health and safety culture and recognize factors that could cause weaknesses
?Factors Influencing safety culture: The safety culture of an organization can b
e assessed by looking at indicator such as
Accidents
Sickness Rates

Absenteeism
Staff turnover
Compliance with Safety rules
Worker complaint About working conditions Factors Promoting a Negative Culture:
Reorganization
Uncertainty
Blame Culture
Poor Communication
Conflicting priorities
Lack of Consultation
Poor Leadership by Management Factors Influencing Safety Related Behavior: Indiv
idual worker behavior is a critical importance to health and safety management.
One worker maybehave in a ideal manner but another may not and this unsafe behav
ior may endanger themselves andothers working around him. Identify the factors w
hich influence safety related behavior at work? There are three significant fact
ors influence a workers behavior:

The individual Factors their personal characteristics People bring to their job
their own mix of knowledge and experience, attitudes habits andpersonality. Thes
e individual characteristics influence behavior in complex ways.
The job Factors the task that they are carrying out These are behavior character
istics of workers job that influence their safety related behavior Characteristic
s of the workplace environment like, temperature, humidity and lighting.Characte
ristics of plant, machinery and equipment like noise or vibrationCharacteristics
of the work itself like worker need to bend or stoop over while workingMental d
emands of the job like worker has to handle large volumes of work in short time.
The organization Factors characteristics of the organization that they are worki
ng for These are the characteristics of organization that influence workers beha
viorPolicies and procedures. - Commitment and leadership from management.Levels
of supervision. - peer group pressure - TrainingCommunication - Consultation and
worker involvement

Outline the influenced of a workers attitude, aptitude and motivation of their sa

fety related behavior and considered the importance of perception?There are thre
e personality characteristics of an individual that may influence their safetyre
lated behavior
Attitude
Aptitude
Motivation Attitude: An attitude is a persons point of view of looking at somethi
ng; how they feel about it. Changing attitudes is notoriously difficult but can
be done using following method such as:
Education and training
High impact interventions
Enforcement
Consultation and involvement in the decision making process Aptitude: Aptitude r
efers to an individuals innate ability to learn and acquire new skills. For examp
le some people have an aptitude for using computers other for languages. Motivat
ion: Motivation can be defi ned as persons drive towards a goal. Workers often be
have unsafely not because they are willful, but because they perceive a reward a
nd they think that the risk is worth the reward.Their unsafe behavior is incenti
vized. What are the differences between mistake and violation?Key information: s
lips lapses mistakes

People in a workplace are subject to human error; they get things wrong even tho
ugh they are trying todo them right. Human error can be broken down into two mai
n types;1. Slips and lapses 2. Mistakes Slips and lapses: When a person is carry
ing out a routine operation that they have done correctly many times before butt
hey get it wrong or they forget to carry out an action. Mistakes: When a person
does something deliberately thinking that it is correct thing to do, but it is n
ot. Forexample an airline pilot caused a plane crash when he deliberately switch
ed off an engine that hethought was on fire. The engine was in fact functioning
normally it was the other engine that wasmalfunctioning Violations: People in wo
rkplace also commit violations. They deliberately break rules knowing it is the
wrong thingto do. They are three types of violations: 1. Routine 2. Situational
3. Exceptional 1. Routine Rule breaking as a matter of custom and practice for e
xample workers went intoBuilding where hard hat require but they do not wear not
because they forget(this would be laps) but deliberately not wear hard hats.2.
Situational Rule breaking in response to work pressure. For example worker in fa
ctory aworker need to change a filter but scaffold is not available and without
filterfactory need to stop. Because of this work pressure he does the job with l
adder.3. Exceptional Rule breaking in extreme circumstance for example a worker
uses forklift truckto lift a heavy piece of machinery that is actually heavier t
han the rated liftingcapacity. How do an individuals peers exert influences over
his behavior? The influence of peers: When people are put together into groups t
hey interact. Some individuals will come to have a lot of influence over the gro
up others will have little influence. In this way a hierarchy is established wit
hin thegroup. Certain ways of behaving will

become the normal which will often be established by the moreinfluential members
of the group. A person wishing to become a member of the group will have to com
ply with the group Norm. This pressure to comply with group norms is peer group pr
essure. Identify methods which could be used to improve the health and safety cu
lture of anorganization?Improving health and safety culture: The safety culture
of an organization can only be improved if following things1. Management commitm
ent and leadership2. Competent staff 3. Effective Communication4. Broadcasting m
ethods (Notice Board, Posters and Videos, Toolbox talks, Memos and Emails &emplo
yee handbook)5. Cooperation and consultation6. The effective training. 1. Manage
ment commitment and leadership: Management commitment starts at the very top of
the organization. Senior managers must provide theleadership necessary to inspir
e and motivate managers at all levels to pursue health and safetyobjectives stri
ctly. Visible commitment can be demonstrated by:
Behaving safely
Involvement in the day to day management of health and safety e.g. attend safety
meetings.
Taking part in safety tours or audits

Promoting changes to improve health and safety

Enforcing the company safety rules. 2. Competent Staff: A competent person is a
person who has sufficient training, knowledge, experience and other abilities or
skills to be able to carry out their work safely and without risk to health. 3.
Effective Communication: The process of delivering information from a sender to
a recipient there are three principal deliverymedia for communicating informatio
n: Verbal, Written and Graphic Verbal Communication: Communication using the spo
ken work e.g. face to face meeting this is easiest and mostcommonly used form of
communication but there are some weaknesses like languagebarrier may exist, str
ong accent, background noise, recipient may have poor hearing,recipient may miss
information or forget, no written records as proof. Written Communication: Comm
unication using the written word e.g. report memo, email, notice, companyhandboo
k, policy, risk assessment and MOMs etc. but there are some weaknesses likeindir
ect, takes time to write, message may not read by recipient, immediate feedback
is notavailable, question cannot be asked. Graphic Communication: Communication
using picture, symbols or pictograms e.g. safety signs such as fire exit signsbu
t have some weaknesses like, can only convey simple message, expensive to by orp
roduce, may not be looked at, symbols or pictogram may be unknown to the recipie
nt, nofeedback available and question cannot be asked 4.

Broadcasting Methods: 1. Notice boards 2. Posters and videos 3. Toolbox talks 4.

Memos and emails 5. Employeehandbook. 5. Cooperation and consultation: A positi
ve safety culture can only be created in an organization with workers cooperatio
n andinvolvement 6. The effective training: Employers have responsibility to tra
in their staff to carry out their jobs in safe manner. Onceworker has been train
ed they will understand1. The hazards and risks inherent in their work.2. The co
rrect rules and precaution to apply.3. Foreseeable emergencies and the actions t
o take should these events occur.4. Limitations and restrictions that apply to t
heir work. When should training be provided? When training is require for person
: 1. New employees2. Job change3. Process change4. New technology5. New legislat
ion New Employees : when worker join an organization Job change :

when workers job changes in such a way that they are exposed to new hazards and r
isks Process change : when the way in which way the work is done changes that re
quire training New Technology : new technology creates new hazards and risks tha
t worker should familiar with. New Legislation : changes to the law governing a
particular health and safety issue often create need toTrain workers on the impl
ications of new legislation. Outline the internal and external influences on hea
lth and safety management standards?Internal and external influences: The standa
rds of health and safety management within an organization are influenced by bot
h internaland external factors Internal Influences: These are the various intern
al factors which influence the safety and health standards1. Management commitme
nt 2. Production demands3. Communication4. Competence5. Consultation External in
fluences: These are the various external factors which influence the safety and
health standards1. Societal expectations2. Legislation3. Insurance companies4. T
rade unions5. Stakeholders6.

General economics Element 5 RISK ASSESSMENT: What are the five categories of hea
lth and safety? OrDefined the terms hazard? Hazard Something with the potential
to cause harm. For example a lorry moving around a site road is a hazardbecause
it might run over a worker. Hazard can be classified as: 1. Physical things whic
h cause harm because of their physical characteristics e.g. electricity,work at
height, radiation, vibration, noise, heat, trip hazards. 2. Chemical things whic
h can cause harm because of their chemical characteristics e.g lead,mercury, sul
phuric acid, cement dust etc. 3. Biological living micro organism that cause dis
ease and ill health e.g. hepatitis B virus,Legionella bacteria. 4. Ergonomic str
ess and strain put on the body through posture and movement e.g. frequentrepetit
ive handling of small boxes. 5.

Psychological things that have the potential to cause injury to the mind rather
than the bodye.g. exposure to highly traumatic event. Risk The likelihood that h
azards will cause harm in combination with the severity of Injury, damage or los
sthat might occur for example an electrical flex trailing across a busy corridor
in a hospital creates a risk.For example an electrical flex trailing across a b
usy corridor in a hospital creates a risk. The degree of riskcan be described as
high or medium depending on how likely person might trip over that trailing fle
xand how badly they might be injured. Explain the aims and objectives of risk as
sessment? OrIdentified the aim of risk assessment? Objectives of Risk Assessment
: The aim of risk assessment is to ensure that hazards are eliminated of risk is
minimized by the correctapplication of relevant standards. The objects of risk
assessment are to prevent following thing 1. Death and personal injury2. Other t
ypes of loss incident3. The occurrence of breaches of statute law which might le
ad to enforcement action/ prosecution4. The direct and indirect cost that follow
on form accidents. Accident can be categorized into following types depending o
n outcomes . 1. Injury accident2. Damage only accident 3. Near miss4. Dangerous
occurrence5.

Ill health incident. As per bird triangles these are the numbers: For every 1 se
rious injury there are 10 minor injuries and 30 damage only and 600 incidents Id
entify hazards by means of workplace inspection, analysis of tasks, legislation,
manufacturers info and incident date ? OrWhat techniques are used for identifyin
g hazards?Hazards identification methodHazards can be identified using various m
ethods such as: 1. Workplace inspection 2. Task analysis 3. legislation4 Manufac
turers information 5. Incident rate. Workplace inspection A formal inspection ca
n help to find out hazards that are present at site. Task analysis: This method
help to identifying hazards before work start. There is useful acronym for tasks
analysis:1. Select the task 2. Records the steps or stages of the task3. Evalua
te the risks associated with each step. 4. Develop the safe working method5. Imp
lement the safe working method 5. Monitor to ensure it is effective. Legislation
: Knowledge of the legal standards that apply to a particular workplace is an im
portant. Manufacturer information: When new substance is purchased it comes with
labels and MSDS that clearly identify hazards. Incident Data: Internal accident
and near miss data can be useful in identifying hazards Hazards may generate ri
sk to safety and risk to health.Safety Hazards: Safety hazards can be categorize
d according to the type of accident that is foreseen: 1. Slips, trips and falls
2. Falls from height 3. Falling objects4 Collision with objects 5. Crush between
objects 6. Manual handling7 Contact with machinery 8. Electricity 9. Transport1
0. Contact with Chemicals 11. Fire and explosion 12. Violence

What are the health hazards? Health Hazards: 1. Physical things which cause harm
because of their physical characteristics e.g. electricity,work at height, radi
ation, vibration, noise, heat, trip hazards.2. Chemical things which can cause h
arm because of their chemical characteristics e.g lead,mercury, sulphuric acid,
cement dust etc.3. Biological living micro organism that cause disease and ill h
ealth e.g. hepatitis B virus,legionella bacteria.4. Ergonomic stress and strain
put on the body through posture and movement e.g. frequentrepetitive handling of
small boxes.5. Psychological things that have the potential to cause injury to
the mind rather than the bodye.g. exposure to highly traumatic event. State the
five steps involved in risk assessment? OrExplained the five steps or approach t
o risk assessment? Principles and practice of risk assessment: There are five st
eps to risk assessment:1. Identify the hazards2. Identify the people who might b
e harmed and how.3.

Evaluate the risk and decide on precautions.4. Records the significant findings
and implement them5. Review and update as necessary
Identifying Hazards: Hazards are the things with the potential to cause harm. It
is important to identify both safety andhealth hazards. The hazards identificat
ion might be done by task analysis, manufacturers information of inspection of w
orkplace.
Identify the people who might be harmed and how. 1. Employees 2. Maintenance sta
ff 3. Cleaners 4. Contractors 5. Visitors 6. Public members Discussed the princi
ple of rating risk using a simple scoring system for likelihood and severity ? E
valuating the Risk and Deciding on Precautions: Risk can be scored or rated usin
g a simple formula Risk = Likelihood X SeveritySemi quantitative risk rating sys
tem Likelihood Severity 1 = extremely unlikely 1 = very minor injury2 = unlikely
2 = first aid injury3 = possible 3 = lost time injury4 = likely 4 = hospital tr
eatment5 = very probable 5 = disabling injury Semi quantitative risk rating syst
em is useful for following reasons 1. Clarity of thinking2. Consistency of appro
ach 3. Prioritization4. Timescale 1.

Clarity of thinking: People are more carefully think about likelihood and severi
ty of injury. It is giving accurateresult. 2. Consistency of approach: Different
people can use this system and will get similar result. 3. Prioritization: It i
s possible to easily separate out the various risks presented by several hazards
and rank themin order 4. Timescale: It is even possible to allocate particular
timescales to the risk rating that are calculated using thistype of system. What
is residual risk? Residual, acceptable and tolerable risk This risk that remain
s one these existing controls have been taken into account can be referred to as
residual risk Residual risk: If the residual risk is low then it might be consid
ered Acceptable Risk: The existing control are adequate nothing more need be don
e. Tolerable: Tolerable implies that it is not acceptable but can be tolerated f
or a short time while interim control areput into place. Unacceptable: Implies t
hat the risk level is too high for work to be allowed State the principles which
underlie the order of the general control hierarchy? General Control Hierarchy:
If the risk is unacceptable then controls must be introduced to either eliminat
e hazards or create safeplace or a safe person. Any residual risk must be accept
able 1. Eliminate the hazard Remove the source of the risk. This is most effecti
ve option since removal of the hazardseliminates the risk associated with the ha
zards

2. Create a safe place: Use engineering control to change the hazard itself or g
uard or enclose the hazard in some wayto prevent people coming into contact with
it. 3. Create a safe person: Develop safe working methods or system of work so
that people are exposed to hazard incontrolled manner. This requires the provisi
on of information, training and supervision alongwith good enforcement of safe b
ehavior. Use of standards: Legal standards can often be used to indicate what le
vel of risk is acceptable.If there are clear legal standards about the control t
hat should be applied to particular hazard in aworkplace then the use of scoring
system and risk prioritization and timescales will become unneeded. What condit
ions might trigger a risk assessment review? Reviewing Risk Assessment: Assessme
nts must be reviewed on significant change, after an incident and perhaps period
ically.There are number of situations that might trigger a review of a risk asse
ssment:1. Significant change to a matter that the risk assessment relates to:Pro
cess substances equipment personnel legal standardsWorkplace environment2. There
is reason to suspect that the assessment is not valid:1. Accident 2. Near miss
3. ill health Criteria for a suitable and sufficient assessment: A risk assessme
nt should be suitable and sufficient. In particular it should1. Identify the sig
nificant risks arising out of work2. Enable the employer to identify and priorit
ize the measures that must be taken to protectpeople from harm.3. The assessment
should be balanced to the risks in the workplace.A Low risk workplace like reta
il shopA high risk workplace like chemical works What particular staff groups re
quire special consideration during riskassessment? Special cases and vulnerable
workers:

Sometimes it is necessary to focus risk assessment on a vulnerable person or gro

up of workers such asyoung persons, expectant women and nursing mothers, disable
d workers and lone workers.
Young person: A young person is defined by law under 18 year age. There are seve
ral reason why a youngperson might be vulnerable to risk in workplace o Lack of
experience o Physical and mental immaturity o Poor perception of risk o Heavily
influenced by peer group pressure o Eager to show a willingness to work. It may
necessary to; Prohibit a young person form carryout certain high risk activities
Restrict their work patterns and hoursTrain and supervise them Expectant women a
nd nursing mothers: Hazards that present greater risk to pregnant women:1. Certa
in hazardous chemicals2. Certain biological agents3. Manual handling especially
later in pregnancy4. Extremes of temperature5. Whole body vibration6. Ionizing r
adiation7.

Night shift work8. Stress violence Disabled workers: During the risk assessment
process it may be necessary to:
Identify certain health and fitness criteria for some jobs then screen staff aga
inst these criteria
Identify workers with known disabilities and consider what the implications of t
heir particulartype and level of disability Lone workers: People who work entire
ly on their own for periods of time like service engineers who spends four hours
alone in a plant room servicing machinery is a lone worker. Element 6 Describe t
he general principles of control and basic hierarchy of risk reductionmeasures t
hat encompass technical, behavioral and procedural controls? General Principles
of Prevention: There are some general principles of prevention that can be appli
ed to eliminate hazards and reduce therisk in the workplace. These principles re
ly on the correct selection of technical, procedural andbehavioral controls.1. A
void risk:2. Evaluate risks which cannot be avoided3. Control hazards at source:
4. Adapt work to suit the individual5. Adapt to technical progress6. Replace the
dangerous with the non dangerous or less dangerous7. Develop logical overall pr
evention policy8.

Give priority to collective protective measures over individual protective measu

res:9. Give appropriate information, instruction, training and supervision to em
ployees. Avoid Risks: Where possible Evaluate risks which cannot be avoided: Thr
ough the risk assessment process Control hazards at source: By going to the sour
ce of the problem directly (e.g. if there is noise hazards in the workplace tack
le thesource of the nose> Adapt work to suit the individual: By applying good er
gonomic principles to job and workplace design (by job rotation) Replace the dan
gerous with the non dangerous or less dangerous: By substituting one hazard with
something less hazardous e.g. replace a corrosive chemical with onethat does th
e same job but is classified as less irritant and less harmful Develop a coheren
t overall prevention policy: By consistency using the same approach across the w
hole organization Give priority to collective protective measures over individua
l protective measures: By creating a workplace that is safe for all rather than
relying on measures that only protect one workerat a time e.g. install a guard r
ail rather than rely on PPE. Why do instruction, training and supervision form a
part of safe system? Give appropriate information, instruction, training and su
pervision to employee: So that workers have the necessary background information
to make correct choices.
When selecting control options form these general principles of prevention you s
hould be aware thatpreventive measure can be categorized as:1. Technical2. Proce
dural3. Behavioral General Hierarchy of Control The following elements make up t
he general hierarchy of control:

1. Avoid risks2. Elimination / substitution3. Reduce exposure or the time of exp

osure4. Isolation / segregation5. Engineering controls6. Safe system or work7. T
raining and information8. Personal protective equipment9. Welfare10. Monitoring
and supervision Avoid risks Risk avoidance is simply to avoid completely the act
ivity giving rise to the risk Elimination / substitution If a hazard can be elim
inated then the risk created by the hazards disappears. For example hazardoussub
stances can sometimes be replaced with materials which do the same job but prese
nt no risk tohealth. Reduce exposure or the time of exposure If the degree to wh
ich a worker is exposed to hazard can be reduced then that worker is far less li
kely tohave an accident with that hazard. For example an engineer who spend all
day working on machinerywith hazardous moving parts is more likely to suffer inj
ury than the engineer who spend only an hour of their working day to exposed to
the same hazard. Isolation / segregation Isolation: The aim her to isolate the h
azard physically so that nobody is exposed to it e.g. acousticenclosure of a noi
sy machine to reduce the noise exposure; guards around moving machinery to preve
ntcontact Segregation:

refer to the idea that certain hazards must not be accessible to unauthorized wo
rkers e.g.in a workplace with radiation hazard only authorized person should hav
e access only What do engineering controls do? Engineering controls Engineering
control involves use of an engineering solution to prevent exposure to the hazar
d.Engineering control also refer to the inclusion of safety features that ensure
that the item is used incorrect way. For example interlock switches are fitted
to moveable guard on machinery to ensure thatwhen guard is open the machine will
not work but guard is close it will. Safe system of work Safe system of work pr
ocedure helps to eliminate hazards or minimizes the risk associated with them. T
raining and information Training is instrumental in enabling employees to become
competent. Personal protective equipment Equipment or clothing that is worn or
held by a worker that protects them from one or more risks totheir safety or hea
lth. It is duty of employer to:
Supply suitable PPE where risk cannot be controlled by other more effective meth
ods
Ensure that when tow more items of PPE have to be worn together they are compati
ble
Provide suitable storage for PPE
Provide information instructions and training to workers on the PPE they will we
ar.
Enforce the use of PPE
Replace or repair damaged or lost items.

Welfare Welfare facilities include the provision of toilets, washing facilities,

clean drinking water, rest area andclean place for eat meals. Monitoring and su
pervision Monitoring: For maintain surveillance over something by periodic obser
vation or measurement and inspection toensure that they are using prescribed saf
e working method. Supervision: Refers to routine inspection and surveillance or
workers but concern direct line management authorityto control behavior Define a
safe system of work?SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK: A safe system of work is a formal proc
edure based on a systematic examination of work in order toidentify the hazards.
It defines safe methods of working which eliminate those hazards or minimize th
erisks associated with them Responsibilities of Employer: It is the responsibili
ties of the employer to develop safe systems of work with the involvement of bot
hcompetent persons and employees who will be carrying out the work. These safe s
ystem must bedocumented. What is the difference between technical, procedural an
d behavioral controls? Technical, procedural and behavioral controls: As safe sy
stem of work will involve all the elements of control that we identified ealrlie
r in the generalhierarchy of control1. Technical or engineering control2. Proced
ural control3. Behavioral control Technical or engineering control: Applied dire
ctly to the hazard in order to minimize the risk, this may involve fencing or ba
rriers of different kinds to isolate workers from hazard. Procedural control: Th
e way, in which work should be carried out in relation to the hazards, They spec
ify the exact tasksinvolved their sequence and the safety actions and checks whi
ch have to taken.Behavioral Control:How the individual worker acts in relation t
o the hazard e.g. good housekeeping or using PPE Development of a safe system of
work: Safe system of work usually developed using the process of task analysis,
which involves breaking workdown into a series of steps so that hazards can be
identified and risk controlled at each step usingtechnical, procedural and behav
ioral controls.

Once developed, safe systems must be implemented andmonitored to ensure continue

d effectiveness. Describe what factors should be considered when developing and
implementinga safe system of work? When developing a safe system of work it is i
mportant to consider that 1. PEOPLE: Who is the SSW for what level of competence
or technical ability should they have?2. EQUIPMENT: What equipment will be work
ed on? What safety equipment will be required?3. MATERIALS: what materials will
be used or handled the work? Who will waste dispose of?4. ENVIRONMENT: in what t
ype of environment will the work take place? Useful acronym SREDIM can be used t
o identify the hazard associated with every step of work 1. Select the task to b
analyzed2. Record the steps or stages of the task3. Evaluate the risk associate
d with each step4. Develop the safe working method5. Implement the safe working
method6. Monitor to ensure it is effective. Explain the role and function of a p
ermit to work system? OrWhat is permit to work? Permit to work system: A permit
to work system is formal documented safety procedure forming part of a safe syst
em of workwhich ensures that all necessary actions are taken before during and a
fter particularly high risk work.A permit system formalizes the control

of high risk work to ensure that all the risks have been identifiedall the preca
ution put in place and that appropriate information has been communicated to all
relevantparties. What are the key elements of typical permit?There are four mai
n sections to a permit to work: 1. Issue 2. Receipt 3. Clearance / return to ser
vice4 Cancellation 5. Extension Explain the need of emergency procedures and the
arrangements forcontracting emergency services? OrWhat is the main objective of
an emergency procedure? Emergency Procedures: Importance of developing emergenc
y procedures:An organization should develop emergency procedures to deal with fo
reseeable incidents such as:Fire, bomb threat, spillage of a hazardous chemical
, release of a toxic gas, outbreak of disease, severeweather or flooding and mul
tiple casualty accident. Emergency procedures: These procedures should cover the
internal arrangements for dealing with the foreseeable incidentswhich will incl
ude;1. Procedure to follow2. Provision of suitable equipment3. Nomination of res
ponsible staff 4. Provision of training and information5. Drills and exercises6.
Contracting the emergency services Procedure to follow In the event of a fire n
ormal practice for worker to exit the building and go to assembly area but inbom
b thread this will be opposite person has to go inside the building and away fro
m the windows Provision of suitable equipment If there is a fire suitable fire e
xtinguisher are available and proper PPE wear by the person involve in firefight
ing Nomination of responsible staff

In case of fire there need for fire wardens and fire marshal who will tell to oc
cupant of building aboutsafety instruction in case of fire. Provision of trainin
g and information Workers will only know what to do in case of emergency if they
have training and information Drills and exercises Emergency procedure should b
e practiced to ensure that people are familiar with action they might beexpected
in case of emergency Contracting the emergency services (first Aid) Describe th
e requirements for and effective e provision of first aid in theworkplace? First
Aid Requirements: An employer must make appropriate first aid provision for his
employees. This will include
First aid facilities
Equipment
Appropriately trained personnel. What factors might need to be considered when d
etermining the first aid provision for aworkplace?First aid coverage: To determi
ne what first aid provision to make an employer will have to undertake an assess
ment whichshould consider various factors such as:
The general risk level of the workplace
The hazards present in the workplace
Accident history
The presence of vulnerable persons

The number of workers in the workplace

Work patterns and shift systems of workers
The geographic location of the workplace
The spread of the workplace Element 7 Monitoring, Review and AuditOutline and di
fferentiate between active monitoring procedures and reactive monitoringprocedur
e? OrDefine active and reactive monitoring?Active Monitoring: Is about checking
to ensure that standards are meets and that the workplace is in fact safe and fr
ee of health risk before any unpleasant event takes placeThere are four active m
onitoring methods can be use to check conformance to standards
Safety inspection
Sampling
Tours
Surveys Safety inspection: The term safety inspection can be applied to:Routing
inspection, statutory inspection, periodic inspection and pre use inspection Sam
pling: For example in large office which have 1200 fire extinguishers must be in
spected by competent engineerthen there are several ways to check1. to check the
inspection record to ensure all FE are signed2.

check all 1200 FE directly on by one3. check 50 FE randomly from 1200 FEItem no
3 is sampling Safety Tours: A safety tour is high profile inspection of a workpl
ace carried out by a group of managers Safety Survey: Safety survey of one parti
cular issue or topic What do you mean by systematic monitoring?Systematic inspec
tions: One way to actively monitor health and safety performance is to carry out
systematic inspections. Theseinspections can focus on the four Ps:1. Plant: mac
hinery and vehicle and examinations2. Premises: the workplace and the working en
vironment3. People: working methods and behavior4. Procedures: safe system of wo
rk, method statements and permit to work etc. State the sources of information u
sed in reactive monitoring?Reactive Monitoring Reactive monitoring is about meas
uring safety performance by reference to accidents, incidents and illhealth that
has already occurred. Reactive monitoring uses accidents, incidents, ill health
, and other unwanted events and situations asindicators of health and safety per
formanceWe can calculate Accident Incident Rate (AIR) by this formulaAIR = , num
ber of accident during a specific time period . X 1000Average numbers of workers
over the same time period State the purpose of workplace inspections? Arrangeme
nts for workplace inspections: Workplace inspection plays an important role in e
nsuring that safety standards are acceptable in theworkplace. Various factors mu
st be considered when setting up an inspection system such as: 1. the type of in
spection2. the frequency of inspection3.

the responsibilities for inspection4. the competence of the inspector5. the use
of checklists6. action planning for problem found What should the introductory p
art of an inspection report contain? OrConsidered how to write an effective insp
ection report?Effective report writing: Many inspection systems require the insp
ector to write a report summarizing their main finding andrecommendations. If an
inspection report is written then it must be effective. This requires anappropr
iate
Writing style
Structure
Contend
Justify recommendations Explain the purpose of regular reviews of health and saf
ety performance? Review of Health and Safety Performance: Reviewing health and s
afety performance should be done by managers at all level within theorganization
on a routine basis to ensure that management system are working effectively Gat
hering information: Reviewing performance relies on data gathered from various s
ources such as:1. Accident data2. Inspections3. Absence and sickness data 4.

Safety surveys, tours and sampling5. Audit reports6. Other sources (e.g. complai
nt form workers or QA reports) Reporting on performance: Safety specialists usua
lly play a key role in collecting this data and reporting on performance to seni
ormanagement. What role does senior management have in workplace inspections?Rol
e of senior management: After getting reports form safety specialists then senio
r management have to role in evaluating thisinformation so that appropriate prio
rities and resources can be allocated. Continues improvement: Review enables act
ion to be taken so that health and safety performance is continuously improved.
Explain the meaning of term health and safety audit and describe the preparations
that may need prior, during and after audit? OrDefine health and safety auditing
?Auditing: Auditing is the systematic, objective, critical evaluation of an orga
nizations health and safety management system Purpose of auditing: Auditing is me
chanism for verify that an organizations safety management is in place and operat
ing effectively. It will check that1. Appropriate management arrangement is in p
lace.2. Adequate risk control systems exist.3. Appropriate workplace precautions
are in place The audit process: What follows in a fairly typical audit process?
Pre audit preparations
During the audit

At the end of audit Pre audit preparation: Before the audit starts the following
should be defined:
The scope of the audit (will it cover HSE management as well)
The area of the audit (on department or whole department)
The extend of the audit (comprehensive or selective)
Who will be required (who will accompanied from contractor side) During audit: D
uring audit three different types of evidence will be sought:1. Documents and re
cords2. Interviews3. Direct observations in the workplace. The typical informati
on examined during audit: 1. Health safety policy2. Risk assessments3. Training
records4. Safety MOMs5. Maintenance records6. Accident investigation reports7. E
mergency arrangements8.

Inspection reports At the end of the audit: Verbal feedback is usually provided
at the end of audit and then written reports will be followed after.Internal & e
xternal AuditInter audit are done by internal manager and external audits are do
ne by third parties Element 8 Occupational incident and accident investigation r
ecording and reportingExplain the process and purpose of investigating incidents
? OrWhat is the prime purpose of an accident investigation?The process and purpo
se of investigation of incidents:Function of investigations: Incidents should be
investigated for several reasons perhaps the most important of which is to disc
overthe cause so that corrective action can be taken to prevent similar incident
from happening again. What is the purpose of analyzing all information about ac
cident? These are the following reason for carrying incident investigations:1. T
o identify the immediate and root causes of incidents2. To identify corrective a
ction to prevent a reoccurrence3. T record the facts of the incidents4. For lega
l reason5. For claim management6. For staff morale7. For disciplinary purpose8.
For data gathering purpose. Type of incidents: Incidents can be categorized in t
erms of their outcomes1. Near miss, 2. Accident 3. Dangerous occurrence 4. ill h
ealth Note: there are two important things we should take before start investiga
tion 1. Safety of the scene: that area is safe to approach2.

Casualty care: any injured person need first aid treatment or need go to hospita
l Explain the procedure of investigating incidents? OrWhat are the four elements
of the investigation process?Basic investigation procedure: Basic incident inve
stigation procedure is to:1. Gather factual information about the event2. Analyz
e that information and draw conclusions about the immediate and root causes3. Id
entify suitable control measures4. Plan the remedial actions Step 1: gathering i
nformation:
Secure the scene as soon as possible to prevent it being altered.
Collect witness details quickly before they start to move away
Collect factual information from the scene and record it( pics, sketches, temper
ature videos Step 2: analyzing information: The purpose to draw conclusions abou
t immediate and root causes Step 3: identify suitable control measures: Once the
immediate and underlying causes of the accident are known appropriate control m
easures canbe identified. It is important to take correct control measures other
wise time, money and effort will bewasted on inadequate and unnecessary measures
Step 4: plan the corrective actions: An accident investigation should lead to c
orrective action being taken in just the same way as aworkplace inspection will.
Corrective action can be presented in an action plan. Describe the organization
al requirement for recording and reporting incident?The organization requirement
s for recording and reporting incidents:

Arrangements should be made for the internal reporting of all work related incid
ents and workersshould be encouraged to report.Reasons why workers might not rep
ort accidents:1. Unclear organizational policy2. No reporting system in place3.
Overly complicated reporting procedures4. Excessive paperwork5. Takes too much t
ime6. Blame culture7. Apathy8. Lack of training on policy and procedures. List t
he types of documentation which may need to be consulted during an accidentinves
tigation?Typical content of an accident record: 1. Name and address of casualty2
. Date and time of accident3. Location of accident4. Details of injury5. Details
of treatment given6. Description of event causing injury7. Details of any equip
ment or substance involved8. Witness names and contact details9. Details of pers
on completing the record10.

Signature Data collection analysis and communication: Data collected from incide
nt reports can be used for statistical analysis to identify patterns and trends
inthe workplace Identify the categories of staff who might be considered useful
members of internal accidentinvestigation team? Incident statistics can be used
to communicate safety performance to various groups within theorganization such
as
Safety committee
Senior management
Employees Defined the types of incident that have to be reported to external age
ncies?Reporting of events to external agencies: Typical reportable events includ
es1. Fatalities 2. Major injury 3. Dangerous occurrences 4. Occupational disease
s