Please match the name of the experiment that demonstrated that DNA was the genetic
material with the description of that experiment.
1. Avery, MacLeod, McCarty experiment
2. Fred Griffith experiment
3. Hershey and Chase experiment
4. A virulent and nonvirulent form of the same bacteria are isolated. Injection of the virulent
bacteria into mice kills the mice, but injection of the nonvirulent form does not kill the mice.
Heat-killed virulent form does not kill mice. When heat-killed virulent bacteria are mixed with
living nonvirulent bacteria and injected into mice, the mice die AND virulent bacteria can be
isolated from the mouse carcass.
5. Bacteria with synchronized cell cycles are grown in media containing a heavy isotope of
nitrogen. Shortly after DNA replication has begun the cell media is removed and replaced
with media that does not contain this isotope. Just before the next round of DNA synthesis
begins a radiolabel that labels DNA is added to media. Shortly after DNA replication starts the
media is removed and replaces with media lacking this radiolabel. The DNA is harvested,
sheared into fragments, the fragments are fractioned by equilibrium density gradient
centrifugation and the MOST DENSE DNA is isolated. 50% of the radiolabel is found
associated with this DENSEST DNA.
6. Bacteriophage are grown in the presence of a DNA-labeling radiolabel AND in the presence
of a protein-labeling radiolabel. This bacteriophage is known to transfer its genetic material
into E. coli. Only the radiolabel that labels DNA is observed to enter the bacterial cell AND
only the DNA-labeling radiolabel is found in the bacteriophage offspring produced by the
infection.
7. Two forms of the same bacteria can be distinguished based on the morphology of the
colonies that they produce when grown on agar. S = smooth colonies, and R = rough
colonies. The S bacteria are heat killed and mixed with R bacteria in a test tube. When
plated, some of R bacteria now produce S-type colonies. DNA is shown to be the genetic
material by identifying treatments that will destroy the "transforming principle." Neither
protease, nor RNAse destroy the transforming principle, but DNase does destroy it.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
H)
2.
1 matches 4;
1 matches 4;
1 matches 5;
1 matches 5;
1 matches 6;
1 matches 6;
1 matches 7;
1 matches 7;
2 matches 6;
2 matches 7;
2 matches 7;
2 matches 7;
2 matches 4;
2 matches 5;
2 matches 4;
2 matches 4;
3 matches 5
3 matches 5
3 matches 4
3 matches 5
3 matches 6
3 matches 7
3 matches 5
3 matches 6 *
An instance during replication in one strand of DNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction and the
other strand is replicated in the 3' to 5 direction.
One strand of a replication fork is being replicated by continuous synthesis and the other strand is
being replicated by discontinuous synthesis.
Two replication forks have left the origin and are traveling away from one other.*
3.
The figure shows a DNA strand which has a free 5' phosphate and a
free 3' hydroxy. What you can't see is that it is base-paired to a much
longer strand of DNA that extends for a 1000 nucleotides in each
direction. Which end of the molecule below would DNA polymerase III
or DNA polymerase I add nucleotides to?
A.
B.
C.
4.
5.
nucleotide; adducts
Okazaki; RNA*
restriction; errors
restriction; RNA
A word that refers to the opposite polarity of one strand with respect to the other strand
in double helical DNA.
A.
B.
C.
9.
one
two*
three
four
8.
gyrase
helicase
primase*
RNA polymerase
7.
deoxynucleic acid
deoxyribonucleic acid*
dideoxynucleic acid
dideoxyribonucleic acid
The protein, ________, is needed to lay down a segment of RNA complementary to the
DNA before replication can begin. Choose the best answer.
A.
B.
C.
D.
6.
Antiparallel*
Complementary
Parallel
a few
many*
one
two
11.
Plasmid
A.
B.
C.
are a type of virus that infects bacterial cells or simple eukaryotes. Infection can alter the phenotype of
the cell.
are naturally occurring molecules of DNA or artificially build molecules of DNA that can carry genes
that give their hosts new abilities.*
do not appear in nature but are DNA molecules built by molecular geneticists.
13. In this simple figure, the left end of the long line is the 5' end of a single stranded DNA
molecule. The shorter line is also a single stranded DNA molecule. The shorter molecule
is base paired to the longer molecule. If provided nucleotides, DNA polymerase I could
______________________. Choose the best answer.
A.
B.
C.
14. In this simple figure, the left end of the long line is the 5' end of a single stranded DNA
molecule. The shorter line is also a single stranded DNA molecule. The shorter molecule
is base paired to the longer molecule. The 3'-most nucleotide of the shorter molecule has
a 3' hydroxyl but is missing its 2' hydroxy. Could DNA polymerase use this molecule as a
primer?
A.
B.
No
Yes*
15. In this simple figure, the left end of the long line is the 5' end of a single stranded DNA
molecule. The shorter line is also a single stranded DNA molecule. The shorter molecule
is base paired to the longer molecule. The shorter molecule does not have a free 3'
hydroxyl. Could DNA polymerase use this molecule as a primer?
A.
B.
No*
Yes
16. In this simple figure, the left end of the long line is the 5' end of a single stranded DNA
molecule. The shorter line is also a single stranded DNA molecule. The shorter molecule
is base paired to the longer molecule. The shorter molecule does not have a 5' phosphate
on its end. Could DNA polymerase use this molecule as a primer?
A.
B.
No
Yes*
17. In this simple figure, the left end of the long line is the 5' end of a single stranded DNA
molecule. IN THIS CASE, THE SHORTER MOLECULE IS A SINGLE STRANDED RNA
MOLECULE. The shorter molecule is base paired to the longer molecule. Could DNA
polymerase I use this molecule as a primer?
A.
B.
No
Yes*
18. The question is a bit different than the previous ones in this series. Please read this one
with fresh eyes. In this simple figure, the RIGHT end of the long line is the 3' end of a
single stranded DNA molecule. ALSO, IN THIS CASE THE SHORTER MOLECULE IS A
SINGLE STRANDED RNA MOLECULE. The shorter molecule is base paired to the longer
molecule. If provided nucleotides, DNA polymerase I ______________________. Choose
the best answer.
A.
B.
C.
19. In this simple figure, the right end of the long line is the 3' end of a single stranded DNA
molecule. The shorter line is also a single stranded DNA molecule. The 5' end of the
smaller molecule is on the left. The molecules are not base paired however the smaller
molecule has a free 3' hydroxyl. The larger molecule does not have a free 3' hydroxyl. If
provided nucleotides, DNA polymerase I would ______________________. Choose the
best answer.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
20. Both DNA polymerase I and DNA polymerase III can perform proofreading.
A.
B.
TRUE *
FALSE
23. During DNA synthesis the energy for forming a phosphodiester bond comes from
__________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
ATP
the 2' deoxynucleotide triphosphates used to form the new DNA strand*
25. The 5' to 3' exonuclease activity of the polymerase named is involved in ____________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
26. During replication of bacterial DNA, which polymerase only synthesizes lagging strand
DNA?
A.
B.
C.
D.
DNA
DNA
DNA
DNA
polymerase
polymerase
polymerase
polymerase
alpha
I*
II
III
27. Proofreading is a process that eliminates all errors from DNA replication.
A.
B.
True
False*
The figure at the top represents a double stranded DNA molecule that has a single missing
phosphodiester bond (a 'nick'). This is the starting substrate (starting material). Below this are 4
enzymatic products made from the starting substrate (Enzyme products 1-4). Enzyme product 5 is
identical to the starting substrate. The questions marked with ~1~ use this figure.
28. ~1~ Bacterial DNA ligase and NAD could have converted the starting material to
__________________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
product
product
product
product
product
1
2
3*
4
5
29. ~1~ An enzyme with 5' to 3' exonuclease activity could have converted the starting
material directly to ______________________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
product
product
product
product
product
1
2*
3
4
5
30. ~1~ An enzyme with 3' to 5' exonuclease activity could have converted the starting
material directly to ______________________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
product
product
product
product
product
1*
2
3
4
5
31. ~1~ DNA polymerase I + all four dNTPs (2'deoxy-nucleotides triphosphates) could
convert the starting material to _________________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme
product
product
product
product
product
1
2
3
4*
5
32. ~1~ Enzyme product 5 would be the end result of mixing the starting material with
_______________________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
DNA
RNA *
RNA or DNA
allows the polymerase to correct nucleotide incorporation errors that it has just made *
allows the polymerase to repair mutations
allows the polymerase to seek out damaged nucleotides, remove them, and insert the
correct nucleotide
36. In the Meselson and Stahl experiment 14N and 15N labels were used as a way to
distinguish newly synthesized DNA from previously synthesized DNA.
Bacteria are grown in 15N media for many generations. Their cell cycles are synchronized and
sample 1 is taken. The bacteria are moved into 14N media (no 15N) and allowed to divide yet again
and sample 2 is taken. The bacteria are allowed to divide yet again and sample 3 is taken.
Tube A
Tube B
Tube C
Tube D Tube E
What did they observe? Sample 1, 2, and 3 looked like tube _____, ______, and ______ respectively.
A)
A, D, B
B)
A, D, C
C)
A, D, E
D) B, C, A
E)
B, C, C
F)
B, C, E
G) B, D, C*
37. What enzymatic activities/properties does E. coli DNA polymerase III have?
Choose the most complete correct answer.
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
F)
G)
Enzyme A
5'
5'
5'
Enzyme B
5'
5'
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
1. Each strand of a double helix of DNA is used as a template for the synthesis of a new
strand of DNA.
2. One strand of the DNA double helix is replicated in a continuous fashion (as one piece)
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
40. Different theories concerning how DNA was replicated were proposed. For the
SEMICONSERVATIVE THEORY of DNA replication which of the following statements are
true?
Choose all of the correct statements from the list.
A) 1 and 2
F) 2 and 5
B) 1, 2 and 5
G) 3 and 5
C) 1, 2, 3, and 5
H) 4 and 5
D) 1, 3, and 5 *
I)
4 and 6
E) 1, 3, and 7
J)
4 and 7
Could you answer this question for the [INCORRECT] Conservative and Dispersive models of
DNA replication?
41. You have purified a single strand of nucleic acid that is neither pure DNA nor pure RNA.
At its 5' end it is RNA and at its 3' end it is DNA. What is it?
A)
B)
C)
D)
42. You have purified a single strand of nucleic acid that is neither pure DNA nor pure RNA.
At its 5' end it is RNA and at its 3' end it is DNA. What is it?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
a primase
a primer
a recombinant DNA molecule
a Yankovic Fragment
an intermediate in crossing over
an Okazaki Fragment *
43. The proofreading ability of DNA polymerases involves the use of the
A) double-stranded endonuclease activity of a DNA polymerase
B) 3' to 5' exonuclease activity of a DNA polymerase *
C) 5' to 3' exonuclease activity of a DNA polymerase
D) single-stranded endonuclease activity of a DNA polymerase
44. In order to begin DNA synthesis, DNA polymerases need all four dNTPs plus
________________ (Choose the single best answer.)
A) a primer that has a dideoxy nucleotide at its 3' end
B) a primer that has a free 2' hydroxy and that is base paired to a template
C) a primer that has a free 3' hydroxy and that is base paired to a template *
D) a primer that has a free 5' phosphate and that is base paired to a template
45. Could you draw a replication fork and all of the enzymes used in DNA replication and
describe where they act and what they do?
A. I don't wanna.
B. No
C. Yes (this is the correct answer)*
46. Make sure that you really understand semiconservative replication, semidiscontinuous
replication, bidirectional replication, the direction of synthesis (5' to 3').
A. I am not sure.
B. I don't understand what you are talking about.
C. I really, really understand this stuff (this is the correct answer)*
10