Introduction to Power Electronics

Fang Z. Peng
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Michigan State University
Phone: 517-336-4687, Fax: 517-353-1980
Email: fzpeng@egr.msu.edu

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 1

Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction of Power Electronics
Chapter 2: Power Converter Basic Circuits and Operating Principles
Chapter 3: Control of Power Converters
Chapter 4: Power Converter System Control, Analysis, and Design
Chapter 5: Circuit Models and Simulation
Chapter 6: Power electronic systems and applications
Chapter 7: Automotive Applications: HEV and FC HEV System
Configurations and Their Power Electronic Circuits
Chapter 8: Utility Applications: DG grid interconnection,
Statcom, active filter, UPFC, and FACTS devices

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 2

Chapter 1
Introduction of Power Electronics

What is Power Electronics?

Power Conversion and Basic Principle
Switching Power Devices in General
Diode, Thyristor and Power Transistor
Power MOSFET and IGBT
GTO and MCT
Power IC

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 3

What is Power Electronics?

Power Electronics is power conversion and control from one
form of power (energy) source to a desired form by using
electronic means. Example: An electric vehicle drive must
convert dc input to ac output that has variable voltage and
variable frequency.

dc
input
(battery)

Power
Electronics
Circuit

ac
output

ac
Motor

Control
theory, analog&digital (DSP), etc

Power electronics is power processing circuits and control

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 4

What is Power Electronics? Cont.

Raw power in
Power Processor
(PE Circuits)
Battery
Fuel Cell
Utility
Solar
Wind
Capacitor/Inductor
Dc or ac

Desired power out

(V, I, P, F)
To loads:
Motor
Utility line
Computer
Equipment
Process

Control

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 5

Multi-disciplinary Nature of Power Electronics

Circuit
theory
Solid-state
physics
Simulation &
computing

Systems &
Control theory
Comm. & Signal
processing

Power Electronics

Electric
machine

Electronics
DSP, FPGA
Power systems

Electromagnetics
EMI
DSP Control Board
August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 6

Principle of Power Control Using Switch

Current Control Using
Variable Resistor
RV

Current Control Using

Switching Device
S

iL

Vd

RL

Vd

vDF

vDF

TON TOFF

LF
DF

RL

Vd
iL
Vd/RL

t
iL

Vd/RL
t

t
August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 7

Category of Power Conversion

AC-DC Converter (Rectifier)

AC-AC Converter (Power Controller, Cycloconverter,
Matrix converter)
DC-AC Converter (Inverter)
DC-DC Converter (DC Chopper - Buck/Boost/BuckBoost Converter)

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 8

Principle of AC-DC Converter (Rectifier)

v1
S3

v1

t
ON

Load

S1

v2

S1, S4

OFF
t

S2, S3
S2

Average

S4

v2

V1 - AC Source
V2 - DC Load

t
t

Waveforms of AC-DC Converter

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 9

Principle of AC-AC Converter

(AC Power Controller)

v1

t
ON

v1

V1 - AC Source
V2 - AC Load
S - AC Switch

Load

v2

OFF
v2

Resistor Load

Waveforms of AC Power Adjuster

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 10

Principle of AC-AC Converter

(Cycloconverter or Frequency Changer)
v1
S3

v1
S2

t
ON

Load

S1

S1, S4

OFF
t

v2

S2, S3

Fundamental

S4

v2

V1 - AC Source
V2 - AC Load
S - AC Switch

Waveforms of Cycloconverter

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 11

Principle of DC-AC Converter (Inverter)

vdc

t
ON

S1, S4
S1

OFF
t

S3

S2, S3

Fundamental

Load vac

vdc

vac
S2

S4

vac

(PWM)

Voltage-Source Inverter

Waveforms of Inverter

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 12

Why Switching?
iC +vCE Vdc

iL
Light
Bulb
RL

iB

r
Vdc

iL
Light
Bulb
RL

Vdc

iL

iC

Light
Bulb
RL

Vdc

Vdc/RL

Ileak

Vsat
t

Power Loss:

PLoss=vCE iC

Vdc

r
r + RL

PSW

V
Power Consumption: dc RL
r + RL

POFF

Ic
PON
t

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 13

Switching Devices
Current

Uncontrollable

On Controllable

+ v -

+
v
-

iG

Diode

Thyristor
Uni-Direction

On and Off
Controllable
Transistor
MOSFET*
GTO
IGBT
SIT, SITh, MCT,
MTO, etc.

Bi-Direction

Triac

Module

* Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 14

Diode and Rectifier

iL

+ v vO

Load

vac

vac
i

vO
v

iL

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 15

Thyristor and Phase-Controlled Rectifier

iL

+
v
-

vO

vac

iG

Load

vac

vO
IG3 IG2 IG1=0

v
IG3>IG2>IG1

iL
2

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 16

Power Transistor and Inverter

S1

S3

IGBT
Load vac

vdc

S2

RG0

VGE1

RG

S4

vac

(PWM)

VGE0

Gate Drive Circuit of IGBT

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 17

Safe Operating Area and Snubber Circuit

Without
Snubber

VCE

IC
RCD
Snubber
Circuit

With
Snubber

IC
Initial
State

Turn-off Waveform
Safe Operating Area

RC
Snubber
Circuit

Without
Snubber
With
Snubber
Final
State

CE
SOA and Turn-off Trajectory

Traditional Snubber Circuits

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 18

Saturation Voltage VCE [V]

IGBT Technology
3.5
1st

3.0

2nd G

2.5

Gen

en.('8

2.0

3r d G
en.('9

1.5

furthe

.('85

9)

4)

r curv
e

1.0
0.5
0

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

tf [us]

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 19

Progress of Large VA Rated GTO

Turn-off Current [kA]

6.0

6kV/6kA
5kV/4kA

4.0

4.5kV/3kA
4.5kV/2.7kA

3.0

4.5kV/2.5kA

6kV/2.5kA
5kV/2.5kA

2.0

2.5kV/2kA

1.0

2.5kV/1kA
2.5kV/600A
400V/5A
600V/200A

'65

'70

'75

'80

6kV/3kA

'85

'90

'95

'00

Year

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 20

High-Voltage Power IC

220V/1A one-chip 3-phase inverter IC

Smart power switching device module /Intelligent
Power Module (IPM)
Power Electronics Building Block (PEBB)
etc.

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 21

Chapter 1
What We have Learned:
Whats Power Electronics
How to use ideal switches to do power conversion
How to model and analyze PE circuits (basic principle)
Real switching devices (D, Thy, IGBT, MOSFET, GTO, IGCT,
etc)
Snubber circuits for safer operation
Combinations of transistor(s) and diode(s) for
Bi-directional current and unidirectional voltage switches
Bi-directional current and bi-directional voltage switches (ac switch)

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 22

Chapter 2 Basic Circuits of

Power Conversion
Contents
Natural (Line, Load) Commutated Converter, Rectifier, and
Cycloconverter
Self-commutated Converter
Voltage-Source (Voltage-Fed) Inverter
Current-Source (Voltage-Fed) Inverter

DC Chopper and DC/DC Converter

AC Switch: AC Power Adjusting and Matrix Converter
Multilevel inverters

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 23

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 24

Diode Rectifier
VS

VS

VR

VR

Half Bridge Rectifier

D

VS

LF
VL

VS
R

VR

VL

VR

Half Bridge Rectifier with

Smoothing Inductor

Diode Rectifier (Cntd)

D

VS

DF

VS
LF
VL

VR

VL

VR

With Free-Wheeling Diode

LF
VS
VS

VL R

VR

VL

VR

Full Bridge Rectifier

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 25

Diode Rectifier (Cntd)

VSab VSbc VSca

VS
VDC

VDC VR

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 26

Diode Rectifier (Cntd)

VS

VSab VSbc VSca

iSa
VDC

VSab

VSbc

VSca

-VSab

-VSbc -VSca

VDC

iSa
vSa

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 27

Natural Commutated Converter

- phase-controlled rectifier (1 phase) VS
LF
S1

S1, S4

S2

VS

VL R
S2

VR

S2, S3

VL

S4

VR

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 28

Natural Commutated Converter

- phase controlled rectifier (3 phase) VSab

VSbc VSca

LF
VS
VDC R

VDC VR

VR

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 29

Self-Commutated Power Converter

- voltage-source inverter Vac

S3

S1
DF1

DF3 i
ac

iac

vac

vdc
DF2
S2

S4

DF4

DF1
DF4

S1, S4

Single Phase Full Bridge Inverter

and Freewheeling Diode or
Rec.
Antiparallel Diode
Mode

DF2 S2, S3
DF3

DF1
DF4

Inv.
Mode
August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 30

Self-Commutated Power Converter

- current-source inverter Idc

iac
S1
DB1

S3
DB3

iac
vac

vac
S2
DB2

S4
DB4

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 31

Dual Relationship of PE Circuits

Voltage-source
Voltage
Current
Parallel connection
Series connection
Inductive component
Capacitive component
Switch open
Switch close
Line-to-line voltage

Current-source
Current
Voltage
Series connection
Parallel connection
Capacitive component
Inductive component
Switch close
Switch open
Line /or phase current

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 32

General Purpose Motor Drive System

VS
VDC

Motor

August 1, 2004

on=1

Gap

F. Z. Peng: Slide 33

off=0

Gan
Gbp

Voltage-Source
Inverter (6-step)

Gbn
Gcp
Gcn
mode
abc

I
+-+

II
+--

Gbp

IV
--+

V
-++

VI
-+-

I
+-+

E/2

Va

E/2

+
Gap

III
++-

Vb

Gcp

E/2
Va

Vc

Vb

Vc

Vn

Vab

E/2
Gan
-

Gbn

Gcn

Va=(Gap Gan)E/2
Vb=(Gbp Gbn)E/2
Vc=(Gcp Gcn)E/2

E
Vn

Van

E/6

E/6
2E/3

E/3

E/3

2E/3

ia

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 34

Voltage-Source Inverter (PWM)

+
Gap

Gbp

vab

Gcp

E/2

Va
Vb
Vc

E
E/2
Gan
-

Gbn

Gcn

Vn

(PWM)

Va=(Gap Gan)E/2
Vb=(Gbp Gbn)E/2
Vc=(Gcp Gcn)E/2

August 1, 2004

DC/DC Converter
iT

iL

iD
iT

ii) S on
Ein

L
+

iD
iT

Ein

Eout
-

iL

iii) S off

Eout
-

iL

a) Buck Converter

i) Circuit
Ein

F. Z. Peng: Slide 35

L
+

iD

Eout
-

iv) waveforms
T
Ton
on

gate of S
voltage

Ein

Toff
off
v

Eout

0
current

iL
0

iT

iD

iT

iD

Eout = 0 ~ Ein

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 36

DC/DC Converter
L

iL

Ein

iD

Eout

iT

iL

Ein

iD

Eout

iT
L

iL

Ein

b) Boost Converter

iD

Eout

iT

T
Ton
on

Toff
off

v
Ein

Eout
0
iL
iT

iD

iT

iD

Eout = Ein ~

August 1, 2004

DC/DC Converter
iT

Ein

c) Buck/Boost Converter

iD

F. Z. Peng: Slide 37

Eout

iL
+
iT

iD

S
L

Ein

Eout

iL
iT

Ein

iD

Eout

iL
+
T
Ton
on
Ein

Toff
off
v

0
Eout

iL

iT

iD

iT

iD

Eout = 0 ~

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 38

AC Switches: AC Power Regulator

Load

S
v1

v2

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 39

AC Switches: Matrix Converter

3-Phase Load
or
Motor

August 1, 2004

F. Z. Peng: Slide 40