During Women's
hereby
proclaim March 2016 as Women's History Month.
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March is
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Chien-Shiung Wu
The First lady of Physics, Queen of Nuclear Research
Chien-Shiung Wu earned her PhD
in nuclear physics from UC
Berkeley in 1940, and afterwards
conducted postdoctoral research at
R a d i a t i o n L a b o r a t o r y, n o w
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab.
After moving to the East Coast, and
working for both Princeton and
Smith, she joined the Manhattan
Projects Substitute Alloy Materials
Lab, where she helped develop a
process to enrich uranium ore that
produced large quantities of fuel for the bomb. After the war, she
became an associate research professor at Columbia, and her
research there helped overthrow the principle of conservation of
parity, a widely-accepted theory at the time. Her colleagues TsungDao Lee and Chen-Ning Yang won the 1957 Nobel prize for this
achievement, but Wus contributions were not awarded. Wu went on
to author the book Beta Decay in 1965, was appointed as the first
Pupin Professor of Physics in 1973, and was the first woman to
receive an honorary doctorate from Princeton and be elected to the
American Physical Society. She was also a recipient of the National
Medal of Science.
Image from http://www.columbia.edu/
Berkeley SPS
Mae Jemison
Astronaut
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Katherine Johnson
Mathematician
Katherine Johnson graduated from
high school at age 14 and from West
Virginia State College at 18 with
degrees in French and mathematics,
and went on to become the first
African American woman to
desegregate the graduate school at
West Virginia University. In 1953
she worked at NASA with a pool of
women performing mathematical
calculations. She was temporarily
assigned to an all-male flight
research team, and her work was so precise that they forgot to
return her. She then worked as an aerospace technologist for 25
years, calculating the trajectory for the flight of the first American in
space, as well as the launch window for his Mercury mission. She
made backup charts for astronauts in case of electronic failures, and
when NASA first began using computers, they called upon her to
verify the computers numbers. Her accuracy helped establish
confidence in the new machines. She was awarded the Presidential
Medal of Freedom in 2015.
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Maryam Mirzakhani
Mathematician
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Grace Hopper
Computer Scientist
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Willie Hobbs Moore was the first African American woman to earn
a PhD in physics. She completed her thesis, "A Vibrational Analysis of
Secondary Chlorides", at the University of Michigan, where she stayed
afterwards to work on spectroscopic work on proteins. She
hadpublications in the Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, the Journal of
Chemical Physics, and the Journal of Applied Physics. She was an activist
in STEM education for minorities.
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Ellen Ochoa
Astronaut
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Vera Rubin
Astrophysicist
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Lene Hau
Particle Physicist and Applied Physicist
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Ursula Franklin
Experimental Physicist and Metallurgist
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Maria Goeppert-Mayer
Theoretical Physicist
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Helen Quinn
Particle Physicist
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Hertha Sponer
Particle and Molecular Physicist
Hertha Sponer received her PhD in
1 9 2 0 f ro m t h e U n i ve r s i t y o f
Gttingen, becoming one of the first
women to receive a PhD in physics in
Germany, as well as the right to teach
science at a German university. She
worked for a year at UC Berkeley with
R. T. Birge, during which time she
helped develop what is now called the
Birge-Sponer method, a way to
calculate the dissociation energy of a
molecule in molecular spectroscopy. By 1932, she had become an
associate professor of physics and had published 20 scientific articles
in journals such as Nature and Physical Review. She was dismissed from
her position at Gttingen in 1934 when Hitler came into power, after
which time she became a professor at Oslo University and Duke
University. She was the first woman on the physics faculty at Duke
University. She remained as a professor for 32 years, and as a
professor emeritus until her death in 1968. She made contributions
to the application of quantum mechanics in molecular physics and
work on the spectra of near-ultra violet absorption.
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Sau Lan Wu
Particle Physicist
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Louise Dolan
Theoretical Particle Physicist and String Theorist
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Sandra Faber
Astrophysicist
Sandra Faber earned her PhD
from Harvard in 1972 in Optical
O b s e r v a t i o n a l A s t ro n o my.
Afterwards, she became the first
female staff member at Lick
Observatory at UCSC as an
a s s i s t a n t p ro f e s s o r. Fa b e r
o b s e r ve d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p
between the brightness and
spectra of galaxies and the
orbital speeds and motions of the
stars within them, later to be
called the Faber-Jackson relation,
a major clue in how galaxies were
formed. She went on to publish "Formation of galaxies and large
scale structure with cold dark matter in 1984, which still stands as
the current working paradigm for structure information in the
universe. In 2012 she became the Interim Director of the University
of California Observatories and is a co-editor of the Annual Review
of Astronomy and Astrophysics.
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Annie Easley
Computer Scientist, Mathematician, Rocket Scientist
Annie Easley, born in 1933, could
not receive higher education
immediately due to her race.
After reading about twin sisters
who worked for NASA as
human computers, she
acquired a similar job. While
working as a human computer,
she acquired a B.S. in
mathematics from Cleveland
University. Her tuition was not
paid for by NASA, unlike that of her male colleagues. She then
continued her education through specialization courses offered at
NASA. Her 34-year career included developing and implementing
computer code that analyzed alternative power technologies, supported
the Centaur high-energy upper rocket stage, determined solar, wind
and energy projects, identified energy conversion systems and
alternative systems to solve energy problems. Easleys work with the
Centaur project helped as technological foundations for the space
shuttle launches of communication, military, and weather satellites.
Some say that with her contributions, modern spaceflight would not
have been possible.
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Nergis Mavalvala
Astrophysicist
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Kalpana Chawla
Astronaut
Kalpana Chawla was the first female astronaut of Indian origin. She
received her MA in aerospace engineering from University of Texas
Arlington in 1984. Determined to become an astronaut despite the
recent Challenger disaster, she went on to earn a second master and
PhD from University of Colorado, Boulder. On her first mission in
1997 aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia, she was the mission
specialist and robotic arm operator, responsible for the deploying of
the Spartan satellite. She returned to space again in 2003 to conduct
microgravity experiments, and was, tragically, among the seven
astronauts who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster upon
reentry.
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Ida Noddack
Chemist and Physicist
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Lise Meitner
Nuclear Physicist
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Naomi Ginsberg
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Alessandra Lanzara
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Beate Heinemann
Experimental Particle Physicist
UC Berkeley Physics Faculty
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Mary Gaillard
Particle Physicist
UC Berkeley Professor Emeritus
Mary Gaillard received her Ph.D.
from the University of Paris in 1968
and has been a professor at Berkeley
since 1981. She was the first tenured
physics faculty member at Berkeley.
She is a fellow of the, National
Academy of Sciences and the
American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, winner of the E.O.
Lawrence Memorial Award, J.J.
Sakurai Prize for Theoretical Particle
Physics, and is a fellow of the
American Physical Society. Her important contributions include the
prediction of the mass of the charm quark prior to its discovery,
prediction of 3-jet events, and prediction of the b-quark mass. She is
studying effective supergravity theories for particle physics, with the
goal of addressing the problems of supersymmetry breaking and
electroweak symmetry breaking, as well as other aspects of particle
physics and cosmology, in the context of superstring theory. She
recently authored a book titled A Singluarly Unfeminine Profession:
One Womans Journey in Physics, in which she details her experience
as a woman in the male-dominated field.
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Barbara Jacak
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Frances Hellman
Condensed Matter Physics
UC Berkeley Physics Faculty
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Mina Aganagic
Particle Physicist
UC Berkeley Physics Faculty
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Marjorie Shapiro
Particle Physicist
UC Berkeley Physics Faculty
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