Alwi H, Sugono D, Adiwinata SS.

Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, edisi ketiga,

Departement Pendidikan Nasional. Jakarta: Balai pustaka;2005.

Ranuh IG, penyunting. Buku Ajar Tumbuh Kembang Anak dan Remaja; Edisi I. Jakar
ta : Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia. Jakarta, Sagung Seto, 2002; 91
1. Soetjining, SpAk., dr.1995. Tumbuh Kembang Anak. Buku Kedokterang EGC
6. Victor M, Ropper AH. Priciples of Neurology Adams and Victors, seventh edition.
McGraw-Hill.2001.
9. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Dalam : Irawati Setyawan, penyunting. Buku ajar fisiologi kedo
kteran. Edisi 9. Jakarta : EGC, 2005 ; 90919
Ngoerah I. Dasardasar
Ilmu penyakit syaraf. Denpasar : Airlangga University Press; 1990

1563
Leung AKC, Kao CP. Evaluation and Management of the Child with Speech Delay.
Diunduh dari : http://www.aafp. org/afp/990600ap/3121.html. Diakses tanggal 18
Agustus 2010.
3 Busari JO,Weggelaar NM. How to investigate and manage the child who is slow
to speak. BMJ 2004;328:272-6.
5 Downey D, Mraz R, Knott J. Diagnosis and evaluation of children who are not talking.
Infant and young children 2002;15:38-48.
6 Mashburn AJ, Myers SS. Advancing research on children with speech-language
impairment: an introduction to the early childhood longitudinal studykindergarten
cohort. Language, speech, and hearing services in schools.
2010;41:61-9.

3, 4, 5,6 etiologi dr ariani

3. Busari JO,Weggelaar NM. How to investigate and manage the child who is
slow to speak. BMJ 2004;328:272-6.
4. Mcleod S, Harrison LJ. Epidemiology of speech and language impairment in a
nationally representative
sample of 4- to 5-year-old children. J speech, language, and hearing research
2009;52:1213-29.

5. Downey D, Mraz R, Knott J. Diagnosis and evaluation of children who are not talking.
Infant and young children
2002;15:38-48.
6. . Mashburn AJ, Myers SS. Advancing research on children with speech-language
impairment: an introduction to
the early childhood longitudinal studykindergarten cohort. Language, speech, and
hearing services in schools.
2010;41:61-9.
12 etiologi British medical journal. Language disorders: a 10year
research update review. Bmj ; 2000.
1.

1,2,4,7,8 diagnosis
Leung AKC, Kao CP. Evaluation and Management of the Child with Speech Delay.
Diunduh dari : http://www.aafp. org/afp/990600ap/3121.html. Diakses tanggal 18
Agustus 2010.
2. Buschmann A, Jooss B, Rupp A. Children with developmental language delay at 24
months of age: results of a diagnostic work-up. Developmental Medicine
& Child Neurol 2008;50: 223-9.
4. Mcleod S, Harrison LJ. Epidemiology of speech and language impairment in a
nationally representative sample of 4- to 5-year-old children. J speech, language,
and hearing research 2009;52:1213-29.
7. Campbell TF, Dollaghan CA, Rockette HE, Paradise JL, Feldman HD. Risk factors for
speech delay of unknown origin in 3 year old children. Child development
2003;74:346-57.
8. Jessup B, Ward E, Cahill L, Keating D. Teacher identification of speech and language
impairment in kindergarten students using the Kindergarten Development Check. In J
Speech-Language Pathol 2008;10:449-59.
14.Hartono B. Kesulitan Belajar Karena Disfungsi Minimal Otak. Dalam :
Hadinoto S, editor Kesulitan Belajar dan Gangguan Bicara. Semarang :
Badan penerbit UNDIP, 1991

Forfar
Forfar and Arneils. Psychomotor and Intellectual Development, dalam A.G.M.
Campbell, Neil Mc Intosh (eds): Textbook of Paediatrics, 4th
Tatalaksana

Soetjiningsih. Perkembangan anak dan permasalahannya. Dalam:Narendra MB,Sularyo TS,

Soetjiningsih, Suyitno H,
2. Ranuh IG, penyunting. Buku Ajar Tumbuh Kembang Anak dan Remaja; Edisi I. Jakarta : Ikatan
Dokter Anak Indonesia. Jakarta, Sagung Seto, 2002; 91
3. Busari JO, Weggelaar NM. How to investigate and manage the child who is slow to speak. BMJ
2004; 328:272 276
4. Parker S, Zuckerman B, Augustyn M. Developmental and behavioral Pediatrics (2nd ed):
Language Delays. Philadelphia : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005
5. Owens RE. Language Development an Introduction, 5th edition. New York:Allyn and Bacon;
2001.
6. Smith C, Hill J, Language Development and Disorders of Communication and Oral Motor
Function. In : Molnar GE, Alexander MA,editors. Pediatric Rehabilitation. Philadelphia: Hanley and
Belfus;1999.p. 57-79.

7. Rydz D, Srour M, Oskoui M, Marget N, Shiller M, Majnemer A, et.al. Screening for

developmental delay in the setting of a community pediatr clinic: A Prospective assessment of
parent-Report questionnaires. Pediatrics 2006;118;e1178-e1186.
8. Silva PA, Williams SM, McGee R. A longitudinal study of children with developmental language
delay at age three; later intelligence , reading and behavior problems. Dev Med Child Neurol
1987;29;630-640.
9. Chris V, Suzanne H, Erik JA, Scherder, Ben M, Esther H. Motor Profile of Children With
Development Speech and Language Disoreders. Pediatris, v0l 120 no 1 July, pp.e158-e163.
10. K. Alcock. Oral movements and language. Down Syndrome Research and Practice 11(1), 1-8.
2006 The Down Syndrome Educational Trust. All Rights Reserved. ISSN: 0968-7912. Diunduh dari
http://information. downsed. Org/ dsrp/11/01
11. Moore CA, Ruark JL. (1996). Does speech emerge from earlier appearing oral motor behaviors?
Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 1996;39(5), 1034-1047.
12. Dworkin JP, Culatta RA . Oral structural and neuromuscular characteristics in children with
normal and disordered articulation. Journal of Speech and HearingmDisorders 1985;50(2), 150-156.
13. Chaer A, Psiokolinguistik Kajian Teoritik. Jakarta: Rineka Abdi.. 2003
14. Owens RE. Language Development an Introduction, 5th edition. New York:Allyn and Bacon;
2001.
15. Salim P, Salim Y, Kamus Bahasa Indonesia Kontemporer, Edisi kedua.Jakarta: Modern English
Press;1995.
16. Alwi H, Sugono D, Adiwinata SS. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, edisi ketiga, Departement
Pendidikan Nasional. Jakarta: Balai pustaka;2005.
17. Oxford Learners Dictionary, New Ediition. Oxford University Press. 2003
18. Coplan, James. Normal speech and language development : Pediatric In Review1995; 9199
19. Markum, AH. Gangguan perkembangan berbahasa. Dalam : Markum, Ismael S, Alatas H, Akib
A, Firmansyah A, Sastroasmoro S, editor. Buku ajar ilmu kesehatan anak. Jilid I. Jakarta : Balai
Penerbit FKUI, 1991; 5669
20. Virginia W, Meredith G, Dalam : Adam, boeis highler. Gangguan bicara dan bahasa. Buku ajar
penyakit telinga, hidung, tenggorok. Edisi 6. Jakarta : EGC, 1997 ; 397410.
21. Kaplan, Harold I. Gangguan komunikasi. Dalam : I Made Wiguna, editor. Sinopsis psikiatri :
Bina Rupa Aksara, 1997 ; 76682
22. British medical journal. Language disorders: a 10 year research update review. Bmj ; 2000.
23. Council on Children with Disabilities, Section on Developmental Behavioral Pediatrics, Bright
Futures Steering committee and Medical Home Initiatives for Children with special needs Project
Advisory Committee. Identifying infants and young children with developmental disorders in the
Medical Home: An algorithm for developmental surveillance and screening. Pediatrics
2006;118;405-420.
24. Law J, Bowle J, Harris F, Harkness A, Nye C., Screening for speech and language delay; a
systematic review of literature, In: Health Technology Assessment 1998 Vol2(9).
25. Sidiarto L. Berbagai gangguan berbahasa pada anak. Proceedings of Pertemuan Linguistik
Lembaga Bahasa Atma Jaya Keempat. Jakarta: Penerbit Kanisius; 1991.
26. Departemen Rehabilitasi Medik. Buku laporan pasien rawat jalan. Jakarta. 2006
27. Wahjuni S. Pemeriksaan Penyaring Keterlambatan Perkembangan Bahasa pada Anak Batita
dengan Early Language Milestone Scale di Kelurahan Paseban Jakarta Pusat. Jakarta. FKUI. 1998

28. Victor M, Ropper AH. Priciples of Neurology Adams and Victors, seventh edition. McGrawHill.2001.
29. Lundsteen SW, Tarrow NB. Guiding young childrens learning. New York; Mc Graw Hill; 1981.
30. Rahyono FX. Dalam : Pesona Bahasa Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik. Editor :
Kurhayanti.Penerbit PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama Jakarta, 2007,hal 32-37.
31. Myklebust M. Prelinguistic Communication. In: Yule W, Rutter M,eds. Language development
and disorders; Clinics in developmental medicine. 1968.
32. Guyton AC, Hall JE. Dalam : Irawati Setyawan, penyunting. Buku ajar fisiologi kedokteran.
Edisi 9. Jakarta : EGC, 1997 ; 90919
33. Myklebust M. Prelinguistic Communication. In: Yule W, Rutter M,eds. Language development
and disorders; Clinics in developmental medicine. 1968.
34. Heidi M. Feildman Evaluation and management of speech and language disorder in preschool
children. Pediatrics in Review 2005 ; 26 (4) 131142.
35. Maturana HR, Biology of Language: The Epistemology of Reality. IN: Psychology and Biology
of Language and Thought. New York :Academic Press; 1978.p.27-63.
36. Soetjiningsih. Gangguan bicara dan bahasa pada anak. Tumbuh kembang anak. Jakarta EGC,
1995 ; 23740
37. Blum NJ, Baron MA. Speech and language disorders. In: Schwartz MW, ed. Pediatric primary
care: a problem oriented approach. St. Louis: Mosby, 1997:845-9.
38. Departemen kesehatan RI. Pedoman penggolongan dan diagnosis gangguan jiwa III. Edisi I.
Jakarta : Direktorat Jenderal Pelayanan Medik Depkes RI, 1995 ;
39. Soedjatmiko. Deteksi dini gangguan tumbuh kembang balita. Sari Pediatri 1995; 3.
40. Simkin Z, Conti G. Evidence of reading difficulty in subgroups children with specific language
impairment. Child language teaching and therapy 2006 ; 22 (3) ; 3153
41. Roberts, Susan. Speech and language disorders. Dalam : Harvey D, Miles M, Smyth D, editor.
Community Child Health and Pediatrics. London : Butterworth Heinemann, 1997 ; 50512
42. Bzoch K, League R. Receptive Expressive Emergent Language Test (REEL), 3 nd ed. Pro-Ed.
Austin. 2003.
43. Anitta Florence ST, Modifikasi Skala Reseptive Expresive Emergent Language sebagai
instrument penyaring keterlambatan bahasa anak usia 18 sampai 36 bulan, Jakarta oktober 2008
44. Bzoch K, League R. Receptive Expressive Emergent Language Test (REEL), 3 nd ed. Pro-Ed.
Austin. 2003.
45. Anitta Florence ST, Modifikasi Skala Reseptive Expresive Emergent Language sebagai
instrument penyaring keterlambatan bahasa anak usia 18 sampai 36 bulan, Jakarta oktober 2008
46. Fisher S, Vargha-Khadem F, Watkins KE, Monaco AP, Pembry, ME. Localisation of a gene
implicated in a severe speech and language disorder. Nature Genetics 1998, 18, 168.
47. 47. Vargha-Khadem F, Watkins K, Alcock KJ, Fletcher P, Passingham R. Praxic and nonverbal
cognitive deficits in a large family with a genetically transmitted speech and language disorder.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1995, 92(3), 930933.
48. 48. Gopnik, M. & Crago, M. B.. Familial aggregation of a developmental language disorder.
Cognition 1991, 39, 1-50.
49. Liaw, F., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1994). Cumulative familial risks and low birthweight childrens
cognitive and behavioral development. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 23, 360372.

50. Halsey, C. L., Collin, M. F., & Anderson, C. L. (1993). Extremely low birth weight children and
their peers: A comparison of preschool performance. Pediatrics, 91, 807811.
51. Johnston J. Factors that Influence Language Development. In : Tremblay RE, Barr RG, Peters R,
eds. Encyclopedia of Language and Literacy Development (pp1-6). London. Canadian language and
Literacy Research network. 2006.
52. Fox A, Dodd B, Howard D. Risk factors for speech disorders in children. Int J Lang Common
Disord 2002;37(2):117-131.
53. Delgado, Christine E. F.; Vagi, Sara J.; Scott, Keith G.Early Risk Factors for Speech and
Language Impairments. Exceptionality, v13 n3 p173-191 2005
54. 54. Fox A V; Dodd Barbara; Howard David. Risk factors for speech disorders in children.
International journal of language & communication disorders / Royal College of Speech & Language
Therapists 2002;37(2):117-31.
55. 55. Fox A. V.1; Dodd B.1; Howard D.1Risk factors for speech disorders in children. International
Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, Volume 37, Number 2, 1 April 2002 , pp. 117131(15)
56. 56. OCallaghan, Michael, Williams, Gail M.Andersen, Margaret J. Bor, William Najman, Jake
M. Social and Biological Risk Factors for Mild and Borderline Impairment of Language
Comprehension in a Cohort of Five-Year-Old Children. Developmental Medicine and Child
Neurology. 1995-01-01;37,12,1051-1061
57. 57. Tina L. Stanton-Chapman, Derek A. Chapman, Ann P. Kaiser, Terry B. Hancock
.Cumulative Risk and Low-Income Childrens Language Development. Topics in Early Childhood
Special Education, Vol. 24, No. 4, 227-237, 2004
58. 58. Adams, C. D., Hillman, N., & Gaydos, G. R. Behavioral difficulties in toddlers: Impact of
sociocultural and biological risk factors. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 1994. 23, 373381.
59. 59. Brooks-Gunn, J., Klebanov, P., & Liaw, F. The learning, physical, and emotional environment
of the home in the context of poverty: The infant health and development program. Children and
Youth Services Review, 1995. 17, 251276.
60. Duncan, G., Klebanov, P., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1994). Economic deprivation and early childhood
development. Child Development, 65, 296318.
61. Evans, G. W., & English, K. (2002). The environment of poverty: Multiple stressor exposure,
psychophysiological stress, and socioe-motional adjustment. Child Development, 73, 12381248.
62. Fazio, B. B., Naremore, R. C., & Connell, P. J. (1996). Tracking children from poverty at-risk for
specific language impairment: A 3-year longitudinal study. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research,
39, 611624.
63. Halpern, R. (2000). Early childhood intervention for low-income children and families. In J. P.
Shonkoff & S. J. Meisels (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood intervention (2nd ed., pp. 361386).
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
64. Hoff-Ginsberg, E. (1998). The relation of birth order and socioeco-nomic status to childrens
language experience and language development. Applied Psycholinguistics, 19, 603629.
65. 65. Brant LJ, Gordon-Salant S, Pearson JD, Klein LL, Morrell CH, Metter EJ, Fozard JL. Risk
factors related to age-associated hearing loss in the speech frequencies. J Am Acad Audiol. 1996
Jun;7(3):152-60