CHAPTER 9

SOLID & FLUIDS

(9.3-9.10)

9.3 Density and Pressure

Density

Specific gravity

and can depend on temperature.

Pressure in a fluid

At any particular depth, the pressure is constant throughout a fluid.

Worked Example: Problem #16

A 70-kg man in a 5.0 kg chair tilts back so that all the weight is balanced on two legs of the chair.
Assume that each leg makes contact with the floor over a circular area with a radius of 1.0 cm,
and find the pressure exerted on the floor by each leg.

9.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth

In equilibrium, all points at the same

depth must be at the same pressure.
Otherwise a net force would be applied
and the fluid would accelerate.

Pick a volume of fluid a distance h below the

surface:

P0 =1.013x105 Pa at sea level

P increases with depth by an amount mgh.

NOTE that an increase in pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to

every point in the fluid (including the walls of the container)- Pascals Principle

Worked Example:

At what depth in the ocean is the pressure twice that of the atmosphere alone (the density of
seawater is about 1.02 kg m-3)?

What to wear at a depth of 200m?

Application: Hydraulic Press

Can you think of other applications of this principle?

9.5 Pressure Measurements

Two devices for measuring pressure:

open-tube manometer

barometer

Manometer:

Note that P = absolute (true) pressure inside the bulb. P-P0 is the gauge pressure, the pressure
that is added to the atmospheric pressure to equal P.

Barometer:

1 atm. pressure equal to a 0.76 m column of mercury at T=0C and g=9.80665 m s-2.

You can read Torecellis own description of his barometer here.

Blood pressure

Blood pressure is measured in terms of the

column of mercury (in millimeters) that
could be supported by the pressure inside
the arteries at two times: maximum thrust
by the heart, and when the heart is relaxed.
These are normally about 120 mm and 80
mm, respectively.

Recent medical guidelines suggest that the

familiar old normal 120/80 values are
too high, and that somewhat lower values
are desired!

Exercise:

A collapsible plastic bag contains a glucose

solution. If the average gauge pressure in
the artery is 1.33x104 Pa, what must be the
minimum height h of the bag in order to
infuse glucose into the artery? Assume that
the specific gravity of the solution is 1.02.

9.6 Buoyant Forces and Archimedess Principle

Any object completely or partially submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force whose
magnitude is equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the object.

Sink or Float? Depends on B-w where w is the weight of the object.

For a completely submerged object, the volume of the object is the volume of displaced fluid,

For an object floating partially submerged on the surface,

Worked Example: Problem 26

A frog in a hemispherical pod finds that he

just floats without sinking in a fluid of
density 1.35 g/cm3. If the pod has a radius
of 6.00 cm and negligible mass, what is the
mass of the frog?

Worked Example: Problem 28

The density of ice is 920 kg/m3n and that of seawater is 1030 kg/m3. What fraction of the total
volume of an iceberg is exposed?
9.7 Fluids in Motion

2 types of flow: laminar (streamline) & turbulent

Example: Numerical simulation of flow over a racing car. Here, the pressure is color-coded, with
blue being low pressure and red being high pressure. The flow lines are drawn in. Note that while
the flow is laminar over much of the car, it breaks up into turbulent eddies behind the car.

For more neat simulations go here.

Ideal Fluids:
1. nonviscous
2. incompressible
3. steady (does not depend on time)

4. not turbulent

Equation of Continuity

For an incompressible fluid, flowing with no added sources or sinks:

Can you think of some examples of this principle?

Bernoullis Equation

Here, we will look at how the pressure changes in a laminar fluid flow.

Now, part of the work goes into changing the KE of the fluid, and part goes into changing the
gravitational potential energy (mgh stuff).

Venturi Tube:

The increase in velocity of the fluid is

accompanied by a drop in its pressure!

9.8 Other Applications

Aircraft Wing:

When air flows over the wing of an

aircraft, the flow is faster over the more
curved top than on the bottom, so that the
pressure is lower on top than on the
bottom. (Note: air is compressible, but the
effect is small in this case and can be
ignored). The tilt also aids lift. But
turbulence disrupts the flow, diminishing
the effect.

Atomizer:

A stream of air passing over a tube dipped

in a liquid causes the liquid to rise in the
tube. Used in perfume atomizer bottles and
paint sprayers.

Vascular Flutter:

The constriction in the blood vessel speeds

up going through the constriction. The
lower pressure causes the vessel to close,
stopping the flow. Without flow, there is no
Bernoulli effect, and blood pressure causes
it to re-open. The process repeats.

Applying Physics to the Home

Consider the portion of a home plumbing
system shown in the figure to the left. The
water trap in the pipe below the sink
captures a plug of water that prevents
sewer gas from finding its way from the
sewer pipe, up the sink drain, and into the
home. Suppose the dishwasher is draining,
so that water is moving to the left in the
sewer pipe. What is the purpose of the vent,
which is open to the air above the roof of
the house? In which direction is air moving
at the opening of the vent, upward or

downward?

Worked Example
What is the net upward force on an airplane wing of area 20.0 m2 if the airflow is 300 m/s across
the top of the wing and 280 m/s across the bottom?

Worked Example: Problem #43

A hypodermic syringe contains a medicine
with the density of water. The barrel of the
syringe has a cross-sectional area of
2.50x10-5 m2. In the absence of a force on
the plunger, the pressure everywhere is
1.00 atm. A force F of magnitude 2.00 N is
exerted on the plunger, making medicine
squirt from the needle. Determine the
medicines flow speed through the needle.
Assume that the pressure in the needle
remains equal to 1.00 atm and that the
syringe is horizontal.

9.9 Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscous Fluid Flow

Surface Tension
The combined electrical attraction of molecules in a fluid gives rise to a force that tends to
minimize the surface area of the fluid. This makes raindrops spherical. If they werent we would
not see rainbows the way we do!

This surface tension acts like a local force along the surface of the fluid:

Note that the units are the same as the spring constant.

The surface tension can support small objects placed on top of the surface (such as a needle,
which will float if placed carefully on the surface of still water), and hold back others from
leaving it (this impedes evaporation from a body of water, for example).

The surface tension of a fluid can be

measured with a device like that shown
here. If the force required to break free of
the water is F, then

where r is the radius of the hoop. (Here we

need to factor of 2 because the surface
tension exerts forces on the inside and the

outside of the ring.

The following table lists the surface tension of some common fluids.

Note that depends on temperature. At higher T, the molecules are not as tightly bound together.
You can also alter the surface tension of fluids using additives.

Surfaces of Liquids
When water sits on a surface or in a
container, the shape the water takes
depends on whether it is more strongly
attracted to itself (cohesion) or to the
other material (adhesion).

Detergents
wet
surfaces better.

allows water to penetrate clothes when washing and to spread over glass

Repellants

water beads up & penetrates less.

Capillary Action

Wetting

pulls up

Non-wetting

pushes down

Examples
paper towels, sponges, mops,
finger-prick blood samples

Worked Example: Problem#56

A staining solution used in a microbiology laboratory has a surface tension of 0.088 N/m and a
density 1.035 times that of water. What must be the diameter of a capillary tube so that this
solution will rise to a height of 5 cm? (Assume a contact angle of zero).

Viscous Fluid Flow

Viscosity

the internal friction of a fluid. Resistance to shear stress.

Poiseuilles Law

Affects blood flow, squeezing Krazy Glue gel out of its tube, etc.

Reynolds Number
When is the onset of turbulence? Fluid flow in a pipe of diameter d:

RN < 2000

laminar flow

2000 < RN < 3000

unstable.
3000 < RN turbulent flow

9.10 Transport Phenomena

Diffusion
Net movement of a population across a cross-section by random walk from a region where the
concentration is higher to a region where it is lower.

Osmosis

Movement of water from a region where its concentration is high, across a selectively permeable
membrane, into a region where it is lower.

(READ THIS SECTION ON YOUR OWN)

Note use in artificial kidneys. Used in both hemodyalisis and paritoneal dialysis.

Motion through a Viscous Medium

Resistive force on spherical object of radius r:

Terminal Speed

net force goes to zero

velocity is constant

Sedimentation & Centrifugation - READ