Study of X-ray Harmonics of the Polarized

Inverse Compton Scattering Experiment at

UCLA
A. Doyurana, J. Englanda, C. Joshib , P. Musumecia , J. Rosenzweiga, S.
Tochitskyb , G. Travisha, O. Williamsa
a
University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Physics and Astronomy
b
University of California, Los Angeles, Electrical Engineering Department

Abstract. We propose an Inverse Compton Scattering (ICS) experiment, which will investigate
nonlinear properties of the scattering utilizing the terawatt CO2 laser system with various
polarizations in Neptune Laboratory at UCLA. When the normalized amplitude of the vector
potential a0 is larger than unity the scattering occurs in the nonlinear region; therefore, higher
harmonics are also produced. We present a calculation tool for the Double Differential Spectrum
(DDS) distribution and total number of photons produced for both head-on and 90o scattering.
We decided to do the experiment at 90o to avoid complications due to strong diffraction of the
incoming laser. We discuss the electron and laser beam parameters for the experiment.

INTRODUCTION
Inverse Compton Scattering (Fig 1) is a great tool to produce third generation light
source quality X-Rays using low energy electron beams. The Neptune MARS
amplifier has the power needed to produce focus fields which give rise to nonlinear
electrodynamic effects in the scattering process. Understanding of these effects is
critical to HEP applications such as γ−γ colliders and polarized positron sources.
These HEP applications are the subject of much recent attention. A serious proposal
[1] has been made by KEK to use inverse-Compton scattering of multi-GeV electrons
as the primary helically–polarized 60-100 MeV photon production in a polarized
positron source, as opposed to the TESLA option of using a very long undulator. We
in the PBPL are studying this proposal very seriously, with an eye to using plasma
guiding of both the laser and the electron beam to enhance the production efficiency,
which is low enough that the number of ultra-high power lasers in the KEK scheme is
40.
UCLA/NEPTUNE Laboratory Accelerator consists of a photo-injector RF Gun
(BNL/SLAC/UCLA), a solenoid, PWT Linac, a chicane compressor, three triplets for
final focusing, 10 steering magnets, two integrating current transformers (ICT) for
charge measurements and a number of pop in monitors for beam measurements. The
accelerator can deliver up to 15 MeV Electron beams with ~5 mm-mrad emittance and
300 pC charge.

CP737, Advanced Accelerator Concepts: Eleventh Workshop,

edited by Vitaly Yakimenko
© 2004 American Institute of Physics 0-7354-0220-5/04/$22.00
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 The photo-injector gun is driven by 10 ps long (FWHM) UV laser pulses at 266
nm. A 1024 nm mode locked Nd:YAG laser is amplified by Nd:Glass regenerative
amplifier and then quadrupled which yields up to 200 µJ pulse energy.
UCLA/NEPTUNE Laboratory houses a Terawatt CO2 laser system which delivers
10.6 µm CO2 pulses with 200 ps pulse length and up to 100 J energy pulses (500 GW).
Having all these features Neptune lab is perfect test bed for investigating the nonlinear
characteristics of the Inverse Compton Scattering with polarization. An F2
configuration is utilized for the laser optics yielding an experimentally measured
Rayleigh range of 0.75 mm. We calculate the M number from the measured beam
sizes as 1.97. At the focus a0 the normalized amplitude of the vector potential of the
incident laser field is equal to 1. In the case of F3 configuration a0 would be 0.67.
Since the laser has to be focused very tightly in head-on scattering case the diffraction
will introduce additional nonlinearity to the process. Electron will see varying a0 along
the pulse. To avoid this we plan to do the experiment at 90o geometry so that we can
decouple the nonlinearity of the process.
Laser
Beam w

L0
Lb
qI
rb
q
Electron
Beam X-Ray
FIGURE 1. Inverse Compton Scattering Schematic

INVERSE COMPTON SCATTERING CALCULATIONS

The normalized amplitude of the vector potential of the incident laser field is
e A0
a0 = . In practical unit we can express a0 as a 0 = 0.85 10 −5 λ 0 [m] I 0 [W / m 2 ]
me c 2
where λ0 is the wavelength and I0 is the intensity of the incident laser. The frequency
ω n 2 γ 0 2 (1 + β z 0 )
of the scattered photons is ω n = 0 where ω0 is the frequency of the
1 + a0 / 2 + γ 0 θ 2
2 2

incident laser, γ0 is the Lorentz energy factor, βz0 is the Lorentz velocity factor in the
direction of the incident laser and n is the harmonic number. The total number of
π 2 (1 + a0 / 2)(1 + β z 0 )
2

photons radiated by a single electron is N = α N 0 a0 where N0 is

3 (1 + β z )
the number of periods of the laser field with which electrons interacts
(1 + β z ) c T
( N0 = ), α = 1/137 fine structure constant and β z is the average axial
λ0

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 β z 0 − a0 2 / 4 γ 0 h0
electron velocity ( β z = where h0 = γ 0 (1 + β z 0 ) ). The interaction
1 + a0 / 4 γ 0 h0
2

time depends specifically on the interaction geometry. For head-on scattering it is

determined by pulse length or diffraction length of the laser. For 900 scattering it is
determined by the transverse dimension of the laser pulse and can be expressed as [2]
1 L 2 Z r 2 w0
T = min( 0 , , ) where L0 is the laser pulse length, Zr is the Rayleigh
c 1 + β z β z β ⊥0
π w0 2
range, w0 is the waist radius of the laser ( Z r = ) The scattered photons’ pulse
λ0
duration is also dependent on the geometry. For head-on configuration the pulse
duration will be determined by either the electron bunch length if Lb<L0, Zr or by the
laser pulse length if electron bunch length is longer than the laser pulse length. So we
1
can express the duration of the scattered photons as τ γ = min[ Lb , ( 4 Z r + L0 )] . For
c
transverse scattering, duration of the scattered photons is again determined by electron
bunch length if bunch is short or by transverse dimension and Rayleigh range of the
laser pulse along with the pulse length if bunch is long. Thus we can express duration
1
of scattered photons as τ γ = min[ Lb , 2 Z r + L0 , L0 + 2 rb ] . The total number of
c
scattered photon is N γ = N e N where Ne is the total number of electrons in the bunch.
The detailed description of the angular distribution of each nonlinear harmonic is
calculated in Ref 2. So we skip the details and only present here the plots for double
differential spectrum (DDS).
∆ω 1
The bandwidth of each harmonic is = and half opening angle of the
ωn n N 0
(1 + a0 / 2)∆ω
2
scattered photons is ∆θ n = . Figures 2-3 show the intensity of the
γ 2 ωn
harmonic radiations scattered by a 14 MeV electron beam from CO2 laser with circular
polarization at head-on and transverse geometries using a MathCAD routine.

n=1 n=2 n=3

FIGURE 2. The intensity distribution of the Inverse Compton Scattering of a circularly polarized laser
and 14 MeV electron beam in head-on geometry for the first three harmonics. The detector is positioned
at z0=γ0 centered at θ=0.

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 n=1 n=2 n=3

FIGURE 3. The intensity distribution of the Inverse Compton Scattering of a circularly polarized laser
and 14 MeV electron beam in transverse geometry for the first three harmonics. The detector is
positioned at z0=γ0 centered at θ=0.

EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN PARAMETERS AND SET UP

Design Parameters in UCLA/Neptune Laboratory

Table 1 shows the design electron and CO2 laser parameters for the Inverse
Compton Scattering Experiment in Neptune Laboratory.

TABLE 1. Electron and Laser Beam Parameters

Parameter Value
Electron Beam Energy 14 MeV
Beam Emittance 5 mm-mrad
Electron Beam Spot size (RMS) 25 µm
Beam Charge 300 pC
Bunch Length (RMS) 4 PS
Laser Beam size at IP (RMS) 25 µm
CO2 laser wavelength 10.6 µm
CO2 laser Rayleigh range 0.75 mm
CO2 laser power 500 GW
CO2 laser pulse length 200 ps

Table 2 shows the scattered photon parameters.

TABLE 2. Scattered Photon Parameters
Parameter Head-on Transverse
Scattered photon wavelength 5.3 nm 10.7 nm
Scattered photon energy 235.3 eV 117.7 eV
Scattered photon pulse duration (FWHM) 10 ps 10 ps
Interaction time 5 ps 0.33 ps
Number of periods that electrons see (N0) 283 10
Number of photons emitted per electron (N) 3.34 0.11
Total number of photons 6.3.109 2.108
Half Opening Angle 2.7 mrad 15 mrad
Bandwidth 0.35% 10 %

The head-on scattering case produces an order of magnitude more photons however
we prefer to do the experiment in transverse scattering case due to the nonlinearity

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 introduced by the diffraction which would introduce a varying a0 during the scattering
Also 180o scattering configuration brings more complication to the design of in
vacuum permanent magnet quadrupole and laser focusing systems.

Experimental Set up
We designed a box which will hold the focusing optics for the laser and the electron
beam. A 10.6 µm laser is coupled into the box from the side with F2 geometry. We
will use off axis 15 cm focal length parabolic mirror as the focusing optic (Fig 4).

FIGURE 4. Focusing system for the electron beam.

For electron beam we designed permanent magnets quadrupole (PMQ) system to be

able to focus the beam to 25 µm RMS spot. We made a prototype permanent magnet
quad which yields 110 T/m gradient. We use Radia [3, 4] program to simulate the
magnet. Magnet consists of four NdFeB cubes with a magnetization of 1.2 T, an
octagonal iron yoke and hyperbolic iron tips (Fig. 5).

FIGURE 5. The Radia design of the PMQ with octagonal iron yoke and hyperbolic iron tips for field
quality. The cubes size is 11.1 mm and yoke size is about 60 mm.
1% deviation in field strength of the cubes in worst combination causes 10 µm
offset in the magnetic axis. We sort the cubes and choose the ones that have the same
magnetic strength with less that 1% deviation. We use five PMQ’s for the final focus
system and another five for recollimating the beam. PMQ’s will be installed inside the
box, under vacuum.

The MAD simulation of the lattice is shown in Fig. 6.

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 FIGURE 6. Horizontal and vertical beam sizes along the Neptune beamline for ICS experiment

Due to the space limitations we need to dump the electrons in the same box
therefore we design permanent magnet dipole (PMD) with a 90o bend angle using
Radia. Electrons enter and exit the dipole at 45o angle. These configuration guarantees
90o bend for any energy. Figure 7 shows the trajectory of the electron in the dipole and
field distribution in the gap.

b
Inside
the Magnet
a
X[mm]

Outside
the magnet

FIGURE 7. Electron trajectory (a) and field distribution (b) inside the PMD
Figure 8 shows the 3D drawing of the focusing system.

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 FIGURE 8. Focusing System for the ICS experiment

CONCLUSION
We propose the Inverse Compton Scattering experiment in nonlinear regime with
polarization dependence in UCLA Neptune laboratory. We utilize high power CO2
laser which would produce a0=1 condition enabling to investigate the nonlinear
properties of the Inverse Compton Scattering for various laser polarizations. We
utilize permanent magnet quads and permanent magnet dipole to produce very small
electron beam sizes and the immediate dump of the electron beam inside the
experimental box.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work is supported by U.S. Dept. of Energy grant DE-FG03-92ER40693

REFERENCES
1. T. Omori et. al., NIM A 500 (2003) 232-252
2. S. Ride, E. Esarey, M Baine, Pyhs. Rev. E Vol 52, p5425 (1995)
3. PAC97 Conference, Vancouver, May 1997: P. Elleaume, O. Chubar and J. Chavanne, "Computing
3D Magnetic Fields from Insertion Devices" (9P27)
4. SRI97 Conference, SPring8, Japan, August 1997: O. Chubar, P. Elleaume and J. Chavanne, "A 3D
Magnetostatics Computer Code for Insertion Devices"

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