Biology 4B Lab Exam 4 Study Guide (Lab Exercises: 23, 24, 25, 26)

Exercise 23 Human Sensations, Reflexes, Reactions, and the Structure and Function of Sensory Organs
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Be familiar with general sensory terms such as: consciousness, sensory and motor neurons, receptors,
effectors, somatic and autonomic motor neurons, interneurons, and the general pattern of the nervous
system as diagramed in your lab manual.
Understand the different types and aspects of sensations experimented with in this lab including modality,
projection, and adaptation.
Understand reflexes and the reflex arc and the components that make up a simple reflex.
Understand the different types of reflexes including the stretch reflex, papillary reflex, and complex
reflexes such as swallowing.
Be able to explain how each experiment demonstrated these sensations and reflexes and what they told us
of our body sensations.
Understand reaction and how it is measured and what the experiments told us about reactions and reaction
time under various conditions.
Be able to identify structures and give the functions of those structures on pictures, models, and dissections
of the external eye structures and the eye ball internally and externally.
Be able to trace light through the structures of the eye.
Be able to identify the structures seen in microscopic preparations of a sectioned eye.
Understand visual acuity and astigmatism and how they are measured.
Understand the photopupil reflex.
Understand the blind spot and how to measure the blind spot.
Be able to explain what an afterimage is and how it is demonstrated.
Know the structures and functions of those structures on an ear model and in the microscopic preparation of
the cochlea showing the organ of Corti, the vestibular membrane, the basilar membrane, scala vestibule,
scala tympani, and tectoral membrane.
Understand how the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibule work in hearing and equilibrium.
Understand how sense of direction is determined.
Be able to identify papillae and taste buds on a microscopic preparation of tongue.
Know what makes up a taste cell and how taste is sensed.
Know where the different types of taste is distributed on the tongue.
Be able to identify olfactory epithelium in a microscopic preparation.
Understand the interaction between taste and smell how congestion or a cold would affect the performance
of taste and/or smell.

Exercise 24: Human Skeletal and Muscular Systems

1. Know the bones on the human skeleton
2. Be familiar with the most common joints and what bones make up each joint
3. Know the basic structure of a synovial joints
4. Know what a suture is and be able to identify a Wormian (sutural) bone
5. Be familiar with the bones associated with the most common surface features
6. Know the structures associated with a typical long bone
7. Be able to identify an osteon on a model and on a slide in addition to the various structure associated with the
osteon system
8. Be able to identify the muscles presented in lab in pictures and on a model
9. Know the action of each muscle presented in lab
10. Know the structure of a typical muscle and the parts that make up a muscle and muscle cell including the
connective tissue coverings from pictures and models
11. Be able to identify skeletal muscle in a slide along with the basic structures presented in lab
12. Understand the classification of muscles and their actions in terms of the three lever systems as presented in lab
13. Be able to describe the sequence of actions in walking

Exercise 25: Human Blood, Circulation, and Respiration

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Understand the differences and similarities between open and closed circulatory systems and what
organisms have each type of system
Understand the circulation of blood throughout the body in terms of the pulmonary and systemic circuits
Know the sequence of the flow of blood through the different types of blood vessels
Be able to distinguish between arteries, veins, and capillaries in a microscope slide and in drawing
including their basic structure as presented in your lab manual
Know the different types of blood cells, their function, and their general appearance in pictures and
microscope slide
Understand blood typing, how it is preformed, and what types have what antibodies and antigens to
introduced blood
Understand heart rate and be able to take a pulse and understand what causes a pulse
Understand what capillaries are, what they look like, and how they function
Be able to take ones venous blood pressure and understand how valves work in the veins
Know the parts of the heart and be able to trace the flow of blood through the heart as well as distinguish
where there is oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Understand the conduction system of the blood and the components involved.
Be able to identify the conduction system components on a heart model and picture/drawing of a heart
Understand how breathing works in terms of muscles involved, volumes and pressures, and cavities that
contain the lungs
Understand what the basic measurements of breathing are and be able to demonstrate your knowledge of
vital capacity and what it signifies
Be able to identify the components of the respiratory system on drawings, models, and microscope slides
Understand the mechanism of breathing in terms of the experiments presented in your lab manual
Understand how a bell jar works and what components of the respiratory system each component of the
bell jar relates to
Understand and be able to describe on a graph: tidal volume, forced inhalation and exhalation, residual
volume, vital capacity, and total lung volume
Understand how respiration is controlled in terms of blood gases, chemoreceptors, and the part of the brain
involved in its control
Understand hyperventilation

Exercise 26: Animal Development

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Understand and be able to define the various terms pertaining to sexual reproduction and embryonic
development in sea stars, frogs, and chickens
2. Be able to identify both sperm and ova in a microscope, in lab pictures, and on models
3. Understand the process of spermatogenesis and oogenesis as it relates to meiosis
4. Be able to identify the stages of spermatogenesis in a microscope slide of mammalian testis
5. Be able to identify the stages of oogenesis in a microscope slide of mammalian ovary
6. Be able to identify stages of development in sea star, frog, and chick development
7. Understand the tissues derived from the primary germ layers and where they are located in various photos,
drawings, and microscopic views of developing embryos
8. Be able to identify the structure of developing chicks of various hours of development
9. Understand neural tube development and be able to identify the structures involved
10. Know the four extraembryonic membranes and what each one does in the amniotic egg
11. Understand the placental/uterine interface and the major structures involved in a typical pregnancy
12. Be able to identify the structures in a developing human and pig as presented in lab using models and lab
pictures